Approved by the manager department

management and marketing

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Seminar lesson No. 1 (L No. 1,2)

Topic: Basic concepts of the discipline “Industrial technology system”

Introduction

Main questions

1. General characteristics of the discipline “Technology System in Industry”.

2. Evolution of technologies and technological structures.

3. Industrial technologies and technological processes

4. Self-preparation

Organization of the production process (1. Zhelibo E.P., Anopko D.V., Buslik V.M., Avramenko M.A., Petrik L.S., Pirch V.P. Fundamentals of vibroculture technologies in the galuzes of the people's dominion: Navch .pos_bnik. – K.: Condor, 2005. – 716 p.)

Abstract topics:

1. Science and technology

2.Strategy for technological development of Ukraine

Literature

Main:

1. Borovsky B.I., Timchenko Z.V. Guidelines for studying the discipline “Fundamentals of Industry Technologies” - Simferopol, 2000. - 108 p.

2. Derechin V.V. Technology systems. – Odessa: Latstar, 2002. – 300 p.

4. Dudko P. D. Systems of technologies. - Kharkov, 2003. - 336 p.

5. Zbozhna O. M. Fundamentals of technology. – Ternopil: Kart-Yulansh, 2002.- 486 p.

6. Zhelibo E.P., Anopko D.V., Buslyk V.M., Avramenko M.A., Petrik L.S., Pirch V.P. Fundamentals of production technologies in the Galuzia of the People's Dominion: Navch.pos_bnik. – K.: Condor, 2005. – 716 p.

Additional:

7. Mussky S. A. One Hundred Great Wonders of Technology. - M., 2001. - 432 p.

8. Rublyuk O. V., Panchuk V. G. Systems of technologies: Lecture notes. – Ivano-Frankivsk, 2001. – 168 p.

Introduction

The course “System of Technologies in Industry” is a general educational discipline in the process of training specialists in economics. Studying this course will provide an opportunity to acquire knowledge about modern technological processes, their integrated use in individual industries and industries; at the same time, to form an understanding of the connection between technologies and economic disciplines, since the most important technical and economic indicators of production are determined on the basis of these technology systems.

Currently, industrial production technology is an independent branch of knowledge that has accumulated theoretical and practical material. Technology intertwines knowledge of physics, chemistry, mathematics, mechanics, cybernetics and economic disciplines. An economist must know the patterns and directions of development of industries and have some technical knowledge. An economist who does not know enough about production, using only economic indicators, cannot make the right decision. Only with a good knowledge of production can a correct analysis of the enterprise’s activities be made in order to increase the efficiency of social production at the lowest cost of raw materials, energy and labor resources.

The purpose of this seminar is to consolidate and deepen the knowledge acquired during the lectures. Namely, an understanding of the subject, goals and theoretical foundations of the discipline “system of technologies in industry”, consideration of the evolution of technologies and technological structures. And also to consolidate knowledge about industrial technologies, their types, features of the organization of the production process and the technological process as its component part.

And also to determine the level of knowledge and quality of students’ self-training on this topic and, based on an analysis of the level of training, to encourage them to work more effectively and purposefully.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

To form a system of knowledge about technologies, types of industrial technologies;

Form an idea of ​​the evolution of technologies and technological structures;

Develop memory and mental abilities

1 general characteristics discipline "Technology system in industry"».

Technology is the science of obtaining raw materials and making certain products from them.

You can transform raw materials into products different ways. Therefore, everyone way- This is a separate technology by which a certain type of product is produced.

The same type of product can be obtained in different ways, that is, using different technologies. For example , Gasoline can be obtained by distillation of petroleum and cracking catalysis of petroleum products.

Modern technologies widely use the scientific achievements of mechanics, chemistry, physics, heat engineering, electrical engineering and other sciences. Nowadays t technology became vast branch of knowledge- she studies and develops industrial methods for producing various types of products.

