• Hydrocarbon accumulation

  The process of concentration and accumulation of oil and gas in traps, formation of deposits.

• Acoustic boundary

  The place of a sharp change in the acoustic characteristics of the medium in which the vibrational wave propagates.

• Acoustic hardness

  A characteristic of a rock showing its ability to transmit vibrational motion. The value of acoustic rigidity is equal to the product of the speed of propagation of elastic waves in the rock and its density; depends on the elastic properties of rocks, their structural features, mineral composition, as well as the presence of pores in the rock and the properties of the fluid that fills them.

• Drill cuttings disposal barn

  A reservoir designed for centralized collection, neutralization and safe disposal of industrial drilling waste.

• Bazhenov Formation

  The Bazhenov formation belongs to the category of unconventional reserves. This is a horizon of rocks identified in the central part of Western Siberia at depths of 2-3 thousand m. Distributed over an area of ​​about 1 million square meters. km, while having an average thickness of about 40 m. According to optimistic estimates of geologists, oil resources in the Bazhenov formation layers in Western Siberia alone can reach 100-170 billion tons. The Bazhenov Formation is represented by dense clayey rocks, which are considered oil source rocks (contain an abnormally high amount of organic matter that generated oil). At present, there is practically no industrial development of the Bazhenov Formation - subsoil users are working to find economically effective ways development of these reserves. A unique feature of the Bazhenov formation, which determines its industrial value, is its saturation with oil, which differs high quality- it is light and low in sulfur, which makes it easier to process.

• Bunkering

  Refueling the vessel with fuel and motor oils.

• Drilling fluid

  A multicomponent mixture of liquids used to flush the well during drilling from drilled out (destroyed) rock, cool and lubricate drilling tools, etc.

• Drill cuttings

  Solid particles of rock mixed with water that are destroyed during drilling.

• Probabilistic geological assessment

  One of the projects of the Technological Strategy regarding geological exploration. The Probabilistic Geological Assessment module essentially aims to improve the quality of reserves and resource estimates based on data obtained from seismic, drilling, core and reservoir fluid analysis. After all, even if you have a complete set of necessary data, you cannot talk about complete knowledge of the formation. The data available to geologists may turn out to be insufficient, fragmentary, contradictory, and in this case the question of their correct assessment and processing arises. The module being developed allows us to evaluate and set dependencies between data, calculate risks and the probability of confirming resource base estimates. All this leads to a better assessment, and ultimately a more efficient distribution of the company’s funds and the efforts of its employees. In the future, the module will be built into the Geomate geological information system developed at the STC together with ITSC.

• Water-oil contact

  A conditional surface separating the areas of oil and formation water in an oil reservoir.

• Blowouts

  Voids formed in a well as a result of rock destruction.

• Viscosity

  The most important technological property of the oil system. Characterizes the friction force (internal resistance) that arises between two adjacent layers inside a liquid or gas per unit surface area when they move mutually. The viscosity of oil depends on its fractional composition, as well as on temperature.

• Well geophysical surveys (GIS)

  A set of methods used to study rocks in the near-well and inter-well spaces, as well as to monitor the technical condition of wells. Geophysical surveys of wells are divided into two very broad groups of methods - logging methods and borehole geophysics methods. Logging, also known as production or drilling geophysics, is designed to study the rocks immediately adjacent to the wellbore (radius of study 1-2 m). The terms logging and well logging are often equated, but well logging also includes methods used to study the inter-well space, which are called borehole geophysics.
  

• Hydraulic fracturing (HF)

  A method for intensifying oil production at a field. It consists of pumping a mixture of liquid and a special proppant (proppant) into the formation under high pressure. In the process of feeding the mixture, highly conductive channels (hydraulic fractures) are formed connecting the wellbore and the formation. These cracks provide an influx of oil that otherwise would not have entered the well. Hydraulic fracturing is carried out in horizontal and directional wells. With multi-stage hydraulic fracturing, several hydraulic fracturing operations are carried out in one horizontal wellbore, thus ensuring a multiple increase in the formation coverage area of ​​one well.

• Hydrodynamic testing of wells (well testing)

  A set of various activities aimed at measuring certain parameters (pressure, temperature, liquid level, flow rate, etc.) and sampling formation fluids (oil, water, gas and gas condensate) in operating or shut-in wells and recording them over time.

  Interpretation of well testing allows one to evaluate the productive and filtration characteristics of formations and wells (reservoir pressure, productivity or filtration coefficients, water cut, gas factor, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, piezoelectric conductivity, skin factor, etc.), as well as the characteristics of the near-well and remote zones of the formation. These studies are a direct method for determining the filtration properties of rocks in situ conditions, the nature of formation saturation (gas/oil/water) and the physical properties of formation fluids (density, viscosity, volumetric coefficient, compressibility, saturation pressure, etc. ).

  Well testing analysis is based on establishing relationships between well flow rates and pressure drops in the formation that determine them.

• Hydraulic fracturing

  Creation of a crack in the formation to ensure the flow of oil products to the bottom of the well. The method consists of injecting fracturing fluid into the formation under high pressure and then fixing the fracture with proppant to prevent its closure (collapse) and maintain permeability.

• Processing depth

  The ratio of the volume of petroleum products obtained to the volume of oil sent for processing to obtain them.

• Horizontal well

  A well in which the angle of deviation of the drilling direction from the vertical is at least 80°.

• Darcy

  A unit of measurement for the permeability of a porous medium. A value of 1 Darcy corresponds to permeability when filtered through a sample with an area of ​​1 cm2 and a length of 1 cm, a pressure drop of 1 atm. (0.1 Pa) and viscosity 1 mPa*s. The fluid flow rate is 1 cm3/s.

• Well flow rate

  Well flow rate is the volume of oil or gas flowing per unit of time from a natural or artificial source. Flow rate is a characteristic of a source that determines its ability to generate a product under a given operating mode, depending on its connections with adjacent oil, gas or water pumping layers, the depletion of these layers, as well as seasonal fluctuations (for groundwater). Measuring flow rate is important for accounting for well operation and monitoring the technological regime of its operation. The flow rate is measured in m3/hour, m3/day, l/min, t/day. A decrease in the flow rates of oil wells operated by mechanized means causes an increase in the fleet of operating equipment with increased productivity. Bringing the parameters and characteristics of oilfield equipment into line with the capabilities of wells is a very important task. In conditions of a fairly high growth rate in the number of low-yield wells, its relevance increases.

• Proven hydrocarbon reserves

  Inventories that can be measured with a given and sufficiently high accuracy.

• Share of light oil products output

  The percentage of gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, and diesel fuel obtained during oil refining from their initial content in oil.

• Bottomhole pressure

  Oil (fluid) pressure at the bottom (bottom) of the well. Characterizes the energy of the formation, due to which oil rises through the well to the surface of the earth.

• Waterflooding

  One of the methods for increasing oil recovery. It consists of pumping water or other liquid into the formation through injection wells, which displaces oil from the formation into production wells.

  There are several types of waterflooding. In-line flooding involves injecting water directly into an oil reservoir. Thus, by placing injection wells in rows, it is possible, using waterflooding, to “cut” a large oil deposit with a water front into separate areas of independent development. With areal flooding, injection wells are located throughout the entire development area of ​​the deposit. When water moves through the formation from injection wells, it displaces oil from the pores and pushes it towards areas of low pressure in the formation, i.e., towards production wells. Edge flooding is a method of maintaining reservoir pressure by injecting water into the marginal zone of an oil deposit. It is used when permeability deteriorates in the aquifer (water-bearing) part of the formation or when there is poor communication between the water and oil parts of the formation.

• Hydrocarbon deposit

  Natural accumulation of hydrocarbons in a natural reservoir.

• Green seismic

  The “green seismic” method involves the use of compact wireless recording equipment for seismic exploration. This equipment can be delivered to the installation site without special heavy equipment, for the passage of which it is usually necessary to cut down clearings. To install sensors, a path 1-1.5 m wide, cleared of undergrowth and bushes, is sufficient, while using traditional technologies requires cutting down a road at least 4 m wide. The information obtained using “green” seismic is not inferior in accuracy to the results traditional seismic exploration.

  The cable-free system significantly optimizes the production cycle, in particular by quickly positioning sensors in difficult terrain. Another feature is the ability to monitor the received signal in real time and quickly process the results in the field.

  “Green” seismic technology was used for the first time in Russia by Gazprom Neft at the beginning of 2014 in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, at the Zapadno-Chatylkinsky license area (developed by Gazpromneft-Noyabrskneftegaz).

