1. Introduction.

2. The concept and main indicators of the quality of life of the population.

3. The system of indicators of the quality of life of the population

4.Statistics of the standard of living of the population. The system of statistical indicators of the standard of living of the population. Tasks of statistics of the standard of living of the population.

5.Characteristics of the standard of living of the population.

6. Salary.

7.Quality of life of the population in science.

8. Statistics

9. Study of the quality of life of the population.

10. Qualitative indicators.

11. Integral indicator of the level and quality of life

1. Introduction. In the era of globalization and deepening integration processes, expansion of foreign economic relations and various forms of economic cooperation, the availability of comparable information is a necessary condition for assessing the economic and social position of a country in the world. At present, the results of comparisons are widely used by international organizations, national government bodies and non-governmental organizations from different countries, journalists and scientists for analytical and practical work.

The standard of living occupies a central place in the socio-economic life of society. In civilized countries, the main task of the state is to ensure a decent level and quality of life for the population. In modern transformations of the market economy, the problem of raising the level and quality of life becomes very important. It is with the social function of state policy that society associates ever-increasing expectations regarding the improvement of the quality and standard of living. The direction and pace of further transformations in countries and, ultimately, political and, consequently, economic stability in society, largely depend on the solution of this problem. The work of many economists has been devoted to the study of questions of raising living standards. A significant role in the development of their methodological foundations was played by the works of K. Marx. Research in this area was carried out by S.L. Brew, J.M. Keynes, F. Kotler, A. Maslow, S. Fisher and others. Foreign authors have developed national models of living standards, indicators of their assessment, and regulatory mechanisms.

In recent decades, the meaning that scientists attach to the term "standard of living", and the content invested in it, have undergone major changes. Until recently, experts in the field of measuring the standard of living had only two long-established, traditional approaches to solving this problem. Both approaches, as it turned out, have serious shortcomings, the understanding of which made it possible to raise the question of an ideal indicator of the standard of living from a theoretical point of view, that is, a benchmark to which one should strive in applied research and practical measurements. Existing disagreements in the methodology for determining the standard of living, insufficiently focused analysis of its indicators, high social cost of implemented in the world economic reforms determine the need for a thorough study of these positions and confirm the relevance of the topic of this essay.

The main purpose of this work is to analyze the specifics of the concepts of "standard of living" and "quality of life", to study the most important indicators and consider the state of the level and quality of life in various countries and regions of the world. In connection with this goal, the main tasks of the work are set - to define the concepts of standard of living and quality of life, describe measurement indicators, reveal the importance of studying these concepts, and, based on analysis, determine the current state of the level and quality of life of the world's population, as well as to identify the main directions for improving the standard of living in various countries.

The subject of research is defined as a set of economic relations that determine the standard of living of the population. The object of the study is the standard of living of the population and the conditions affecting it as a certain section of socio-economic relations.

2. The concept and main indicators of the quality of life of the population.

The quality of life is the most important social category that characterizes the structure of human needs and the possibility of satisfying them. When defining the concept of "quality of life", some researchers focus a lot of attention on the economic side, the material security of the life of the population. There is also an opposite point of view, according to which the quality of life is the most integrated social indicator.

Quality of life of the population- this is the degree of satisfaction of the material, spiritual and social needs of a person.

A person suffers from low quality and is satisfied with a high quality of life, regardless of the area in work, business and personal life. Therefore, quality is necessary for a person constantly. A person himself strives to improve the quality of life - he gets an education, works at work, strives to move up the career ladder, makes every effort to achieve recognition in society.

The main indicators of the quality of life of the population are:

• income of the population(average per capita nominal and real incomes, indicators of income differentiation, nominal and real accrued average wages, average and real size of the assigned pension, the subsistence minimum and the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level, minimum wages and pensions, etc.);
• quality nutrition(calorie content, composition of products);
• quality and fashion clothes;

• comfort dwellings(total area of ​​occupied housing per inhabitant);
• quality health care(number of hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants);
• quality social services(leisure and services);
• quality education(the number of universities and secondary specialized educational institutions, the proportion of students in the population);
• quality culture(publication of books, brochures, magazines);
• the quality of the service sector;
• quality environment, leisure structure;
• demographic trends(indicators of life expectancy, fertility, mortality, marriage, divorce);
• security (number of reported crimes).

3. The system of indicators of the quality of life of the population

The cost of living:

• living wage; 4.

• the number of students;

The cost of living:

• consumer price indices;
• the cost of all types of services, including household, housing and communal services and services of social sectors;
• living wage;

Population consumption:

• expenses and savings;

Population income:

• final consumption expenditures;
• average per capita cash income;
• income from labor and economic activity households;
• the share of contributions in household expenditures;
• purchase of currency;
• purchase of securities;
• real estate;
• land for personal use;
• Availability cars per 100 families;
• household disposable resources;
• minimum size wages;
• minimum pension;
• minimum consumer budget;
• decile coefficient of differentiation;
• funds ratio;
• income concentration coefficient (Gini coefficient);
• the ratio of the shares of expenditures on food for different quantile groups of the population;

The cost of living:

consumer price indices;

• the cost of all types of services, including household, housing and communal services and services of social sectors;
• living wage;

Population consumption: 5.

• expenses and savings;
• consumption of basic foodstuffs;
• energy and nutritional value of products;

The main integral indicators of the life of the population:

• the ratio of income and expenses;
• the ratio of average per capita income and the subsistence minimum;
• the value of the conditionally free part of disposable income;
• Poverty rate:
• poverty line;
• the number of people with incomes below the subsistence level;

Provision and coverage of the population with infrastructure facilities and technical means of the sectoral social sphere:

• the number of consumer services enterprises;
• number of educational institutions;
• the number of students;
• the number of medical personnel;
• the number of cultural and recreational institutions;

Demographic parameters:

• number of resident population;
• age and sex composition of the population;
• total fertility rate;
• life expectancy at birth;
• crude mortality rate;
• marriage rate;
• number of households;

4.Statistics of the standard of living of the population

Standards of living- is an economic category. This is the level of provision of the population with the necessary material goods and services.

The standard of living is the level of well-being of the population, the consumption of goods and services, a set of conditions and indicators that characterize the measure of satisfaction of the basic vital needs of people.

At present, when economic systems countries undergo deformation and change the main goal remains implementation of the principle of social orientation of the market economy by improving the standard of living of the population.

The system of statistical indicators of the standard of living of the population

As the main complex characteristic of the standard of living of the population Currently, the Human Development Index (HDI) is used, calculated as an integral of three components: GDP per capita, life expectancy at birth, achieved level education.

To compare the standard of living in different countries, the following indicators are also used in world practice:

• Gross domestic product per capita
• Consumer price index
• Consumption structure
• Death rate
• Birth rate
• Life expectancy at birth
• Infant death rate

The agreed standard of living for citizens of the Russian Federation is determined by the following key indicators:

• the volume of gross domestic product per capita;
• the volume of production of essential goods;
• inflation rate;
• unemployment rate;
• the amount of real income per capita;
• the ability of the population to invest in themselves and in the economy;
• the ratio of the subsistence minimum and the minimum wage;
• the number of citizens with incomes below the subsistence level;
• the share of public spending on education, culture, health and social security;
• the ratio of the average pension to the subsistence minimum;
• human life expectancy;
• the ratio of births and deaths of the population;
• the volume of retail trade;
• deviation of the state of the environment from the standards.

