Factor environment for the development of industries in the industrial sector of the economy. Planning for the development of the industrial sector of the city’s economy Tatyana Alekseevna myasnikova Metallurgical, chemical and timber industry complexes

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industrial technological economic conditions

08.00.00 Economic Sciences

Factor environment for the development of industries in the industrial sector of the economy

Gaiduk Vladimir Ivanovich

Doctor of Economics, Professor

RSCI SPIN code: 2347-1070

Grishin Evgeniy Viktorovich

Teacher

RSCI SPIN code: 2622-4524

Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, Russia

Bunchikov Oleg Nikolaevich

Doctor of Economics, Professor

RSCI SPIN code: 4206-7402

Miroshnikov Denis Markovich

Ph.D., assistant

Don State Agrarian University, pos. Persianovsky, Rostov region, Russia

Industrial policy is a set of organizational and economic regulators to improve the technological, organizational and institutional-infrastructural level, allowing to stimulate industrial activity. There are economic instruments that are aimed at creating a favorable economic environment for industrial enterprises; information and communication tools based on providing information and consulting assistance to industrial enterprises, based on regular monitoring of production, market conditions, and regulatory processes; institutional and legal measures that are aimed at creating an effective and sufficient regulatory framework and an effective legal environment. We have identified groups of positive (“catalysts”) and negative (“inhibitors”) factors, pre-selected based on the analysis and systematization of scientific sources, which we have structured into several subgroups: factors of a globalization nature; macroenvironmental factors; organizational and economic factors; territorial and sectoral factors (specialization factors); social factors; technical and technological factors. We have made an attempt to outline the contours of the most significant elements of the factor environment, the totality of which determines both the level and nature of development of the industrial sector of the economy, and the specifics of the necessary content of the corresponding industrial policy. Consideration of the factors described above allowed us to identify some contradictions in the processes of industrial development. Their formulation and understanding in the context of resolving the opportunistic nature of the processes of formation and development of industrial potential and industrial production can become a conceptual basis for the development of proposals for improving mechanisms for stimulating industrial growth, including using information tools

Key words: industrial policy, industrial sector of the economy, factor environment, industrial potential, industrial growth

Annotation

Economic sciences

Factor environment of the development of the industries sector departments

Gayduk Vladimir Ivanovich

Dr.Sci.Econ., Professor

RSCI SPIN code: 2347-1070

Grishin Evgeny Viktorovich

RSCI SPIN-code: 2622-4524

Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, Russia

Bunchikov Oleg Nikolaevich

Dr.Sci.Econ., Professor

RSCI SPIN code: 4206-7402

Miroshnikov Denis Markovich

Cand.Econ.Sci., Assistant lecturer

Don State Agrarian University, pos. Persianovsky, Rostov region., Russia

Industrial policy is a set of organizational and economic regulators to improve the technological, organizational and institutional infrastructure level, allowing stimulating industrial activity. There are economic instruments that focus on creating a favorable economic environment for the industry; information and communication tools based on the provision of information and advice to industry on the basis of regular monitoring of production, market-tactical, legal and regulatory processes; institutionally-in-law measures that are aimed at creating an effective and adequate regulatory framework and effective legal protection. We have highlighted a group of preselected based on the analysis and systematization of scientific sources of positive (“catalyst”) and negative (respectively - “inhibitors”) factors, which are structured by us on several subgroups: the factors nature of globalization; macro factors; organizational and economic factors; territorial and sectoral factors (factors of specialization); social factors; technical and technological factors. We have attempted to outline the most important elements of the environmental factor, the totality of which determines the level and nature of the development of the industrial sector of the economy, as well as the specifics of the required content of the relevant industrial policies. Consideration of the above factors has allowed us to identify some of the contradictions in the process of industrial development. Their understanding of the formulation and in the context of the resolution of an opportunistic nature of processes of formation and development of industrial potential, industrial production may be the conceptual basis for the development of proposals for improving the incentives for industrial growth mechanisms, including the use of information tools

Keywords: industrial policy, industrial sector, factor environment, industry capacity, industrial growth

In conditions of an unstable economic situation, issues of stimulating industrial growth are becoming increasingly relevant. The whole variety of organizational and economic regulators used in the industrial management system to improve the technological, organizational and institutional-infrastructural level, allowing to stimulate industrial activity, as a rule, is combined with the term “industrial policy”. Such a policy should be focused on increasing the level of scientific and technological development of the economy, increasing the competitiveness and efficiency of the functioning of industrial enterprises in general, the products they produce, as well as related sectors of the economy, which fundamentally distinguishes modern approaches to industrial policy from those previously in force, the essence of which was reduced to subsidies depressed, but socially and production-significant industries.

The entire range of instruments used within the framework of industrial policy can be differentiated into the following blocks:

1. Economic instruments. They are focused on creating a favorable economic environment for industrial enterprises through:

Implementation of financial, credit and monetary policy adapted to their specifics;

Smoothing inflation processes in the economy;

Ensuring a positive balance of payments;

Implementation of measures to expand product markets;

Stimulating investment activity, as well as intra-industry competition and cooperation, etc. .

2. Information and communication tools are focused on providing information and consulting assistance to industrial enterprises, based on regular monitoring of production, market conditions, regulatory processes and determinants, the result of which can be the development of relevant information for making effective management decisions in the field of production and commercial , investment, innovation spheres of activity of industrial economic entities.

One of the most important tools in this block is the market positioning strategy of enterprises based on improving image and reputation characteristics. The creation of professional business protectionist organizations and communities can play a major role in stimulating the development of the industrial sector, allowing the expansion of the expert community to develop a unified strategy for the development of industrial enterprises and sectors of the industrial sector of the economy.

3. Institutional and legal measures are aimed at creating an effective and sufficient regulatory framework and an effective legal environment that promotes the development of the industrial sector of the economy through the creation of “uniform rules of conduct” for all subjects of industrial sectors.

At the same time, the effectiveness of implementing the designated areas of industrial policy through appropriate tools and mechanisms is not always the same. This explains the difficulties of applying systemic laws, in particular, isomorphism and isofunctionalism. The main reason is significant differences in the component composition of the factor environment, the actualization of negative or positive factors of which in a specific place and time (chronotope) gives different results regarding the dynamics of development of industrial enterprises. Often the variability of these factors is so noticeable that difficulties arise in predicting their further dynamics, and, consequently, in justifying the prospects for the development of industrial business loci. At the same time, understanding the component composition of factors that both positively and negatively influence industrial development is advisable in the context of forming a set of measures that reduce, compensate or prevent the negative effects.

One of the most studied, and at the same time, controversial in the theory of industrial economics is the question of identifying the factor environment for the development of industrial production. It is obvious that the entire set of factors can be differentiated into factors favorable to industrial development, as well as inhibitory factors that limit it in one way or another. This dichotomous approach allows us to mark the elements of the factor environment in order to improve the tools of industrial policy by developing a set of adaptive measures that use the influence of growth-forming factors and minimize the impact of negative ones.

Groups of positive (we will call them “catalysts”) and negative (respectively, “inhibitors”) scientific sources, pre-selected based on analysis and systematization of scientific sources, are structured by us into several subgroups:

Globalization factors;

Macroenvironmental factors;

Organizational and economic factors;

Territorial and sectoral factors (specialization factors);

Social factors;

Technical and technological factors.

Let's consider each of the groups of factors in more detail. Thus, a group of globalization factors in the context of the internationalization of economic relations has an increasingly greater influence, that is, the sensitivity of the level of development of industrial production from the influence of these factors in some situations becomes decisive for their subsequent development. This is reflected in the parameters of scientific, technical and technological exchange, modernization of production chains, export operations. At the same time, in the context of the increasing spread of integration unions in the field of industrial production and trade in a globalizing economy, the development of unified, unified requirements, principles, methods, and tools for implementing industrial policy in accordance with trends in international economic integration is of particular importance.

System-forming factors of the macroenvironment are decisive in the system for implementing industrial policy; they are designed to generate key imperatives of government institutions, taking into account industry and production specifics. In many ways, the success of managing the industrial complex depends on the correctly “tuned” macro level of industrial policy formation, since at this level there is coordination of the interaction of economic, social, political institutions and industrial enterprises representing the micro level.

Factors of an organizational and economic nature largely outline the mechanisms for implementing industrial policy, taking into account the multi-structure and multi-sectoral nature of industrial production. They include both relationships with counterparties and interaction with regulatory structures and institutions. Not only its industries in each specific region, but also the parameters of tax collection, the formation of internal territorial product, and the social security of labor collectives depend on the organizational and economic features of the established mechanism for industrial development.

A set of territorial and sectoral factors (specialization factors) determine the production profile of the industry. Taking into account the patterns of production approaching the main sources of raw materials and transport and marketing infrastructure, the production configuration of the industrial sector of the economy is formed. In addition, purely “geographical” characteristics of the localization of production loci affect the nature of the supporting infrastructure, the regime labor relations And so on.

The spatial and economic transformations taking place in the industrial economic system indicate the need for a separate consideration of the impact of territorial transformation shifts on the development of industrial entities. In this context, the key characteristics from the point of view of industrial development will be such characteristics of territorial “drifts” as “centralization”, “narrowing”, “fragmentation” of the economic space, “openness” and “contactness” of the local economy, economic density of the market space , the presence of poles of industrial growth.

Social factors are inextricably linked with the organization of living space for labor resources, with the social and infrastructural provision of the population associated with the industrial sector of the economy. Two points dominate here. Firstly, industrial enterprises often produce socially significant products and act as system-forming social objects. Secondly, the social environment of enterprises, in many ways, determines the effectiveness of their activities; therefore, the production circuit of industrial entities is inextricably linked with the social sphere and vice versa. That is why social factors are inseparable from factors of a “purely” economic nature.

The group of technical and technological factors, taking into account the dependence of the industrial production circuit on innovative technologies, is also the subject of detailed consideration.

It is axiomatic that domestic industry is developing in conditions of significant dependence on foreign technologies, production lines and complexes. The shortage of domestic innovative developments, patent models and technological solutions is caused by both a general reduction in spending on the scientific and technical sphere and the “humanitarianization” of the educational sector with a change in the range of in-demand professions.

Many enterprises have not yet made the transition to the fourth level of technological structure, and purchased foreign production lines, taking into account customs procedures, have a significant cost, which leads to the need to use credit resources, thereby reducing the profitability of production, taking into account the costs of servicing loans.

At the same time, by highlighting the above groups of factors, we do not set ourselves the goal of forming a complete list of them, which is practically impossible. At the same time, we have made an attempt to outline the contours of the most significant elements of the factor environment, the totality of which determines both the level and nature of development of the industrial sector of the economy, and the specifics of the necessary content of the corresponding industrial policy.

In the context of the thematic orientation of our research, forming the most relevant information array for the development of adequate directions for industrial policy, we will carry out a classification differentiation of factors on several grounds (nature of impact and essential characteristics) using the methodological tools “Rantganathan matrix” (Table 1).

Consideration of the factors described above allowed us to identify some contradictions in the processes of industrial development. Their formulation and understanding in the context of resolving the opportunistic nature of the processes of formation and development of industrial potential and industrial production can become a conceptual basis for the development of proposals for improving mechanisms for stimulating industrial growth, including using information tools. As opportunistic phenomena and processes in the development of the industrial sector of the economy, we can highlight:

1. The use of protectionist measures in the economy, within the framework of the traditional approach to the implementation of industrial policy, in the context of the dominant role of liberal approaches to managing economic processes in the context of accession to the WTO.

2. The need to concentrate resource potential in the industrial sector of a locally limited, industrially oriented territory against the backdrop of an inevitable increase in the risk of reducing the stability of the economy in a changing market environment, due to the impossibility of its rapid reorientation.

