employment structure in Russia, types of economic activity, structural shifts

Sarycheva Tatyana Vladimirovna

The structure of employment by type of economic activity in Russia and the dynamics of its changes// Regional economics and management: electronic scientific journal. ISSN 1999-2645. — . Article number: 4821. Date of publication: 2016-11-30. Access mode: https://site/article/4821/

Sarycheva Tat"jana Vladimirovna
PHD, assistant professor
Russian, Mari State University
[email protected]

Abstract

A real reflection of structural changes occurring in the economy, is the structure of employment, which responds to any changes in the socio-economic development and gives an indication of whether this economic system is in a crisis phase, or it is accompanied by sustained economic growth, accompanied by a growth in the number employed. Therefore, in the present conditions of the employment structure analysis is scientific and practical interest. This article describes the methodological approaches to the assessment of structural changes in employment, based on the analysis of the mass of a structural shift, which allowed to spread the amount of structural change in each activity into two components: an internal shift due to a change in this type of activity in the labor force with conditional constancy employed in other activities, and an external shift that characterizes the change in the share of total activity in the structure of employment due to the change in labor force population engaged in other activities. As a summary measure of structural changes in employment the author proposes to use the index Ryabtsev, the advantage of which is its value regardless of the number of gradations of structure that does not lead to an overestimation of structural changes, as well as the available assessment measures are significant differences scale structures. APPROVALS proposed method possible to identify the activities that make the maximum contribution to a structural change in both employment and the economy as a whole.

structure of employment in Russia, economic activities, structural changes

The article was published as part of the RHF grant No. 15-02-00567 "Demo economic potential of the region: macrosystemic approach"

Sarycheva Tat"jana Vladimirovna

Employment structure by economic activity and the dynamics of its changes. Regional economy and management: electronic scientific journal. . Art. #4821. Date issued: 2016-11-30. Available at: https://site/article/4821/

Introduction

One of the priority directions of the state employment policy is a course aimed at increasing the efficiency of use of labor resources. The structure of employment to a certain extent reflects the general structure of the economy and changes to a large extent under the influence of its changes. In this regard, it becomes obvious that the development of an effective employment policy should be facilitated by measures associated, first of all, with shifts in the structure of employment by type of economic activity. The experience of market transformations suggests that structural adjustment is one of the most difficult tasks. In this regard, there is an objective need to assess structural changes in employment by type of economic activity, the relevance of which is determined by a number of factors. First of all, there is a need to study and build up the theoretical base regarding structural processes, identify patterns and relationships between the distribution of employees by areas of activity, due to the fact that the processes occurring here are contradictory in content and diverse in form. Secondly, the insufficiency of methodological tools for studying structural changes in employment in relation to its structure by type of economic activity. Thirdly, the lack of clear conceptual frameworks and mechanisms in the development of structural employment policies at both the federal and regional levels.

In this study, the assessment of structural changes meant the study of the dynamics of the structure of employment by type of economic activity in the period from 2005 to 2014, their proportions and direction in order to determine the economic efficiency of the economy. The choice of time interval was due to the fact that since 2005 a new classifier of types of economic activity (OKVED) has been used, which is not comparable with the previously used industry classifier (OKONKH).

Main part (methodology, results)

In the last decade, quite serious changes have occurred in Russia in the structure of employment by type of economic activity. Analyzing the extreme periods of the time interval under study, it should be noted that a number of activities have significantly increased the specific type of labor resources employed in them. These primarily include wholesale trade, where the share of employees here increased from 16.6% to 18.7%, real estate transactions and construction, where the share of employees increased by 1.4 and 1.0 percentage points, respectively. Some types of activities, on the contrary, have lost a significant share of personnel: the share of people employed in manufacturing over the past ten years has decreased by 2.6 percentage points, the share of people employed in agriculture has decreased by 1.9 percentage points and amounted to 9.2 in 2014 % versus 11.1 in 2014 (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 – Distribution of the number of employees by type of economic activity, 2005, 2014 (%)

A study of the annual dynamics of changes in the share of the employed population by type of economic activity made it possible to distinguish three types of economic activities: the first included types of activities with a steady trend of growth in the share of workers; to the second - types of activities where no stable trend was detected, to the third - with a steady reduction. The results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 - Dynamics of the share of employees by type of economic activity in 2005-2014.

The dynamics of changes in the mass of structural shifts, which was calculated as the difference in the share of the structural indicator in the current and base periods (2005), confirmed and proved the division of types of economic activities into three groups. A stable increase in the share of the employed population by type of economic activity is observed mainly in non-production areas.

Analysis of the dynamics of indicators of the mass of structural changes in the period from 2005 to 2014. showed that six types of activities (hotels and restaurants, public administration, financial activities, construction, real estate operations, wholesale and retail trade) in the study period were characterized by an increase in the share of the employed population. If in 2004 39.5% were employed in these areas, then by 2014 the share of employees was already 45.1%. The trend of increasing the share of activities employed in this group allowed us to increase the value of the total mass of the structural shift in relation to the base year 2005 from 0.7 to 5.6.

Table 2 - Indicators of the mass of structural changes 2005-2014.