The choice of technology depends not only on the type of raw materials and products produced at the enterprise, but also on their quantity. For example,harvester, a car or other machine can be assembled from individual parts in a small assembly area. When we are talking about hundreds of thousands of combines, cars and other machines per year, it is necessary to create powerful conveyor lines (English « conveyer" from "convery" - transport, move), to which parts and assemblies will arrive from all workshops in a certain sequence.

At the enterprise, no matter what products are produced, everything is subordinated to technology. Consequently, technology is the basis of production; the choice of technology and compliance with its requirements are the key to reducing the cost of manufactured products and high quality.

Technology (from the Greek techne - art, craft, skill, skill and loqos - word, science, knowledge, teaching) - the science of craft. In a broad sense technology is a body of knowledge, information about the sequence of individual production operations in the process of producing something. In its turn, industrial technology - this is a set of methods for processing or processing materials, manufacturing products, carrying out various production operations, and the like.

Subject The discipline “System of Technologies in Industry” is the technology of industrial sectors of the national economy.

Target– to form a system of theoretical and practical knowledge on the fundamentals of industrial technologies.

Studying the course "Technology Systems in Industry" makes it possible to solve the following problems: adachi:

To form an idea of ​​the fixed assets and objects of labor that are used in the technologies of the main production and economic complexes;

Know the essence of production technologies;

Understand the basics of standardization, structural elements of technical regulations and basic natural laws that are used in technological systems;

Skillfully substantiate technical and economic indicators, taking into account the influence on them of the main parameters of technological processes;

Know the basics of the current state and trends in the development of technologies in the most important sectors of the Ukrainian economy;

Assess the current state and development trends of the most important sectors of the world economy and get acquainted with promising innovations.

The main task of the technology system in industry as a science- this is the determination of physical, chemical and other laws in order to use the most effective technological systems in production.

The systematic approach is one of the most promising scientific directions in technology, since most industrial technology systems belong to the category of large systems.

System (from the Greek systema - a whole made up of parts, an association) is a set of interconnected elements that make up a certain integrity, unity. The systems are For example, technical equipment, which consists of individual components and parts, a living organism formed by a collection of cells, and the like.

Commonality of technologies, which are used in one area or another, makes it possible for individual industries join groups and consider them as separate subsystems in the system of industrial technologies. With this classification in industry, the following main ones can be distinguished: types of technologies :

- miningtechnologists- solve the issue of mining;

- primary processing technologies(enrichment technologies) - their implementation makes it possible to obtain enriched raw materials;

- processing technologies- as a result of their implementation, materials for manufacturing industries are obtained;

- processing technologies- make it possible to obtain finished products from materials;

- information Technology- ensure the coordinated action of basic industrial technologies and their functioning in the system.

Thus, the discipline “technology system in industry” is a branch of knowledge that studies and develops industrial methods for producing different types of products. Its main task as a science is to determine physical, chemical and other laws in order to use the most effective technological systems in the production. Study of industry technologies and their individual processes makes it possible to objectively evaluate the technical, economic and financial activities enterprises.

2 Evolution of technology, technological structures

The vital needs of people were the determining and natural incentives for the development of technology. The oldest technologies can be considered:

processing stone, wood, skins and other materials with stone knives and axes (about 800,000 BC); the use of fire for food processing and home heating (about 500,000 BC); making solid wheels from wood and carts, pottery from clay using the potter's wheel, copper metallurgy (c. 4000 BC). The historical development of human civilization is directly related to technological evolution, which is based on the body of natural scientific knowledge accumulated by humanity and, in turn, gives rise to new branches of science and technology, and forms the material and information base for subsequent development.

Thus, technology is a product and source of the development of civilization.

The needs of society were and remain the main determining incentive for the development of technologies, technological systems and technological structures, which began to take shape at the end of the 17th century - at the beginning of the 18th century.

Starting from the end of the 17th century, global technical and economic development can be conditionally considered as an evolutionary change in technological structures(TU) - conglomerates of united production that cover closed production cycles of a single technical level.