Table 1 - Rantganathan's classification dichotomy of the factor environment for industrial development

FACTORS OF GLOBALIZATION	1. FACTORS-CATALYSTS	2. INHIBITOR FACTORS	FACTORS OF GLOBALIZATION
		Stable political environment at least until 2018;		The crisis of the global political and financial system within the framework of the concept of a unipolar world;
		The primacy of isolationism in the foreign policy of leading states;		Local military conflicts, international pressure from leading states;
		The emergence of new forms of integration relations and new interstate trade and industrial associations;		Raw material price instability and stock volatility;
		Liberal policy regarding domestic and foreign trade in industrial products, development of global online trade.		Underdevelopment of the capital market, trade deficits, rising energy prices, including due to “bubbles” on international commodity exchanges.
MACROECONOMIC FACTORS		Implementation of large-scale government projects that stimulate the development of industrial production;		The impact of crisis phenomena and sanctions in the domestic/world economy, as well as in certain sectors of the regional economy;	MACROECONOMIC FACTORS
		Implementation of stimulating monetary policy;		Insufficient investment attractiveness of individual industrial complexes;
		Implementation of measures to develop domestic markets and protect domestic manufacturers of industrial products;		Lack of experience in the industry management system in implementing large-scale projects to modernize industrial complexes;
		Favorable transit position in the international division of labor;		Limited nature of the industrial development budget;
		High diversification of the economy, the presence of satellite industries developing due to industrial impulses;		Insufficient level of infrastructure development, the presence of infrastructure deficits in the production and commercial sphere;
		The desire of power structures and big business to effective interaction to create competitive products;		Disparity in prices for industrial products and raw materials against the backdrop of restrictions on the implemented credit policy;
		The presence of clear institutional contracts to create an effective system of relationships between government and industrial structures.		The stability of the existing macroeconomic proportions, in which most of the added value is formed in the sphere of circulation.
ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC		Implementation of cluster, export and other initiatives that stimulate the development of local industry;		Permanent shortage of own sources of education for industrial enterprises;	ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC
		Active implementation of measures to protect domestic industrial producers;		Mono-oriented economy, non-industrial specialization of many regions;
		An effective system of government orders for industrial products.		Low competitiveness of domestic industrial products.
		High economic activity within interconnected economic sectors of several regions with high innovation potential;		Repurposing of pre-existing large industrial facilities that had established production and technological connections with other facilities, their wear and tear and dilapidated production condition;
		Implementation of targeted programs for industrial development		High bureaucratization of the sectoral management goal-setting system;
		Availability in the industry management system of strategic documents on the implementation of industrial policy, taking into account the specifics of specific regions;		The impossibility of implementing a network approach for the interaction of industrial entities, the absence of clear axes and corridors for the development of industrial enterprises;
TERRITORIAL-INDUSTRY		Implementation of a selective approach to industrial development in the regions;		Uneven territorial distribution of demographic resources;	TERRITORIAL-INDUSTRY
		A high level of decentralization of the system for managing sectoral economic processes, in terms of transferring certain powers of the federal center to the regional level when implementing initiatives that contribute to the development of industrial production.		Dirigiste and non-systematic policy of government structures to level industrial differentiation, repelling investors from investing in high-tech industrial production and innovative technological developments
		The presence of formed protocluster formations and industrial “bushes”, that is, a high territorial-economic organization of interaction between economic entities, which stimulates the processes of cooperation and competition;		Weak communication activity between industrial loci in the regions, isolation of industrial nodes
		Support for the “poles of industrial growth” in combination with the traditional orientation of public-private capital towards industrial production;		Low density of product sales markets in a territorial context, dispersal of production and social infrastructure facilities;
		Implementation of industrial policy in the context of equalizing industrial potential across regions;		- the “narrowness” and mono-oriented nature of the industrial sector of the economy in a particular region does not allow the creation of a diversified industrial segment
		Availability in the industry management system of proven tools for monitoring crisis and pre-crisis states of the industrial sector;		A high proportion of poorly urbanized areas, with undeveloped, sparsely populated industrial space, insufficient density and/or poor configuration of industrial facilities, poor coverage of sales markets;
		Availability of virtual development resources - developed accompanying communication and information infrastructure, use of network decision-making mechanisms;		The presence of clear signs of obsolescence of the existing model of territorial organization of the territory and management of industrial enterprises as an integral complex in conditions of lack of financial resources;
		Stimulating the location of industrial production in accordance with the laws of territorial specialization of production.		Problems of forming satellite enterprises due to the lack of key industrial facilities.
SOCIAL		Socially responsible behavior of industrial corporations;		Low level and quality of life of the population	SOCIAL
		High level of motivation of labor resources to work in the industrial sector of the economy due to the absence of “gray” remuneration schemes;		High level of unemployment, underdeveloped social infrastructure and services to the population in the industrial sector of the economy;
		Supporting socially significant industries in order to preserve jobs in city-forming enterprises; public encouragement of socially and innovatively active industrial enterprises;		General deprivation of traditional industrial cities, expressed in the loss of qualified personnel, the depressed nature of the local economy and social. sphere, subsidized state of local budgets.
		Organizing industrial conventions, job fairs, etc.		Low mobility and social apathy of the population.
TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL		Technical and technological interaction of industrial entities within corporate entities, regardless of geographic distance;		The use of outdated technologies in the management of property complexes of enterprises;	TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL
		Use of foreign promising developments, technologies, ideas, allocation of subsidies for technology transfer;		Lack of activity in both export and import of innovative technologies for the high-tech industry;
		Close interaction with scientific and educational institutions of industrial enterprises;		The high cost of product certification according to international standards;
		Outsourcing of individual stages of the technological process in order to deepen the specialization of these entities and interact on the principles of cooperation with other participants;		Lack of economic and technological interaction between anchor industrial enterprises and service entities of scientific and technological entrepreneurship;
		State stimulation of the use of innovations;		Underdevelopment of information technology;
		Positive dynamics of received patents for inventions and patents for utility models.		Lack of targeted programs for technical re-equipment and modernization of industry.

3. The need to create high-tech (energy efficient, environmentally friendly, innovative) industries that are competitive in foreign markets against the backdrop of low consumer demands in domestic markets (orientation of the domestic population towards cheaper and less technologically intensive products).

4. The contradiction between the principles of implementing an equalizing industrial policy against the background of the concentration of industrial production in large industrial hubs.

5. Quite low activity in the use of information technologies and electronic economy tools in the implementation of industrial policy against the background of the global trend of integration of the industrial sector with the quaternary sector, which is a sign of the transition to the post-industrial paradigm economic development.

Thus, taking into account the negative phenomena for the development of the industrial sector, the modernization of the instruments for implementing industrial policy is one of the most key tasks of ensuring the sustainable development of the manufacturing sector of the economy, while the actions of the structures regulating industrial growth should, first of all, be focused on expanding the range of instruments used.

Based on this, we propose to pay attention to the role of the information factor in the implementation of industrial policy within the framework of the quadruple unity of contours that characterize it.

Currently, the tools of the electronic economy are increasingly being introduced into the traditional economic sphere, which characterizes the transformation of the economic structure towards a post-industrial type. At the same time, it is necessary to distinguish between information tools used by the enterprise itself at the end-level, as well as information tools used in the context of the implementation of industrial policy by regulatory institutions. The role of information tools here is not limited to informing industry subjects about the possibilities of support mechanisms, but to a greater extent expands the range of activities of enterprises due to:

Transferring many non-core tasks on the principles of outsourcing to information and infrastructure entities;

Expanding the capabilities of certification of industrial facilities, industrial investment projects and sites;

Introduction of the idea of multi-user monitoring.

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Bibliographic link

Bataeva Ya.D., Israilov M.V., Israilov M.V. Trends in the development of the industrial sector of the economy of the Chechen Republic // Fundamental Research. – 2012. – No. 11-2. – P. 488-492;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=30564 (access date: 01/05/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

Specialty 08.00.05 – Economics and management of the national economy

(economics, organization and management of enterprises, industries,

complexes - industry; regional economy)

Dissertations for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences

Izhevsk - 2008 The dissertation work was completed at the Perm branch of the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Scientific director– Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor Pytkin Alexander Nikolaevich

Official opponents: Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor Vladimir Ivanovich Nekrasov Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor Maria Sergeevna Ishmanova

Leading organization– State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Ural Academy of Public Service”

The defense will take place: June 10, 2008 at 13.00 at a meeting of the dissertation council DM.212.275.04 at the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Udmurt State University" at the address: 426034, Izhevsk, st. Universitetskaya, 1, bldg. 4, room. 444.

The dissertation can be found in the library of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Udmurt State University", with the abstract on the official website of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "UdSU" http://v4.udsu.ru/science/abstract

Scientific secretary of the dissertation council, candidate of economic sciences, professor A.S. Baskin

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

Relevance research topics. It is a historical fact that in most regions of Russia the industrial sector of the economy is a system-forming element of the economic system of the region.

Globalization processes, which significantly complicate economic activities at the levels of countries, regions and specific enterprises, as well as the need to take into account not only economic, but also social, environmental and institutional aspects in both strategic and everyday economic activities, require consideration of organizational aspects of functioning along with other industrial sector of the regional economy and its constituent enterprises, taking into account the strategic directions of development of the region.

In this sense, it is advisable to consider the industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system, i.e. an association of people pursuing a common goal and acting on the basis of certain procedures and rules.

At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. The theory of organizations and related scientific directions have received significant development: management theory, active systems theory, hierarchical game theory, contract theory, feasibility theory, etc. Within the framework of these scientific directions, the theory of management of organizational systems was formed - a section of management theory that studies the mechanisms of functioning of organizational systems. The main method of this research is mathematical modeling (system analysis, game theory, decision theory, operations research) of management decision-making procedures.

The works of foreign and domestic researchers describe the features of organizations and the processes of their functioning, give characteristics of their structure, and formulate tasks management, classifications of management problems are given. The concepts of management systems, models of decision-making by organizational entities, the composition and content of general scientific methods for studying organizational systems are described.

Issues of planning and stimulating the activities of organizations are considered.

However, almost all developments in this direction are associated with research at the microeconomic level.

At the same time, at the regional level for such organizational systems as the industrial sector of the regional economy, there are no theoretical and methodological developments in terms of improving the management of their development. The relevance and growing practical significance of this problem predetermined the choice of topic, subject, object and main directions of the dissertation research.

The area of research meets the requirements of the passport of the Higher Attestation Commission specialties:

Specialty 08.00.05 – Economics and management of the national economy (economics, organization and management of enterprises, industries, complexes - industry) – 15.1. Development of new and adaptation of existing methods, mechanisms and tools for the functioning of the economy, organization and management of economic entities of industry; 15.2. Formation of mechanisms for sustainable economic development of industrial sectors, complexes, enterprises.

Specialty 08.00.05 - Economics and management of the national economy (regional economics) – 5.16. Regional economic management at the national, regional and municipal levels, functions and management mechanism; development, methodological justification, analysis, evaluation of the effectiveness of organizational charts and management mechanisms;

5.18. Development of problems of functioning and development of enterprises, industries and complexes in the regions; rational use of the natural resource base.

Degree of development of the problem. The study of the theory and practice of industrial development, including at the regional level, in market conditions in Russia began in the 90s, during the implementation of market and democratic reforms.

Yu.P. is actively working in this area. Alekseev, E.G. Animitsa, S.S. Artobolevsky, I.O. Botkin, O.I. Botkin, V.Yu. Budaway, S.D. Valentey, A.G. Granberg, G.B. Kleiner, D.S. Lvov, A.M. Makarov, A.S. Marshalova, T.G. Morozova, V.I. Nekrasov, A.N. Pytkin, A.I. Tatarkin, O.A. Romanova, V.F. Ukolov, A.N. Shvetsov, R.I. Shniper et al.

Theoretical and methodological problems of the functioning of organizations in a market economy are presented in the studies of I. Adizes, L. Greiner, E. Downs, P. Drucker, R. Kaplan and D. Norton, F. Liden, M. Porter, and many others.

In the field of organization theory and management theory, it is necessary to highlight the works of B.Z. Milner, A.I. Prigogine, proceedings of the Institute of Management Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

A generalization of the experience of domestic and foreign research, to one degree or another related to improving the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system, showed the need for further study of problems in both theoretical and practical aspects.

Purpose The research is to develop theoretical principles and practical recommendations for improving the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system operating in market conditions.

The set goal required solving a number of interrelated tasks, namely:

Research and generalize the theoretical and methodological foundations of the industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system;

Determine the key areas for improving the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy;

Highlight the features of the mechanisms for planning, stimulating and managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy;

To substantiate the organizational and economic prerequisites for improving the management system for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy;

Develop a model of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy;

The object of the study is the industrial sector of the regional economy. As an example, a subject of the Russian Federation is considered - the Perm Territory, which corresponds to the Russian specifics of the functioning of industry in market conditions.

Subject of research are organizational and economic relations in the industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system operating in market conditions.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are scientific works and developments of domestic and foreign authors in the field of managing the development of industry and regional economics.

Basic research methods. The methodological basis of the research is organizational-structural modeling and the method of comparative analysis, general scientific methods of management and organization, expert assessments, methods of forecasting and planning.

The information base for the dissertation research was data from statistical bodies, information from legislative and executive authorities of the Perm Territory, federal authorities, and industrial enterprises. The dissertation reflects the results of research work carried out by the author and with his participation.

Scientific novelty dissertation research is to develop scientific and methodological approaches and methodological recommendations for improving management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy. In the process of research, the following theoretical and practical results were obtained, which determine scientific novelty and are the subject of protection:

The concept of “industrial sector of the regional economy” has been clarified as an organizational system that unites groups of industrial enterprises and industries, characteristic feature which is a territorial affiliation to a subject of the Federation and, together with authorities, develops and implements industrial policy in order to increase the competitiveness and sustainable development of enterprises and the economy of the region as a whole;

The features of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy are identified, which actively influence the improvement of planning mechanisms, incentives and management methods in a competitive environment;

The conceptual aspects of modeling the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy are substantiated;

A model of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy has been developed;

Practical significance The research is determined by the need for theoretical and methodological justification and development of methodological recommendations for improving the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, both in individual regions of Russia, and to ensure methodological and managerial unity in the development of the industrial sector of the economy in the regions and Russian Federation generally.

The dissertation materials can be used for training and retraining of specialists from legislative and executive authorities of the region, specialists and practitioners in the industrial sector of the regional economy.

The results of the work can be used to teach courses in industrial economics, regional economics, state and municipal management at higher educational institutions.

Approbation of the study. Basic provisions, conclusions and recommendations formulated in the dissertation work were presented for discussion at theoretical seminars and conferences at the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ekaterinburg, 2005-2007).

The theoretical and methodological results of the study are reflected in the scientific developments of the Perm branch of the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, including in the scientific direction “Regional industrial policy and economic security of regions” within the framework of the research work “Development of the theory and methodology of structural modernization of industry in the region” - 2007 - Resolution of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences dated February 28, 2003 No. 61.