The tasks of statistics on the standard of living of the population

The main tasks of statistics on the standard of living of the population are: the study of the actual well-being of the population, as well as the factors that determine the conditions for the life of citizens of the country in accordance with economic growth; measuring the degree of satisfaction of needs for material goods and services in conjunction with social conditions and development of production.

Of particular note is the task of studying the patterns of formation and regional-dynamic trends in the standard of living of the country's population as a whole, as well as in the context of individual socio-demographic groups of the population and types of households.

The basis for building a system of indicators and solving these problems is the materials of macroeconomic statistics, demographic statistics, labor statistics, trade statistics, price statistics. Much of the information collected is based on financial and financial statements, state tax service, Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, etc., as well as on the materials of special surveys, censuses, and surveys.

Main sources of information are the balance of cash income and expenditures of the population and sample surveys of households.

The balance of cash income and expenditures of the population is built at the federal and regional levels and is the basis for building a macro economic indicators. It reflects the scope and structure Money population, taking the form of income, expenses and savings. Incomes of the population are grouped in the balance according to the sources of funds and directions of their spending.

One of the types of state statistical monitoring of the standard of living of the population is selective household budget surveys.Surveys make it possible to obtain data for the accounts of the “Households” sector in the SNA, the distribution of incomes of various groups and strata of the population, and also to reveal the dependence of the level of material well-being of a household on its size and family composition, source of income, employment of family members in various sectors of the economy.

Currently, in accordance with the transition to international standards, new macroeconomic indicators of the standard of living are being introduced according to the SNA methodology. These include gross household disposable income, adjusted household gross disposable income, household final consumption expenditure and actual household final consumption.

5. Characteristics of the standard of living of the population

To characterize the standard of living, quantitative and qualitative indicators are used. Quantitative - determine the volume of consumption of specific goods and services, and qualitative - the qualitative aspect of the well-being of the population.

The standard of living is characterized by a whole block of indicators:

• consumer basket
• average salary 8.
• income difference
• life expectancy
• the level of education
• structure of food consumption
• development of the service sector
• housing
• state of the environment
• degree of realization of human rights

Top 10 countries with highest and lowest average life expectancy at birth, both sexes, years, 2005 (WPDS)* Source: Population Reference Bureau. 2005, World Population Data Sheet. World Health Organization. The World Health Report, 2005. Geneva, 2005.

Countries with the highest average life expectancy	Countries with the lowest average life expectancy
Whole world-67
		Botswana
Iceland		Swaziland
China(Hong Kong)
San Marino
Liechtenstein		Sierra Leone
Norway		Zimbabwe
		Mozambique
Switzerland		Afghanistan

The standard of living of the population is associated with the concept of " income poverty". Absolutely poor is a person whose income is below a certain minimum.

The World Bank (WB) has established that for developing countries a person is considered poor if his annual income is less than $375 (PPP in 1985 US dollars) or about $1 a day. For the countries of Latin America, the World Bank has drawn a poverty line of $2 a day. In Eastern European countries and former USSR the poverty line corresponds to $4 a day. For industrial developed countries the US poverty line is used - $14.4 per day.

developed countries the national poverty line is relative, not absolute. According to the concept of relative poverty, a person is considered poor if the means at his disposal do not allow him to lead a lifestyle accepted in the society in which he lives. In the US, the relative poverty line is set at 40% of the median (average) income; in Europe within the framework of the Luxembourg International Income Study - 50%; in the Scandinavian countries - 60%.

The method of measuring poverty, officially adopted in Russia, is based on the concept of absolute poverty or the minimum need that ensures the maintenance of health and the preservation of working capacity (the composition of the minimum consumer basket). Valuation consumer basket, as well as the costs of mandatory payments and fees amount to the subsistence minimum. In the Russian Federation, both indicators are approved at least once every five years. In the Russian Federation, both indicators are approved at least once every five years. For the second quarter of 2006, the living wage for a Muscovite (for all groups of the population) averaged 5,159 rubles, and the minimum wage (SMIC) was 1,100 rubles.

On average in the Russian Federation, the minimum subsistence level is 2,653 rubles, and the average salary is 8,530 rubles. Thus, the average Russian receives 3.22 consumer baskets every month.

In October 2006, State Duma deputies adopted in the second reading the law “On the Consumer Basket”, which slightly increased consumption rates. Thus, the rate of meat consumption per person per year will be 37 kg (or 3 kg per month), which is almost 2 times lower than the desirable rate recommended by specialists from the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (60 kg per year). According to experts, the proposed norms are not only lower than the level achieved in the USSR, but also the level of UN humanitarian aid in Somalia. According to Management Today magazine, the highest salaries in the world are received by the leaders of American companies - 1.43 million dollars a year (about 120 thousand dollars a month). They are followed by their British counterparts - 747.4 thousand dollars. The third place is occupied by the French - 546 thousand dollars a year.

According to a report published by the Federation of European Employers in 2004, the highest average wages in Europe are paid in Denmark - 27.89 euros / hour, Switzerland - 22.03, Luxembourg - 20.03, Norway - 19.24 and Germany - 17.57. The French and Finns earn twice as little as the Danes per hour of work. The lowest average wages in Moldova are 0.32 euros/hour. In the ranking of 46 countries, Russia took the 40th position - about 1 euro / hour, or 4% of the amount that an average citizen of Denmark earns per hour. Behind Russia were Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Ukraine and Belarus.

In addition to these indicators, social transfers have a serious impact on the standard of living of the population. Thus, in Russia, the level of unemployment benefits is about 20% of the average wage previously received in the last 12 months of work. In Germany, the average benefit is 60% of the average wage. The amount of unemployment benefit in Norway is about $1,900 per month, in the USA - from $400 to $2,600, in Russia - from $55 to $116.

7.Quality of life of the population in science.

Interest in the problems of the quality of life of the population is observed among various kinds of sciences, which include economics, sociology, philosophy, medicine, etc. This kind of variety of approaches to assessing the quality of life of the population predetermined the numerous and ambiguous interpretations of the category "quality of life of the population", focusing on individual aspects. Despite a significant amount of work and a variety of approaches to interpreting the quality of life, in general, the scientific community agrees that this category is a capacious, multidimensional and complex concept. Controversial in the ongoing discussion are the issues of the components of the quality of life and various sets of indicators characterizing it. The purpose of this study is to review methodological approaches to assessing the quality of life of the population. The results of the study will allow in the future to build the author's methodological approach to assessing the quality of life of the population.

The quality of life is determined by the life potential of society, its constituent social groups, individual citizens and the correspondence of the characteristics of the processes, means, conditions and results of their life activity to socially positive needs, values ​​and goals.

The quality of life is manifested in the subjective satisfaction of people with themselves and their lives, as well as in the objective characteristics inherent in human life as biological, psychological (spiritual) and social differences.

8. Statistics. Within the framework of international studies of the quality of life of the population, various approaches and indicators for its assessment have been proposed. One of the most commonly used measures of quality of life is the Human Development Index (HDI). This index is actively used by the United Nations (UN) in the framework of the Human Development Reports and has been calculated annually since 1990. This series of reports is devoted to how the created living conditions can contribute to human development, that is, certain ideas are given about the relationship between the quality of life in different countries of the world. The HDI is calculated in three main areas:

Longevity as measured by life expectancy at birth (minimum is 25 years, maximum is 85 years).