Each specification has a complex structure; The core of technical specifications is created by basic technologies, which are the basis of technological systems.

The birth of a new TU takes place in the depths of the old one, and in its subsequent development it gradually forms its core. TUs have their own phases: growth phase, formation phase, maturity phase, decline phase.

Starting with the industrial revolution in England (late 17th century), in the world technical economic development you can highlight the action five specifications, which consistently changed each other.

First TU ( 1790-1830 gg.) - technological leaders England, France, Belgium.

The core of TU is the textile industry, textile engineering, cast iron production, iron processing, construction of main canals, water engines.

The key factor is textile machines, cotton, cast iron.

The main advantages are the mechanization of production and its concentration in factories, which ensured an increase in labor productivity, scale and profitability of production.

Second TU (1830-1880) - technological leaders England, France, Belgium, Germany, USA.

The core of technical engineering is steel production, electric power, heavy engineering, inorganic chemistry, railway construction, tool industry, ferrous metallurgy.

The key factor is steam engines, versat, coal, and railway transport.

The main advantage is the growth in scale and concentration of production based on the mechanization of labor with the widespread use of steam engines.

Third TU (1880-1940) - technological leaders Germany, USA, England, France, Belgium, Switzerland, the Netherlands.

The core of technical engineering is electronic, electrical and heavy engineering, steel production and rolling, power lines, shipbuilding, inorganic chemistry.

The key factor is electric motors and the widespread use of steel. The main advantages are increased diversity and flexibility of production based on the use of electric motors, increased product quality, and standardization of production.

Fourth TU (1940-1980) - technological leaders of the European World Trade Association countries, Canada, Australia, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland.

The core of technical engineering is the automotive industry, aircraft manufacturing, tractor manufacturing, non-ferrous metallurgy, synthetic materials, organic chemistry, oil production and refining, and road construction.

The key factor is internal combustion engines, energy-intensive technologies, energy, oil.

The main advantages are mass production of serial products using conveyor technologies, standardization of production, settlement of people in suburban areas.

Fifth TU (1980-2040 (forecast)) - technological leaders Japan, USA, Germany, Sweden, EU countries, China, Korea, Australia.

The core of TU is the electronics industry, computer technology, software, telecommunications, optical fibers, robotics, aerospace, new ceramic materials, information services.

The key factor is microelectronic components.

New sectors that are being formed are biotechnology, space technology, nanotechnology, etc.

The main advantages are the individualization of production and consumption, and the destruction of flexibility and expansion of production diversity, automated production management, de-urbanization of production and population based on new transport and telecommunication technologies.

A core is gradually emerging in the structure of the fifth TPsixth technical specifications - biotechnology, space technology, nanotechnology, etc. Modern progressive technologies have the following features:

- few stages processes, which involves the combination in one unit of several technological processes that were previously used in separate machines or apparatus;

- low waste production and integrated use of raw materials;

- high level integrated mechanization and automation of production;

- use of modern microelectronics for intensification and control of production;

- production flexibility- its ability to quickly adapt to the production of new types of products;

- resource saving, which guarantees the ability to produce competitive products with low costs and high profitability, but others.

Opportunities for increasing production efficiency are determined primarily by scientific and technological progress.

Thus, The determining and natural incentives for the development of technology are the vital needs of people, that is technology is a product and source of the development of civilization. Any technology has its own life cycle, which directly affects the profitability of enterprises, GDP and the development of the economy as a whole.

If some production uses only one technology, then at the stage of decline of this technology it is threatened by unprofitable activities and bankruptcy.

Noting the undoubted increase in the pace of development domestic economy, it is impossible to ignore high technology. Not because successes in this area lead to economic growth, rather the opposite. And this is becoming more alarming every year, because successes solely due to the raw materials sector lead in the long term to global problems. In the coming years only development of high technologies will determine the success of the economy and Russia’s place in the renewed world.

What awaits the world in the near future?