Six types of activities (provision of other services, fishing and fish farming, mining, transport and communications, healthcare and electricity, gas and water), against the background of quantitative changes in absolute terms, retained their positions in terms of specific weights. Other types of activities (agriculture, manufacturing, education) worsened their positions. First of all, this concerns manufacturing industries - a type of economic activity that over the past ten years has lost its position as the leader in terms of the share of the employed population. The value of the total mass of structural changes by 2014 reached -5.4 against -0.9 in 2006.

To better understand the trends in structural changes in employment by type of economic activity, a unique factor analysis of the mass of structural changes was carried out, which made it possible to distinguish it into two components:

1. Internal shift - a change in the share of the analyzed type of activity in the total structure of those employed in the economy, caused by a change in the number of labor resources of this type of activity with conditional constancy of those employed in other types of activity;
2. External shift is a change in the share of the analyzed type of activity in the total structure of the employed, caused by a change in the number of labor resources employed in other types of activity.

The assessment of internal and external shifts in employment by groups of economic activity included the following stages:

Where i— group number; – actual employment in i-th group in 2005 (persons); – actual employment in i-th group at a point in time t(persons)

(2)

where is the actual share of the employed population in i-th group of types of economic activity in 2005, %

where is the mass of the structural shift in i-th group of economic activities at a point in time t, %

The analysis showed that throughout the entire study period For first group types of activities are characterized by a resonance effect as a whole, that is, in this case, a significant “net influx” of labor resources is enhanced by the “influx” from other types of activities of the country’s economy. In addition, the analysis of changes in the first group of activities revealed some “discrepancy in the nature” of the effects of external shifts for individual types of activities and the group as a whole.

If we consider types of activities separately types of economic activity, then a compensatory effect is predominantly observed. The effect of an external shift on an internal one, characterized as resonant in the time interval under study, was characteristic of only two types of activities, but in different periods of time for two types of activities: wholesale and retail trade in 2009-2014. and operations with real estate in 2014 (Table 2.7), that is, during this period, the influx of people employed in these two types of activities occurred not only due to internal flows of labor resources and was ensured by a general increase in the number of employed people.

Table 3 – Analysis of changes in the distribution of the employed population by type of economic activity

A study of the total value of internal and external shifts in the first group of activities led to the conclusion that over the past ten years, both internal and external shifts have been growing throughout the entire period (Fig. 2).

Figure 2 – Dynamics of the total value of internal and external shifts in the first group of activities, 2006-2014 (pp.)

An analysis of the proportions of the average sizes of internal and external shifts in the total mass of structural changes showed that changes in the share of the employed population are primarily determined by the internal shift, that is, the increase in the number of employed here is primarily due to the general increase in the number of employed population in the country's economy generally. At the same time, the average growth rate of the external shift exceeds the average growth rate of the internal shift by 14.1 percentage points.

In the period 2005-2014. in the third group types of activities of the country's economy, a negative external shift had a resonant effect on the internal shift. In addition, the reduction in employment in this group was accompanied by a steady increase in the number of labor resources in other areas (Fig. 3).

Figure 3 – Dynamics of the share of people employed in the second group of activities, 2005-2014 (%)

Manufacturing industry has been and remains one of the leaders in terms of the share of the population employed in it, but if the average annual number of people employed in the manufacturing sector has been declining in the last ten years at a rate of 1.6%, then the share of those employed at an even faster pace - at a rate of 1. 8%. In 2007, there was a significant increase in the number of people employed in other types of activities in relation to the analyzed one (the growth rate compared to 2005 was 101.8%), as a result of which the external shift in manufacturing industries during this period was almost twice as large as the internal one. In general, it can be stated that the downward trend in the share of employees in enterprises and organizations related to the manufacturing industry in the total structure of employees is entirely due to the magnitude of the internal structural shift (Fig. 4).

Figure 4 – Dynamics of the share of internal and external shifts in the total mass of structural shifts in manufacturing industries, 2006-2014 (%)

Russian agriculture is characterized by a steady downward trend in its share in the total structure of employment throughout the analyzed period. The exceptions are 2009 and 2010, however, the stabilization of the indicator characterizing the share of the population at the 2008 level of 9.8% is due to the fact that in 2009 there was a significant reduction in the number of employed in the economy as a whole, and in 2010 – the growth rate of employment in agriculture (100.6%) was slightly higher than the growth in the number of employed in the economy as a whole. Throughout the period in agriculture, external shifts have had a resonant effect on internal ones. In 2009, the “net outflow” of labor resources from the analyzed type of activity occurred against the background of a general decline in employment, as a result of which the “reduction” of the external shift “mitigated” the overall drop in the share in the total employment structure. Moreover, the contribution of internal shift to the amount of mass of structural shift in agriculture is even more significant than in manufacturing industries. This suggests that the “net outflow” of labor resources from the analyzed type of activity occurred against the background of slight fluctuations in employment in other types of activities (Fig. 5).

Figure 5 – Dynamics of the share of internal and external shifts in the total mass of structural shifts in agriculture, 2006-2014 (%)

Education was classified as a third group of activities, since over the course of ten years there has been a steady downward trend in its share; moreover, this type of activity is characterized by a significant reduction in the number of employees: by 8.6% compared to 2005, and a slight increase in the share in 2009 g. is due to the “net outflow” of labor resources from other activities.