Educational attainment as measured by the country's adult literacy rate (from 0 to 100%) and the total gross enrollment ratio.

Standard of living measured by GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in US dollars (from $100 to $40,000).

As a result, each of the listed indicators is translated into a scale from 0 to 1, after which the arithmetic mean value is calculated. Based on the calculations obtained, a ranked list of countries is compiled according to the HDI indicator in the range from 0 to 1. Countries are classified into four groups: with very high, high, medium and low levels of human development. The leading positions, according to the Human Development Report 2013, are occupied by such highly developed countries as Norway, Australia, the USA, the Netherlands, etc. . Russia, on the other hand, is in the group with a high level of human development (55th place in the ranking), approximately on the same level as Belarus (50th place), Uruguay (51st), Romania (56th) and Bulgaria (57th). A distinctive feature of Russia is that the block characterizing the level of education is at a high level, commensurate with the leading countries. However, the low expected duration and size of GDP per capita do not allow climbing higher in the rankings. Despite the fact that the authors of the report consider the HDI as a summary indicator of human development in the country, or “the so-called quality of life”, the list of its components does not provide an exhaustive description of this problem. At the same time, it can give a kind of initial idea of ​​the state of quality of life of the population of the countries of the world and their distribution relative to each other. According to the data of the study, the top positions are occupied mainly by Swiss and German cities. In 2011, Vienna (Austria) became the city with the highest quality of life indicators. In general, the best in terms of quality of life are cities located in Europe (in such countries as Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Great Britain, Spain, France), North America (cities located in Canada and the USA), as well as Japan. Russia is represented by only two cities - Moscow and St. Petersburg.

In the presented rating, they were not included in the top 100 most favorable cities in terms of quality of life and ranked only 163 and 165 based on GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in US dollars); 2. Health (life expectancy at birth, years); 3. Political stability and security (based on relevant ratings); 4. Family life (based on the divorce rate per 1000 population, an index is built in the range from 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest)); 5. Public life (an index is built in the range from 0 to 1, based on data on church attendance or trade union membership); 6. Climate and geography (latitude to distinguish between warm and cold climates); 7. Job security (unemployment rate, in %); 8. Political freedoms (data on indices of political and civil freedoms, range from 1 (full provision of rights and freedoms) to 7 (significant restrictions); 9. Gender equality (ratio between average incomes of men and women).

According to the ranking of countries built on the basis of this index, among the 80 countries of the world included in this study, Russia in 2013 is in 72nd place (with a value of 5.31), located next to such countries as Azerbaijan (5.60), Indonesia (5.54), as well as Syria (5.29) and Kazakhstan (5.20). The first three places are occupied by Switzerland (8.22), Australia (8.12) and Norway (8.09). 12.

Since the quality of life also includes indicators of the moral and psychological climate and spiritual comfort, an important complementary component is the subjective feeling of happiness. The idea of ​​a high quality of life is associated by the population with a happy life (i.e., the successes achieved, satisfaction with their social position, status, living conditions, family life, profession, work, specialty, salary, well-being in general), in connection with which neglect this aspect limits the interpretation of the subjective component of the quality of life. As part of the annual global international survey of the Gallup International Association "Global Barometer of Hope and Despair" conducted in December 2011 among 58 countries of the world, the Happiness Index was calculated. Contrary to many ratings among the countries of the world in terms of the quality of life of the population, the results of the study showed a slightly different distribution. The top five "happiest" countries in the world included Fiji, Nigeria, the Netherlands and Ghana. Russia in this ranking took 40th place, being on the same level with such countries as the USA (38th place), Pakistan (39th) and Hong Kong (41st). A distinctive feature of Russia is the fact that there are significantly fewer happy people than in the world as a whole (39% versus 53%), but there are also fewer unhappy people (8% versus 13%). At the same time, the highest proportion of the part of the population that regards their position as "neither happy nor unhappy" (42%).

9. Study of the quality of life of the population.

According to researchers, the state of happiness is a kind of cultural feature of this or that country (region) and does not depend directly on its real economic situation and the expectations associated with it.

Therefore, pessimism about financial situation is not able to radically reduce the population's internal sense of personal happiness, and therefore these subjective characteristics are necessary in the system of indicators of the quality of life of the population. Of interest are the studies conducted at the All-Russian Center for the Level of Life, in particular V. N. Bobkov, who notes that the quality of life is the level of development and the degree of satisfaction of the whole complex of needs and interests of people. The author presents a list of indicators of the quality of life in relation to the main areas of human life. These areas include: working life, the sphere of developing people's abilities, family life, life and health maintenance, the life of the disabled, leisure, the environment, life in extreme economic situations, concern for the future. The method of extremely critical (threshold) values ​​of indicators of the state of society, developed by S. Yu. Glazyev and V. V. Lokosov, deserves special attention.

Extremely critical is such a value of the indicator, beyond the boundaries of which indicates a threat to the functioning of the economy and the life of society due to a violation of the normal course of the processes reflected by this indicator. 13.

In accordance with this, two threshold values ​​are distinguished, the first characterizes the maximum allowable value, the second - the minimum, denoting the boundaries of the interval of values ​​acceptable for the normal functioning and development of the system. Thus, the authors emphasize the need to systematically measure the indicators of the socio-economic state and, based on the analysis, determine their relation to the critical values, in order to manage socio-economic development. The difference between inter-country and intra-country approaches to assessing the quality of life of the population lies in the number of blocks of indicators characterizing it. When compiling the ratings of the countries of the world in terms of the quality of life of the population, in most cases, the use of those parameters that most maximally cover all spheres of human activity and the factors influencing them is noted. This specificity is explained by differences not only in the qualitative composition of the population, the level economic development countries, etc., but also in ethnocultural features, geographical and climatic conditions. However, integral indicators of the quality of life can also be presented in a reduced form. In this case, the values ​​of complex indicators embedded in its structure are replaced by one indicator, the value of which correlates with it. Intra-country assessments are characterized by significant detail of the studied parameters. In the conditions of Russian realities, the complexity of assessing the quality of life of the population is determined by its territorial features. The territory of the Russian Federation occupies 17098.2 thousand square meters. km., which is divided into 9 time zones and located in 3 climatic zones: temperate, arctic and subarctic. adjustments to the qualitative state of the country's population.

An additional factor is the heterogeneity of the regions in terms of their socio-demographic, national, cultural and other characteristics, predetermined by historical features. Therefore, ignoring these facts when assessing the quality of life reduces its information content. However, it should also be taken into account that the study of the quality of life refers to the problem of studying and managing complex social processes that are difficult to formalize. That is, we are talking about a system of socio-economic relations in which the most important parameters do not always correspond to the specific requirements of modeling.

10.Quality indicators

Indicators of working conditions. Indicators of working conditions in the practice of international statistics include the following information, closely related to the demographic characteristics of the population:

1) limits of working age;

2) the established and actual duration of the working week (by branches and sectors of the economy); 14.