Now, according to the theory of Nikolai Kondratiev, the fifth wave of the global economic downturn is ending. What follows is significant political instability, which will certainly affect technology. Please note that whatever the crisis, the development of high technologies does not stop in the West and in the advanced countries of the East. And countries that do not have time to master the new technological cycle fall behind for decades.

Avant-garde and most advanced technologies are being actively mastered and introduced into production; a real chain reaction occurs when related industries and productions are hastily drawn up. Science-intensive information is used in large quantities, and fundamentally new and sophisticated material resources are developed. Most areas of the modern world economy are no longer conceivable without the development of high technologies. New discoveries and updated industries are beginning to actively change the world using robotics, telecommunications, nanotechnology, electronics, genetic engineering and much more.

Of course, Russia does not want to become an outsider. But for a real national breakthrough, a number of conditions must be met. And the first of them is the rapid development of high-tech industries, the most important of which is information and communications (ICT). Economically the developed countries show 8-12% of their GDP, which falls on this sector, ICT is the leader in capitalization, its role is increasing with great dynamics. The domestic ICT sector can already be compared in terms of development rates with oil production, which is a clear indicator of the development of high technologies.

What awaits the domestic economy

According to official statistics, the rate of development of information and communication technologies is four times higher than the average rate of economic development. Spurs the development of this promising direction government programs and projects in which ICT is a basic component. The government declares the priority of developing high technologies in the domestic economic policy. It is expected that as a result the country will receive a triple breakthrough: a national infrastructure based on ICT, a scientific and technical base for innovation, and a set of reliable (and, most importantly, affordable) services based on the same ICT base.

But official statistics have always been cheerful and optimistic. In fact, there is no talk of global development of high technologies, especially on a national scale, with the exception of some high-profile projects. Of course, international conferences are held and funds are organized, of course, they talk about what needs to be supported, developed and promoted, it is decided what needs to be done and what needs to be done urgently. But technology is somehow not developing very well.

The Skolkovo project – another “Potemkin village”?

A very, very controversial project and program, which once again demonstrates what can happen when the state actively leads and lobbies for something, elevating it to the rank of a national idea. Stanislav Naumov, one of the leaders of the Skolkovo Foundation, is openly indignant when answering journalists’ questions about when to expect concrete results in the development of high technologies.

The fund, according to Naumov, is not obliged to produce any real results, providing only conditions for work. To ensure these conditions, the state gave the fund 80 billion, and they plan to receive the same amount from investors. Of these, this year it is planned to “make happy” the authors of about a hundred projects with assistance worth 5 billion. This development of high technology is very reminiscent of the notorious “Potemkin villages”, with one difference - there they deceived the empress, and here, on behalf of the former “nano-president” Medvedev, they are trying to sell pasta to the people.

And this is instead of providing an opportunity to complete the modernization of many enterprises, to raise domestic science, to introduce unique Russian developments, some of which have no analogues in the world, but have frozen at the level of ideas. But for some reason Russians are not very welcome in Skolkovo; the best conditions here are provided to foreigners, which is quite easy to explain.

It is also easy to explain the numerous cases of theft, misuse or fraud with Skolkovo money. If there are opportunities and such gigantic sums (we are talking about billions), then there is no time for the development of high technologies.

UDC 334.716

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO IMPLEMENTING HIGH TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL

PRODUCTION

I.A. Tronina, O.A. Svechnikova

In conditions of intensive economic development, domestic manufacturers need to focus their activities on optimizing production based on a comprehensive integrated approach, using which the company will have a chance to successfully compete in Russian and international markets in the production of high-quality and promising products.

Key words: integrated approach, high technology, industrial production.

A stable socio-economic situation is largely determined by the level and quality of industrial development -economic systems operating in Russia. At the same time, for the effective functioning and sustainable development of regional industrial and economic systems, it is necessary not only to have an optimal strategic program, but also to have an innovative and technological component in this program. The need to strengthen the innovative and technological component of the economy involves the search for modern forms of solving problems of market coordination and interaction economic entities. Currently, such forms already take place in regions where processes of sectoral and intersectoral integration of economic entities are taking place, and various unions of regional industrial and economic systems are being formed. It is natural that regional level Management in the development and implementation of innovation and technology programs plays an important role as a link between the macro- and microeconomic levels.