• Capital costs

  Capital expenditures represent the company's investment activities, investments in the purchase of equipment, buildings and structures, construction, etc. Most enterprises make significant investments in fixed assets, since they create the basis for their activities and account for about 60% of the asset structure. In the oil and gas industry, the main amount of capital costs falls on the period of field development: construction of the necessary oil production infrastructure, oil treatment workshops, pipelines, well drilling, etc. At the Scientific and Technical Center, capital costs include the purchase of the necessary software for geological modeling and support of oil production at the company's fields.

• Logging

  The general name for methods of geophysical exploration of a well, carried out using the descent and ascent of a geophysical research probe.

• Kern

  A cylindrical rock sample obtained from a well during drilling using a special core-receiving device. In most cases, core sampling is carried out by drilling into the rock with a hollow steel pipe. Inside this pipe there is a core receiver. It consists of a head, a core receiving pipe and a core grabber. Core receivers are varied, since it is necessary to select cores of various rocks under different conditions. Drilling of the rock during core sampling occurs along the ring and the core receiver seems to creep onto the rock column formed inside the ring. Core samples are taken into the pipe in a relatively undamaged state.

  After removing the core from the pipe, it is laid out in core boxes in the strict sequence of its location in the geological section of the well. All recovered core is described in detail and transferred for storage to the core storage facility. Subsequently, the core is examined and analyzed (chemical, spectral, petrographic and other analyzes) in the laboratory using various methods and on various equipment, depending on what data is to be obtained. Typically, a small portion of the core is used in the analysis, since traditional methods of core analysis lead to its destruction. The Gazprom Neft Scientific and Technical Center is developing non-destructive methods for core analysis.

• Collector

  An oil and gas reservoir is a rock capable of containing liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons and releasing them during field development. The most significant hydrocarbon reserves are found in sand and carbonate reservoirs. Identification of oil and gas reservoirs is carried out through a complex of geophysical surveys of wells and analysis of laboratory data, taking into account all geological information on the field.

• Reservoir (reservoir reservoir)

  A formation that has the ability to contain and pass through liquids and gases through a system of numerous channels connecting voids in the rock under pressure differences.

• Oil recovery factor (ORF)

  One of the basic indicators of oil production efficiency. This is the ratio of the amount of recoverable reserves to the amount of geological reserves. The magnitude of oil recovery factor depends on geological, physical and technological factors. It is determined by the lithological composition of the reservoir, formation heterogeneity, rock permeability, effective oil-saturated thickness, etc. Among the physical factors on which the oil recovery factor depends is the ratio of oil viscosity to water viscosity. The value of oil recovery factor is influenced by the methods of artificial stimulation applied to the formations, and in development without stimulation - by the natural regime of the deposit, the density of the grid of production wells, new development methods, methods of intensifying oil production and other factors.

  On different stages During field development, oil recovery factor is calculated in different ways. At the geological exploration stage, computer statistical models are used, when the field enters the development stage and the first actual production data appears, the oil recovery factor value is recalculated taking into account new information. When choosing the selection of oil production technologies for an oil recovery field, special attention is paid; often it is this indicator that determines the choice of a field development system.

• Lateral migration

  Movement of oil within the reservoir.

• Lithology

  The science of modern sediments and sedimentary rocks, their composition, structure and origin. The main tasks of lithology are to identify patterns of distribution of various types of sedimentary rocks and minerals in the general course of rock formation processes throughout the geological history of the Earth. The main way to solve these problems is the genetic (facies) analysis of sedimentary rocks, their combinations - sedimentary formations, the environments of their accumulation.

• Trap

  Part of the reservoir, the conditions of the relative position of which relative to impermeable rocks contribute to the accumulation of oil in it.

• Beam modeling

  Special software that, based on data on the geology of the region and the experience of previous seismic studies, calculates the optimal layout of sources of excitation of elastic waves and recording equipment necessary for seismic exploration.

  The use of “beam modeling” makes it possible to increase the accuracy of constructing geological models, which makes it possible to plan field development as efficiently as possible. Thus, by optimizing the methodology for conducting field work, it is possible to reduce seismic costs by up to 30%.

• Migration

  Movement of oil and gas in a reservoir under the influence of natural forces.

• Multilateral (cluster) drilling

  Drilling two or more wells from one drilling rig.

• Reservoir thickness

  The thickness of a layer, measured by the shortest distance between its roof and base.

• Mild steam reforming

  A technology that makes it possible to convert natural gas liquids contained in associated petroleum gas into a gas mixture consisting of approximately 90% methane. The process takes place on a nickel-containing catalyst. As a result, some amount of carbon dioxide and hydrogen is also formed. After becoming familiar with the technology at Gazprom Neft, it was decided to conduct pilot tests (PIT) of the MPR installation at the Krapivinskoye field in the Omsk region, where a block-modular installation with a capacity of 300 cubic meters of gas per hour was delivered. The first launch was carried out in September 2015, but shortcomings in the design of the installation were then identified. Repeated tests took place in December, and this time everything was successful. The technology has shown its reliability, ability to adapt to a variety of field conditions, and the ability to change process parameters for a wide range of loads and APG composition.
  

• Injection well

  A well for injecting gas, water, and coolants into productive formations in order to maintain reservoir pressure and regulate the rate of hydrocarbon extraction.

• Cumulative production

  Reflects the amount of oil produced at the field since the launch of the first production well. This figure can only increase.

• Initial recoverable reserves

  Hydrocarbon reserves estimated before the start of field development that will be recovered by the end of field development. The lower reserves of oil deposits are equal to the product of the values ​​of the initial balance reserves (geological reserves) and the final recovery factor (ORF).

• Impenetrable screen

  A fracture that prevents the lateral movement of oil and gas.

• Unconventional reserves

  Hydrocarbon reserves that cannot be recovered traditional methods, that is, by drilling conventional wells using standard production stimulation methods. This is due to the very low permeability of rocks in such a reservoir. In traditional fields, even with low formation permeability, it is possible to produce 50 m3 or more of oil per day from each well. But the permeability of unconventional reservoirs can be 100-1000 times less - accordingly, the flow rate will be the same number of times less.

  In Russia, unconventional reserves include the Bazhenov and Abalak formations. In foreign practice, unconventional reserves include the so-called shale oil, i.e. oil extracted from shale rocks with low permeability. Main mining method shale oil- hydraulic fracturing (fracturing). The Gazprom Neft Scientific and Technical Center is also conducting research on the most effective hydraulic fracturing in the Bazhenov formation, in addition, the company is developing a map of unconventional reserves in Russia

• Oil and gas basin

  An area of ​​continuous or island distribution of oil, gas or gas condensate fields, significant in size or mineral reserves. Oil and gas bearing basins are divided into oil and gas bearing areas. Oil and gas bearing areas are divided into oil and gas bearing zones or areas. Oil and gas bearing zones or areas are divided into oil and gas fields. Oil and gas fields are divided into oil and gas deposits or oil and gas horizons.
  

• Oil source rock

  A rock that contains hydrocarbons and other components of oil in a dispersed state and can, when the appropriate situation occurs, release them to reservoir rocks. According to a common point of view, the most typical source rocks are clays containing dispersed organic matter in an amount of at least 1% of their volume. Clays, compared to other sedimentary rocks, are, firstly, most widespread in the earth's crust, and secondly, they have a great ability to compact and displace organic matter.

  Oil found in source rocks is classified as unconventional reserves. In particular, the Bazhenov Formation, which Gazprom Neft is actively developing, is an oil source rock. As part of its own Technology Strategy, Gazprom Neft is developing technologies for efficient oil production from source rocks.

• Oil-bearing formation (productive formation)

  Reservoir containing oil.

• Oil window

  The depth range within which the temperature is high enough for oil to form, but not too high for it to turn into gas.

• Water cut

  Well water cut is the water content in the well production, defined as the ratio of water flow rate to the sum of oil and water flow rates. The water cut of a well is determined by systematic sampling of fluid coming from the well and automatic monitoring of water cut. The water cut of a well is the relative content of water in the produced fluid, usually expressed as a percentage. The dynamics of water cut in oil wells is determined mainly by the nature of water cut in oil reservoirs. The nature of watering of reservoir layers is very different and depends on the properties of productive reservoirs, the initial conditions of oil occurrence in the reservoir and the oil field development system. But the main influence on the nature of waterflooding, and consequently on the dynamics of waterflooding, is exerted by the layer-by-layer and zonal heterogeneity of the formations. The most permeable layers of the formation are flooded first and intensively, and the weakly permeable layers are flooded very slowly. Uneven watering of formations along their thickness and extent increases with a high ratio of oil and water viscosity.

• Casing

  Designed for fastening boreholes, as well as isolating product formations. Made from steel pipes with connecting threads on both sides.