Methodological and practical recommendations of the dissertation work were used in the development of concepts and projects of regional target programs for the development of industry, timber and construction complexes of the Perm Territory, draft laws of the Perm Territory “On science and scientific and technical policy of the Perm Territory”, “On innovative activities in the Perm Territory” regarding issues of formation and implementation of regional industrial policy, sustainable development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

Theoretical, methodological and applied results of the study are used when delivering a course of lectures on the disciplines “Industrial Economics” and “Regional Economics” in special advanced training programs for government officials and industrial enterprises at the Perm Academic Training Center.

Publications. The results of scientific research are reflected in publications with a total volume of 14.28 pp. (personal contribution of the author 9.26 p.p.).

Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and appendices. Contains 158 pages of main text, includes 10 figures, 11 tables, appendices, and a bibliography of 135 titles.

In the first chapter“Theoretical and methodological foundations of the industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system” are revealed theoretical aspects organizational systems and provides a classification of tasks for managing the development of the region, reflects the role and place of the industrial sector of the regional economy as a regional organizational system, and shows the key directions for improving the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

In the second chapter“Features of the management system for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy” examines the current level of planning and stimulation of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, highlights the features of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, and identifies the organizational and economic prerequisites for improving the management system for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

In the third chapter“Improving the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy” presents conceptual aspects of modeling the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, a model of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is developed, and methodological recommendations are proposed for improving the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

In custody The conclusions obtained during the research process are summarized.

BASIC POINTS SUBMITTED FOR DEFENSE

1. The concept of “industrial sector of the regional economy” has been clarified as an organizational system that unites groups of industrial enterprises and industries, a characteristic feature of which is territorial affiliation with a constituent entity of the Federation and, together with authorities, develop and implement industrial policy in order to increase the competitiveness and sustainable development of enterprises and the economy the region as a whole.

The industrial sector is a determining component of the development of the regional economy and acts today and in the near future as a guarantor of the sustainable socio-economic development of the country. This, in turn, requires the development of an effective system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy and its constituent industrial enterprises and industries, which will make it possible to formulate current directions of industrial policy and increase the potential for industrial development of the regions.

In modern conditions, authorities, and especially at the level of the constituent entities of the Federation, are taking certain steps to solve the problems of coordination and organization of industrial production. In many regions and republics, unions and associations of industrialists have been created, which in their activities determine the goals and priorities of industrial policy and solve other priority tasks for the functioning of enterprises.

The study showed that in scientific works, considering the terms “developed industrial production”, “industrially developed region”, “regional industry”, emphasis is placed on the structure of industry and the mechanisms of their adaptation to changes in the external and internal environment. Based on this, the author believes that the industrial sector of the regional economy should be considered as an organizational system, which makes it possible to comprehensively characterize its level.

The very concept of “organizational system” includes the term “organization”, which is used to designate a property, process and object, and the term “system”, which adds a functioning mechanism - a set of rules, laws and procedures governing the interaction of participants in the organizational system, and a management mechanism - a set of procedures for making management decisions.

An analysis of the results of work in this area carried out by the author shows the feasibility of applying this approach to the industrial sector of the regional economy, namely, its following provisions:

participants in the organizational system are the governing body, teams and/or individual performers (agents);

the set of procedures and rules that determine the interaction of participants in the organizational system is the mechanism of its functioning; an integral part of the functioning mechanism is the management system (mechanism) - a set of procedures for making management decisions;

management decision - choosing the best action according to the selected criterion from a variety of possible alternatives; the management system determines the behavior of the organization’s participants, their adoption and execution of management decisions;

management of an organizational system - influencing the managed system in order to ensure the behavior required of it;

The functioning of the organizational system consists of the following stages:

- decision-making by the center on the action plan;

- implementation of the plan by the center and agents;

- summing up, stimulating agents.

The dissertation clarifies the main difference between an organizational system and a technical one – the presence of active goal-directed behavior among agents. The meaning of activity is that each agent has its own goals, to achieve which it can choose appropriate strategies.

To clarify the substantive essence of the definition of the industrial sector of the regional economy, the following parameters are considered in the work:

composition of the industrial sector of the regional economy; structure of the industrial sector of the regional economy; strategies of participants in the industrial sector of the regional economy; target functions of participants in the industrial sector of the regional economy; awareness of participants in the industrial sector of the regional economy. These parameters are linked to management mechanisms: management of composition, structure, strategies, target functions, awareness. The development of the industrial sector of the regional economy and its improvement is also inextricably linked with a constructive industrial policy.

Analysis of the theoretical foundations, views of various specialists on the essence of the industrial sector of the regional economy and the author’s own research made it possible to clarify the definition of the concept of the industrial sector of the economy. In the dissertation work, the industrial sector of the regional economy is understood as an organizational system that unites groups of industrial enterprises and industries, a characteristic feature of which is their territorial affiliation with a subject of the Federation and, together with the authorities, develop and implement industrial policy in order to increase the competitiveness and sustainable development of the economy of enterprises and the region in in general.

2. The features of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy are identified, which actively influence the improvement of planning mechanisms, incentives and management methods in a competitive environment.

The dissertation work pays close attention to the analysis of such components of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy as the planning mechanism, incentive system, management methods, due to the fact that they determine the ability of industrial enterprises and sectors and the regional economy as a whole to achieve strategic, tactical and operational goals and challenges in a competitive environment. A comparative analysis of the functioning of industrial enterprises and industries in the Perm region allows us to highlight the main directions for managing the development of the industrial sector of the region:

formation of an organizational and economic mechanism that ensures effective interaction between government bodies and the industrial sector;

identifying priority directions and strategies in the development of the industrial sector and increasing its competitiveness;

promoting the development of intraregional, interregional connections and international cooperation;

support for the development of medium and small businesses in the field material production and services;

organization of training of highly qualified managers - professional managers of industrial enterprises, etc.

It should be noted that at the present stage, management of the development of the industrial complex of the regional economy is determined by a number of regulations adopted at the level of the federal center and the subject of the Federation, which is important for organizing effective state support for industrial enterprises, complexes and industries.

The author considers the following features of managing the development of the industrial sector at the level of the federal center:

macroeconomic regulation with methods of indirect influence based on the strategic objectives of sustainable socio-economic development of Russia;

direct regulation with the widespread use of a legal approach mechanism focused on elements of state control.

In this connection, the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is influenced by the tools of legal, economic and organizational methods of both direct and indirect regulation and control over the activities of industrial enterprises and industries.

At the level of the subject of the Federation, interaction between government authorities and participants in the industrial sector is also built on direct and indirect regulation. At this level, the dissertation work identifies the following features of managing the development of the industrial sector:

justification for the choice of priority development of industrial enterprises and industries;

formation of a new structure and directions of competitive industrial production;

providing the industrial complex with regional government support;

ensuring a favorable business climate for the functioning of the industrial sector;

monitoring the effective use of available natural, labor and financial resources;

development and improvement of regional market infrastructure.

Taking into account the identified features of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, according to the author, allows us to develop a set of priority measures to improve planning mechanisms, incentives and methods of enterprise management in a competitive environment. Each direction absorbs certain functions and solves its own specific problems.

The planning mechanism must be built on a reasoned regulatory framework that corresponds to the organizational and technical conditions for the production of competitive products and ensure the reliability of planning, assessment and analysis of the need for material, labor and financial resources. This means an inevitable strengthening of the role of planning in the development of the industrial sector.

The mechanism for stimulating the activities of industrial enterprises to increase the competitiveness of their products, labor productivity, reduce production costs, and improve economic results in the dissertation is considered from the point of view of the application of contract theory, which allows the choice of a motivation system to encourage employees to perform effectively.

The need to integrate the essential aspects of industrial, scientific and technical, investment, production, marketing, environmental, financial and other types of policies, specifying and specifically refracting general approaches to the management strategy of an industrial enterprise determines the search for effective management methods and functions.

From the point of view of the theory of management of organizational systems, the industrial sector of the regional economy, in which there are several management bodies located at one or several levels of the hierarchy, corresponds to the type of systems with distributed control (DC) or distributed decision-making systems (DSMS). In the case of the industrial sector of the regional economy, the task of analyzing the DSPR is to describe a set of equilibrium states and/or strategies of its participants in one sense or another, the task of synthesis is to search for interaction procedures (functioning mechanisms) of decision makers (DMs), allowing them to make consistent decisions effective management decisions. This raises three difficulties.

Firstly, to determine the effectiveness of a particular decision, it is necessary to have a model of behavior of the controlled subject depending on this decision (control).

Secondly, all participants in the system under consideration have the property of activity. That is, the ability to make decisions independently - choose states, communicate information, etc., in accordance with one’s own interests. Consequently, both the model of the controlled subject and the decision-maker’s interaction procedures must take this activity into account.

Thirdly, the decision-making system, in addition to the property of distribution, in relation to the industrial sector of the regional economy can be characterized by a complex multi-level structure. There are both “horizontal” distribution in decision making (characterized by the presence of several decision-making subjects located at the same level of the hierarchy) and “vertical” distribution in decision-making (characterized by the presence of several hierarchy levels at which decision-making subjects are located) ).

The main problem in managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is that during the reforms in the regions there was no system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy. Like any organizational system, the industrial sector of the economy, according to the property of recursiveness, is a subsystem of the regional economy and itself consists of subsystems. Due to the current situation, the author sees the key direction for improving management of the development of the industrial sector of the economy in the development and implementation of an effective model of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

3. The conceptual aspects of modeling the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy are substantiated.

As the study shows, the conceptual aspects of modeling the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy are determined, first of all, by the characteristics of the management object.

The dissertation examines the industrial sector of the economy of the Perm region. Its composition and structure, as an object of management, reflect the distribution of the number of organizations by type of economic activity (Table 1) and the structure of goods of own production (Table 2).

Distribution of the number of organizations in the Perm Territory by type of economic activity (as of January 1), including the industrial sector of the regional economy:

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 306 368 Structure of goods of own production, including the industrial sector of the economy:

extraction of fuel and energy minerals 18.2 14.9 16, extraction of minerals, except fuel and energy production of food products, including drinks, and tobacco wood processing and production of wood products 2.3 2.5 1, pulp and paper production; publishing and printing activities production of coke, petroleum products and nuclear materials 5.7 20.7 24, production of other non-metallic mineral products metallurgical production and production of fabricated metal products production of machinery and equipment production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 14.8 16.5 13, of which:

production, transmission and distribution of electricity 9.9 11.6 9, production, transmission and distribution of steam and hot water (thermal energy) Share of the industrial sector of the economy of the Perm Territory in the structure of gross value added (Table 3) in relation to the average for the Russian Federation The Federation shows that the Perm Territory is predominantly an industrial region, so it is advisable to talk about improving the development of the industrial sector of the region’s economy.

Structure of gross value added in 2005

Russian Federation from the sum of the subjects The essence of the model of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the economy is determined by the goals and objectives of the development of the region and, accordingly, its industrial sector. As a rule, they are specified in the regional industrial policy adopted by the authorities and implemented in regional target programs for industrial development.

The dissertation notes that the development of regional management systems such as an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy requires a description of management objects, identification of the main (significant) factors characterizing the socio-economic situation in the region, assessment of these factors, creation of mechanisms for development and implementation regional programs development. Solving such problems faces difficulties predetermined by the peculiarities of the control object. A number of such features are considered in domestic scientific research. In relation to the industrial sector of the regional economy, the author identifies the following:

1) difficulties in describing processes in a strictly formalized form;

2) the complexity of the indicators included in the structure of the management object;

3) hierarchical structure of the control object;

4) multiple control options;

5) lack of reliable initial information.

One of the main tasks in developing an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is to assess the state of the industrial sector of the regional economy, both existing and desired. To manage its development, we must first assess where we are and where we want to go. Recently, an approach based on the use of a goal tree has become widespread for constructing generalized assessments of objects of various types.

In the field of industrial policy, public authorities are forced to experiment in search of acceptable and effective forms of direct and indirect regulation, creatively mastering world experience, taking into account the changing situation and determining factors. A reliable guide for developers of concepts and programs for industrial development are the methodological foundations of systems design. System methodology involves determining the following elements of the system: goals (priorities), tasks, subject, object, stages (strategic, tactical), methods, tools (means), forms, relations of coordination and subordination, mechanism (model). In this case, it is of fundamental importance to take into account the sociocultural and historical context of the measures being designed.

In accordance with the theory of management of organizational systems, in the model of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, it is necessary to use the following management mechanisms (Fig. 1):

- management of the composition of the industrial sector of the regional economy;

- management of the structure of the industrial sector of the regional economy;

- institutional management (management of restrictions and norms of activity);

- motivational management (management of preferences and interests);

Information management (management of information that participants have at the time of decision-making, management of the sequence of obtaining information and determination of strategies by participants on this basis).

Rice. 1. Management mechanisms of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

Based on the procedural components inherent in any activity, the author identifies the types, components and four main functions of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy (Table 4).

Types, components and main functions of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy Project management (project phases) Conceptual aspects of modeling the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, along with the organizational and economic prerequisites discussed in the dissertation for improving the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, serve sufficient grounds for developing a model of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

4. A model of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy has been developed.

Like any management (regulation) system, the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy should be based on subsystems of monitoring, diagnostics, adjustment, have productivity criteria, and certain relationships that ensure its coordination with the functional forms of state economic policy. From a managerial position, the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy can be represented as consisting of the following blocks:

- development of goals and priorities;

- resource support for selected priorities;

- implementation of control functions;

Institutional and legal support (creation and operation of institutional structures, development and adoption of normative documents).