Summarizing the results of the analysis of the third group of activities, it can be noted that for these types of activities a number of the following conditions are met: firstly, the analyzed activities make the greatest contribution to the overall change in employment of the country's population; secondly, they have one of the most significant shares in the total structure of those employed in the country’s economy; thirdly, here in the analyzed period there is a steady tendency towards a decrease in the share in the total structure of the employed, while the contribution of the internal shift to the resulting value is more significant.

As already noted, to second group These include types of activities that did not show any stable trend towards change during the analyzed period. Analysis of the situation in the second group of activities of the Russian economy (Table 2.6) allowed us to conclude that in 2006-2014. a compensatory effect was observed due to the “lagging” rate of decline in employment in other areas of activity from the rate of reduction of labor resources in the second group. It seems that the development of an effective employment policy in this group of economic activities should be facilitated by measures associated, first of all, with shifts in the structure of employment.

At the next stage of the structural-dynamic analysis of employment by type of economic activity, the following were used to calculate general indicators of structural changes in employment:

• linear coefficient of absolute differences in population structures;
• root mean square coefficient of absolute differences in population structures;
• linear coefficient of relative differences in population structures;
• root mean square coefficient of relative differences in population structures.

Table 4 – Summary of indicators of structural changes in employment

Based on the obtained results of linear and mean square coefficients of absolute differences in structures, it can be concluded that when calculating the basic coefficients, significant structural changes are noted in the structure of employment by type of economic activity. And for the periods from 2005 to 2014. the value of the root mean square coefficient of absolute differences in the structure of the unemployed population was 1.13, which indicates a high level of differences in structures for this period. When calculating indicators on a chain basis, mostly small structural changes are observed in the employment structure. The maximum values ​​characterized the period from 2007 to 2009, which, of course, can be attributed to the consequences of the financial crisis of 2008. It should be noted that the considered indicators of structural changes are characterized by a certain limitation, which consists in the difficulty of meaningful assessment of the measure of significance of quantitative differences between two individual structures. The problem is due to the fact that the estimates in question do not have a clear upper limit of values ​​and do not have criteria for identifying their measures. Ryabtsev’s coefficient – ​​the integral coefficient of structural differences – which is the ratio of the actual measure of the discrepancy between the values ​​of the components of two structures to the maximum possible value of discrepancies has more advanced analytical properties than the linear and root-mean-square coefficients. The advantage of this index over other methods for measuring changes in the size of the employed population is that its value does not depend on the number of gradations of structures, therefore there is no overestimation of structural changes, and also in the presence of a scale for assessing the significance of differences in structures according to the index.

A comparative analysis of the basic and chain values ​​of the Ryabtsev index allowed us to conclude that the structure of the employed population by type of economic activity is quite stable during the period of time under study. A comparison of chain structural indicators in recent years has shown that all adjacent periods were interpreted as “identity of structures”, that is, the processes of gradual changes in workers engaged in certain types of activities have similar dynamics, while if basic indicators are used for assessment purposes, then from Figure 6 it is clearly visible that in the last decade there has been a transformation of the employment system: by the end of 2014, the Ryabtsev index reached the upper limit of the interval, which is interpreted as a very low level of differences.

Figure 6 – Dynamics of indices of structural differences in the structure of employment by type of economic activity, 2006-2014.

To assess the impact of each type of activity on the overall change in employment, the method of relative values ​​was used, the essence of which is to calculate the contribution of each type of activity to the above-determined indicators of the intensity of structural changes. For this purpose, the differences between the shares of each industry in the year were taken t And t-1 and calculated as a percentage the ratio of the value of the resulting difference to the sum of the absolute values ​​of structural changes in groups as a percentage. Obviously, the greater the value of this contribution, the more significant the changes in a particular industry affect the intensity of structural changes in employment. The results of ranking types of economic activities by the nature of their influence on the overall change in employment in the Russian economy are presented in Table 6.

Table 6 – Ranking of types of economic activities by the nature of their influence on the overall change in employment in the Russian economy

	Basic structure, 2005	Change for the period 2005-2014	Change due to type of activity, %	Rank by contribution to employment change	Rank by contribution to increase	Rank by contribution to reduction
The first group of types of economic activity
Construction	7,4	1	8,8	5	3	—
Wholesale and retail trade	16,6	2,1	18,6	2	1	—
Hotels and restaurants	1,7	0,2	1,8	9,10	6	—
Financial activities	1,3	0,6	5,3	7	4	—
Real estate transactions	7,3	1,4	12,4	4	2	—
Public administration	5,2	0,3	2,7	8	5	—
Second group of economic activities
Fishing, fish farming	0,2	0,0	0,0	—	—	—
Mining	1,6	0,0	0,0	—	—	—
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water	2,9	-0,1	-0,9	11	—	5
Transport and communications	8	0	0,0	—	—	—
Healthcare	6,8	-0,2	-1,8	9,10	—	4
Provision of other services	3,7	0,0	0,0	—	—	—
The third group of economic activities
Agriculture, hunting and forestry	11,1	-1,9	-16,8	3	—	2
Manufacturing industries	17,2	-2,6	-23,0	1	—	1
Education	9	-0,9	-8,0	6	—	3

Over the ten years studied, more than half (58.4%) of structural changes were associated with changes in the number of people employed in manufacturing (23.0%), wholesale and retail trade (18.6%) and agriculture (18.8%) . A significant contribution to the change in the structure of employment by type of economic activity was made by transactions with real estate (12.4%) and construction (8.8%). Noteworthy is the fact that the first group includes types of activities that made both the greatest contribution to the growth of the labor force, and types of activities that occupy a rather “middle” position (public administration - 2.7% and hotels and restaurants - 1 ,8%). This indicates that a steady upward trend in its share in the total employment structure does not always equate to an increased contribution to employment growth.