• Operating costs

  Operating costs are the costs associated with concluding transactions and their implementation, including the costs of searching and selecting partners, formalizing and signing agreements, and monitoring their implementation. Operating costs also include expenses for advanced training of individual employees.

  In the oil and gas industry, a significant part of operating costs falls on supporting the oil production process: the use of necessary solutions and reagents, geological and technical measures at wells, etc.

• Overburden

  Rocks located geometrically above the reservoir layer.

• Petrophysics

  The science of the physical properties of rocks. Petrophysics is based on the idea of ​​considering the properties of rocks, taking into account their specific nature as geological bodies. The main task of petrophysics is to study the nature of the physical properties of rocks and classify rock types according to a set of physical properties.

  The properties of rocks are studied by geological, geophysical and cosmophysical methods, as well as in laboratory conditions by determining the physical parameters of rocks at high pressures and temperatures. There is a connection between the physical properties of rocks (density, porosity, elastic, electrical, magnetic, nuclear, etc.) and petrographic-structural parameters, which is revealed through petrophysical analysis. Petrophysical study is carried out in combination with other traditional geological techniques. At the same time, the obtained data, displayed on special petrophysical maps, make it possible to reconstruct the geodynamic conditions of the formation of geological bodies, establish the type of deformations and stresses and identify patterns in the distribution of oil and gas deposits, and solve engineering-geological problems.

• Reservoir pressure

  Pressure on the walls of the formation - the fluids contained in it.

• Exploratory and appraisal drilling

  Exploration and appraisal wells are drilled to discover new oil and gas fields or new deposits in previously discovered fields and assess their industrial significance. Based on the results of drilling appraisal wells, reserves are calculated in categories C 1 and C 2.

  Drilling prospecting, and when a deposit is discovered, prospecting and appraisal wells, completes the prospecting and appraisal stage of geological exploration. The result will be either the discovery of a field (deposit) or the deletion of a structure from the list of promising objects.

• Associated petroleum gas (APG)

  An integral companion of oil production in almost all fields. To reduce the impact on the environment, the gas must be recycled. One of the frequently used APG processing technologies is low-temperature separation into a wide fraction of light hydrocarbons (NGL), dry stripped gas and gas gasoline. In the future, gasoline can be used as fuel, gas can be sent to the gas pipeline, and NGL is a raw material for the petrochemical industry and is used in the production of rubber, plastics, solvents, and high-octane gasoline components. However, the construction of a gas processing plant and the construction of infrastructure for the transportation of natural gas liquids is economically justified only when it is necessary to utilize significant volumes of associated gas. If only a small number of such raw materials are mined, then alternative processing methods are needed that maintain the profitability of the project.

• Porosimeter

  A tool that allows you to determine pore volume and pore volume distribution.

• Sticking

  An accident that occurs due to the connection of a drilling tool with rocks.

• Propant

  A granular material that is used in the oil industry to improve the recovery efficiency of wells using hydraulic fracturing (fracturing) technology. Serves to maintain the permeability of fractures obtained during hydraulic fracturing.

• Exploration well

  A well drilled in areas with proven oil and gas potential for the purpose of detailed study of the geological structure of the deposit.

• Exploration drilling

  Exploration wells are drilled to evaluate the reserves of discovered deposits and deposits. Based on the data from exploration wells, the configuration of oil and gas deposits is determined, and the parameters of productive formations and deposits are calculated. A large range of studies is carried out in these wells, including core sampling and examination, fluid sampling and laboratory testing, logging and others.

  Based on the data obtained from drilling exploration wells, oil and gas reserves of discovered fields are calculated, and a technological scheme for field development is drawn up. The technological scheme, as well as the calculation of reserves, is subsequently adjusted taking into account the results of drilling production wells.

• Disruptive violations

  Disturbances in rocks in the form of cracks or sliding surfaces, zones of collapse or fracture, capable of conducting, containing oil, or providing an impermeable screen for the filtration of oil.

• Refrak

  Repeated hydraulic fracturing. One of the ways to increase oil recovery factor in wells that have already undergone hydraulic fracturing.

  There are several technologies for repeated hydraulic fracturing. In the spring of 2015, Gazprom Neft was the first in the world to conduct refraction using chemical diversion technology on a traditional reservoir. The peculiarity of this technology is the covering of existing cracks with a special chemical composition, which prevents the hydraulic fracturing mixture from entering existing cracks, but directs it to the formation of new cracks in areas of the formation that have not yet been covered.

  There is also a technology for mechanically bridging existing cracks. The company's Scientific and Technical Center plans to apply this technology in 2016. After successful completion of testing, re-fracturing technologies will be replicated across all of the company’s fields.

• Sedimentology

  The science of modern sediments and sedimentary rocks, their composition, structure, origin and patterns of spatial distribution. The main tasks of sedimentology are to identify patterns of distribution of various types of sedimentary rocks and minerals during rock formation processes throughout the geological history of the Earth. The main way to solve these problems is genetic (facial) analysis of sedimentary rocks and their natural combinations.

  The goal of sedimentology is the knowledge of sedimentary rocks - exoliths in order to solve a wide range of theoretical and practical issues that reveal the essence of sedimentation and sedimentary rock formation. This is the study of the origin of sedimentary rocks of various types and composition, their characteristics and descriptions, identification of structural features of sedimentary strata, determination of the basic laws of formation of sedimentary rocks, environments, physical and geographical conditions and patterns of sedimentation.

  The sedimentologist's field of view includes the processes of origin, transfer, accumulation of sedimentary material, its transportation, deposition, accumulation of sediment, its lithification, as well as the identification of later transformations of already formed rock. At the same time, an assessment is made of the ability of a particular process or set of processes in this complex chain - source rock - sediment - sedimentary rock - secondary product of its change to produce a mineral.

• Seismic (seismic exploration)

  A method of exploration geophysics, based on the study of the characteristics of the propagation of seismic waves within the earth's crust, used to study it geological structure. In the process of seismic exploration, methods of reflected and refracted waves and the piezoelectric effect are used. The disadvantage of seismic exploration is the high cost of its implementation, but despite this, this method is one of the most common.

  Seismic exploration is used in solving problems of structural geology, most often for the purpose of searching for structures that are favorable for the deposit of oil and gas deposits in them, as well as for preparing them for exploratory drilling, in addition, for predicting the possible presence of oil or gas deposits in them.

  Data obtained as a result of detailed observations become the basis for determining the location of drilling deep oil and gas exploration wells. In order to achieve maximum reliability and depth of exploration processes, the seismic exploration method in the case of difficult geological conditions (exploration of deep-lying deposits, the presence of strong interference) requires combination with the structural drilling method and additional seismic observations in deep wells. In addition, the search and exploration of oil fields is carried out using marine seismic exploration.

• Seismic survey

  A method for geophysical study of the geological structure of a formation based on the study of the propagation of elastic waves in the earth's crust.

• Average geothermal gradient of the Earth

  A physical quantity that describes the increase in temperature of rocks in degrees Celsius in a certain area of ​​the earth's thickness with an increase in depth by a certain number of meters. On average, it is about 3 ° C per 100 meters.

• Hard-to-recover reserves (TRR)

  The hard-to-recover category includes reserves located in formations with low permeability, high water cut, reserves with reduced oil saturation, and those located in thin thicknesses. For their effective development, it is necessary to use the most modern development methods.

  Tight reserves are typically produced at rates two to three times slower than active ones and require higher production costs than traditional reservoirs. Also, mastering TRIZ requires the use of advanced technologies and new equipment.

  The ever-increasing share of hard-to-recover reserves in the remaining oil resources, the enormous scale of production and the associated difficulties of protecting the subsoil and the environment require a significant expansion of research, pilot and field work aimed at intensifying the production of these reserves.

  The complete development of hard-to-recover reserves requires a more thorough study of the occurrence conditions and physical and chemical properties of reservoir fluids and a sound approach to the design and development of deposits.

• APG utilization

  Associated petroleum gas (APG) is a mixture of various hydrocarbons dissolved in oil. It is found in oil reservoirs and rises to the surface during oil production. Unlike natural gas, which consists mainly of methane, APG contains a large amount of ethane, propane, butane and other hydrocarbons. These substances themselves are valuable raw materials for processing. However, it is expensive to send it for processing from remote and small deposits, and burning it is harmful to the environment. One solution is to convert heavy APG hydrocarbons into methane, which can be transported along with natural gas or used to generate electricity and heat.

  STC is constantly searching for new APG utilization technologies. So in 2015, it was tested at the Krapivinskoye field new technology APG utilization - soft steam reforming.