At the same time, the development of goals and priorities for the development of the industrial sector of the region’s economy should be linked to the goals and priorities for the development of the region as a whole, other sectors of the economy and spheres of life in the region.

In the same way, the task of providing resources for the selected priorities must be balanced.

Since the development priorities of the industrial sector of the regional economy should be considered from the point of view of sustainable development, control in the management system for the development of the industrial complex of the regional economy should take into account the requirements for the balance of social, economic, environmental and institutional components of the region's development.

Rulemaking activities and institutional development for the industrial sector of the region’s economy are also an integral part of regional system management, since, first of all, the state authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the region are entrusted with the functions of rule-making in the interests of the region.

In accordance with current Russian legislation, responsibility for the development of the region is assigned to the state authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

In addition, the structure of public authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation must take into account that, as stated, for example, in the Charter of the Perm Territory, “The public authorities of the Perm Territory interact with the population for the purpose of sustainable development of the Perm Territory, the well-being and prosperity of its population, and the preservation of a favorable environment.” environment." That is, in the structure of government bodies there must be, at a minimum, blocks: social, economic, environmental and institutional, which may include divisions responsible for the development of the most significant sectors of the social sphere, economics, ecology and institutional development, and other spheres of life in the region . Since budget management of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is traditionally highlighted in the regional management system, it is advisable to separately consider the budget block within the framework of the development of the regional financial system.

This approach makes it possible to organize the targeted activities of government departments based on a system of balanced indicators that reflect the balance of social, economic/financial, environmental and institutional components of the region’s development.

The definition of the most significant areas of the region’s life and corresponding indicators is given in the strategy for sustainable development of the region, in the territorial planning scheme and in the comprehensive development program.

Thus, for a historically established industrial and/or industrial development-oriented region, the center for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy should be the division of the “Economy” block of the regional government authorities.

Russian practice in recent years shows that in the center for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, it is advisable to distinguish divisions in the following areas:

1) development of goals and priorities; institutional and legal support;

2) resource support for selected priorities; implementation of control functions.

In this case, the division of the second direction is functionally subordinate to the first. In practice, such units are usually called ministries and agencies.

Based on the foregoing, the author proposes the following positioning of the organizational system (center) for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, presented in Figure 2. At the regional government level, ministries coordinate activities and balance the social, economic and financial (regional financial system), environmental and institutional components development of the region in the system of balanced indicators of sustainable development of the region of the regional information and analytical system.

development of the industrial sector within the framework of the management system Fig. 2. Positioning of the organizational management system The working body of the ministry is the collegium (coordination council), which allows coordinating the work of agencies for the interaction of economic sectors in the region.

Based on a number of research works carried out with the participation of the author, it is proposed to allocate divisions (departments) within the industrial agency for technological modernization, environmental modernization, training and retraining of personnel, and improvement of organizational and economic mechanisms for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy ( Fig. 3). These divisions solve the problems of territorial marketing in their areas within the framework of the regional information and analytical system. The collection of data by division is carried out by the division for analysis and monitoring of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

Government of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation for economic development Department of technological modernization of industry Department of environmental modernization of industry Department of training and retraining of industrial personnel Department of improving organizational and economic mechanisms for managing industrial development Fig. 3. Model of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy. The agency's industrial divisions correspond to similar blocks of the regional target program for industrial development. They carry out contractual work on government contracts within the framework of the program, monitor the implementation of program activities and development indicators of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

The author proposes to implement the functioning of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy on the basis of a regional information and analytical system (“electronic government”). The development of a regional information-analytical system involves the development of a structured system of indicators in a certain way, which reflects the strategy for the sustainable development of the region, the territorial planning scheme and the parameters of a comprehensive development program for the region. The regional target program for industrial development, as an integral part of a comprehensive regional development program, a set of program activities, planning its implementation, evaluation of results and monitoring the implementation of program activities is also reflected in the regional information and analytical system. Decisions on the implementation of the program and program activities are also prepared here.

The component of the regional information and analytical system in terms of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is shown in Figure 4.

The author associates the improvement of management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy with the introduction of a model of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

The implementation of the model is possible through the development of new regional regulations and amendments to existing regional legislation.

As a rule, constituent entities of the Russian Federation have adopted laws on industrial policy or similar ones. On their basis, industrial policy is developed and adopted.

The President/Governor of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation determines the main directions for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, ensuring increased competitiveness of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

On this basis, the government of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation approves priority directions for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, ensuring the solution of the problems of sustainable development of industry and the region.

The Ministry of Economic Development of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, on behalf of the president/governor and the government of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, organizes the development of the main and priority directions for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy (industrial policy). Direct work Fig. 4. The development management component of the industrial sector of the economy of the regional information and analytical system for the preparation of a draft industrial policy is carried out by the industrial development agency.

Industrial policy, upon the recommendation of the president/governor, is adopted by the legislative body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Based on the adopted industrial policy, a regional target program for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy (industry) is being developed. The program is being developed by the Industrial Development Agency, attracting competent organizations and specialists on a competitive basis.

To implement industrial policy, its main and priority directions, including through the regional target program for industrial development, the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy uses the following management mechanisms:

1) management of the composition of the industrial sector of the regional economy is carried out based on the historical situation in the industrial sector of the economy itself, based on the composition of the natural, technological, financial, human, intellectual and other resources of the region. The change in the composition of enterprises in the industrial sector of the economy occurs in accordance with the strategy of sustainable development of the region, the territorial planning scheme, and a comprehensive development program through the implementation of a set of measures of the regional target program for industrial development;

2) similarly, management of the structure of the industrial sector of the regional economy is carried out based on the historically established structure of the industrial sector of the economy, based on the structure of the natural, technological, financial, human, intellectual and other resources of the region. The change in the structure of the industrial sector of the economy occurs in accordance with the strategy of sustainable development of the region, the territorial planning scheme, and a comprehensive development program through the implementation of a set of measures of the regional target program for industrial development;

3) in accordance with the strategy of sustainable development of the region, the territorial planning scheme, the comprehensive development program, the regional target program for industrial development sets the target functions for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, on the basis of which enterprises adjust their own development strategies;

4) motivational management is carried out by providing regional tax benefits, rental benefits, budget guarantees and financing, and other preferences to those enterprises that adjust their activities in the interests of sustainable development of the region and take part in program activities of the regional target program for industrial development;

5) to improve the efficiency of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, information management methods are used that provide reliable information sufficient to obtain the required results.

The formation of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is facilitated by the self-organization of enterprises in the forms of regional chambers of commerce and industry, unions of industrialists and entrepreneurs, industry associations and associations, associations and associations by type of economic activity, the organizational forms of which begin to move towards self-regulatory organizations in connection with the adoption Federal Law of December 1, 2007 No. 315FZ “On Self-Regulatory Organizations”. There is noticeable activity in creating holding structures in industry and regional industrial clusters.

Planning the implementation of a regional target program for industrial development within the framework of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is based on the following mechanisms:

- mechanisms of active examination;

- competitive mechanisms;

- internal price mechanisms.

The listed mechanisms are most applicable in the process of forming and evaluating a set of measures for a regional target program for industrial development.

It is advisable to coordinate internal prices within the framework of tripartite commissions existing in almost every region consisting of employers - trade unions - government bodies. Within the framework of tripartite commissions, it is possible to conclude agreements on tariffs, rents, etc., as well as in general on the implementation of program activities of the target program for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

The model of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy and the methodological recommendations for its implementation developed in the dissertation are aimed at improving the management system for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, contributing to increased competitiveness and sustainable development of the economy of industrial sectors, complexes, enterprises and the region as a whole.

THE RESEARCH RESULTS ARE REFLECTED IN THE FOLLOWING

PUBLICATIONS:

1. Nikiforova T.E. The industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system: theoretical and methodological foundations. Preprint. – Perm: Publishing house NIUMS, 2006. – 2.32 pp.

2. Nikiforova T.E. Introduction of environmental management in the activities of enterprises baking industry city of Perm. Theory and practice of ecological modernization of the economy of territorial entities: Collection of scientific papers. Issue V / Ed. A.N. Pytkina.

Perm branch of the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Perm: Publishing house NIUMS, 2006. - 0.28 pp.

3. Pytkin A.N., Nikiforova T.E. Features of mechanisms for planning, stimulating and managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy. Preprint. – Perm: Publishing house NIUMS, 2007. – 4.15 pp.

(author 2.77 pp.) 4. Atamanova E.A., Nikiforova T.E. Organizational and economic aspects of improving the management system for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy. Preprint. – Perm: Publishing house NIUMS, 2008. – 3.16 pp. (author 1.58 pp.) 5. Misharin Yu.V., Nikiforova T.E. Modeling the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy. Preprint. – Perm: Publishing house NIUMS, 2008. – 4.12 pp. (author 2, pp.) 6. Nikiforova T.E. Conceptual aspects of improving management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy // News of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after.

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The real sector is the basis of the Russian economy, which determines its level and specialization. It is dominated by the industries of raw materials and fuel extraction and energy and materials production. The fuel and energy complex, metallurgy, a significant part of the chemistry, timber industry complex, defense industry and the industries serving them (pipeline and sea transport) are oriented towards the external market; other industries are oriented towards the domestic market.

The bulk of agricultural land has been privatized and passed into the hands of agricultural organizations, farmers, and individual citizens. Nevertheless, in general for the 1990s. Agricultural output declined radically and began to recover only in the next decade for most types of agricultural products.

It is the “backbone” of not only the real sector, but also the entire Russian economy. Our country produces 10-11.5% of the world's primary energy, supplying approximately half for export and half for the domestic market. The fuel and energy complex is represented by both a fully developed fuel industry and a powerful electric power industry, including nuclear.

, and make a greater contribution to exports. All of them produce less than in Soviet times due to reduced demand on the domestic market, although they managed to significantly compensate for the decline in domestic demand by increasing export supplies.

Over the past two decades, it has found itself in the most difficult situation of all sectors of the real sector, although there are exceptions. In the 2000s. domestic demand for engineering products began to grow, but it is largely satisfied through imports, which is caused primarily by the low technical level of Russian engineering products.

The output of military products in Russia is about a third of the pre-reform level, and the number of people employed in the defense industry over these years has decreased by more than four times. The basis of the complex began to consist of holdings and concerns, uniting companies wholly or partially owned by the state. They produce both defense and civilian products.

The deindustrialization of Russia led to a strong curtailment of capital construction, i.e. construction, installation and other work on the construction, expansion, repair, reconstruction and modernization of non-residential buildings and engineering structures. Growing demand for housing in the 2000s. helped restore housing construction. But in general, construction volumes remain much lower than before the collapse of the USSR, and the number of people employed in construction has decreased.

In the 1990s. Freight and passenger turnover of public transport decreased sharply, which began to recover only in the next decade, but remains much lower than Soviet indicators. Freight turnover is dominated by pipeline transport (50%) and railway transport (43%). The weakest point of the Russian transport system is the insufficient development of the transport network and its low technical level.

Communications and telecommunications are developing contradictorily: mail and space communications are lagging behind, telephony and Internet use are growing dynamically.

Specifics of the real sector in Russia

As in other countries of the world, in Russia the real sector is the basis of the national economy, determining its level and specialization. It employs the population and produces approximately the same share of GDP.

The real sector is represented by a wide range of industries. However, it is dominated by the mining of raw materials and fuels and the production of energy and materials. On the one hand, this is a consequence of natural resources, especially mineral ones, which allows Russia to actively use its natural competitive advantage. On the other hand, this is the result of the deindustrialization of Russia: the preservation or slight reduction of raw materials industries in the last two decades was accompanied, unlike Soviet times, not by the growth of other (non-resource) industries, but by their strong decline. The resource industries managed to weather the disaster of the 1990s better. and take more active advantage of the boom of the early 2000s. due to the high global market demand for their products. The products of other sectors of the Russian real sector are generally not competitive enough (although there are exceptions, especially the defense industry). Before the crisis of 2008-2010. production volumes in many sectors of the real sector were radically lower than pre-reform levels, especially in mechanical engineering (the production of machinery and equipment reached only half of the pre-reform level).

As a result, the real sector remains split into two parts:

industries oriented to the foreign market - export-oriented (fuel and energy complex and metallurgy, a significant part of chemistry, timber industry and defense industry) and industries serving them (pipeline and maritime transport). This part of the real sector is small in terms of the number of employees (about 5%), but brings in more than half of all profits in the country, providing at this expense the bulk of state budget revenues and a very significant part of effective demand in the domestic market;
industries oriented to the domestic market (all others). This part of the real sector is unprofitable due to its low competitiveness (except for trade and construction, which actively satisfy the internal demand of workers in the first sector); the incomes of its workers are therefore small, which determines the generally low internal effective demand of the bulk of the population and enterprises in Russia.

This situation is typical of the “Dutch disease” with its redistribution of income and economic resources in favor of export-oriented raw materials and industries serving them, as well as the replacement of local production with imports. This disease does not affect all countries with large reserves of raw materials (there are many of them in the USA, Canada, Australia, Norway), but countries with imperfect economic and political institutions (bad governance), the elite of which is not able to resist the “big money” from the export of raw materials and agrees postpone modernization and an active industrial policy (in Nigeria and Saudi Arabia, oil exports even slowed down economic growth, giving rise to the so-called resource curse).