Health care and the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water were classified in the second group of activities, however, these activities have the fourth and fifth ranks, respectively, in terms of their contribution to employment reduction. This is due to the fact that the rate of decline in employment in other types of activities during the entire analyzed period was lower than in these types of activities.

Conclusion

Thus, based on the obtained calculation and analytical data on structural changes in the economy, it is possible to establish the causes of structural changes, its magnitude and other parametric characteristics. Regarding the study, it was determined that the main reasons for structural changes in the structure of employment by type of economic activity are, for the most part, associated with internal contradictions, disparate interests of society and the unsustainable socio-economic development of the country. Practice shows that at the present stage of economic development, the main imperatives of a balanced structure of the economy are the economic and political stability of the country, the creation of foundations and the development of a new production and technological system based on an advanced technological structure within the framework of structural modernization and structural policy, and thanks to which the state is able to obtain competitive advantages in the long term. The formation of a balanced economic structure is possible only with the direct participation of the state and the coincidence of priorities and public needs. This is where the exclusive role of the state is manifested in smoothing out the negative consequences of structural adaptation (reduction in production volumes, the withering away of unviable and ineffective segments of the economic system, etc.)

Bibliography

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Agglomeration- a set of neighboring cities and settlements, closely connected by various forms of relations. The set of agglomerations neighboring in a certain territory is called megalopolis. The largest agglomerations in the world according to 2005 data are: Tokyo, Mexico City, Seoul, New York, Sao Paulo, Mumbai (Bombay), Delhi, Los Angeles, Shanghai, Jakarta, Osaka, Calcutta, Cairo, Manila, Karachi.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)- the total cost of all goods and services produced during the year in the country. The gap in basic indicators of the level and quality of life between developed countries and developing countries is quite large. This indicator is also significantly influenced by the population of countries. So, if in developed countries GDP per capita averages $25,000 (according to 2004 data), for example, in Luxembourg - $54,000, in the USA - $38,000, etc., then in developing countries - only only 1,500 dollars (in Russia this figure is 9,000 dollars), minimum indicators are typical for underdeveloped countries (Tanzania, Malawi, Republic of Congo).

Age structure— the relationship between individual age categories of people, among which are persons of childhood, working age and old age. The age structure of the population depends on population reproduction. In countries with the first type In population reproduction, the proportion of elderly people may be even higher than the proportion of children—an aging population is observed. In countries with the second type reproduction, where high birth rates are recorded, the proportion of elderly people is minimal.

Reproduction (natural movement) of the population is a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensure the renewal and change of human generations. Indicators of fertility, mortality and natural increase are expressed per 1000 inhabitants, i.e. per mille (‰). The classification of types of reproduction, based on a historical approach, is presented in Table 1.

Another classification takes into account the ratio of fertility and mortality rates. First type characteristic of economically developed countries (low birth and death rates), natural growth does not exceed 10 people per thousand inhabitants, and sometimes negative (natural population decline is observed). Second type characteristic of developing countries (high birth rate and natural increase, decreasing mortality). The highest rates of natural growth are characteristic of the least developed African countries, as well as the Arab countries of South-West Asia.

Demography is the science of the laws of population reproduction, its numbers and natural increase, sex and age composition. She studies territorial population groups, systems of populated areas, features of their development and formation in different socio-economic and other conditions.

Population policy- a set of measures aimed at regulating the birth rate in order to increase or reduce natural population growth.

Population explosion— rapid growth of the world population. The term was introduced in the 60s. The twentieth century, when the highest population growth rates in world history were observed.

Demographic transition- a theory according to which the level of fertility and mortality is determined not by biological laws, but by social conditions. These are sequential changes in fertility, mortality and natural increase as the socio-economic development of countries changes.

Natural increase- the difference between fertility and mortality can be positive or negative.

Population migrations (mechanical movement of the population)- movement of the population from one territory to another for the purpose of permanent or temporary residence there. Emigration population - leaving the country, immigration population - entry into the country.

Density- the degree of population of the territory, expressed in the number of permanent population per 1 km 2 of territory. The average land population density is about 45 people per km2. Historically, the five most densely populated regions are: East Asia, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, Southeast Asia, northwest Europe, and the Atlantic coast of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.

Sexual structure- the ratio between men and women, most often expressed in relative terms. In general, the ratio is approximately equal throughout the world. A record high proportion of men is characteristic of Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Oman, where high birth rates and a young age structure (men predominate in childhood in all countries) are accompanied by a massive influx of immigrants, among whom men predominate.