• Filtration and capacitance properties (FEC)

  The filtration-capacitive properties of rocks are determined using basic physical parameters - porosity, permeability and water saturation. They determine the ability of reservoirs to accommodate and filter fluids, the movement of which can occur either as a result of natural processes (hydrocarbon migration) or as a result of human activities associated with mineral extraction and exploitation hydraulic structures. Rock porosity is a property that determines the rock's capacity. It is the ratio of the volume of all voids to the total volume of the rock. Permeability determines the throughput capacity of rocks, i.e. oil recovery factor and production well productivity. To assess the permeability of rocks, Darcy's linear filtration law is used, according to which the filtration rate of liquid in a porous medium is proportional to the pressure gradient and inversely proportional to dynamic viscosity. water saturation or water saturation coefficient characterizes the content of formation water in the reservoir. When a deposit is formed, part of the water remains in the void space of the reservoir. This water contained with the oil or gas in the reservoir is called residual water.

  The amount of residual water in deposits depends on the reservoir properties of the rocks: the smaller the size of the voids and the permeability of the reservoirs, the more there is.

• Fluid

  The term generally refers to a state of matter combining liquids and gases. Fluid dynamics are described by the laws of fluid mechanics.

• Chemical deviation

  The peculiarity of a chemical compound is to fill space and prevent other solutions or liquids from entering it. Thus, the chemical compound essentially deflects the solution from the voids it occupies and directs it in the other direction.

  Chemical diverters are used during hydraulic fracturing, when a mixture of proppant and a special hydraulic fracturing fluid must be diverted from already created fractures and sent to form new ones. This technology was used to carry out the first repeated hydraulic fracturing in Russia using chemical diversion technology. Then the whipstock blocked the cracks created during the first hydraulic fracturing. Chemical diversion technology has also been used for hydraulic fracturing using VDA acid. This acid makes it possible to create a branched network of fractures during hydraulic fracturing, providing additional oil flow into the well. The peculiarity of the composition used is its ability to turn into a gel. It temporarily plugs already formed fractures, diverting the remaining acid to other zones of the formation, thereby increasing the coverage of the area affected by the operation. Then, when reacting with hydrocarbons, the viscosity of the gel drops, and it is washed out along with oil into the well.

• Shelf

  Coastal shallow ocean zone, continental shelf. It is characterized by a geological structure common to the mainland.

• Production (production) well

  Designed for oil and gas production.

• Electronic Asset Development (ERA)

  Development strategy for Gazprom Neft IT projects in the field of exploration and production, which covers all main areas of activity: geological exploration, geology, drilling, development, production, field development. Its implementation began in 2012, and in 2014 it was included in the technology strategy of Gazprom Neft and is one of its key areas. The strategy is constantly updated to meet new production and business objectives of Gazprom Neft subsidiaries.

Depreciation is a financial accounting of costs - paid and future. Produced to reduce the cost of fixed capital in order to reduce tax payments.

Anticlinal trap- a hydrocarbon trap formed by an anticlinal structure.

Sealed bid auction- an auction in which participants submit their bids in a sealed envelope by a specified deadline (sometimes called a “blind” auction).

Arbitration- a way to make a profit by playing on price differences. For example, the same shares can be bought and sold simultaneously on different stock markets with benefit, because At a certain point, a situation may arise when the difference between purchase and sale prices in the markets (spred) will guarantee a profit.

Share capital- the sum of ordinary and preferred shares that provide ownership of the company.

Ordinary shares- certify ownership of a part of the corporation. Shareholders have the right to dividends and elections of the board of directors, i.e. exercise control over the corporation.

Shares authorized- the maximum number of ordinary shares that the company has the right to issue. This number is determined at the time of company formation.

Preferred shares- shares for which dividend payments are made after payments on bonds and before payments on ordinary shares. Typically the dividend is fixed. There are cumulative, non-cumulative and with participation.

Diluted shares- shares issued at an inflated price.

Share certificate- a document confirming ownership of a certain number of shares.

Assets- everything that a corporation owns. Cash, investments, raw materials, buildings, etc.

Current assets- funds that the company expects to receive within one financial year.

Stocks are growing- shares of rapidly growing companies that do not pay dividends and invest profits in production development.

Hidden assets- discrepancy between cost and financial statements and actual market value.

Net assets- cost of capital at market price minus debt obligations. This is the same as "book value".

Underwriter; Investment Banker Underwriting- purchase of new issues securities investment bankers (syndicates) for subsequent sale on the market.

BACK

B

Barrel is a unit of measurement for the production of oil and petroleum products. 1 barrel = 42 US gallons = 159 liters; 7.3 barrels = 1 ton of oil; 6.29 barrels = 1 cubic meter.

Barge- a non-self-propelled vessel used as a base for drilling equipment when laying underwater pipelines or transporting oil and petroleum products over short distances.

Tower cleaning- purification of gas or liquid by washing in a tower scrubber.

Bentonite- a type of natural clay added to drilling fluid (smectite, gel).

British Thermal Unit (BTU)- the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit.

Drill string- steel pipes about 10 m long for connecting the drill bit to the drilling machine.

Drilling platform- an offshore platform for drilling exploration and production wells, but in contrast to the production platform without processing equipment.

Drilling rig- a complete set of equipment for drilling wells.

Boring mine- an open hole in the center of the hull of a drilling ship through which drilling is carried out.

Drilling ship- a vessel equipped with an offshore drilling rig at depths inaccessible to jack-up or semi-submersible rigs.

Drilling fluid- a mixture of clay, water and chemical compounds pumped down the drill string to lubricate the system and maintain the required pressure.

Beneficiary- Recipient of money under a letter of credit, insurance or income from property managed by power of attorney.

"Bull"- an investor who believes that prices on the market will rise and builds his strategy accordingly. (Purchase of put options, sale of put options, etc.).

Backwardation- a situation on the market when spot quotes for a certain grade of oil exceed forward quotes for the same grade of oil for a month in advance. Indicates a downward trend in the price of a certain type of oil.

Concrete platform- an operating platform made of reinforced concrete, but not steel.

Farm out- a situation in which one company acquires part of the exploration and development license by paying part of the past or future costs of another company, which thereby gives up part of its exploration and development rights.

British Gas Corporation (BGC)- State corporation engaged in purchasing gas from oil companies, as well as its distribution and sales in the UK.

British National Petroleum Corporation (BNOC)- A public corporation founded by the British government to manage the development of the British sector of the continental shelf.

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Over-the-counter market is a market consisting of dealers and agents who may or may not be members of the stock exchange. Transactions are concluded over the telephone or computer network.

Warrant- a certificate giving the owner the right to purchase a certain number of securities at a set price. It can be indefinite or for a limited time.

Swivel- rotating connection of the drilling hose with the drill string.

Water pressure regime of the formation- a production process in which oil and gas are forced out of a formation by the pressure of an underlying layer of water.

Possible reserves- undeveloped oil and/or gas reserves that, based on sound engineering considerations, can be recovered from undiscovered structures.

Rotary drilling- drilling in which the entire drill string, including the drill bit, rotates (as opposed to turbine drilling).

Auxiliary booster station- a platform built along part of an underwater oil and gas pipeline to speed up the pumping process.

Blowout- a situation where the formation pressure exceeds the hydrostatic head of the drilling fluid, allowing the formation fluid to enter the wellbore.

Outlet pipe- steel structure for removal of associated gas for combustion.

Pinch out trap- a trap in which the formation or oil-bearing rock becomes thinner as it approaches the impermeable zone and disappears.

Redemption price- the price at which a producing company buys the oil it produces, which belongs to the state.

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Hydrocarbon gas - natural gas, the content of hydrocarbon components exceeds 50%.

Gas oil- intermediate distillate obtained during oil refining at the stage between lubricating oils and kerosene; used to produce diesel fuel and burned in central heating systems.

Gas condensate- liquid hydrocarbons found in combination with natural gas.

Gas pressure mode- production mode in which oil is forced out of the reservoir by the pressure of the gas cap.

Petroleum gas- natural gas sorbed by oil in reservoir conditions.

Gas cap- part of an oil and gas deposit represented by reservoir gas.

Associated gas- a mixture of free gas of the gas cap and petroleum gas extracted from a gas-oil deposit.

Free gas- natural gas from gas and gas condensate deposits, including gas from the gas cap.

Annual report- an official financial document reflecting the financial condition of the company. In monetary terms, the balance sheet reflects what a company owns, its debts, and the extent to which the company is owned by its shareholders.

Well killing- killing the flow in the well by balancing the reservoir pressure by filling the wellbore with a solution of sufficiently high density.

Horizon- a layer or several layers of rock that are believed to have formed in a sequential manner.

Gravimetric survey- a method of geological exploration in which changes in the gravitational field are used to determine the nature of underground rocks.

Gravity platform- a platform, usually made of reinforced concrete, which is firmly installed on the seabed by gravity without the use of piles.