The growth in the level of knowledge and skills in the economic development of regions has led to the emergence of the concept of regional innovation-technological systems using an integrated approach.

In modern market economy Various types of integration processes are taking place, emerging as a reaction of industrial enterprises to increased competition and pressure from the surrounding socio-economic and technological environment. Active business entities search for and organize cooperation with various business partners, both in technological and financial aspects. Along with this, such cooperation makes it possible to use established intersectoral connections and modern technology.

logy and experience of business partners who have the necessary resources and capabilities to carry out high-tech activities that increase flexibility and scientific potential, reduce overall costs, develop coordinated strategic programs, obtain high innovation rent, and create sustainable competitive advantages.

The innovative activity of industrially integrated structures makes it possible to increase the level of their modernization abilities and capabilities in the conditions of scientific and technological progress, focused on the introduction of high technologies into the activities of industrial and economic systems.

Russian market industry as a whole has significant potential for sustainable technological development and growth. Currently, Russian products, on the one hand, have noticeably improved the quality of certain types of equipment. But, on the other hand, improving quality has led to rising prices.

However, in addition to positive trends in industry, experts also note negative aspects that require attracting the attention of both business structures and government agencies:

Loss of a number of traditional sales markets;

Import dependence of industrial sectors on specialized technologies and high-tech products;

The existence of a policy of double standards in relation to Russian manufacturers (softer requirements for imported equipment);

Relatively low quality of materials and components of Russian industrial production.

Based on this, the strategic goals of the Russian industrial and economic system are the formation of an innovative and technological structure, expansion of production volumes and increasing the level of competitiveness. In conditions of intensive development of domestic production, in order to adequately confront foreign competitors, it is necessary to produce modern and high-tech products.

Only through an integrated approach will the company have a chance to successfully compete in the Russian and international markets in the production of high-quality and promising products.

High-tech enterprises, as a rule, carry out active innovation activities that allow them to expand and create new markets and use resources most efficiently. The results of research and development, implemented at high-tech enterprises, contribute to the development of industrial sectors and the economy as a whole. Necessity

The functioning of the high-tech sector of the regional economy is associated with the necessary improvement of the level of industrial production management.

Most industrial organizations, including those related to high-tech complexes, prefer to engage in product innovation, i.e. purchasing finished equipment, using R&D mainly in existing production. The share of research into new developments in the costs of technological innovation in our industry was approximately 17% in 2012, while in most member countries European Union- from 33 to 75%. For modern structure High-tech industries and spheres in Russia are characterized by many imbalances, poor development or complete absence of many elements. These imbalances were formed during the economic transformation due to the lack of investment resources and miscalculations in carrying out economic reforms.

Figure 1 shows high-tech products.

In modern conditions, only enterprises that occupy a leading position in the global market for the production of high-tech products can achieve success. In this regard, the most important task for modern companies is to determine the factors that determine the achievement of market leadership.

Comparative analysis high-tech enterprises in Russia was carried out according to the following groups of indicators:

1) indicators characterizing the quality of the equipment used:

Adaptation of equipment to local conditions, durability, reliability and versatility;

Compliance of equipment with Russian and international standards;

Availability of a powerful engineering and design base with laboratory equipment and instrumentation;

2) indicators characterizing the production potential of enterprises:

High degree automation in production management;

Location of production in Russia and abroad;

Rice. 1. High-tech products

Characteristics of the quality of the technological process of production;

3) indicators characterizing the human potential of enterprises:

Providing the enterprise with trained personnel and appropriate infrastructure;

Availability of highly qualified personnel;

Attracting foreign specialists;

Training of technical personnel abroad;

4) indicators characterizing the pricing policy of the enterprise:

Financial opportunities;

Availability of state support;

Concluding profitable contracts with the largest integrated companies.