Urbanization— the process of increasing the share of the urban population, outpacing the growth of the largest cities and the spread of the urban lifestyle. Half the world's population now lives in cities. Economically developed countries have the highest level of urbanization, where the share of city dwellers often exceeds 70%; in developing countries the level of urbanization is about 30%. However, developing countries with a high level of urbanization (more than 80%) stand out, for example, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Uruguay, Lebanon, Bahrain. These countries are called pseudo-urbanized because urban population growth and low-quality developments outpace the capabilities of the city's industrial base. The modern process of urbanization is accompanied by such phenomena as suburbanization (increased growth of suburbs as opposed to the central part of the city) and urbanization (spread of suburban areas into rural areas).

Ethnos- a historically established group of people, characterized by a common territory, language, culture, way of life, traditions, economic activity, and the consciousness of belonging to a given people.

Types of population reproduction (according to Kuznetsov A.P.)

Countries in the world with the largest territory and population

Religions of the world

Classification of countries by population density

Major language families and groups

Twenty of the "youngest" and "oldest" countries in the world (2005)

World economy

Basic concepts, processes, patterns and their consequences

International geographical division of labor (IGDT)- this is the specialization of individual countries in the production of certain types of products and services intended for export to the world market.

World economy- a historically established set of national economies of all countries of the world, interconnected by global economic relations based on the international division of labor.

Non-production sphere is a set of industries serving the needs of the population (housing and communal services, education, healthcare, etc.).

Sectoral structure of the economy- the composition of the economy of a country, region or territory by forms of production activity, by types of products produced, services provided, etc., the relationship between the main divisions of the economy - industries.

Manufacturing sector- this is a set of industries that directly create a material product (industry, agriculture and forestry, construction) or deliver this product to the consumer (transport, communications, trade, etc.).

Economic integration I am an economic unification of states, the highest degree of MGRT, a form of internationalization of productive forces, the process of intertwining national economies and pursuing a coordinated interstate policy both between the countries themselves and in relation to third countries.

Main integration associations, beginning of the 21st century.

GDP structure for some countries of the world

Leading countries in industry

Leading countries in agriculture

Leading countries in electricity generation at different types of power plants

Leading countries in some indicators of global transport development

Largest hydroelectric power plants in the world

ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY BASED ON EMPLOYMENT DATA

Korotkova Yulia Sergeevna

E-mail: julfun@ mail. ru

Sonkina Tatyana Vitalievna

3rd year student, Department of Economics and Humanities, MGUPI, Russian Federation, Moscow

Email:

Kirillina Yulia Vladimirovna

scientific supervisor, Ph.D. econ. Sciences, Associate Professor MGUPI, Russian Federation, Moscow

The structure of the economy of developed and developing countries, such as China, Brazil, etc., is characterized by an increase in the number of people employed in the service sector and the share of GNP created in this area.

The predominance of the service sector in the structure of the economy is a sign of a post-industrial society (in the terminology of D. Bell) or an information society (in the terminology of K. Kurokawa, T. Umesao, F. Machlup, M. Porat, etc.). . At the same time, the service sector is characterized as a sector of the economy where goods are produced, the beneficial effect of which is manifested in the very process of their creation.

It is believed that the state’s economy becomes post-industrial if the share of the employed population in the service sector exceeds 60%. As a result, there is a need to identify areas of activity that belong to the service sector. Over the twentieth century, scientists have formed several approaches that define the essence of the service sector and its elements.

According to first, historically original, approach The division of all social production into two parts is based on the dichotomy of material and immaterial production. And if in the branches of material production a tangible product is created, then in the branches of intangible production - intangible goods and services.

Second approach comes from the idea of ​​social production as a three-sector model. One of the first to propose it was Colin Clark in his work “Condition of Economic Progress”, published in London in 1940.

The first (primary) sector of the economy included all sectors of the mining industry and agriculture. The secondary sector covered manufacturing industries (manufacturing sector of the economy - manufacturing industries and construction). The tertiary or tertiary sector was the service sector (service sector).

As a result of the development of the second approach, D. Bell in the 70s. The twentieth century identified, along with the three indicated sectors, two more - quaternary and fivefold, while simultaneously revising the structure of the tertiary sector itself. According to his concept, the tertiary sector was reduced to transport and utilities. Trade, finance, insurance and real estate transactions were assigned to the quaternary sector. The fivefold sector included health, education, recreation, research, and government activities.

Around the same years, J. Singelmann proposed to distinguish six sectors in the structure of social production, including four sectors in the service sector. Moreover, if the first sector has traditional components - agriculture, extractive industries, then the second sector includes not only manufacturing industries, construction, but also public services.

Mark Porat, in The Information Economy (1977), put forward the idea of ​​four sectors: agriculture, industry, services and the information sector, that is, the knowledge creation sector.

Russian scientists V. Inozemtsev and G. Batishchev proposed a different approach to structuring social production. In their opinion, the entire national economy can be represented as a two-pole system: at one pole there will be industries gravitating towards the subject-object principle, and at the other - towards the subject-subject. The “subject-object pole,” as the name suggests, represents the interaction of a person with the object of his activity or with the object of consumption, and the “subject-subject” unites those industries within which human interaction is based on interpersonal communication.