The cure for the “Dutch disease” is active support for the manufacturing industry, especially the knowledge-intensive one, but the Russian government has been little involved in industrial policy and only in recent years has turned to it more as part of the country’s modernization strategy. Thus, the Concept 2020 highlights high-tech industries in which Russia has or claims to have serious competitive advantages - the aviation industry and engine building, the rocket and space industry, shipbuilding, the nuclear energy industrial complex, the radio-electronic industry, information and communication and medical technologies, as well as energy efficiency and energy saving.

The real sector of the Russian economy includes:

agro-industrial complex;
machine-building complex;
fuel and energy complex;
military-industrial complex;

Metallurgical, chemical and timber industry complexes

After the fuel and energy complex, the greatest contribution to the export-oriented part of the real sector is made by the metallurgical, chemical and timber industry complexes. All of them produce less than in Soviet times due to reduced demand on the domestic market, although they managed to significantly compensate for the decline in domestic demand by increasing export supplies (see the above example with the production of mineral fertilizers).

Metallurgy produces about 5% of Russian GDP and provides about 14% of domestic exports. Ferrous metallurgy produced 94 million tons of steel in 1988, in the 1990s. reduced its production by half, but by the end of the next decade increased it to 72 million tons (2007), second only to China, Japan and the USA, and taking 3rd place in world exports. However, for the production of special steels and alloys, intended mainly for mechanical engineering, production volumes have decreased significantly, the equipment is outdated and worn out, and some technologies have been completely lost.

In non-ferrous metallurgy for the production of aluminum (about 4 million tons), Russia is second only to China, in aluminum exports it ranks 1st, in production (0.3 million tons) and exports of nickel - also 1st place in the world (largely thanks to its large geological reserves). In gold production (about 160 tons per year, i.e. at the pre-reform level), Russia occupies only 5th place, although it has the third largest gold deposits in the world and has a good chance of increasing gold production to 250 tons per year. The process of transition from depleting alluvial deposits to abundant but time-consuming gold ore deposits is hampered by a lack of funds and technology.

Good export income allowed in the 2000s. to re-equip the metallurgy with modern equipment (mostly imported), so the depreciation of fixed assets here is 44% for ferrous metallurgy and 42% for non-ferrous metallurgy, i.e. at the level of developed countries.

In the Development Strategy prepared in 2009 metallurgical industry For the period up to 2020, the Russian Federation is projected to increase the production of all metals in the country, primarily at the expense of the own funds of metallurgical companies, since many of them have them in excess, actively purchasing metallurgical assets abroad.

Chemical complex covers a wide range of industries (primarily mineral fertilizers, chemical plant protection products, synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber, tires, rubber products, artificial and synthetic fibers and threads, paints and varnishes, synthetic detergents). All these industries together provide about 2% of Russia's GDP and 6-7% of exports. As in Soviet times, the problem remains that in domestic chemistry primary processing of natural resources is established, secondary processing is worse, and higher processing is even weaker. As a result, the country ranks only 20th in the world in the production of chemical products, although it exports large volumes of simple goods, primarily mineral fertilizers, synthetic rubber, synthetic resins and plastics, while importing approximately the same amount of more complex chemical goods.

Export supplies helped support the above-mentioned chemical production, and rapidly growing domestic demand stimulated the production of tires, but the production of chemical fibers and threads, varnishes and paints, plant protection chemicals and a number of other industries, in the face of decreased demand and/or increased quality requirements, could not withstand foreign competition and has decreased significantly (in 2008, the capacity for the production of paints and varnishes was 38% loaded, plant protection chemicals - by 26%).

The development strategy of the chemical and petrochemical industry of the Russian Federation for the period until 2015 provides for the growth of almost all chemical production on the basis of their modernization and the development of research and development, but without an increase in government funding.

Adjacent to the chemical complex (but not part of it) pharmaceutical industry. It is in severe decline, which began in the Soviet decades due to the growing inability of this industry to meet the country's needs for modern medicines. As a result, the share of domestic drugs in the domestic market is 68% in volume terms and 19% in monetary terms (2008).

The Strategy for the Development of the Pharmaceutical Industry of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020, approved at the end of 2009, suggests increasing this share in monetary terms to 50% through modernization of the industry based on foreign and domestic technologies, with significant government financial support, and even predicts a sharp increase the current small export of Russian medicines.

Timber industry complex(forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries) provides 2.5-4% of Russian exports. The volume of production in the forestry industry is gradually growing - in 2007, the export of industrial wood from the forest reached 134 billion dense cubic meters (excluding large illegal logging), although it is unlikely that in the future it will be able to approach the Soviet volume (250-280 billion dense cubic meters ) due to the transition of the economy to other construction materials and more rational use of wood. About 40% of unprocessed wood and lumber is exported.

The restoration of domestic demand, especially in construction, has helped the growth of the woodworking industry, but it is hampered by the low quality of products, which does not allow increasing exports (an example would be domestic furniture).

In the pulp and paper industry, which has long been export-oriented (half of the products are exported), and also with a noticeable presence of foreign capital, these problems are fewer, but nevertheless this industry is not even among the top ten global producers, and largely because that domestic pulp and paper mills (165 pulp and paper mills) still do not produce many high-value products, such as coated paper and high-quality cardboard, in significant volumes. The problems of the timber industry complex are largely a consequence of the lack of roads (they do not provide good access to laminated raw materials), credit, as well as the rapid increase in tariffs for the large quantities of electricity needed by the pulp and paper industry.

Light industry

The Russian light industry is very dependent on the conditions that develop on world markets. On the one hand, this industry is highly susceptible to competition from Asian manufacturers, some of whose products are imported into the country illegally. On the other hand, Russian light industry relies mainly on foreign raw materials, components and equipment.

Domestic clothing production has decreased significantly (suits, jackets) and tens of times (coats, dresses, shirts) and tends to further decline. It was possible to stop the sharp decline in fabric production and partially restore it, although production volumes are incomparable with the Soviet level (2.5-2.8 billion sq. m per year compared to 8.4-8.7 billion sq. m). A turning point has been achieved in the production of leather shoes, and it is growing (almost doubling in the 2000s - to 58 million pairs in 2009), although here production volumes are radically inferior to Soviet ones (385 million pairs in 1990) . The situation in the production of carpets and carpet products is better - it is 2/3 of the Soviet level.

Construction complex

This complex consists of both capital (investment, production) and housing construction, as well as the production of building materials. The deindustrialization of Russia led to a strong curtailment of capital construction, i.e. construction, installation and other work on the construction, expansion, repair, reconstruction and modernization of non-residential buildings and engineering structures. Growing demand for housing in the 2000s. helped restore housing construction (see Chapter 12). But in general, construction volumes remain much smaller than before the collapse of the USSR, and as a result, the number of people employed in construction has decreased from 7 to 5-5.5 million people.

The decrease in construction volumes entailed a decrease in the production of basic building materials, the restoration of production of which began to occur only in the first decade of the 21st century: cement production in 1985 amounted to 84.5 million tons, in 2000 - 32 million tons, in 2007 . - 60 million tons, building bricks - 24, 11 and 13.5 billion pieces, respectively. conditional brick.

Transport complex

In the 1990s. The freight and passenger turnover of public transport decreased by more than 40%, which began to recover only in the next decade, but remains much lower than Soviet indicators. Freight turnover is dominated by pipeline transport (50%) and railway transport (43%). The weak point of the Russian transport system is the insufficient development of the transport network and its low technical level, due to which an amount exceeding 3% of GDP is lost annually, and the mobility of the population is sharply reduced.

IN rail transportation The state company Russian Railways dominates, which, together with its subsidiaries (they do not operate at state tariffs), accounts for about half of the cargo transported. The rest is transported mainly by private companies. The Strategy for the Development of Railway Transport in the Russian Federation until 2030, approved by the government in 2007, provides for an increase in freight turnover by 1.6 times based on the construction of 16-21 thousand new railway tracks and an increase in passenger turnover based on the construction of high-speed highways.

Automobile transport It occupies a small share in cargo turnover, but dominates in terms of transportation volume, since it transports goods mainly over short distances. This is largely due to the fact that in Russia the network of paved roads remains small (about three times less than the needs), technically outdated (only 56% of federal roads meet the necessary strength criteria) and is also slowly increasing ( 1-2.5 thousand km of new and repaired roads are put into operation annually, which is many times less than in Soviet times). The state company Russian Highways (Avtodor), established in 2009 for the construction and reconstruction of highways and expressways, has government-approved plans for construction and reconstruction in 2010-2015. approximately 1.4 thousand km of federal roads. It is planned to spend 1.5 trillion rubles on this, i.e. 1 billion rubles each for every kilometer (several times more expensive than in Germany and the USA), and in addition, some of these roads are planned to be made toll. According to the Concept 2020, in 2015-2020. 5-10 thousand km of roads will be introduced annually.

Domestic transportation of goods and passengers by water transport(sea and inland waterways) ceased to play a significant role due to a more than threefold reduction in the volume of these transportations. This happened as a result of rising tariffs and the deterioration of the fleet, port facilities and inland waterways. In addition, Russia lost most of its own ports on the Baltic and Black Seas and sharply reduced “northern deliveries” due to the cessation of development of the North. True, in external transport the role of water transport is much more noticeable, since sea transport provides the bulk of Russian foreign trade (67% of exports and 9% of imports). Although under the control of Russia there is a maritime transport fleet with a deadweight of 18 million tons, however, 67% of the tonnage is operated under foreign flags in order to evade taxes, and as a result, only 5% of the volume of domestic foreign trade cargo is transported by ships under the Russian flag, on which Russian shipping companies annually lose $9-11 billion

Air Transport after reduction in the 1990s. the number of passengers began to quadruple their transportation (in 1990 - 91 million people, 2000 - 23 million people, 2008 - 51 million people). Here there is an acute problem of updating the fleet, which is largely obsolete and therefore the number of foreign-made mainline aircraft is increasing (in 2008 there were 320 of them, and their share in the total passenger turnover reached 50%).

Pipeline transport is developing most dynamically: the network of main oil and gas pipelines continues to grow due to the intensive construction of new export pipelines.

Communications and telecommunications

This type of economic activity in Russia is developing in a contradictory manner. Every year, launching quite a few foreign satellites on commercial terms, Russia for many years has not been able to bring the domestic global navigation system (GLONASS), an analogue of the American GPS, to the required number of satellites. The domestic postal service, dominated by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Post, is in poor condition, largely due to the reduction in subscriptions to newspapers and magazines by 18 times, and the sending of parcels by 3 times.

At the same time, during the post-Soviet years, the number of telephones on the public network increased by 2 times (up to 46 million units), the number of connected cellular phones significantly exceeded the population (about 200 million units), and the number of Internet users exceeded 40 million Human.

Trade and consumer services

Trade and repair (vehicles, household products and personal items) employ a lot of workers - almost 18% and produce a very large share of GDP - about 21%.

The large number of people employed here is partly explained by the fact that, given the persisting high unemployment in Russia and neighboring countries, this type of activity is a kind of “buffer” that absorbs excess workers who are willing to accept low wages.

As for the high contribution of trade to GDP, then, of course, the main reason is the market nature of the Russian economy. But in Russia, a constant motive is complaints from manufacturers about the large number of intermediaries in the sale of their goods. It can be suggested that this is a consequence of the power of the bureaucracy, which, with the help of entrepreneurs affiliated with it, organizes chains of intermediary firms, which it is impossible for the supplier to bypass due to the administrative resource the bureaucracy has. Another reason is the frequent (to minimize taxation) separation from manufacturers of sales companies (an example would be trading companies in the oil and gas sector), whose activities are classified as trading in statistics.

Russian trade also shows us an important macroeconomic feature - a high share of imported goods in retail trade turnover (45-47% of total retail trade turnover in the pre-crisis years). For a large economy with a relatively large market and large exports, this is evidence of the low competitiveness of domestic consumer goods and the economy’s orientation toward “eating” export earnings rather than investing them.

Methodology for analyzing the real sector

Although the SNA is based not on industries, but on types of economic activity, when analyzing the real sector, a common approach remains the sectoral one, more precisely, based on the grouping of individual industries (types of economic activity) into industry complexes (for example, the agricultural-industrial complex) or into enlarged industries ( for example, light industry). In Russia, this approach prevails partly because our country in statistical accounting only since 2003 switched from the All-Union Classifier of Sectors of the National Economy (OKONKH) to the All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities (OKVED) in accordance with the recommendations of the SNA. But the more important reason is that sectoral analysis allows us to better describe the state of the real sector.

In the practice of studying the national economy, various divisions of the real sector into industry complexes and enlarged industries have developed. Here's one option:

agricultural-industrial complex (AIC);
fuel and energy complex (FEC);
metallurgical complex;
chemical complex;
timber industry complex;
machine-building complex;
the military-industrial complex (DIC), often called the military-industrial complex (MIC), although the former refers to the defense industry and military R&D, and the latter refers to the alliance of the army, the state apparatus and the military industry;
light industry;
building complex;
transport complex;
communications and telecommunications;
trade and catering, hotels and consumer services.

A simpler division of the real sector is also possible: agriculture, industry (mining and manufacturing), construction, transport and communications, trade. It is resorted to when the national economy is small or when national statistics are weak.