Geological exploration for oil and gas- comprehensive work aimed at identifying, geological and economic assessment and preparation for the development of industrial oil and gas deposits.

They are divided into search and exploration stages. In turn, the prospecting stage includes three stages: regional geological and geophysical work; preparing the area for deep drilling; search for deposits (deposits). As for the exploration stage, its goal is to prepare the field for development.

Geothermal gradient- an increase in the temperature of the rock as the distance from the earth's surface increases.

Sealing polymer- a polymer added to the drilling fluid for this purpose. to ensure the impermeability of the porous rock.

Hybrid base- a hybrid type offshore platform, the base and storage of which are made of reinforced concrete, and the upper sections are made of steel.

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Oil and gas deposit- a single accumulation of oil and gas that fills a certain volume of rocks, called a “trap”.

Slaughter- lower part of the well.

Industrial category stocks- deposit reserves studied in sufficient detail, the oil and gas potential of which has been established on the basis of industrial inflows of oil and gas obtained in wells.

Drilling a well- starting to drill a well from a small hole with a large-diameter drill bit.

Well completion- the process by which a completed well is prepared for production using wellhead equipment.

Contour well- drilled directly beyond the contour of the proven reserves of the field in order to study the possibility of expanding the field.

Kicking off a new wellbore- a recovery procedure for creating new sections of a well in order to bypass the accumulated “scrap”, as well as for the purpose of re-drilling a lost well.

Annular space- the name of the annular space between the drill string and the wellbore.

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Dividend is a payment on stocks and bonds. The dividend can be permanent (fixed), like a bond; and changing, depending on the financial condition of the company.

Diesel fuel- light petroleum fuel.

Dividend accumulated- Dividend on the Bond due from the moment of the last payment. When purchasing such a bond, the buyer pays its market value plus the accumulated dividend.

Dynamic adjustment- a method in which the offshore foundation is held in a constant position by the propellers of an electronically controlled rotary thruster, rather than by anchors.

Liquidity movement- net income plus depreciation charges, which are retained on the books but not paid out in cash.

Certificate of Deposit- issued by banks. Has a set interest rate and repayment period.

Dealer- a financial company or individual who is engaged in the purchase and sale of securities, and not as an agent. The dealer's remuneration is the difference between the purchase and sale prices, the agent (broker) is the commission.

Discount (discount)- reduction in the par value of a preferred share or bond upon its sale.

Power of attorney- a notarized document confirming the transfer of certain rights to a third party.

Primary mining- extraction of oil or gas from a reservoir using only natural processes.

Secondary mining- extraction of oil or gas from a reservoir by artificial methods of maintaining or increasing reservoir pressure by injecting gas, water or other substances into the reservoir rock.

Oil extraction using tertiary methods- production of oil or gas from a part of the formation lying above that part from which production can be carried out using primary or secondary methods. Usually requires complex technologies, such as heating the formation to reduce the viscosity of the oil or injecting chemicals to dissolve the oil.

Proven deposit- an oil and/or gas field for which the physical extent and estimated reserves have been determined.

Proven reserves- estimated hydrocarbon reserves that can be extracted in the future from known oil or gas reservoirs at the existing economic and technical level, based on geological and technical information.

Two-pipe- two sections of drill pipe, casing or tubing connected together.

Diaphragm- a device that partially restricts the flow in a pipe, can be used as a flow rate meter in a pipeline.

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Course indices- methods for determining price changes for certain groups of securities or other financial products. The most famous are Dow Jones, S&P 500, Russell 2000, etc.

Recoverable reserves- part of the oil or gas in the reservoir that can be produced using the available at the moment technology.

Identura- an agreement on the issue of bonds, which sets the maturity date, annual interest and other conditions.

Insider- a person who, by virtue of his position, has access to financial, etc. important information, inaccessible to the general public. Insider purchases and sales of securities are strictly controlled, recorded and published.

Institutional Investor- an organization whose activities are focused on investing. An example of I.I. can serve pension funds, insurance companies, banks.
Investment- use of money to obtain big money to increase income or capital gains.

Bent well- a well drilled with a gradual deviation of the trunk from the vertical (in order to reach different parts of the formation from one platform).

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Well workover is the re-entry into a completed well to carry out cleanup and restoration work.

Catalysts- substances that change the rate of a chemical reaction and are not part of the final products. Catalysts provide energetically less hindered reaction paths, allowing for efficient use of raw materials.

Book value- determined by adding all assets and then subtracting liabilities, taxes, bonds and other debt obligations. The result is divided by the number of ordinary shares.

Well logging- a complete record of information collected during drilling of a well. Such information allows you to build a complete picture of the geological section passed by a given well.

well logging- a tabular or graphical description of drilling conditions or geophysical characteristics obtained during well testing.

Isopach map- a geological map with plotted isolines of equal thicknesses of a certain horizon (layer of rocks).

Catalytic cracking- a process in which heavy hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into light molecules when passed through a suitable catalyst (usually when heated). In the oil industry, it contributes to the deepening of oil refining. Used to produce high-octane gasoline.

Kern- a cylindrical rock sample obtained from a well while drilling it using a core sampler with a ring-shaped drill bit.

Side core- cylindrical rock samples obtained by torpedoing hollow metal cylinders into the wall of the wellbore.

Core sampler- A hollow section of pipe above an annular bit.

Kerosene- medium-light distillate obtained as a result of oil refining, intermediate between gas oil and gaseous fuels. Used to produce fuel for jet and turbojet aircraft engines.

Acid treatment- a stimulation method in which acid is injected into a low-permeability formation, expanding pore sizes and increasing oil flow.

Valves- devices for monitoring and controlling the flow of liquids or gases through pipes. main types of valves: diaphragm, shut-off, ball, throttle, stop and safety.

Oil and gas reservoirs- rocks that have the ability to contain oil and gas, as well as pass them through themselves in the presence of a pressure difference.

Coke- solid carbon and other oil impurities formed inside the screen pipes.

Distillation column- stabilization column to reduce vapors of gasoline and its products during refining.

Convertible securities- bonds, preferred shares, which, according to the terms of issue, can be exchanged for ordinary shares.

Compensators- hydraulically driven equipment to compensate for the up and down movement of a floating drilling rig or drilling vessel during drilling.

Contango- A market situation when spot quotes for a certain grade of oil are lower than forward quotes for the same grade of oil a month in advance. Indicates an upward trend in the price of a certain type of oil.

Compressor- equipment used to compress gas for injection into a reservoir or injection into a pipeline.

Conversion oil- the starting reagent for the production of pure carbon.

Capacitor- a device for converting a substance from a vapor to a liquid state.

Coupon bond- issued with interest coupons, which are cut off and provided for interest payment at the appropriate time.

Coupon rate- interest rate on bonds, depending on the creditworthiness of the company and its potential profit.

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A trap is a volume of rock in which changes in permeability promote the accumulation and retention of oil and gas.

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An oil and gas field is a separate deposit or group of deposits, separated vertically or horizontally, but controlled by one local structure.

Multi-storey fields- the deposits that make up the field are located within the average oil-bearing contour at various stratigraphic levels.

"Bear"- an investor who bases his strategy and tactics on the assumption that the market as a whole or individual stocks will fall in price. Such strategies are short sale (sale without covering), purchase of put options (put), sale of secured options (covered call), etc.

"Bear market"- a market situation in which there is a steady downward trend in prices over a long period of time.

Municipal bonds- are issued by states, cities, districts for the purpose of financing various projects. Income from such bonds is exempt from both state and local taxes.

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Oil is a flammable oily liquid common in the sedimentary shell of the Earth; the most important mineral resource. A complex mixture of alkanes, some cyclanes and arenes, as well as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen compounds. There are light (0.65-0.87 g/cm3), medium (0.871-0.910 g/cm3) and heavy (0.910-1.05 g/cm3) oil. Heat of combustion 43.7-46.2 MJ/kg (10,400-11,000 kcal/kg). Oil is classified according to its S content into low-sulfur (up to 0.5% S), sulfur (0.5-2% S) and high-sulfur (over 2% S). They have been used for a long time (since the 6th millennium BC). By distillation, gasoline, jet fuel, lighting kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oil are obtained from oil.

Oil and gas geological zoning- division of sedimentary basins into oil and gas bearing objects of different scales, from oil and gas bearing provinces to oil and gas fields and deposits. It is based on a set of geological indicators that determine the conditions for the generation, migration, accumulation and preservation of hydrocarbon accumulations.

Oil and gas region- a set of several adjacent fields, united by common oil and gas formations and structural conditions. For example, Surgutsky, Romashkinsky, Starogroznensky.