The subject-object pole includes traditional sectors, namely:

· all sectors of the primary sector (mining industry, agriculture, fishing, forestry), as well as industries involved in the primary processing of natural resources, and energy;

· a number of industries in the secondary sector (metallurgy, chemical industry, mechanical engineering and construction materials industry, food industry, and production of unified consumer goods);

· transport and utilities.

The basis for assigning these industries to the subject-object pole is that industries are characterized by repeatability of production processes, reproducibility of their results, high output rates (in value terms) per employee and negative or fluctuating around zero employment growth rates.

The subject-subject sector, in turn, unites industries in which human interaction is based on interpersonal communication and the product of which (industries) is characterized by a low degree of reproducibility and is largely represented by information and knowledge. This pole includes the sphere of culture and entertainment, education, scientific institutions, information production (and software), consulting and legal services, the entire sphere of finance and monetary circulation, insurance operations and transactions with funds and real estate, as well as public administration. This group of industries is distinguished by a variety of production processes, a high degree of qualification of its workers and, as a result, the non-reproducibility of the majority of created products and services, has lower (in value terms) productivity indicators and high employment growth rates.

Using the approach of V. Inozemtsev and G. Batishchev, the goal was set: to study the structure of the Russian economy based on statistical data on employment for the period 2005-2013. (Figure 1), which required the following tasks:

· determine the basic growth rates of employment by type of economic activity (Table 1);

· determine the average annual growth rate of employment in various types of economic activity (Table 2);

· combine the spheres of economic activities on the basis of “subject-subject sector” and “subject-object sector” (Figure 2);

· analyze the results obtained.

Figure 1 presents statistical data on the employed population by type of economic activity, obtained on the website of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation.

It should be noted that in the process of working with statistical data, the following was revealed: the sum of the shares of the employed population by type of economic activity in 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013. is not 100%. As a result, in the future, when implementing the research objectives, it remains that the total values ​​of the specific gravity are not equal to 100% in the indicated years.

Table 1 presents data on the share of the employed population by type of economic activity for 2005 and 2013, as well as the basic growth (decrease) rate of employment.

Figure 1. Employed population by type of economic activity, in%

Table 1.

Analysis of the dynamics of the share of the employed population

The highest basic rates of employment growth (above 110%) during the period under review were formed in the following types of economic activities:

· mining;

· health care and provision of social services;

· construction.

At the same time, the highest basic growth rate was found in such type of activity as “Other types of economic activity” - 124.24%.

Negative underlying employment growth rates show:

1. Manufacturing industries (81.32%).

2. Agriculture and forestry, hunting, fishing and fish farming (69.31%).

Table 2 presents the calculated values ​​of the average annual growth rate (decrease) and increase in employment by type of economic activity for 2005-2013. The average annual growth rates reflect that the level of employment is increasing in such types of economic activities as:

· mining - by 2.5% annually;

Table 2.

Average annual growth rate and increase in employment of the population

· financial activities, real estate transactions, rent and provision of services - by 2.47% annually;

· healthcare and social services – by 1.69% annually;

· construction - by 1.5% annually.

At the same time, the highest average annual growth rate of employment was in such activity as “Other types of economic activity” - 2.7% annually.

Negative average annual growth rates of employment are observed in manufacturing, as well as in agriculture and forestry, hunting, fishing and fish farming, respectively 3% and 5% annually.

Employment in Education is stable, for the period 2005-2013. the average annual growth rate is 0%.

Using the approach of V. Inozemtsev and G. Batishchev, all considered types of economic activity were distributed into two sectors.

The subject-object sector includes the following activities:

· agriculture and forestry, hunting, fishing and fish farming;

· mining;

· manufacturing industries;

· production and distribution of electricity, gas and water;

· construction;

· transport and communications.

The subject-subject sector accordingly included the remaining types of economic activity (except for “Other types of economic activity”, since the orientation of this type of activity is not completely clear):

· wholesale and retail trade, repair of vehicles, etc., hotels and restaurants;

· financial activities, real estate transactions, rental and provision of services;

· public administration, military security, social security;

· education;

· health care and provision of social services.

Figure 2 presents data on employment by type of economic activity, taking into account the bipolar system of V. Inozemtsev and G. Batishchev.

Figure 2. Employment structure of the Russian population, %

Thus, the structure of the Russian economy has undergone changes over a nine-year period:

· the share of the employed population in the subject-object sector decreased from 48.9% to 44.3%. This was due to a significant decrease in employment in manufacturing, as well as in agriculture and forestry, hunting, fishing and fish farming, despite the fact that in recent years there has been a positive average annual increase in employment in “Mining”;

· the share of the employed population in the subject-subject sector increased from 47.8% to 51.9%, while the average annual growth rate was positive for all types of economic activity (except for “Education”) classified as a subject-subject sector.

Thus, the Russian economy is characterized by the gradual expansion of that part of the economy that is distinguished by the variety of production processes, the high level of qualifications of its workers, has lower (in value terms) productivity indicators and high rates of employment growth. At the same time, it is too early to talk about the Russian economy as an economy of a post-industrial society, since the share of people employed in the service sector has not yet reached 60%.

Bibliography:

1. Burmenko T.D., Danilenko N.N., Turenko T.A. The service sector in modern society: Economics, management, marketing. Course of lectures, 2004 [Electronic resource] - Access mode - URL: http://uchebnik-besplatno.com/economics-uchebnik/tema-sfera-uslug-sovremennom.html (access date: 04/20/14).