Agro-industrial complex(APK). AIC covers:

Agriculture;
industries supplying material resources for agriculture (tractor and agricultural engineering, production of fertilizers and chemicals for agriculture);
industries processing agricultural products (food industry, primary processing of agricultural raw materials for light industry, for example, cotton gins);
infrastructure activities serving agriculture (procurement, transportation, storage and trade of agricultural products, etc.).

The more developed the country, the smaller the share of agriculture in the entire agro-industrial complex. However, publicly available statistics from the AP K will provide detailed data primarily on agriculture itself. When using these statistics, mistakes are often made, primarily such as focusing on annual rather than average annual indicators of agricultural production. But agriculture is highly dependent on weather conditions, and therefore it is advisable to use average annual data for three years, or even better - for five years.

The above also applies to indicators of agricultural efficiency - primarily the yield of leading agricultural crops and milk yield per cow (for temperate countries). In turn, the efficiency of agriculture depends on the level of agricultural technology, the indicators of which include, first of all, the application of fertilizers, chemicals and the use of tractors and agricultural machinery.

In the absence of direct data on the efficiency of agriculture, one can also use a comparison of the share of agriculture in the country’s GDP with the share of people employed in this industry.

Fuel and energy complex (FEC) consists of the electric power and fuel industry, which covers the extraction of coal and peat, oil and gas. The fuel and energy complex in a number of countries constitutes the main part of such activities (according to the SNA) as “Mining” and “Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water”.

Studying the country's fuel and energy complex involves studying the balance of electricity production by power plants and the balance of energy resources. The first balance gives an idea of how electricity production is distributed among types of power plants (hydroelectric power plants, thermal power plants, nuclear power plants). Let us also pay attention to the fact that electricity production per capita correlates with the level of socio-economic development of the country (but does not coincide, because the country can trade electricity with neighboring countries). Therefore, there is a higher correlation between the indicator of electricity consumption per capita and the level of development of the country, although it is not equal to unity.

Table 1. Post-Soviet countries: electricity consumption per capita in 2004, kWh


Belarus
Moldova
		For reference:
Azerbaijan		world average
		average for OECD countries

Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan		Brazil

A country's energy balance consists of rows and columns: rows cover production, reserves, exports, imports and consumption of energy resources, and columns contain different types energy resources - natural fuel (oil and gas condensate, natural gas, coal and peat), fuel processing products, combustible by-product energy resources, electricity, heat energy. A simpler version of the energy resource balance is a breakdown of energy consumed in the country by type (in Russia in 2005, of all energy consumed in the amount of 647 million tons of oil equivalent, natural gas accounted for 54%, oil and gas condensate - 21%, coal - 16 %, nuclear energy - 6%, hydropower, solar, wind and geothermal - 2%, biomass and waste - 1%)."

Metallurgical complex covers both ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy of the country. Chemical complex consists of quite a large number of subtypes of economic activity, as well as a timber industry complex. A particularly large number of subtypes of economic activity are included in machine-building complex.

Defense-industrial complex (DIC) is not represented by separate types and subtypes of economic activity, so it can be difficult to distinguish military products from civilian ones. Due to the fact that the defense industry is developed in few countries, it is often omitted when analyzing the real sector. Let us add that in countries with a developed defense industry, mechanical engineering is sometimes divided into civil and military.

Light industry It is represented primarily by the production of fabrics (textile production), clothing, footwear, leather and leather goods. Sometimes the production of fabrics and clothing is combined under one term - “textile production”.

Construction complex covers construction (new construction and renovation), as well as the building materials industry. Construction itself is often divided into industrial, civil (for example, the construction of office buildings) and residential.

Transport complex (transport) traditionally divided into rail, road, aviation, sea, river, and pipeline transport. When analyzing transport, indicators such as cargo transportation (in tons or cubic meters in the case of natural gas), cargo turnover (in ton-kilometers, i.e. in tons of goods transported multiplied by the distance over which they were transported) and passage and turnover (number of passengers transported).

Communications and telecommunications as an industry complex covers different types of economic activities, existing primarily on the basis of mail, telephony and the Internet.

Science and scientific service included as a subspecies in such type of economic activity as “Operations with real estate, rent and provision of services.” The problem of combining the analysis of economic resources and industry is especially applicable to science and scientific services. In this case, the following approaches to solving it are also possible: moving the analysis of science and scientific services into the analysis of scientific resources or combining them together when analyzing the real sector.

Trade and catering, hotels and consumer services As an intersectoral complex, it occupies a very prominent place in developed countries, but in a number of post-Soviet countries its importance is even greater. For example, trade weighs more in Russian GDP than in US GDP. This is primarily due to the fact that retail trade (especially individual entrepreneurship) is a reservoir of hidden unemployment. Another reason for the particularly high weight of trade is the active use by a number of countries of their transit position (an example is Kyrgyzstan, which re-exports a huge part of the Chinese consumer goods it purchases to neighboring countries).

Recreation and entertainment, culture and sports as a complex cover a wide range of industries, including tourism.

In conclusion, we note that when studying the real sector, the concept is used "production infrastructure". It covers electricity, gas and water supply, transport complex, communications and telecommunications.

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1 Shevchenko I.K., Fedotova A.Yu., Razvadovskaya Yu.V., Sinnikova O.E., Pipiya B.R. INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGICAL CLUSTERS AS ORGANIZATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FORMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FORMATION OF A NEW TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURE Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Southern Federal University" Management. In the current macroeconomic conditions, characterized by instability, the achievement of modernization goals and the transition to an innovative type of development largely depend on the state of the industrial sector of the economy. In turn, the efficiency of the industrial complex is largely determined by the proportions of its sectoral structure, which are formed under the influence of economic, political and technological factors and conditions. The main condition for the transformation of the structure is the process of changing technological structures, under the influence of which the technical and economic characteristics of industries change, old industries are replaced by new, more technologically advanced, resource- and energy-saving ones innovative production. In this regard, one of the main tasks of state management of structural transformations is the creation of optimal conditions for the formation of a balanced structure of the industrial sector of the economy, corresponding to the technological and economic requirements of the currently existing technological structure, the expansion of technologies of which forms the prerequisites for long-term economic growth, increasing the competitiveness of the industrial complex and the economy as a whole.

2 One of the most effective organizational and institutional forms of development of the industrial complex is a cluster, which is an association various organizations and allowing you to take advantage of the intra-company hierarchy and market mechanism, which makes it possible to more quickly and efficiently distribute new knowledge, scientific discoveries and inventions. The formation of complex technological solutions is a key advantage of the cluster, which ensures the translation of knowledge about new physical principles and effects obtained in the laboratories of academic institutes of the country into industrial production technologies. 1. Prospects for the development of the industrial sector economy in the context of the formation of a new technological structure. The currently existing technological structure began to develop into an integral reproductive system in the 80s of the twentieth century. The upward wave of the fifth Kondratieff cycle ended in 2005 and today the world economy is in a depression phase, which is expected to end in 2017. The basis of this technological structure is formed by: software, computer technology and information processing technologies, microelectronics, production of automation and communications equipment. According to the forecasts of some scientists, in the second decade of the 21st century, developed countries will move to the formation of the sixth technological structure. By this time it will have formed reproductive system for a new technological structure, the formation that is currently taking place. The new technological structure will lead the economy to even greater intellectualization of production, a transition to a continuous innovation process in most industries and continuous education in most professions. The final process will be the transition from "society

3 consumption" to an "intelligent society", in which the requirements for the quality of life and the comfort of the living environment will become of paramount importance. Information, educational, and medical services will take a dominant role in the consumption structure. Progress in information processing technologies, telecommunications systems, and financial technologies will entail further globalization of the economy, the formation of a single world market for goods, capital, labor. These patterns reflect the economic development of advanced countries, setting the trajectory of development of the world economy, they play the role of leaders of global economic development, taking advantage of all the advantages that arise. In development, countries will be forced to copy the achievements of world leaders or take advantage of the results they have achieved, while giving away their natural resources at low prices. Within each technological structure, changes in political regimes and certain political reforms took place, which directly changed the structure of economies and, accordingly, the industrial sector of the economy. . From the analysis of economic and technological development it is clear that the technological lag of Russian industry from global trends has been developing since the end of the 18th century. Despite the fact that at each stage of technological development the state implements measures to stimulate industrial sectors, there is no significant growth in the corresponding technologies. Objectively, this is due to the low density of demographic potential, strong differentiation of economic space, frequent political and military upheavals and a low share of their own innovative potential. As follows from the results of available assessments, at this stage of economic and technological development the fifth technological order prevails, which has reached the maturity phase in supporting industries with

4 simultaneous core lag. The core industries of the fifth technical specification include microelectronics, optoelectronics, precision and electronic instrumentation, radio engineering, aircraft engineering, and communication systems. According to academician Fedoseev, “The gap from the world level in these technologies is very difficult to overcome, even with impressive investments.” The existing gaps in the domestic industrial sector are compensated by the acquisition of imported technologies and equipment. This is evidenced by statistical data, according to which the fleet of personal computers and the volume of software technologies are growing at an annual rate of about 20-30%. These indicators indicate that currently the expansion of the fifth technological structure in the Russian structure of the industrial sector of the economy “is of a catch-up imitation nature.” This fact is confirmed by the dynamics of the spread of various components of this structure. The closer the technology is to the sphere of final consumption, the higher the rate of its spread. The accelerated expansion of the main industries of the fifth structure occurs due to imported technologies, which leads to the impossibility of effective development of key technologies at the core of this structure. The existing technological gap forces the economy to make unequal exchanges with countries that are leaders of a given technological structure. G. Fetisov’s statement is correct: “The main reason for the underdevelopment of the high-tech sector in Russia was the creation of many technological monopolies that arose due to the privatization of individual links in the “technological chains” for the production of finished products, especially enterprises that were under the jurisdiction of different ministries during the Soviet era.” That is, instead of inter-industry complexes and clusters, separate enterprises with interrupted technological connections arose in the industrial sector.

5 The complexity of this situation is that there is a certain continuity between the fifth and sixth technological structures. And the technological lag in the development of supporting industries of the fifth structure will slow down the spread of the new sixth. The border between the fifth and sixth modes lies in the depth of penetration of technology into the structures of matter and the scale of information processing. The fifth way is based on the use of microelectronics, and the sixth on the use of nanotechnology. And it is precisely at the phase of replacement of technological structures that it is important to advance the development of key industries at the core of the new structure. This will make it possible in the future to receive intellectual rent and thereby finance the expanded reproduction of technologies of the new way. That is, the timely identification and development of the basic industries of the new structure provides the opportunity for accelerated development for developing countries in a new long wave of economic growth, due to the rapid formation of technological complexes of the core of the new structure and the modernization of its supporting industries. According to the forecasts of domestic and foreign experts, the key factors in the development of a new technological core are nanotechnologies, cellular technologies and genetic engineering methods, which are based on the use of atomic force microscopes and corresponding metrological systems. Accordingly, the core of the future technological structure will be nanoelectronics, nanomaterials and nanostructured coatings, optical nanomaterials, nanobiotechnologies, and nanosystem technology. Industries capable of ensuring the production of the latest technologies will be the electronic and nuclear industry, the information and communication sector, aircraft manufacturing and the rocket and space industry, cellular medicine, and the chemical and metallurgical complex. Despite the fact that the costs of developing new technologies are growing, the share of the sixth structure in the modern economy remains

6 insignificant. According to some forecasts, a qualitative leap will occur in the years after the completion of structural adjustment, when the scale of the relevant technologies will become significant and the economic environment will be ready for their widespread use. Along with the growth of the core industries of the new technological order, there will be a rise in supporting industries, such as aviation, electrical engineering, nuclear, instrument making, machine tool manufacturing, and education. The development of complex reproductive innovation cycles in industry will make it possible to equip the second division for the production of consumer goods with means of production, which will ensure the satisfaction of part of the demand for competitive industrial products on the domestic Russian market. Then, reproductive relationships based on complex innovation cycles should cover the integration of high-tech means of labor and objects of labor through priority investment of macro-innovations, with the subsequent restoration of the entire reproductive chain of the macro-innovation cycle based on the deployment of NIS in sectors of the economy and throughout Russia. Today, the mechanisms for activating innovation cycles are not working effectively enough, and the main factor holding back innovative development is the weak generation of innovative demand for national high-tech products and the absence of methods for reliable assessment, planning and tools for monitoring the dynamics of innovative development indicators. To measure the impact of innovation cycles in assessing the transformation of structural changes in industry, traditional indicators are not enough. When mastering the achievements of the new way of life, it is proposed to determine the contribution of innovative factors to the growth of GDP, labor productivity, capital productivity, material productivity, energy intensity in accordance with investment capacity and taking into account balance as criterial target indicators.