Oil and gas bearing area- a set of several adjacent oil and gas bearing areas, united by the similarity of geological structure, conditions of oil and gas formation and the history of geological development. Most often corresponds to geological objects of a subregional scale. For example, Kuban-Black Sea, Embenskaya.

Oil and gas province- a relatively large section of the earth’s crust, uniting several adjacent oil and gas bearing areas with common features of regional geology and similar conditions for regional oil and gas formation and oil and gas accumulation. Most often it corresponds to geological objects of regional and supraregional scale. For example, Volga-Ural, Timan-Pechora.

Oil and gas complex- part of a geological section, differing in a similar lithological composition from the above and underlying rocks, containing oil and gas in industrial volumes.

Oil recovery- the degree of completeness of displacement of oil from the productive horizon into wells (mines) by water or gas under the influence of reservoir energy. Oil recovery from a reservoir is assessed by the oil recovery factor (the ratio of produced oil to its geological reserves). Petroleum products in the broad sense are mixtures of hydrocarbons and some of their derivatives, less often - individual chemical compounds obtained by processing oil and petroleum associated gases. They are used as fuel, lubricants, raw materials for petrochemical synthesis, etc.

Injection wells- wells used to maintain reservoir pressure.

Denomination- face value. Represents the amount that the party that issued the bond undertakes to pay for it upon redemption of the issue. This amount is usually printed on the face of the bond.

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Audit report - a report from an audit firm on the work and financial condition corporations. Checking the compliance of the accounting report with generally accepted practice.

Bond- a debt obligation issued by a state, company, municipal district, etc., under which the party issuing the bond undertakes to pay the owner a set annual interest, and upon maturity, repay its debt and buy it back at par. The owner of the bond is the creditor.

Water cut (wells)- percentage of water in the total volume (weight) of fluid extracted from the well. Accordingly, water cut can be volumetric and weight.

Bearer bond- a type of bond in which the name of the owner is not recorded, but interest and/or money is paid to the bearer at maturity. Currently, such bonds are practically not issued in the United States.

Bond secured by income from the property- usually municipal bonds issued for the construction and operation of roads, bridges, energy facilities, etc. A portion of the proceeds from these facilities go toward paying off the bond debt.

Option- a contract to buy or sell a certain number of shares or other products at a certain price for a specified time.

Open option (unsecured)- an option sold by an investor without actual ownership of the stock or product. This strategy is considered very risky, because... could theoretically lead to unlimited financial losses.

Option to purchase- gives the right to purchase a certain number of shares at a set price during a certain period of time.

Option covered- sale of a buy option if the relevant securities are available. If the securities are recalled, they are already available. T.n. sale with security.

Collateral (collateral)- Transfer of securities as collateral as collateral. The collateral can be real estate, company assets, etc.

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Liabilities are the material obligations of a corporation, which include various payments (interest on bonds, salaries, taxes, etc.)

Current liabilities- Debts of the company that must be paid within a year.

Forecasting resources and calculating hydrocarbon reserves- carried out on early stage geological exploration work for the purpose of geological and economic assessment of reserves in potentially oil and gas bearing regions.

Depending on the degree of preparedness of information, resources and supplies are allocated. Resources, according to the degree of their validity, are divided into promising (C3) and forecast (D1 and D2). According to the degree of exploration, oil and gas reserves are divided into explored (A, B and C1) and preliminary estimated (C2). The most reliable reserves are industrial categories (A, B, C1).

Industrial oil and gas reserves- the volume of hydrocarbon reserves, which is the basis for designing the development and operation of gas and oil fields.

Sale without security- sale of shares or other securities that the investor does not have. The shares are borrowed from a brokerage firm and sold on the market. Such a transaction must be covered - securities must be purchased and returned. The difference between the sale and purchase price can be either a profit or a loss.

Confirmed proven developed reserves- this category of reserves includes proven reserves that are under development, or undeveloped, but extracted using existing wells or through the use of special technologies, as well as those transferred to the status of undeveloped by their owner.

Reserves classified as undeveloped areas in developing fields may be classified as developed if their value is insignificant in comparison with the total reserves in the developed area.

Confirmed proven undeveloped reserves- reserves extracted from existing wells and requiring relatively small capital investments for development.

Confirmed proven reserves- reserves that can be expected to be recovered using existing wells under established equipment and development methods and existing economic and operating conditions.

Proven reserves- reserves considered to be recoverable using existing technology under existing economic conditions from that part of the oil and gas bearing formation that can be reliably assessed as economically productive.

The assessment is based on an analysis of prospecting, geological, geophysical and engineering information, including reserves that can be recovered using advanced technologies that have proven to be economically and technically successful for use in a given field.

Confirmed Undiscovered- reserves that are expected to be recovered from new fields in undrilled areas, or from existing fields, the additional development of which requires relatively large capital investments.

Search block- The territory within which the search for new hydrocarbon deposits is carried out.

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Auction market - a scheme for the sale of securities through brokers or agents on stock exchange. Buyers and sellers compete to buy or sell securities at the best price.

Bull market- a situation in which prices on the market rise over a long period of time.

Refinancing- an investment scheme in which the capital received for a new issue of securities is used to cover previous debt obligations.

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A certificate of deposit for foreign securities is a publicly traded certificate representing a specified number of shares of a foreign company. Deposited in a foreign branch of the bank or in its foreign branch.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)- a mixture of light hydrocarbons from an oil-bearing formation, which at normal temperatures are in a gaseous state and liquefy when cooled or under pressure. Consists mainly of butane and propane. Sometimes called condensation.

Seismic exploration using 3-D methodology- seismic exploration is carried out to obtain a three-dimensional image of the areas under study. Three-dimensional seismic exploration is a fairly expensive exploration method because it requires a significant amount of time for computer data processing.

Split- splitting, dividing the outstanding shares into a larger number.

Pre-issue transactions- transactions with securities that have not yet been issued, but for which there is already permission to issue.
Spread - The size of the "gap", the difference in prices for different types of oil. In essence, it is a combined discount or premium for a given grade of oil relative to another grade selected as the base one.
Spot - Transactions for immediate delivery. Delivery within two weeks, and for some types of oil - within three weeks. Spot quotes are used to assess the correctness of the chosen price of a previously concluded forward transaction; for issuing invoices for deliveries, calculations for which are carried out on the basis of formulas based on spot quotes at the time of shipment of goods; are also used as a starting point from which counterparties begin discussing the price terms of transactions on the next quotation day.

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Ticker is an electronic system that provides information about the latest prices of securities transactions. Displayed as a running line.

Trader- a person who buys or sells securities for his own account in order to obtain short-term profit.

Pipeline- a structure made of pipes connected by welded, flanged, threaded and other joints for transporting liquids, gases, suspensions, etc. under the influence of pressure differences in different sections. Depending on the type of product being transported, pipelines are also called gas pipelines, oil pipelines, oil product pipelines, condensate pipelines, etc.

Hard-to-recover oil reserves- reserves of fields, deposits or their individual parts, characterized by geological conditions of oil occurrence and (or) its physical properties that are relatively unfavorable for extraction. Extraction of hard-to-recover reserves requires increased costs of financial, material and labor resources, non-traditional technologies, special non-serial equipment and scarce reagents and materials.

According to the economic criteria of development efficiency, hard-to-recover reserves occupy an intermediate position between off-balance sheet (unprofitable under existing economic conditions, equipment and technology of oil production) and recoverable oil reserves, the development of which can be carried out profitably in modern conditions. Hard-to-recover oil reserves include:

enclosed in low-permeability reservoirs (less than 0.05 µm2);

in oil-water contact zones (water-oil zones) or oil and gas deposits in the oil-gas contact zone (gas-oil zones);

characterized by high gas saturation and the extraction of which is limited by the maximum permissible depression value that does not cause irreversible deformation of the rock;

which contain aggressive components (hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide) in the dissolved and/or free gas in quantities that require the use of special equipment and work technology when drilling wells and oil production;

located at great depths (more than 4000 m);

with a reservoir temperature of 1000°C and above;

with a low difference between the reservoir temperature and the pour point of paraffin and resins.

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Averaging is the purchase of securities for the same amount at regular intervals, regardless of price fluctuations. As a result, over time, the price at which shares are sold begins to exceed their average cost.

Cost Averaging- an investment scheme where the same amount is invested in the same securities at regular intervals, regardless of price. After some time, the price of securities will exceed the average cost.

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Futures are contracts that specify the delivery date and quantity of various products (material or financial). Contracts for agricultural products - wheat, corn, meat, coffee, etc. - are popular in the US futures market.

Futures transactions- contracts based on long-term financial obligations.
Fiscal year- reporting year of the company's activity. The reporting period can begin on any day and month. Most companies operate on a calendar year basis.
Fund money market - a fund that invests money in government securities, certificates of deposit, short-term commercial bills. Most brokerage firm clients keep cash in their accounts in such funds. They are highly liquid and have a higher annual interest rate compared to banks.