3) duration of paid leave;

4) indicators of working conditions directly at the workplace (level of dust, noise, vibration, various types of radiation; monotony of work, uncomfortable posture, the need to move a lot, etc.).

Indicators reflecting the level of occupational diseases, occupational injuries and mortality in the workplace are directly dependent on working conditions. These include:

a) the accident frequency rate, which is determined by dividing the number of accidents by the average number of employees;

b) the indicator of the average duration of disability, which is the ratio of the total number of days of disability to the number of victims in accidents;

c) the coefficient of severity of accidents, which is calculated as the ratio of the total number of days of incapacity for work to the total number of man-days worked;

d) the death rate from accidents, defined as the ratio of the number of deaths at work to the total number of victims or to the average number of employees for this period;

Indicators of living conditions and leisure. The study of living and leisure conditions is based on an analysis of the directions for using the income received and the share of expenditures on various goods and services in general expenses.

The analysis of the structure and level of consumption of the main types of goods and services per capita or family is based on the criterion of the rationality of the structure of family expenses proposed by the German statistician E. Engel in the 19th century: with an increase in family income, the share of food costs decreases, and the share of expenses for satisfying cultural and other non-material needs increases significantly.

The level of consumption of certain types of food, clothing, footwear, provision of housing, furniture and other durable goods and various types of services is usually calculated on an annual basis per person or family and analyzed in dynamics over a certain period of time, and is also compared as with scientifically based national consumption standards, and with the corresponding indicators of other countries.

Incomes of the population are used either to cover current expenses or for savings. The current expenditures of the population include the costs of food, drinks and tobacco; clothing and footwear; housing, heating and lighting; furniture, home equipment and home care; health care costs; for transport and communications; for education, culture, physical culture and sports, recreation and tourism; for other services and material goods.

It should be emphasized that this grouping of current expenditures for each country has its own characteristics, depending on the prevailing statistical practice.

Property and monetary savings are also often referred to as indicators of material well-being, since current income does not always accurately reflect the level of real consumption.

Savings of the population is the difference between income and current expenses. Savings can be in cash or in kind. Monetary savings represent either an increase in money in the hands of the population, or an increase in investments in financial institutions, or an increase in investments in securities(shares, bonds, certificates, etc.). Savings in kind are expressed as an increase in the value of land owned by the population, fixed capital (housing, outbuildings, transport, etc.) and inventories.

However, often international comparisons in terms of the share of savings in income are very conditional due to differences in inflation rates and the difficulties of accounting for differences in the quality of both consumed and accumulated goods.

When characterizing housing conditions, international statistics primarily single out the owner of the home. To this end, the entire housing stock is divided into own, rented and municipal. Due to the fact that some owners have several residential properties, the statistics also distinguish between primary residences (where the user spends most of the time) and secondary residences.

When studying the quality of housing, groupings are used according to the number of storeys, according to the material of the walls, according to the height of the ceilings, according to the degree of its equipment with communal amenities. For own housing, the size of the plot of land belonging to him is indicated.

For a generalized characteristic of the provision of housing to the population, such indicators are used as the number of people living in dwellings that do not meet the established standard, and its share in the total population; the number of rooms per inhabitant. At the same time, the housing standard in Western countries assumes the presence of one room for each tenant plus one common room.

As for the provision of the population with various durable items, international statistics calculate the number of durable items on average per 100 families, or per 1000 people. This applies to cars, refrigerators and freezers, TVs and telephones, washing machines, vacuum cleaners and polishers, etc.

The characterization of the population's consumption of the most important types of food and non-food products is carried out by determining the indicators of the average annual per capita consumption of meat, poultry, fish, eggs, bread and bakery products and other products both for the entire population and for individual socio-professional groups. At the same time, the consumption of food products is considered not only in terms of quantity, but also in terms of the calorie content of the consumed products, as well as the content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins in them.

To study the level of education and culture of the population, the UN Statistical Commission recommends a number of indicators. These include:

a) the number of illiterates and their proportion in the total number of persons over the “literacy age” (this age is determined by each country depending on specific conditions);

b) the number of school-age children not attending school;

c) the number and structure of students in primary and secondary schools;

d) the number of university students per 100,000 inhabitants;

e) circulation of books per 100 thousand inhabitants, as well as a number of other indicators.

Health indicators include:

a) the number of health facilities and their capacity, which is measured either by the number of visits per shift or by the number of beds in the hospital;

b) provision of the population with medical personnel (the number of doctors per 1000 inhabitants both in general and in certain specialties; training of medical personnel);

c) performance indicators of medical institutions (number of patients in hospitals; number of cured patients; mortality in medical institutions and so on.);

d) the total volume of health care financing from all sources.

11.Integral indicator of the level and quality of life

As an integral indicator of the level and quality of life of the population at different times, it was proposed to use the national income per capita, the share of food expenditures in total household expenditures, the relative mortality rate, defined as the ratio of the number of deaths of people aged 50 and over to the total number of deaths, the average life expectancy of the population, an indicator of free time, put forward on the basis of the well-known statement of K. Marx that free time in the future will become a measure of social wealth.

The use of aggregate economic indicators for this purpose is based on the assumption that the most economically developed countries have a higher level of social development. Often the basis for cross-country comparisons is GDP or NI per capita, expressed in the currency of one of the countries, either in US dollars or in PPP currencies.

However, all these indicators have various shortcomings associated either with differences in the calculation methodology adopted in different countries, or with difficulties in their interpretation. In this regard, attempts were made to develop complex indices for determining the level of development of a country, the standard of living in it.

An example of such an index is the "indicator of tension" proposed by Russian statisticians. Its components are: 1) the degree of provision with consumer goods; 2) the level of crime; 3) the degree of dissatisfaction of the population with a complex of unresolved socio-political, economic and environmental problems. Based on these data, an index was calculated in more than 100 cities and in all regions of the country. 17.

The index value from 0 to 0.4 indicates social stability; from 0.4 to 0.8 - about social tension; from 0.8 to 1.4 - about local conflicts; from 1.4 to 2.0 - about social explosions in the region; over 2.0 - about massive social explosions.

In international statistical practice, the complex index was one of the first (in 1970) proposed by the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. This index was called the index of social development and included 16 most important (9 social and 7 economic) interdependent indicators. The authors of the study concluded that at levels of per capita income of no more than $500, social development exceeded economic development.

Subsequently, Maurice D. Morris developed an index of physical development of the quality of life, which takes into account three indicators:

life expectancy at the age of 1 year;

the infant mortality rate;

· Spreading literacy among the adult population.

The aggregate index was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the remaining ones, which were evaluated on a scale from 1 point (worst case) to 100 ( the best option). Morris' results showed little correlation between the quality of life index and per capita GDP.

Some countries with high per capita GDP scored low on the index and vice versa. had a physical development index of quality of life twice as high as Saudi Arabia with a per capita income of $12,720. The above example shows the possibility of a significant improvement in the quality of life even before the start of a significant increase in per capita income.

In 1987, the Washington Population Crisis Committee published the International Disadvantage Index. The index was a composite index based on 10 indicators characterizing the well-being of people depending on their financial situation, demographic situation, health status and social structure. Calculations showed that at that time the most unfavorable living conditions were in Angola and Mozambique, and the most favorable in Switzerland and Luxembourg. In 1990, UNDP attempted a comprehensive assessment of the socio-economic development of countries and for the first time published the Human Development Index (HDI). is a scale from 1 to 0. high level development is considered an indicator of 0.8 and above, medium - from 0.5 to 0.799 and low - below 0.5.