2. Employed population by type of economic activity at the main job, on average for the year - Access mode - URL: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/wages/labour_force/ # (access date: 04/20/14).

3.Kondratiev V.B. The service sector in the post-industrial economy [Electronic resource] - Access mode - URL: http://www.perspektivy.info/table/sfera_uslug_v_postindustrialnoj_ekonomike_2010-12-21.htm (access date: 05.20.14).

4. Latov Y. Service sector [Electronic resource] - Access mode - URL: http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/ekonomika_i_pravo/SFERA_USLUG.html?page=0.1 (access date: 05/20/14) .

The share varies by country. In developed Western countries, about 70% of everyone is economically active.

The share of the economically active population in developing countries is smaller – 45–55%. This is due to general economic backwardness, lack of jobs, the difficulty of involving women in production given the predominance of large families, and large masses of young people entering working age.

The largest part of the working population of the planet are peasants, which is explained by the agrarian nature of the economies of many underdeveloped countries. The service sector is in second place in developing countries in terms of the share of the employed labor force (in Latin America it came out on top). The growth in employment in the service sector is largely due to the spread of small trade. Industry and construction occupy only third place in developing countries as a share of the labor force.

In developed countries the picture is different. The share of the agricultural population here is immeasurably smaller, and the share of blue-collar workers is greater. The share of the population employed in the service sector (passenger transport, retail trade, public utilities) is also large. In the UK, Germany, Belgium, France, Sweden, about 40% of the economically active population works in the service sector, in the USA - more than 50%. If we consider the evolution of employment structures in the G7 countries, then even in the mid-20th century in many developed countries a significant proportion of the labor force was employed in agriculture. The general trend until the early 1970s. was directed towards an employment structure characterized by a simultaneous increase in employment in industry and in the service sector at the expense of agriculture. In other words, the process of industrialization contributed to the redistribution of the surplus agricultural population between industrial production and services. In the USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain from 1930 to 1970. there was an increase in employment in manufacturing.

Initially, the shift in the structure of employment in favor of the service sector and construction occurred due to agriculture rather than due to industrial production. But the process of economic restructuring and technological transformation has led to a decline in industrial employment in all developed countries. This process occurred differently in different countries. Thus, some countries (Great Britain, USA, Italy), reducing the share of people employed in the manufacturing industry, experienced rapid deindustrialization. Japan and Germany reduced their share of the industrial labor force moderately. This process continues to this day.

In the most developed countries of the West, the heterogeneity of the working class is becoming increasingly evident. The number of “blue collar” workers (as workers who primarily work in manual labor are commonly called) is declining. Their place in enterprises is gradually taken by more educated knowledge workers - “white” and “golden collar” workers (the latter include highly qualified specialists who create and maintain automated and electronic computer equipment).

Differences between countries in the share of the economically active population and the nature of their employment largely reflect the different levels of their socio-economic development and features of social policy.

Trends in occupational and sectoral employment patterns are similar throughout the world. In all countries, the share of people employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing is declining, i.e. in the primary sector. At the same time, employment in the tertiary sector – in the service sector – is increasing. If the level of development of the country is high enough, then this trend is more pronounced.

Employment in the second sector of the world economy (industry) varies depending on the group of countries. In Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) it is about 20% of the employed population, in developed countries it ranges from 13 to 25%, and in developing countries it is most often lower. Moreover, in the poorest it does not exceed 10%.

The largest fluctuations in employment indicators are characteristic of the primary sector of the economy. If in developed countries this sector employs from less than 2% (USA, Germany) to 7% of workers, then in the poorest countries – up to 80%.

The country's labor potential is determined by the physical and mental health of the population, its professional, educational and cultural preparation, and the availability of production experience.

The quality of labor resources and the intensity of their use differ significantly across countries. Currently, the most significant labor resources are located in large peripheral countries - China, India, Brazil, Indonesia. In developed countries, labor resources are concentrated in the USA and Japan.

The release of most of the labor resources in material production means a simultaneous increase in employment in the tertiary sector.

Developed and most countries with economies in transition are characterized by a high percentage of the employed population with higher and secondary specialized education. A reduction in working hours and an increase in free time, an increase in the educational level, an increase in the level and life expectancy of the population - all this indicates a significant improvement in the quality of labor resources in developed countries.

A necessary condition for the balanced functioning of the labor market is that the structure of the labor force matches its needs. State intervention in the mechanisms of the labor market to regulate the emerging imbalances in labor supply and demand is carried out if this condition is not met.

Today, many researchers, having the opportunity to exchange experience with foreign colleagues, are looking for ways to apply foreign methods and models to the Russian labor market to manage employment and unemployment. In this regard, a study was conducted of the structure of employment by type of economic activity in countries of the world community in order to determine Russia’s place in groups of countries.

In this work, we analyzed the labor market according to the sectoral structure of employment of the working-age population in countries of the world community. Statistical data from the official website of the International Labor Organization (ILOSTAT) and the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) for the period 2010-2016 was used as an information resource. .