Mutual fund (joint)- A financial company that uses capital to invest in other companies. Such funds are of open and closed type. They can specialize by types of securities, geographic regions, industries, etc.

Forward- transactions with deferred delivery. Deliveries for some key grades of oil are in a month, two or three months. Forward quotes, in fact, are market participants' forecasted assessment of the situation for a month, two or three months in advance. In combination with spot quotes (see also "Spot" ), forward quotes demonstrate the most likely current trend in price changes for a certain type of oil over a period of one, two or three months.

Stock Exchange- a centralized place for trading securities.

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Hedging is a set of strategies to minimize the possibility of financial losses. Includes the purchase of put contracts, covered options, etc.

Petroleum chemistry- a branch of chemistry that studies the structure, methods of isolation and transformation of the compounds that make up oil and petroleum products.

> OIL AND GAS TERMS

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Resources, the estimate of which (as a rule, is upper) is made without the cost of their development

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Deposit or field of oil or gas. The process of formation of oil or gas deposits from dispersed migrating hydrocarbons

Qualitative characteristic of the object of assessment (for example, reserves, resources), meaning the degree of approximation to the true value (high, medium, low)

Rain containing sulfuric, nitric and other acids above normal levels. Formed as a result of atmospheric pollution by oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, etc., including those created by gas flares in oil and gas fields

Mineral reserves under development or suitable for development in modern technical and economic conditions

Explored recoverable reserves. The term is used as a synonym for proven reserves

1) potentially profitable resources, the economic feasibility of whose development will become possible in the future
2) poorly explored or mostly undiscovered resources

An increase in reserves over a certain period as a result of the discovery of new or exploration of known deposits, as well as the revaluation of their reserves without additional work

Producer gas obtained by blowing air through a layer of hot fuel (coke, coal, peat, etc.)

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A mixture of air and flammable gas

Level or volume of production permitted by relevant official restrictions

A set of calculations to determine the amount of mineral reserves (resources)

In project analysis: expert assessment of the acceptability of an investment project in accordance with certain decision-making criteria

An exploration well drilled in close proximity to the discovery well of a field (oil, gas) for the purpose of more detailed study of the productive interval and conducting trial operation

1) gas in contact (associated) with oil in the field. Can be free, concentrated in the gas caps of gas-oil deposits, or bound, dissolved in oil
2) gas of gas caps

Usually this refers to gas from gas caps containing a significant amount of condensate

Resources, the development of which can be profitable in modern conditions. The term is used in Western European countries

The amount of oil or gas that can be supplied (from a field, reservoir or well) into a pipeline over a given period of time

Reserves of fields being developed or prepared for development

The amount of mineral that can be obtained from a unit volume of productive rock. One of the main parameters used in the preliminary assessment of reserves and predicted resources of minerals

A measure of liquids and granular bodies equal to 119.2–163.7 l. To measure the volume of oil and liquid petroleum products, as a rule, an American barrel is used, corresponding to 158.984 liters

Contract price on a specific delivery basis

The most representative grade of oil, the prices of which are used as the basis for determining the price level for other grades of oil (taking into account qualitative differences in oil and the geographical location of shipping points)

A unit of measurement of thermal energy equal to the amount of heat required to heat 1 pound of water 1 F (1.055 kJ)

The period of time from the start of field exploitation until the achievement of highest level mining

A product of non-main production, obtained as an accompanying component in production aimed at the manufacture of another product. The by-product includes part of the total production costs, while the expected profit or loss from its sale is zero

Income from the sale of by-products: for example, sulfur from the processing of high-sulfur oils and gases

The amount of heat released during complete combustion of a unit of fuel

The ratio of the actual productivity of the installation, plant, field to the installed capacity

Potential production level that can be achieved at the field

Costs associated with the implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences of environmental pollution (usually the surface of the water area and the adjacent coast) as a result of oil leaks and spills

Capitalized expenses, the cost of the company's fixed assets; investments in fixed assets necessary for the implementation of the project

Gaseous fuel of medium calorie content (higher calorific value 16.760-20.950 kJ/m3), obtained as a by-product during the coking of bituminous coal

Gas, the oxidation of which is accompanied by the formation of a flame: gaseous hydrocarbons, CO, H, as well as various gaseous mixtures with a fairly high content of these gases

A deposit, the development of which is profitable under the conditions existing at the date of its reserves assessment

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Expenses for completion, casing, development of wells, mine workings, etc. Well construction costs: drilling, completion and well development costs

A white or light yellow mixture of liquid hydrocarbons with a density of less than 0.78 g/m3 (pentane + higher), resulting from their condensation under surface conditions

Oil sold (or purchased) under a long-term contract

Prices fixed in the sales contract

An entrepreneur or company performing certain types of work (seismic exploration, well drilling, pipeline laying, etc.) on a contract basis (under a contract)

Energy sources that are relatively inexpensive to develop (“usually”): fossil energy sources associated with deposits that provide cost-effective extraction of the mineral using proven development methods, as well as river runoff energy. The border between “conventional” and “unusual” energy sources is very vague and depends both on the prices of a given energy raw material and on the improvement of equipment and technology

Oil or gas from “conventional” fields developed by “conventional” methods (primary and secondary). Oil and gas, the production and use of which are relatively inexpensive in modern conditions

Reimbursement of capital investments in depletable assets as the reserves of a developed field are depleted by writing off the corresponding part of capital costs from income subject to taxation

High-calorie gas obtained from cracking oil

Volume of primary oil refining; oil supplies to refineries. Term used to characterize the balance of production and consumption of liquid fuel

A product of the transformation of oil under surface conditions. Natural bitumen makes up the hydrocarbon portion of tar sands

A natural mixture of hydrocarbons of the methane, naphthenic and aromatic series with an admixture of organic, sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen compounds, which is in a liquid state in reservoir conditions and remains liquid in surface conditions

Oil intended for processing at an oil refinery, as opposed to oil consumed directly in its unrefined form (in power plants, oil fields, etc.)

The total quantity of minerals recovered from known deposits at any point since their development began

Short-term or over a certain period of time (hour, day, etc.) entry of any pollutants into the environment

Technical development of projects, drawing up estimates, sometimes also includes financial and environmental justification of projects. Also service activities in this area

Usually this term is synonymous with the term “reservoir development by tertiary methods”

Pollution of air, water and soil as a result of harmful emissions of combustion products of organic fuels, etc., the operation of nuclear reactors and leaks of oil and petroleum products; loss of natural resources (land seizure, destruction of landscapes by mining), etc.

1) a set of actions, conditions and processes that directly or indirectly lead to vital damage (or threats of such damage) caused to the natural environment, individuals or humanity as a whole; 2) a set of conditions, phenomena and actions that ensure the ecological balance on Earth and in any of its regions at a level to which humanity is physically, socio-economically, technologically and politically ready (can adapt without serious damage). Can be considered in global, regional, local and conditionally point-by-point frameworks

The term does not mean a low degree of reliability of reserve estimates, but only the assumption of their specific value

Complex of regional drilling and geophysical works of prospecting and exploration drilling

The totality of capital and current (non-capitalized) expenses associated with the search and exploration of mineral deposits: geological and geophysical (regional) studies, drilling of parametric, prospecting and exploration wells

Dynamics of the rate of discovery of fields, annual increase in reserves, specific increase in reserves (per meter of penetration or per well), specific costs cash for stock preparation

Official permission to carry out the entire range of prospecting, exploration and development work

Drilling wells for the purpose of prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits. Goals: discovery of deposits and their preparation for operational drilling and development, as well as preliminary assessment of mineral reserves

The ratio of the number of effective (productive) prospecting and exploration wells to the total number of drilled wells of this category

A well, which is drilled to search for new deposits or deposits, exploration (delineation) of open deposits, exploration of deeper and shallower horizons in known deposits

Characterize the amount of initial or residual reserves of known deposits

Carrying out additional exploration work at a developed deposit (site, deposit, mine field, quarry) using delineation and production wells in order to increase the productive area and, accordingly, industrial reserves of minerals

An exploration well drilled to expand the productive area of ​​a deposit (deposit, ore body), clarify the boundaries, effective thickness and other parameters of the morphology of the deposit (deposit, ore body)

The ratio of the amount of a mineral extracted to the surface to its original amount in the depths. It takes into account the losses and dilution of minerals during its extraction

An accumulation of a mineral deposit confined to a specific geological form and characterized by the common conditions for the formation of its constituent deposits (productive horizons)

Non-capitalized costs for collection and preparation (separation, purification, stabilization) of oil, gas or condensate, as well as storage and transportation of produced raw materials within the oil or gas field (from the wellhead to the main pipeline or oil loading berth)

Operational data, technical and economic data on the operation of the field

Final oil recovery
the maximum possible amount of oil that can be extracted from a reservoir (maximum recoverable reserves)

Unused associated gas from oil fields

Minerals formed as a result of the transformation of buried organic matter of plant or animal origin into various types natural fuel and its concentration in the rock mass. The term combines coal, shale, oil, gas, tar sands

A gas that is not dissolved in oil and is not in contact with it, i.e. gas from pure gas and gas condensate deposits

Any substance that can be burned to produce thermal energy, as well as radioactive materials, the fission of whose nuclei in reactors leads to the release of heat

Combustible gas used as process or municipal fuel

Gaseous fuel (usually low-calorie) used in kilns, dryers, etc.