It takes into account three types of data: life expectancy, educational attainment (literacy and overall participation rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education have increased), and standard of living as measured by real purchasing power. The index represents When assessing the quality and standard of living, expert assessments can be used.

For example, the American non-profit organization "Committee on the Demographic Crisis", based on official statistics, the results of questionnaires and expert assessments for 1989, conducted a study of QoL in 100 largest cities in the world. QoL was assessed on a 10-point scale with the following partial indicators: the cost of food (the share of family expenses for food), housing conditions (the number of inhabitants per room), the quality of housing (the proportion of houses and apartments with running water and electricity), communication (the number of telephones per 100 inhabitants), education (proportion of children enrolled in school), health care (child mortality per 1,000 live births), public safety (number of homicides per year per 100,000 inhabitants), quietness (outdoor noise level), traffic (average speed in rush hour), clean air.

In the United States, a simplified approach is actively used to calculate the integral indicator of quality and standard of living using the poverty index. The latter represents the sum of inflation and unemployment indices.

In the second half of the 80s. The international organization United Nations Development Program (UNDP) proposed the Human Development Index (HDI) as a general indicator of the QoL of the population.

A BASIC LEVEL OF

The study of geography at the basic level of secondary (complete) general education is aimed at achieving the following goals :

· mastering the system of geographical knowledge about a holistic, diverse and dynamically changing world, the relationship of nature, population and economy at all territorial levels, the geographical aspects of the global problems of mankind and ways to solve them; methods of studying geographic space, the diversity of its objects and processes;

· mastery of skills combine global, regional and local approaches to describe and analyze natural, socio-economic and geoecological processes and phenomena;

· development cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities through familiarization with the most important geographical features and problems of the world, its regions and largest countries;

· upbringing patriotism, tolerance, respect for other peoples and cultures; respect for the environment;

· usage in practical activities and everyday life of a variety of geographical methods, knowledge and skills, as well as geographical information.

MANDATORY MINIMUM MAINTENANCE
BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

MODERN METHODS
GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH.
SOURCES OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

Geography as a science. Traditional and new methods of geographical research. Types of geographic information, its role and use in people's lives. Geoinformation systems.

NATURE AND MAN IN THE MODERN WORLD

Interaction between mankind and nature, environmental change in the past and present. The main types of natural resources, their location, the largest deposits and territorial combinations. Rational and irrational nature management.

Assessing the provision of mankind with the main types of natural resources. Analysis of nature management maps in order to identify areas of acute geoecological situations.

WORLD POPULATION

The constant growth of the world's population, its causes and consequences. Types of population reproduction. The composition and structure of the population. Geography of world religions. The main centers of ethnic and confessional conflicts. The main directions and types of migration in the world. Geographic features of population distribution. Settlement forms, urban and rural population peace. Urbanization as a worldwide process.

Assessment of the main indicators of the level and quality of life of the population. Analysis of population maps.

GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

The world economy, the main stages of its development. Sectoral and territorial structure of the economy of the world. Geography of the main branches of production and non-production spheres, regions of various specializations. World trade and tourism. Major international highways and transport hubs. International specialization of the largest countries and regions of the world, integration branch and regional unions. Leading exporting countries of the main types of products. Geography of world monetary and financial relations.

Analysis of economic maps. Identification of the uneven economic development of different territories. Determination of the international specialization of the largest countries and regions of the world. Establishing relationships between the distribution of the population, economy and natural conditions in specific areas.

REGIONS AND COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

Diversity of countries of the world and their types. Modern political map of the world. Features of geographical location, history of discovery and development, natural resource potential, population, economy, culture, modern problems of development of large regions and countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, North and Latin America, as well as Australia.

Analysis of the political map of the world and economic maps in order to determine the specialization of different types of countries and regions of the world, their participation in the international geographical division of labor.

RUSSIA IN THE MODERN WORLD

Russia on the political map of the world, in the world economy, the system of international financial, economic and political relations. Branches of international specialization in Russia. Features of the geography of Russia's economic, political and cultural ties with the most developed countries of the world. Geographical aspects of the most important socio-economic problems in Russia.

Analysis and explanation of the features of the current geopolitical and geo-economic situation in Russia. Determination of the main directions of Russia's foreign economic relations with the most developed countries of the world.

GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF MODERN
GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF HUMANITY

The concept of global problems, their types and relationships. The geographical content of the global problems of mankind in the past and present. Raw material, demographic, food and geo-environmental problems as a priority, ways to solve them. Problems of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries. Geographical aspects of the quality of life of the population. The role of geography in solving global problems of mankind.

Compilation of the simplest tables, diagrams, maps, reflecting the geographical relationships of the priority global problems of mankind.

LEVEL REQUIREMENTS
GRADUATE TRAINING

As a result of studying geography at a basic level, the student should

know/understand

basic geographical concepts and terms; traditional and new methods of geographical research;

· features of placement of the main types of natural resources, their main deposits and territorial combinations; the number and dynamics of the world population, individual regions and countries, their ethno-geographical specifics; differences in the level and quality of life of the population, the main directions of migration; Problems modern urbanization;

geographical features of the industry and territorial structure the world economy, the location of its main industries; geographical specifics of individual countries and regions, their differences in terms of socio-economic development, specialization in the system of international geographical division of labor; geographical aspects of global problems of mankind;

· features of the current geopolitical and geo-economic position of Russia, its role in the international geographical division of labor;

be able to

· define and compare according to various sources of information, geographical trends in the development of natural, socio-economic and geo-ecological objects, processes and phenomena;

· evaluate and explain resource availability of individual countries and regions of the world, their demographic situation, levels of urbanization and territorial concentration of population and production, the degree of natural, anthropogenic and technogenic changes in individual territories;

· apply various sources of geographic information for observing natural, socio-economic and geoecological objects, processes and phenomena, their changes under the influence of various factors;

· make up comprehensive geographical characteristic regions and countries of the world; tables, maps, diagrams, simple maps, models that reflect the geographical patterns of various phenomena and processes, their territorial interactions;

· compare geographical maps of various subjects;

use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life For:

• identifying and explaining the geographical aspects of various current events and situations;

· finding and applying geographic information, including maps, statistical materials, geographic information systems and Internet resources; correct assessment of the most important socio-economic events in international life, the geopolitical and geo-economic situation in Russia, other countries and regions of the world, the trends of their possible development;

understanding of the geographical specifics of large regions and countries of the world in the context of globalization, rapid development international tourism and recreation, business and educational programs, various types of human communication.

Italics in the text highlight material that is subject to study, but is not included in the Requirements for the level of training of graduates.

1.2 Indicators of quality of life.

There are integral and particular approaches to the knowledge of the quality of life. The integral approach assumes the behavior of two types of assessments: objective (based on official statistics, without involving generalizing information based on various kinds of public opinion polls, etc.) and subjective (based on the opinion of the population).