7 volumes of market demand for innovative factors in a favorable investment climate. Industry support should be based on an understanding of the fact that the state is not a stationary and permanent source of financing part of the current and capital costs of enterprises. Funding should be provided on a project basis to achieve specific development goals. In the medium term, the share budget financing should be consistently reduced in favor of extrabudgetary sources. Support measures must be final, and at a certain stage, industries that have received state support must enter a development mode based on market resources and value generation in efficiently operating companies. The transition to improved, more efficient and innovative technologies in the manufacturing industries is one of the main tasks set by the Government of the Russian Federation. As part of the implementation of the main provisions of the Innovative Development Strategy, the state program provides for a number of main activities aimed at significant transformations in the leading sectors of the manufacturing industry. To solve problems in the field of modernization and innovative development, it is planned to implement measures to develop the national innovation system and form a system of technological forecasting, focused on meeting the long-term needs of the manufacturing sector of the economy, taking into account the development of key production technologies. For these purposes, it is planned to interconnect the activities of the subprograms with the emerging technological platforms and pilot projects of innovative territorial clusters. The development of cross-industry technologies is primarily expected within the framework of the implementation of the directions of the federal target program

8 “National technological base” for the years. This program is aimed at ensuring the technological development of domestic industry based on the creation and implementation of breakthrough, resource-saving, environmentally friendly industrial technologies for the production of competitive high-tech products. Achieving the goals of the program and its subprograms involves the creation of new advanced technologies and equipment necessary for their implementation at the level of experimental lines, demonstration units and (or) prototypes that confirm the readiness of technological solutions for industrial implementation. Industrial policy priorities, especially for regions and territories, are determined based on the competitiveness of the industry's economic activities. Currently, it is not fixed capital, but personnel, information and trade that determine the competitiveness of territories. Not only advanced technologies and companies are important, but also the readiness and ability of the territory to accept new companies and investment flows. Therefore, it is necessary to replace the sectoral logic of industrial policy with a spatial-territorial logic. To implement this approach, it is necessary to transform the internal organization of the economic space of the territory. The refusal of territories from an integrated model of economic activity in favor of a network of autonomous and interchangeable links - production complexes and enterprises tied to a place (networks of place), allowed the economic authorities in the territory to distribute powers primarily on the basis economic assessments competitive potentials of the main types of economic activity. The solution to this problem is still largely debatable. To develop control actions for industrial development on the part of government and business, it is not so much the cost assessment of the components of competitive potential that is important, but rather the rate of increase in competitive

9 development opportunities. By identifying potentially competitive types of economic activity in a territory based on objective indicators, it becomes possible to differentiate regional industrial policy by time horizon. Current industrial policy should aim to dominate markets in the near term. To “nurture” promising conglomerates, it will be necessary to activate the territory’s intellectual resources, the basis for the development of which is reliance on a technological approach. Practice shows that among the three main factors of competitive growth (technology, public institutions, macroeconomic environment), primacy belongs to the level of technological development and abilities for innovative development. The above factors should form the basis of a new structural industrial policy, which will make it possible to make the best use of existing competitive advantages for a qualitative leap in the development of domestic industry. 1.2 Formation of a cluster as the main organizational and institutional form of economic development. Currently, one of the main directions of reorganizing the country's industrial structure is the abandonment of traditional industrial policy and the transition to a new industrial policy - cluster. In this regard, the most important factor in ensuring the successful functioning and implementation of economic activity in conditions of fierce competition is the interaction between enterprises, which provides conditions for the creation of network structures of clusters. The relevance of the application of cluster policy in Russia is also due to the fact that: a significant part of the industrial potential created in the former USSR was not initially market-oriented;

10 the current export-raw materials orientation of the economy does not meet today's requirements; countries; the technological potential is rapidly being destroyed; the efficiency of Russian industry is low; the technological lag behind developed countries does not allow the creation of competitive high-tech products. World practice shows that in the last two decades the process of cluster formation has been quite active and by now certain directions of clusterization have emerged in the world (Table 1) Directions of clustering in the world Table 1 Direction of clustering Countries Electronic technologies and Switzerland, Finland communications, computer science Biotechnology and bioresources Netherlands, Germany, France, Great Britain, Norway Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics Denmark, Sweden, France, Italy, Germany Agricultural and food production Finland, Belgium, France, production Italy, Netherlands Oil and gas complex and chemistry Switzerland, Germany, Belgium Mechanical engineering, electronics Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Norway, Ireland, Switzerland Healthcare Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Netherlands Communications and transport Netherlands, Norway, Ireland, Denmark, Finland, Belgium Energy Norway, Finland Light industry Switzerland , Austria, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, Finland Timber and paper complex Finland The effectiveness of the cluster approach is proven by the analysis of integration processes for creating clusters in developed countries.

11 In Denmark, for three years at the turn of the 1990s. an assessment of the prospects for the development of network structures in the country was carried out. Thanks to research based on the cluster approach, not only were enterprises identified that reflected a wide range of problems in the Danish economy, but also measures were taken that made Denmark one of the world leaders in economic clustering, where today there are 29 leading clusters. Cluster approach in Finland for developing the country's industrial policy in the years. helped the country overcome a deep economic crisis: GDP in 1991 decreased by 7%, while the volume of industrial production in the same year decreased by 9%, private investment in fixed capital by 23%. Effective government intervention based on the cluster approach led to rapid economic growth in the second half of the 1990s. Currently, the forestry, information and telecommunications clusters are the most important for the Finnish economy, providing the bulk of exports. Pulp, paper and wood processing companies in the forestry cluster are implementing a global development strategy, actively acquiring companies abroad, and have one of the highest levels of labor productivity in the industry both domestically and globally. Other examples of the most well-known cluster-type systems are cooperation between companies: in the field of computer technology and information technology in Silicon Valley (USA); in the field of communications and telecommunications in Helsinki; in the field of film production in Hollywood (USA); the Bio Valley cluster, located at the junction of the borders of France, Germany and Switzerland. State policy in the field of formation and development of clusters is determined by national characteristics and can take the form of:

12 specific policies with a clearly defined strategy and allocated budget, which can cover a number of industrial sectors; policies focused on specific aspects of cluster development, for example, interaction between business and research organizations or business and government; development. policy as a component of other economic strategies Foreign experience shows a wide variety of government organizations supporting clusters (Table 2) Analysis of foreign practice of creating clusters Table 2 Country Forms of support/implementation USA National Council on Competitiveness, Cooperation Institutes Strategic Partnership Program for Economic Development Germany Federal programs in the Länder Italy Industrial districts France Territorial development management body National Planning Agency Finland National Industrial Strategy Great Britain Forecast Technology Program China National Development and Reform Commission Canada National Research Council Regional Development Agency (Cluster Strategy) Japan Central organization to ensure sustainable development and stimulate the development of industrial clusters Austria Innovation and Research Program (TIP) India Austrian Business Agency National Program for Scientific and Technological Development Analysis of foreign experience in the formation of clusters shows that there are two main models (Table 3), within the framework of which cluster the policy is liberal and dirigiste.

13 The basic principle of the liberal model is that the cluster is a market organism, the role of the state is quite minimal, and boils down only to removing obstacles to its natural development and does not imply direct government intervention. In countries with dirigiste policies, the state plays a more active role in the process of cluster formation. This policy includes a set of measures from the selection of priority areas and financing of programs for the development of regional clusters to the targeted creation of key factors for their successful development. Thus, representatives of the dirigiste direction independently choose a region to create a cluster, purposefully create infrastructure for priority clusters, and also determine the amount of its financing. Table 3 Models of cluster policy Model Country Characteristics Dirigiste Liberal Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Sweden, France, Finland and Slovenia USA, Great Britain, Australia, Canada An active state (federal) policy for the development of clusters plays an important role. The cluster is considered as a market organism. The role of the federal authorities is to remove barriers to its natural development. Three differences can be identified between the dirigiste model of cluster policy and the classical liberal one: 1. Choice of priorities. Dirigists at the state level choose sectoral and regional priorities and those clusters that they intend to develop. Liberal cluster policy grows clusters that were originally formed by the market.

14 2. Infrastructure development. Dirigists purposefully create infrastructure for priority clusters: universities, research institutes, airports, roads. In countries with liberal cluster policies, on the contrary, governments are extremely rarely involved in creating infrastructure for clusters. 3. Select the region where the cluster is created. Directors independently select a region to create a cluster and also determine the amount of funding. Liberals create incentives for regional authorities, who bear full responsibility for the created cluster. The course towards the formation of clusters in the Russian economy was taken in 2005. It was from this period that the topic of creating clusters became one of the main directions of federal and regional programs for socio-economic development. In the last ten to fifteen years, the formation of clusters has become an important part of government policy in the field of regional development in many countries of the world. The Russian Government also considers cluster policy as one of 11 “key investment initiatives” along with the creation of the Investment Fund of the Russian Federation, the Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs, the Russian Venture Company, special economic zones, a new program for the creation of technology parks and other initiatives that are tools for diversifying the Russian economy. In the Strategy for the Development of Science and Innovation in the Russian Federation for the period until 2015, one of the tasks of economic modernization is stimulating demand for innovation and scientific research results, creating conditions and prerequisites for the formation of sustainable scientific and industrial cooperation ties, innovation networks and clusters. The Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2020 notes that the success of implementation

15 innovative scenario for the country's development will depend on the ability of government authorities to provide conditions for further improvement of the institutional environment and the formation of institutional structures inherent in a post-industrial society. These conditions include support for cluster initiatives aimed at achieving effective cooperation between organizations - suppliers of equipment and components, specialized production and service services, research and educational organizations within territorial production clusters. Thus, the state cluster policy emerging in Russia uses the tools of both the liberal and dirigiste models, i.e. a “mixed” model is used, which assumes, on the one hand, the active role of the regions themselves and regional companies in the formation of clusters, and, on the other hand, support for cluster initiatives by federal authorities. But, despite the active state policy on the development of clusters, in Russia there are a number of factors hindering the formation and development of clusters: - low quality of business management, lack of orientation of many enterprises towards the international market; - weak level of development of territorial cooperation structures, which, as a rule, independently do not cope with the task of developing and implementing priorities to promote the interests of regional business - insufficient level of planning decisions on territorial economic development; - large horizons for achieving the expected results, since the real benefits from creating clusters appear only after 5-10 years. In general, based on the experience of foreign countries, we can say that the cluster can be presented as a point of growth, as the core of an innovation-oriented economy. And an economy in which clusters are given

16 main role, has every chance of becoming competitive and, importantly, attractive for investment. A regional cluster acts as a tool that stimulates the development of the region, creates a special favorable environment for the development of small, medium and large businesses and has a multiplier effect, which not only has a positive impact on the development of industry, but also helps improve the level and quality of life of the population of the region, which will allow Russia to strengthen its competitive position in world markets. 1.3 The role of innovation and technology clusters as an institutional form of economic development in the industrial sector The high level of competitiveness of the country in the world market today is called the main source of sustainable economic growth. Since currently the country's success is increasingly determined by the updating of technologies, the development of new market niches and organizational innovations, the basis for increasing the competitiveness of the state is the high innovative activity of business. Today, for Russia, issues of innovative development are more relevant than ever. This topic is in the constant focus of the country's political leadership. The implementation of state innovation policy will significantly affect how and at what pace Russia will transition from countries “catching up” to the category of countries of global innovation leaders, at least in several positions capable of generating significant and sustainable income from high-tech exports. Russia faces a challenge related to strengthening the role of innovation in socio-economic development. The National Innovation System (NIS) is a set of legislative, structural and functional components that ensure the development of innovation activity in the country. There are quite a few definitions of NIS. As part of solving the problems of the present

17 research, the concept of NIS as a system that transforms knowledge into new technologies, products and services that are consumed in national or global markets is sufficient. The determining role in the functioning of the NIS is played by the state, which determines the rules for the functioning and interaction of participants in the innovation process through the formation of a regulatory environment. In addition to the state, the NIS includes the actual subjects of innovation activity - organizations and individuals participating in the creation and promotion of an innovative product, and infrastructure facilities - organizations that facilitate the implementation of innovative activities. The composition and system of connections of NIS are presented in Fig. 1. Political and legal environment National innovation system Innovation activity Technological sphere NIS infrastructure Innovation Subjects of innovation activity Markets for sales of high-tech products Fig. 1. Composition of the NIS and the system of links between innovation activities As follows from the definition of the NIS, the main result of its functioning is an increase in the volume of production of high-tech products. Achieving almost all the goals formulated in the latest Government materials (doubling GDP, increasing the standard of living of the population, etc.) ultimately comes down to how efficiently production will be organized. Therefore, the main goal of analyzing the functioning of the NIS and innovation infrastructure is

18 identification of measures that stimulate the growth of sales volumes of high-tech products of Russian enterprises. Currently, the dynamic development of the economy largely depends on its ability to introduce and master advanced technologies, new markets, generate knowledge and human capital. This is especially true for Russia. In the context of globalization, it is impossible to make a scientific, technological, information breakthrough and at the same time remain aloof from the ongoing processes. A technological cluster as an organizational and institutional form of development of innovations in industry is a collection of enterprises located in one limited territory and connected by production connections. The main idea of forming a cluster is to create, on the basis of scientifically-based and technologically feasible integrated solutions, as well as commercial mechanisms, to create conditions for the re-equipment of high-value industries (development of new generation devices, mechanical engineering, new materials, polymers, ultra-pure materials, nanotechnologies) and thereby preparing comprehensive production and technological packages for profitable investments. Such decisions, which form the basis of investment projects, are a condition for the formation in Russia for the first time of a zone of profitable financial investments outside the resource-extractive sector of industry, in accordance with the decisions of the President of the Russian Federation and the mission of Russian industry. The construction of a cluster is associated with the need to combine, within one special zone, manufacturing business projects in a specific technological area, fundamental developments and modern systems for the design of new products and preparation for the production of these products. Clusters can be classified into several types:

19 Technological re-production and re-development of some existing infrastructure platform based on fundamentally new technological solutions of the next techno-industrial and socio-cultural structure. The main advantage of this cluster is due to the fact that it is formed around a system of guaranteed consumption of products. It is worth including fundamentally new materials in the design of infrastructure components and now manufacturers of this range will have a guaranteed consumer. The main difficulty in forming this cluster is connecting, organizing and aggregating different technological solutions so that the re-equipped infrastructure functions sustainably. The next type of cluster is associated with the creation of currently non-existent infrastructures based on fundamentally new physical principles and effects. For example, such a new infrastructure could be the launch of a constellation of satellites of different sizes, large satellites, small satellites, nanosatellites, which ensure the creation of multi-level observation systems. The main advantage in forming this cluster is that it does not need to be included in existing systems production It is formed in a new free place. The main disadvantage of this cluster is that it is never possible to calculate in advance the guaranteed demand for the products of this cluster. Therefore, the formation of this cluster can only be carried out under serious state guarantees. The third type of cluster should be called an ultrastructural (as opposed to infrastructural), meta-industrial cluster. On its basis, an industry is created to transform existing types of industry. We call the industry of re-equipment of existing industry meta-industry. A typical type of ultrastructural metaindustrial cluster may be a nanoelectronic cluster. The main advantage of this cluster is

20 opportunities to form a whole cluster of enterprises around advanced technology of a new class where it will be implemented. The main difficulty in building this cluster lies in the complex system of coordination of scientific, technological, financial, organizational and industrial production solutions. The fourth type of cluster can be called a “borrowing a frontier technology platform” cluster. Progress towards the formation of a new techno-industrial structure presupposes the creation of conditions for the development of technologies that form the leading edge of technological development in the world today. Therefore, borrowing and redeveloping advanced technological platforms in the Russian industrial system is a prerequisite for its competitiveness. In this case, we are not talking about simply mastering technological lines that produce finished products. The task is to, based on connecting to the analysis of technological solutions embedded in this platform of fundamental practice-oriented science, over time, propose the next step in the development of this technological platform. The advantage of building this cluster is that it is based on import-substituting technologies. The operation and use of these technologies involves entering the domestic market and offering more low prices for the production of products already mastered by the consumer. The main difficulties in the formation of this cluster are associated primarily with the domestic culture of industrial production labor. Very often, the cost and production costs on a borrowed technology platform are higher than on similar foreign production facilities. There are such types of clusters as innovative, industrial, regional, transnational, etc. Researchers define the essence of cluster associations in different ways. Some highlight geographic concentration as the main characteristic of a cluster, others industry affiliation, and still others innovation orientation. In our opinion

In the opinion of 21, it is innovation orientation that becomes the main characteristic of modern clusters, since it determines their competitiveness. An innovation cluster is an association of various organizations that allows them to take advantage of the intra-company hierarchy and market mechanism, which makes it possible to more quickly and efficiently distribute new knowledge, scientific discoveries and inventions. The difference between an innovation cluster and other forms of economic associations is that the cluster companies do not go for a complete merger, but create an interaction mechanism that allows them to maintain the status of a legal entity and at the same time cooperate with other enterprises that form the cluster and beyond. A complex combination of competition and cooperation is formed in clusters, especially in innovation processes. The sustainable development of innovation clusters depends critically on access to advanced sources of scientific knowledge and modern technologies, as well as on the ability to concentrate significant amounts of financial resources. The presence of a developed infrastructure of intellectual and financial capital plays a decisive role in the process of innovation orientation of the cluster. Innovation clusters become a kind of “platform” on which continuous interaction of financial and intellectual capital takes place. The innovation cluster includes the entire innovation chain from the generation of scientific knowledge and the formation of business ideas based on it to the sale of commercial products in traditional or new markets. Centers for generating innovations of one kind or another are present in any cluster, and therefore any cluster has one or another degree of innovation. The formation of innovation clusters synthesizes the synergy effect that arises on the basis of general standardization of products. At the same time, all cluster participants receive additional competitive advantages

22 under the combined influence of economies of scale, scope and synergy. The success of innovative activity, like any other, is largely determined by the forms of its organization and methods of financial support. As new scientific developments and technologies become fundamental components of the national power of the state, countries with market economies find a variety of opportunities to support and develop innovation. At the same time, the variety of methods for financing innovation activities and the range of activities to indirectly support innovation are expanding. 1.4 Institutional forms of state regulation of the development of productive forces Institutional forms are patterns, methods, rules, norms of behavior determined by the specific socio-economic and technological conditions of society that regulate the order of social interaction in society. These are specific formal and informal ways of fixing norms that regulate people’s behavior. The first includes the constitution, legislative acts, rules, instructions, including norms regulating property relations; the second includes traditions, customs, and rituals. They determine the status, scope of application, nature, and degree of responsibility for failure to comply with standards. On the substantive side, institutional forms are patterns, methods, rules, and norms of behavior conditioned by specific material, technological, and socio-economic environmental conditions that regulate the order of social interaction in society. The institutional form does not exist on its own; it is an element of a structured system of social relations. Even being relatively independent, it derives the very condition of its existence from the existence of other institutional forms.

23 The stage of modernization, the formation of an industrial society, the transition from the dominance of a natural to an economic way of managing is associated with the complication of the structure of jointly shared human activity, the growth of its individualization in all spheres. And this requires government intervention to avoid various incidents and the emergence of problems between the interaction of various institutional forms. The state of a country's economy depends on the level of development of its productive forces. The level of productive forces determines the dynamics of growth of national wealth and social labor productivity. Productive forces are a system of personal and material factors of production in their interaction, the functional purpose of which is to transform matter and forces of nature to meet the needs of humanity. The level of development of productive forces expresses the degree of knowledge and mastery of the laws of nature and is the most important indicator of social progress. Productive forces are a self-developing system in which, in the process of human labor activity, there is an impact on the subject of labor and its transformation. Accordingly, a person with his intelligence, psychophysiological qualities, professional knowledge and skills, experience, attitude to work, value orientations, etc. is the main element of this system, the main productive force of society, and the most important source of innovation in a company is its own personnel. All company employees should be considered as sources of innovation, because they are the ones who best understand the specifics of the respective business. In the words of Steve Jobs, “Innovation is not about how many dollars you put into R&D. When Apple entered the market with the Mac, IBM was spending at least 100 times more on them. It's not about the money. It's about your people, how you lead them and how much you understand."

24 Issues of innovative development are more relevant for Russia today than ever. They are under close attention of the country's political leadership. Russia faces a challenge related to strengthening the role of innovation in socio-economic development. The implementation of state innovation policy will mainly affect the pace and manner in which Russia will transition from countries “catching up” to the category of countries of global innovation leaders. To begin with, this must be done in several positions capable of generating significant and sustainable income from high-tech exports. In the near future, most of the technologies used in all spheres of the economy and human activity in general should be sufficiently updated on the basis of modern advances in bio-, nano- and IT technologies. It should be noted that Russia’s position here is not very strong yet, but by 2020 Russia should take a leading position, as stated in Order No. 1662-r dated November 17, 2008. In ed. Orders of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1121-r. “Economy and Leadership”: “by 2020, Russia can take a significant place (5 10 percent) in the markets of high-tech goods and intellectual services in 5 7 or more sectors. Conditions will be created for the massive emergence of new innovative companies in all sectors of the economy, and primarily in the field of the knowledge economy.” Thus, the share of organizations carrying out technological innovations in our country is 5 times lower than in OECD countries. The continuation of this situation could lead to a deepening of the technological, and subsequently economic and social gap with developed countries. But if trends change, due to the scientific and technological reserves accumulated in Soviet times and the presence of strong scientific schools, Russia can become a leader in a number of important technological areas. Increasing innovation and modernizing the Russian economy are possible subject to the closest possible cooperation between the state, science and business, and

25 the implementation of the assigned tasks largely depends on the activity of the latter. In this regard, one of the key directions of state policy is a sharp increase in the innovative activity of business, both in the direction of modernizing technological processes and introducing fundamentally new products to the market that are competitive on the world market. It is necessary to develop an environment conducive to innovation. Business must operate in conditions where constant innovation becomes an integral element of civilized competition between companies, when innovatively active companies receive long-term advantages in the market and, in this regard, their owners are interested in effective innovation. Large companies with state participation, which are one of the most important structural elements of the Russian economy, accounting for more than 20% of the country's GDP, will play an important role in the process of increasing the economy's receptivity to innovation. The transition of these companies to the implementation of an active innovation policy will significantly increase innovation activity, expand the demand for innovation, and create significant progressive technological changes in the Russian economy. These companies represent key sectors of Russian industry, and often occupy a dominant position in them; their innovative development in the medium term can have a significant impact on the relevant industries and the Russian economy as a whole. The main idea of forming a cluster is to create, on the basis of scientifically-based and technologically feasible integrated solutions, as well as commercial mechanisms, to create conditions for the re-equipment of high-value industries (development of new generation devices, mechanical engineering, new materials, polymers, ultra-pure materials, nanotechnologies) and thereby preparing comprehensive production and technological packages for profitable

26 investments. Such decisions, which form the basis of investment projects, are a condition for the formation in Russia for the first time of a zone of profitable financial investments outside the resource-extractive sector of industry, in accordance with the decisions of the President of the Russian Federation and the mission of Russian industry. The formation of complex technological solutions is a key advantage of the cluster, which ensures the translation of knowledge about new physical principles and effects obtained in the laboratories of academic institutes of the country into industrial production technologies, as well as into technological know-how of devices and instrumental systems of a new class for various industries. In his article “Russian competitiveness: where are we?” Michael Porter identifies several functions that clusters perform in the economic development of any country: “clusters are critical engines in the economic structure of national and regional economies. The prosperity of the region depends on significant positions in a certain number of competitive clusters; clusters can define fundamental challenges in a national or regional business environment: clusters are highly correlated with the nature of competition and microeconomic factors that influence competitive advantage; Clusters provide a new way of thinking about the economy and efforts to develop its organization. Thus, the cluster forces us to reconsider the roles of the private sector, government, trade associations, educational and research institutions in economic development, and also to identify common opportunities, and not just common problems of firms and companies of all forms of ownership.” Conclusion. The promising sixth technological structure will lead the economy to even greater intellectualization of production and the transition to a continuous innovation process in most industries. Progress in technology

27 information processing, telecommunications systems, financial technologies will entail further globalization of the economy, the formation of a single world market for goods, capital, and labor. In this regard, there is a need to develop high-tech manufacturing that can ensure the competitiveness of the Russian economy in international markets, as well as create the preconditions for long-term economic growth. Despite an increase in innovation activity in recent years, the share of organizations engaged in technological innovation is still 5 times lower than in OECD countries. The continuation of this situation may lead to a deepening of the technological, and subsequently economic and social gap with developed countries. Increasing the innovative and technological potential of manufacturing and modernizing the Russian economy is possible subject to the closest possible cooperation between the state, science and business, and the implementation of the assigned tasks largely depends on the activity of the latter. In this regard, one of the key directions of state economic policy should be strengthening the relationship between the state, science and business in potentially high-tech industries. This policy involves the formation of innovation clusters, which are centers for the generation of innovations and contribute to the modernization of technological processes, as well as the introduction to the market of fundamentally new products that are competitive both in the domestic and global markets. Literature: 1. Dane Y. What phase of the Kondratiev cycle are we in? // Questions of Economics, 1992, 10, p.

28 2. Pantin V.I., Lapkin V.V. Philosophy of historical forecasting: rhythms of history and prospects for world development in the first half of the 21st century. Dubna: “Phoenix+”, p. 3. Kapitsa S.P., Kurdyumov S.P., Malinetsky G.G. Synergetics and future forecasts. M.: Editorial URSS, p. 4. Makhov S.A. Sustainable development from the position of the technological imperative // In collection. “Synergetics: The Future of the World and Russia,” ed. G.G. Malinetsky M.: Publishing house LKI, p. 5. ShcheprovS. V., Outstanding revolutionary N. E. Fedoseev, M., Industry of Russia: Statistical collection M., Glazyev S.Yu. Theory of long-term technical and economic development. M.: Vladar, Fetisov G. The future of the Russian economy: export of raw materials, diversification or high technology? VI International Kondratieff Conference “Does Russia have a non-resource-based future?” Reports and speeches of conference participants and reports of laureates of the V International Competition for the N.D. Medal. Kondratyeva M.: Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akaev A.A., Mikhailushkin A.I., Sokolov V.N., Sarygulov A.I. Investments and economic scenarios for innovative and technological development of the Russian Federation based on logistic models / In the book “Forecast of innovative and technological development of Russia for the period up to 2030.” M.: MISK, with Economic security. Editor-in-chief V.K. Senchagov. M.: “Finance” Novitsky N.A. Chapter 11. Indicators of investment and innovation security. 11. Theses of the State program of the Russian Federation "Development of industry and increasing its competitiveness"

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Indicators							2010 as a percentage of 2005
Average annual number of people employed in the economy, thousand people
The number of unemployed people registered with the state employment service (at the end of the year), thousand people
Average monthly nominal wages of workers in the economy, rub.
Gross regional product
total at current prices, million rubles.
per capita, rub.
Volume of shipped products (works, services), million rubles:
mining
manufacturing industries
production and distribution of electricity, gas and water
Products Agriculture, million rub.
Volume of construction work, million rubles.
Commissioning total area residential buildings, thousand m2
Investments in fixed assets, million rubles.