A general term applied to both natural and artificial gas (hydrocarbon or other composition)

Light diesel fuel; oil fraction that boils away at a temperature of 200–300C

Single isolated gas accumulation within a field

A well from which commercial production of free gas is or can be made

Free gas of two-phase gas-oil (oil and gas) deposits

Ratio of gas and oil (in reserves, production)

A mixture of low-boiling liquid hydrocarbons (boiling point no higher than 200C) obtained during oil refining, natural gas drying, or refining oil and solid fuels

Light oil fraction, boiling away at a temperature of 30–2000C

The totality of current costs associated with the transportation and storage of produced hydrocarbons within the oil or gas field

Oil and gas fields with reserves, respectively, of at least 13.5 million tons or 13.5 billion m3. In scientific geological literature, this term often denotes fields with reserves of at least 67.5 million tons of oil or 67.5 billion m3 of gas

A term more often used in relation to enterprises engaged in the production of products. In relation to the energy sector: 1) total production of minerals without taking into account losses and (or) costs of extracted raw materials for own needs; 2) total extraction of mineral resources without taking into account the subsequent provision of part of the extracted raw materials at the disposal of the landowner or subsoil owner; 3) total production of electricity (heat) energy

Volume of refinery raw materials processed; general feedstock supplies to refineries. The term is used to characterize the balance of production and consumption of liquid fuel

The total volume of production of petroleum products, taking into account the consumption of refinery fuel for the refinery’s own needs; oil refinery needs; volume of actual processing of refinery raw materials (oil, gas condensate liquids and intermediates) minus technological losses of feedstock

Degassed, highly viscous and low-moving oil in reservoir conditions, the absolute viscosity of which ranges from 0.05 to 10 Pa*s (primary characteristic), and density - from 0.934 to 1 g/cm3 (secondary characteristic)

Oil characterized by a high density value in degrees of the American Petroleum Institute, i.e. low density in metric units (usually no higher than 0.876 g/cm3)

Petroleum products and hydrocarbon gases used as fuel

A set of manufacturing industries, including oil and gas refining, petrochemicals and the production of artificial (synthetic) hydrocarbon fuels

A qualitative characteristic of an area indicating the possibility of discovering oil or gas deposits within its boundaries

Generalized name of oil and gas, if it is not accompanied by an indication of the phase composition

The undiscovered portion of total resources, calculated based on estimated productive areas within oil and gas, coal and uranium ore regions with established favorable geological conditions

One of the methods for intensifying oil production after the loss of its natural mobility, as well as initially high-viscosity oil

Geological, shared resources or reserves, excluding recovery factors and production losses

Vertical integration is the combination of two or more different stages in one company production process. Horizontal - combining different departments that work at the same stage of production

The period of exploration and development of the field and its preparation for operation; the period from the start of design and survey work to the launch of the first stage of the enterprise (processing, enrichment, etc.)

1) gas consisting of methane, ethane and propane, after extraction of butane, propane and heavy homologues; 2) low-calorie gas

Dry or dried natural gas (mainly methane), liquefied at surface conditions by cooling to 160C

Liquefied gaseous hydrocarbons, heavier than ethane (butanes, propane); in reservoir conditions they are in a dissolved state in oil; obtained by drying associated gas

Oil and petroleum products. The term is used to characterize the fuel and energy balance

Hydrocarbons remaining in the liquid phase at atmospheric pressure and normal temperature (oil and condensate)

Artificial gaseous fuel, the higher calorific value of which does not exceed 12,990 kJ/m3 (usually 3,350–7,540 kJ/m3)

Strategic industries such as petrochemicals and hydrocarbon production cannot be effectively mastered and developed without using world achievements in this area. Any advanced technology or equipment requires mandatory correct application and operation, in accordance with technical regulations. It is impossible to do without specialists and developers of these products. Moreover, when using foreign equipment, it is necessary to constantly not only maintain it in working order, but also to supply it with spare parts.

To implement this entire process, it is necessary to maintain, at a minimum, smooth political interstate relations with those countries whose equipment and technologies are used in industries that are strategic for Russia.

But, for effective interaction between specialists in this field, an absolutely complete adequate understanding by both parties of all special technical terms and meanings is required. Not only the efficiency of specialized oil and gas equipment, but often the safety of a hazardous production facility largely depends on the level of qualifications of technical translators and the correctness of their translation.

It must be taken into account that as a result of the development of the petrochemical industry, the number of specialized terms is also increasing. All this stimulates the improvement of special industry glossaries with correct translations, technical dictionaries, encyclopedic material, etc. The task of the translation process is the following: the adequacy and full understanding of the parties regarding all technical information, as well as the absence of errors and inaccuracies in the translations of special terms, which can be observed not only when reading specialized literature, but also in communication between specialists of different language groups.

In order to clearly understand the meanings of special technical terms, it is necessary to know the etymology of these words. This is a special section of linguistics, which is designed to explore the origin of specific words through special methods and techniques.

Carrying out an etymological analysis of a term, first of all, the origin of the language from which the word denoting it originated is determined. Naturally, since language is "alive" substance, the word changes (increases, shortens, loses letters, etc.), often acquires a different phonetic meaning and comes to us in a completely unfamiliar form for perception. For example, to trace the evolution of the creation of the word oil you need to track the following chain: oleum(Latin) – olive tree, huile(Old French) – liquid oil, oil(English) - oil, oil. Moreover, the meaning of the word "oil" first came into use in 1520.

Word "petroleum" borrowed entirely from Latin: "petra" + "oleum" or "breed" + "oil".

But the term means in English as "drilling" – drilling– came already from the Danish language.

In linguistics, there are certain statements that explain the reason for the appearance of special terms - people, in the process of development and the passage of a certain amount of time, tend to associate events and objects, while highlighting distinctive features and similarities. This is one of the ways as a result of which new words and terminology appear, especially special ones.

So, for example, the word "petrol", in English "spirit" was recorded in the mid-13th century (1250). Its origin comes from the Latin word "spiritus", then Old French appeared espirit. This word is translated into Russian as "soul"- an immaterial substance, the beginning of all life, the opposite of the physical body. In 1610, this word began to refer to volatile chemicals. It is assumed that the logical chain of the term "petrol" comes their meaning "volatile substance" – gasoline is subject to evaporation, and the soul flies away from the physical body.

Word derrick, for example, has its origins in the name of the executioner, who "worked" at the court of the English Queen Elizabeth I. Later this word was called "executioner", and then "gallows", which, apparently, was associated in appearance with a drilling rig.

Language is also filled with new terms due to the fact that a person, trying not to complicate the processes of communication, gives names to new objects and actions based on the everyday words he uses in everyday life. Any special term must have certain qualities: a systematic approach, lack of ambiguity in understanding, neutrality in style, easy pronunciation of the syllables of the word and, of course, accuracy. But not all technical terms meet these and other requirements, which does not prevent them from existing and being absolutely necessary.

There are also words that "jumped over" from another science and yet they retain the original meaning, at least they contain its main characteristics.

The development of private property and the emergence of capitalist relations greatly influenced the emergence of new words, terms and specialized glossaries in the English language. New production is always associated with new technical concepts and meanings. This develops the language - it is filled with numerous technical terms. It was at this time that definitions such as carbon, petrol, petrolatum, lubricant, and also black strap, seal grease, turbine fuel, gear oil, gasoline, wax, liquid, kerosene, benzene, paraffin, vaseline.

Scientific and technical lexical expressions are largely based on ancient Greek and Latin words.

"Gasoline" in meaning "petrol" came to us again from Latin - gas + oil. After attaching to these words joined together the chemical common suffix - ine the expression took on a complete form. The next period, when a new layer of special terms and phrases appeared, was the beginning of the twentieth century. It was then that it was one of the main levers for the development of the world economy, as a result of which huge investments began to be made in this industry. This gave impetus to technologies and equipment that needed to be given new names.