I. V. Bestuzhev - Lada focuses the category “quality of life” on such an assessment of the degree of satisfaction of material needs, which cannot be directly measured quantitatively, but requires complex methods of indirect qualification on various scales. Therefore, an assessment should be made of the content of work and leisure and satisfaction with them, the level of comfort in work and life, the quality and fashion of clothing, the quality of food, housing, residential and environment, the functioning of social institutions, the quality of the level of satisfaction of the need for communication, knowledge, creativity and other needs aimed not only at self-preservation, but also at self-satisfaction and self-organization of the individual.

The health of the population, as a rule, can be one of the main criteria for the effective functioning of the economy, because its role is enhanced due to:

1. Increasing the role of the human factor in the economy National economy, where health acts as the main property of labor resources, characterizing the quality of the labor force used by society for the reproduction of material and spiritual benefits;

2. An increase in the direct and indirect costs of society in production, where the health of the population is the subject and product of labor in many sectors of the national economy

3. The need for a quantitative measurement of the well-being of the population, in the assessment of which health is manifested as a consumer good and as its main component.

D. Pringle uses a system of quality of life indicators based on the use of a number of statistical assessments that characterize the level of employment, the state of health of the population, the level of crime, etc. At the same time, the author points out that many constituent elements of the quality of life are not quantitatively measurable (for example, satisfaction ).

Among such “non-measurable elements”, other authors also include individual attachments and preferences, a person’s satisfaction in his ability to control any situation, etc. These and similar elements, combined together, allow us to draw a picture of the subjective quality of life felt by a person.

After analyzing the available approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of "quality of life" of the population, the authors came to the conclusion that a holistic picture of the quality of life can be created on the basis of combining two groups of criteria into a whole.

The first group consists of estimates based on statistical information. With a certain degree of conditionality, these criteria can be called objective.

The second group consists entirely of assessments based on sociological surveys of the population, in which respondents are asked to express their attitude to certain aspects of their lives, so it seems quite reasonable to classify them as subjective.

In general, it is necessary to carefully approach the measurement of quality of life by subjective indicators. The main reason for this approach lies in the fact, as M. Adamitz and K. Pornalk correctly believe, that the conditions that give people's judgments sufficient credibility include freedom and the ability to avoid hoaxes. Therefore, in order to avoid a mystified idea of ​​the surrounding reality, it is possible, in society, to achieve a certain level of development. This level assumes the presence of a number of conditions, among which are the following:

· The basic material needs of consumption are satisfied to the extent that the stage of satisfaction of "refined, modified personal needs" comes. Spiritual and aesthetic needs should come to the fore

The country has developed a sufficient scale middle class, concentrating in itself a significant part of the intellect of the nation, the well-being of which is beyond doubt;

· The person assessing the quality of life has a certain practice of using alternative options. From research it is known that the smaller the family or individual has alternatives to compare. The less they appreciate the quality of life.

Stability of the socio-political situation in the country, stable the economic growth.

Modern Russian reality does not yet satisfy any of the above conditions. Therefore, when studying the quality of life of the population of our country at the present stage, an approach should prevail, which, with a certain degree of conventionality, can be called objective. Criteria and assessments of the quality of life should be based on a system of indicators that objectively reflect the socio-economic situation.

1.3 Quality of life criteria

The study of the quality of life of the population involves the addition of criteria-based assessments with a system of scientific justification and systematic, organized observation. Data collection and analysis.

The different planning of the concept of "quality" of life is due to the variety of indicators. The latter can characterize a single element of the quality of life or the whole set. Relevant metrics include:

1. Health

The ability to lead a healthy lifestyle at all stages of the life cycle;

Impact of health impairment on individuals;

2. Individual development through training

The acquisition by children of the basic knowledge and skills, as well as the values ​​necessary for their individual development and successful activities as a member of society;

The possibility of continuing self-education and the ability to use these skills;

The use and development by individuals of their knowledge, skills and mobility, required for the realization of their economic potential and, if desired, enabling their integration with the economic process;

Preservation and development of cultural development by the individual in order to contribute to the well-being of members of various social groups;

3. Employment and quality of working life

Availability of profitable work for those who aspire to get it;

The nature of labor activity;

Satisfaction of the individual with his work life

4. Time and leisure

Choice of your pastime

5. Ability to purchase goods and use services

Personal opportunity to purchase goods and use services;

The number of people experiencing material deprivation;

The degree of equality in the distribution of goods and services;

The quality, choice and availability of goods and services produced in the private and public sectors;

Protecting individuals and their families in the event of economic hardship;

And such indicators: - working conditions and its safety; - environmental Safety; - availability and possibility of rational use of free time; - cultural level of the population; - state and level of physical culture. The level and quality of life are very similar concepts, but still different. The quality of life is more abstract. Of course it depends on the...

CHAPTER II. DIRECTIONS AND INDICATORS OF ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION OF A MUNICIPAL FORMATION 2.1 A component-by-component analysis of the quality of life of the population of a municipality. So, as we found out, the monitoring of the quality of life of the population can be carried out in the three main areas noted above (see Chapter 1) Let us now consider each of the planned areas of monitoring more ...

Among the crimes committed in public places and on the streets, a high specific gravity constitute property crimes. 3. Territorial differentiation of the quality of life of the population The Perm Territory remains a territory with a significant differentiation of municipalities in terms of the level of socio-economic development and the living conditions of people. Relatively good situation...

« Socio-economic geography Assessment of the quality of life of the population as a form of studying the socio-geographical space A.M. Trofimov, I.G. ..."

Socio-economic geography

Socio-economic geography

Assessment of the quality of life of the population as a form

study of socio-geographical

space

A.M. Trofimov, I.G. Malganova © ©

Any territory is not only a space limited by any signs. It includes not only the territory itself, but also many other natural, social, economic elements that make up this territory,

in isolation from which its objective, socially significant assessment is impossible.

Traditionally, the territory in geography is considered from the point of view of spatial order and the positional principle. Therefore, the idea of ​​it includes various aspects, mainly internal in relation to the conditions of life: it acquires shades that are linked with the entire course of the processes of evolution of the socio-geographical space. An interconnected set of environmental components of a natural and social nature is designed in the form of a special “ territorial organization and forms the general structure of the socio-geographical space. This space is initially heterogeneous and has a complex organization.

The development of information technologies that accompanies the global informatization of all spheres of public life, the transition of the most developed countries of the world to the post-industrial stage of development and the formation of a quaternary sector of the economy have led to the emergence and rapid development of global computer information networks. Covering the whole world to one degree or another, they form what is interpreted in many general philosophical and sociological texts as a global information space.

The components of the socio-geographical and information spaces interact, overlap each other in a complex way and intersect at different levels.

The features of such interaction of spaces form a certain quality of life of the population of the territory, which is a complex and multicomponent concept. In this regard, it is advisable to consider the study and assessment of the quality of life of the population as one of the forms of studying the socio-geographical space.

1.1. Formation of the concept of "quality of life"

The quality of life of the population is one of the most important categories of socio-economic geography. The term "quality of life" was put into use by J. Galbraith in the 60s. 20th century Having arisen as a problem of environmental protection, health and urban renewal, the problem of "quality of life" has acquired a more general semantic © A.M. Trofimov, I.G. Malganova, 2005 Assessing the quality of life of the population… meaning. Finally, the “quality of life” has turned abroad into an interdisciplinary scientific direction that studies the natural, social, and psychological conditions of human existence.