To study 68 countries, it was necessary to collate some data. Thus, a transition was made from the indicator “employment by type of economic activity” to the indicator “employment by type of economic activity per 1000 people of working age.” According to the ILO, persons over 14 years of age are considered able to work. However, it is also noted that age limits may be regulated by national legislation and differ from the generally accepted age range. Since the ILOSTAT information base contains statistics for countries of the world community, most of which consider persons aged 15-64 years to be able to work. We also reduced the data for Russia to working age 15-64 for comparison.

An analysis of the sectoral structure of employment of the population will help us evaluate many of the nuances of the economic “profile” of each country. For example, Singapore is unique in that it has almost no agriculture or mining industries. But the role of transport functions (10.5% of all employees), the hotel industry (22.9%) and the banking and other business services sector (10.9%) is especially large.

We also note that world population growth is outpacing the growth in the number of jobs. Closely related to this factor is the global problem of humanity to ensure employment of people and reduce unemployment. A way out of this situation can be found in the creation of new industries, especially in the tertiary sector of the economy, re-profiling the economy and reducing working hours. Another problem is the uneven distribution of labor force growth. Developing countries account for about 90% of the total increase in the labor force. Another problem is related to the fact that the proportion of people of working age is gradually decreasing, because... The population is aging. This leads to an increase in the number of dependents and an increase in the economic “burden” on each employed person.

Time series from 2010 to 2016. was averaged to achieve a two-dimensional cross-section across countries and activities. A stable typological grouping of countries according to the sectoral structure of those employed in the economy was obtained during cluster and discriminant analysis. (Table 1).

Table 1

Grouping of countries of the world community by sectoral employment structure, on average for the period 2000-2016.

Thus, 68 countries of the world community were grouped into three homogeneous clusters through the use of cluster and discriminant analysis methods. Most representatives of the European Community were classified in the second cluster, which is why it is the most numerous. Russia is included in it. The next largest cluster is the third cluster, which is represented by 19 countries. Cluster 1 is the smallest, it includes only 16 countries of the world community.

In order to analyze the employment structures in the formed groups of countries, the centroids of the clusters were visualized. They represent the average number of people employed by type of economic activity per thousand people of working age in each cluster.

The centroids of the identified clusters indicate significant differences in the sectoral structure of the employed population in the countries (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Centroids of clusters with the distribution of employees by type of economic activity on average for the period 2000-2016.

The first cluster is dominated by employment in the areas of wholesale and retail trade, construction, agriculture, and industry. Here, per thousand people of working age there are 123, 83, 77 and 70 people, respectively. At the same time, in the first cluster, the highest employment is typical for the following industries: financial activity (more by 58.1%), construction (more by 45.5%), wholesale and retail trade (more by 20%), transport and communications (more by 19.4%).

In the second cluster, employment in wholesale and retail trade and the industrial sector significantly exceeds employment in other sectors of the economy. Here, per 1,000 people of working age, there are 114 and 97 people employed in industry and trade, respectively. When compared with other clusters, it can be noted that employment indicators in countries from the second group are much higher in the areas of health, industry and education by 65.8%, 24.6%, 32.3% on average, respectively. In this group of countries, the UK and Cuba deviate most from the cluster average. For other types of economic activity, the deviation from the cluster profile varies within the acceptable norm.

The third group of countries is characterized by a predominance of people employed in agriculture. Almost every fourth able-bodied person out of a thousand people is employed in this industry. High indicators in the cluster are also observed in trade and industry (102 and 90 people per thousand of working age, respectively).

Let's consider the average number of employed people by type of economic activity in the formed clusters of countries of the world community (Table 2).

table 2

Number of people employed by type of economic activity in homogeneous groups of countries for the period 2010-2016, people per thousand people of working age

Calculated from: http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/oracle/webcenter/

Russia is included in the second group of countries, which are characterized by an industrially oriented economy. Comparing the shares of employment by economic sector between Russia and the second cluster, one can notice that the employment structure is the same (Fig. 2).

Fig.2. Comparison of the share of the economically active population by type of economic activity in Russia and the second cluster

Despite the similar structures of employees in various sectors of the economy, there are some deviations in Russia’s indicators from the second cluster (Fig. 3).

Fig.3. Deviation of the number of employees by type of economic activity in Russia from the profile of the second cluster, in percent

Employment in agriculture in Russia is 99% higher than in the second cluster. This is more typical for countries in group 3.

Note that the employment structure almost completely coincides with the second group of countries. But at the same time, significant deviations are observed, which are more reminiscent of the nature of employment in the countries of the third cluster. This suggests that in Russia people are employed in many well-developed sectors of the economy. In Russia, labor resources are concentrated in many industries and are aimed at developing domestic markets.

Currently, to regulate the labor market, a set of models for operational monitoring of the labor force structure is needed. The research results presented in this paper made it possible to compare the structure of employment by type of economic activity in 68 countries of the world community. Russia was assigned to cluster 2, consisting of countries with a significant share of employees in the fields of education and healthcare. The Russian economy has a specific feature. Its structure cannot be called typical for this group, since it is aimed at many industries. In this regard, the application of tools developed for other countries of the world community to the Russian labor market will lead to incorrect results. This conclusion does not allow transferring ready-made foreign models for managing the structure of employment and unemployment to the Russian labor market.