An analysis of the scientific literature on the problem of quality of life indicates a variety of definitions of this concept. The multivariance in determining the quality of life reflects the diversity of approaches to the study of this category (geographical, economic, sociological, political, environmental, etc.). The amplitude of fluctuations is very significant: from complete denial to the use of the concept of "living conditions", which seems to be identical to the concept of "quality of life".

Despite the variety of interpretations of the concept of "quality of life", in most cases, the common starting point in them is the security and satisfaction of the population with a set of needs and benefits: the quality of life is considered as a category characterizing living conditions and focused on assessing the degree of satisfaction of needs that are not amenable to direct quantitative measurement; quality of life reflects human experience, and quality of life criteria are measurements of areas of life in which people experience different levels of satisfaction or dissatisfaction (pleasure - pain, happiness - unhappiness, etc.).

A number of authors interpret the quality of life as a complex, multicomponent, complex concept, but this complexity is considered by them in various aspects. If A.I. Subetto defines the quality of life through a system of qualities (spiritual, material, socio-cultural, environmental and demographic components of life), then I.S. Popov gives the following interpretation of the quality of life: it is a complex, integral characteristic of economic and non-economic factors that determine the position of a person in modern society. S.A. Merkushev speaks of the quality of life as an integral concept that comprehensively characterizes the degree (level) of comfort of the social and natural environment for the life and activity (labor) of a person, the level of well-being, social, spiritual and physical health person. J. Papagiorgio considers the concept as a function of the following types of conditions: biophysical, ecological, biological and somatic; environmental conditions, both natural and anthropogenic; socio-psychological.

An approach that reflects both the objective and subjective meaning of the concept of "quality of life" is based on two oppositions: "objective conditions of existence - subjective assessments of the conditions of existence" and "society as a whole - an individual" .

For a long time, most researchers believed that the quality of life is only the qualitative side of the way of life.

Currently, when studying the concept, a systematic approach is used: the quality of life should be considered a set of properties (attributive concept) of the system "man - living environment".

The quality of life of the population as a whole has a dialectical subject-object character. On the part of the individual, it denotes a certain quality of his environment, a set of prerequisites necessary for his healthy and socially rich life. From the side of society, it means a measure of the return of the available human potential, the contribution that the city, each of its inhabitants make to the development of social wealth.

In our work, the subject of research will be understood as follows:

The quality of life is a socio-economic category, which is a set of life values ​​that characterize the structure of needs, activities and conditions of existence of a person (population groups, general

quality), satisfaction of people with life, social relations and the environment.

More specifically, it can be considered that the quality of life is a complex of characteristics of the life activity of an individual (a group of people or the population as a whole), which determine its optimal flow in a certain space-time, i.e. at a specific time, in certain conditions and place, and ensuring the adequacy of its (life) parameters to the main activities and human needs (biological, material, spiritual, etc.).

1.2. Approaches to measuring the quality of life of the population The problem of "quality of life" includes the issue of indicators (indicators), with the help of which researchers try to measure this so complex social phenomenon. Some researchers consider the quality of life as a multicomponent phenomenon that cannot be reduced to something homogeneous and measured using a single indicator. Others believe that this way of research is not only possible, but also necessary. At the same time, a variety of assumptions are put forward regarding the measurement of the quality of life - from survey methods that reveal the assessment by individuals and groups of their position in society, the degree of their satisfaction with their position to complex schemes and models based on taking into account a number of specific factors, the totality of which characterizes the quality of life.

Since 1975, a special international journal “Social indicators research. An International and Interdisciplinary Journal of quality-of-life measurement. Its editorial board included D. Bell, J. Tinbergen, I. Horowitz, D. Colman and others.

When studying the doctrine of the quality of life, one can come across many conflicting theories, a clash of directions, at first glance, conclusions that exclude each other. The prevailing point of view is as follows: the definition of the quality of life is very complex, because, on the one hand, every arbitrary work, relation of things or concepts can have quality as a categorical definition, and on the other hand, life is an incredibly multi-layered concept.

O. Toffler states: “... we do not have any units of measurement for the “quality of life”, there are no systematic indicators that would give answers to the questions: have people become more alienated from each other or, conversely, have they become closer; Has education become more effective? whether we are witnessing the flowering of art, music, literature ... ".

2. Assessment of the quality of life of the population

2.1. Indicators for assessing the quality of life of the population In the scientific literature, one can find serious attempts to create a system of "social indicators".

Thus, the collection edited by R. Bauer lists 12 “indicators” of a “socio-regional” nature: opportunities for vocational education, education by age groups, the right to vote in discussing enterprise problems, the choice of goods, information on international and production problems, the value of free time for a particular region, parks and sports facilities, legal protection, public consumption funds, provision for the elderly, the "beauty" of cities, the participation of citizens in solving communal issues.

The system developed by W. Forrester for determining and improving the quality of life consists of 4 “basic factors”: the supply and provision of food, capital investments that determine the standard of living, environmental pollution, and the degree of population growth.

D. Bell formulated 12 specific indicators commonly used to measure the quality of life, including personal physical and national security; justice within the law, protection against injustice; spiritual well-being of the individual, including the possibility of self-expression; the quality of cultural life, including education, art, entertainment, recreation, leisure activities, the media; the quality of the technological environment; quality of the environment, including its aesthetic side, environmental protection from pollution, etc.

M. Hagerty, R. Cummins, E. Ferris in their work consider the 22 most used indices in the world to measure the quality of life (Quality of Life Indexes) of the entire state or its regions. Determining their usefulness according to 14 criteria, the authors come to the conclusion that most of the indices are reliable and reliable.

The concept of quality of life began to be widely used in domestic scientific literature. It is necessary to note the monograph by O.G. Dmitrieva "Regional Economic Diagnostics", which assesses the level of economic and social development of the regions of the former USSR, and also presents a typology of regions in terms of quality of life. In the monograph by E.V. Davydova and A.B. Davydov "Measuring the quality of life" describes various models and methods for measuring the quality of life, the concept is considered as a multicomponent system.

2.2. Ideas about the quality of life in the system of large-scale hierarchy It is expedient to assess the quality of life of the population both in aggregate and by individual elements using different taxonomic units. Obviously, at a different hierarchical level, for different territorial units, the system of criteria for the quality of life includes a set of indicators that cover the phenomenon under study with varying degrees of completeness: , health care, culture, economy, environment; 2) at the mesolevel ( regional level) and micro level (local level), researchers use a different set of indicators characterizing the quality of life; 3) at the topo level, the subjective perception of a complex of objective indicators related to the life of an individual (a group of people or the population as a whole) is most often assessed and a sociological survey is used.

2.3. Assessment of the quality of life of the population of the districts of Kazan and cities of millionaires of the Russian Federation

1) measuring the quality of life using a system of statistical indicators;

2) the use of a set of social indicators - indicators on the basis of which it is possible to judge changes in the state of the system obtained in the process of sociological surveys;

3) assessment of the quality of life using multifactorial indices, which are generalizing (summary) indicators.

When using a group of methods based on statistical indicators, it is advisable to apply a system of general indicators to assess the quality of life of the population (for a comparative analysis of the quality of life of the population of Kazan and cities

–  –  –

1. Current population (thousand people, total).

2. The average annual number of employees in the sectors of the economy (thousand people).

3. Number of registered unemployed (persons).

4. The number of students in higher state educational institutions(people).

Fig. 5. Out-of-town health camps for schoolchildren organized in the summer of 2001 (a – number of camps; b – children served during the summer).

6. The area of ​​residential premises located in private property citizens, in relation to the total area of ​​residential premises (%).

7. Production of consumer goods in actual prices (million rubles).

Assessment of the quality of life of the population…

8. Volume of industrial output by regions (billion rubles).

Fig. 9. Average monthly wages of workers in industry (for large and medium-sized enterprises, thousand rubles) According to the quality of life of the population, the leading positions are occupied by the Sovetsky, Vakhitovsky and Aviastroitelny districts of the city. In last place (according to the composite index) is the Novo-Savinovsky administrative district.

Moskovsky district, which is the leader among other districts in terms of quality of life, is the most remote area from the geographical, historical, cultural and educational center of the city - Vakhitovsky district, which ranks 4th in terms of the quality of life of the population. This is due to the fact that, compared with the Moscow leader district, Vakhitovsky has large fluctuations in ranks in terms of indicators, and the rank values ​​were either 6-7 or 1-2. Such sharp fluctuations are also characteristic of other regions (except Soviet). And in the end, the assessment of the quality of life of the population was carried out according to the composite index of average values.

In addition, it should be noted that the territorial, spatial aspect is also important, because due to the territorial (geographical) proximity, in the end result, through economic, social, historical and other ties, the territories influence each other, in particular, the quality of life. population.

Comparative analysis of the current state of the city of

Kazan and cities of the Russian Federation from the standpoint of the quality of life of the population was carried out according to the following general set of indicators:

1. The number of deaths per 1000 people. population (‰).

2. Average monthly accrued wages of employees, rub.

3. The number of unemployed citizens looking for work and registered with the state employment service at the end of the period, pers.

4. Produced consumer goods (without VAT and excise tax), thousand rubles.

5. The average amount of assigned monthly pensions (including compensations) of all pensioners at the end of the year, rub.

6. The volume of household services to the population, thousand people.

7. The total area of ​​apartments on average per one city dweller, thousand square meters. m.

8. There are children per 100 places in preschool institutions, pers.

9. Number of state daytime general education institutions, units

10. Number of students in state daytime general education institutions, pers.

11. Number of state secondary specialized educational institutions (including branches), units

12. Number of students in state secondary specialized educational institutions (including branches), pers.

13. Number of state higher educational institutions (including branches), units

14. Number of students in state higher educational institutions (including branches), pers.

15. Number of institutions of cultural and leisure type, units

16. The number of people involved in sections and groups by sports, clubs and groups of physical culture and health-improving orientation, pers.

17. Number of sports facilities, units

18. Number of stationary social service institutions (boarding schools), units

Socio-economic geography

19. Number of telephone sets of city public telephone communication or having access to it, thous.

20. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere (total), thousand tons

21. Discharge volume of pollutants Wastewater(without purification and insufficiently purified), thousand cubic meters m.

22. Registered crimes, units.

In a comparative analysis, data were used for 13 millionaire cities of the Russian Federation, incl. Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Samara, Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Ufa and Volgograd. In the course of the analysis, cities were rated according to individual indicators, then according to the composite index. The places of the cities were distributed according to the integral rank, established according to the principle: the better the situation, the lower the score values ​​(according to a 5-point system). The average score was used as an integral rank, taking into account, in addition to the total score, the presence of an initial set of indicators for each city.

At the same time, the indicators were divided into two groups: the first group included indicators whose values ​​are the better, the higher they are, the second group - vice versa.

The initial assessment showed that it is quite strongly affected by the significant difference between cities of federal significance (Moscow and St. Petersburg), as well as other million-plus cities of the Russian Federation; 9 points in assessing the quality of life of the population. It was in connection with this that the quality of life of millionaire cities of the Russian Federation was subsequently assessed, excluding Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The values ​​of the points obtained in assessing the quality of life of the population of millionaire cities, with and without taking into account Moscow and St. Petersburg, were distributed as follows: Ufa, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don (9 points each), Perm (8 points in both cases). Kazan and Chelyabinsk, which had 9 points when assessed taking into account Moscow and St. Petersburg, now received 7 points each.

As for Samara and Omsk, the 9-point values ​​were replaced by 6 and 8 points, respectively. Finally, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, and Nizhny Novgorod, which in the first case had 7, 8, and 9 points, respectively, received 1, 2, and 4 points when assessed without taking into account federal cities.

Thus, a re-assessment of the quality of life of millionaire cities of the Russian Federation, already excluding Moscow and St. Petersburg, showed the following:

1. The results depend on the selected territorial units.

2. Cities with stable scores were identified, i.e. cities, the scores of which did not change with and without taking into account Moscow and St. Petersburg. Ufa, Volgograd and Rostov-on-Don have a low unsatisfactory quality of life, and Perm has a low satisfactory quality of life compared to other millionaire cities.

3. Reassessment and comparative analysis cities showed their great differentiation, i.e. if in the evaluation of all 13 million-plus cities the cities were included in the group with a low quality of life (7, 8, 9 points), then the re-evaluation excluding Moscow and St. Petersburg showed that they can be attributed to other groups - with an average and even high quality of life (1, 2, 4, 6 points).

In general, the assessment showed that the category of quality of life is ambiguous and cannot be represented by a simple combination of economic, social and environmental factors. Objectively, the assessment of the quality of life takes into account the factor of territoriality.

Assessment of the quality of life of the population…

The quality of life of the population, or rather the improvement of the quality of life, is ultimately an important strategic goal of development at all territorial levels. At the same time, the assessment of the quality of life is designed to help in the development of the main directions of strategic planning to improve and ensure a decent quality of life for the population of a particular city, region, and the country as a whole.

The socio-geographical study of the quality of life of the population covers all the main characteristics of the life of the population, which reflect the way and standard of living, the results of the population's activities.

Bibliographic list

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3. Merkushev S.A. The quality of life of the population of urban settlements in the Perm region (territorial analysis): Abstract of the thesis. dis... cand. geogr. Sciences. Perm, 1997.

4. Perfiliev Yu.Yu. Cybergeography: virtual space as an object of geographical research / Yu.Yu. Perfiliev // Izv. AN. Ser. geogr.

5. Popov S.I. The problem of quality of life in modern ideological struggle / S.I. Popov. Moscow: Politizdat, 1977.

6. Needs, incomes, consumption (methodology of analysis and forecasting of national welfare) / N.M. Rimashevskaya, I.L. Lakhman, A.I. Levin et al. M.: Nauka, 1979.

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8. Russian statistical yearbook. M, 2002.

10. Telnova T.P. On the increasing role of social factors in the regional study of the population / T.P. Telnova // Production, population, environmental management: geographical and socio-economic aspects. Ufa.

11. Todorov A.S. Quality of life (critical analysis of bourgeois concepts) / A.S. Todorov. Moscow: Progress, 1980.

12. Toffler O. The third wave / O. Toffler. M., 2003.

13. Yanitsky O.N. Scientific and technical progress, human factor and reproductive functions of the urban environment / O. N. Yanitsky // Problems of the quality of the urban environment. Moscow: Nauka, 1989.

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