The results of the study made it possible to identify industry leaders in the Russian industrial market in the field of mechanical engineering, presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Industry leaders of the Russian industrial market in the field of mechanical engineering

Name of the enterprise Significant conditions, leadership positions being formed

Saint-Gobain is a world leader in the production of heat and sound insulation solutions that provide effective protection from cold and noise, increase comfort in the home and promote energy saving. 1st place in the world in the production of heat and sound insulation materials, cast iron pipes, plasterboard and gypsum mixtures. 1st place in the world in the field of high-tech materials. 1st place in Europe and 2nd place in the world in the production of flat glass for the construction and automotive industries and special applications.

OJSC "HMS Pumps" IPG "Hydraulic Machines and Systems" is one of the leading Russian organizations in the field of production of a wide range of pumping equipment using high technologies in block-modular design. It has a powerful engineering and design base with laboratory equipment and instrumentation. The enterprise has an automated system for designing and controlling technological processes. OJSC "HMS Group" occupies a leading place in the rating list of the largest enterprises in Russia "Expert - 400". Leadership is ensured through significant investments in R&D, the use of high-tech machine-building and instrument-making facilities, attracting talented specialists from all over the world, effective management and aggressive marketing.

Industrial group "Generation" One of the largest Russian manufacturers and suppliers of thermal power, petrochemical, oil and gas, gas, including drilling, equipment with production facilities in Russia, Romania and Ukraine. The production of equipment from the Generation Group meets international quality standards. The products of the enterprises of the industrial group "Generation" are well known on the market and have rightfully established themselves as reliable, easy to use and environmentally friendly. Constant monitoring of the oil and gas and thermal power equipment market, cooperation with foreign manufacturers allows Generation Group to provide customers with a wide range of technical and design solutions.

In this regard, we highlight the main criteria for achieving market leadership for industrial manufacturers using an integrated technological approach:

Availability of a wide range of products;

Availability of a developed engineering and design base with

Laboratory equipment and control equipment;

Availability of automated design and process control systems;

Significant investments in R&D;

Compliance of manufactured products with international quality standards;

Compliance with environmental management principles.

In the course of the study, it can be noted that in order to ensure the leadership of an industrial enterprise in the market, the products produced must meet market demands and meet international quality standards. Enterprises must have a clearly formed experimental design and engineering and technological base, which allows for total control of product production. In this regard the most important condition is the presence of specialized computer systems at the enterprise that trace the entire product cycle during their production. For example, the use of the PLM method, which is a strategy for the production of industrial products using complex computerization, which is based on a unified presentation of information about the product (product) at all stages of its life cycle, and a modern unified electronic environment “Technologies” for the collaboration of specialists and divisions of the enterprise that provide solutions to the main task: production and sales of products.

To ensure leadership of industrial enterprises, it is necessary to use effective management technologies. In particular, a number of oil and gas engineering enterprises successfully use the Lean Manufacturing production system. Lean manufacturing (or the production system “Lean”, “Kaizen”, “Toyota Production System”) is a method of organizing production that includes optimization of production processes, focus on customer needs, improvement of quality and savings of up to 10% of the company’s annual turnover due to cost reduction. The main task of each enterprise is not only to survive in difficult conditions, but also to continue to develop.

In connection with the high-tech development of industrial systems based on a comprehensive integrated approach to the production of manufactured equipment, to the management of the marketing and management system

It is a procedure in which monitoring and control functions performed by humans are transferred to instruments and devices. Due to this, labor productivity and product quality significantly increase. In addition, it ensures a reduction in the share of workers attracted to various industrial sectors. Let us next consider what automation and automation of production processes are.

Historical reference

Self-functioning devices - prototypes of modern automatic systems - began to appear in ancient times. However, until the 18th century, handicraft and semi-handicraft activities were widespread. In this regard, such “self-acting” devices were not received practical application. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. happened sudden jump volumes and level of production. Industrial Revolution created the prerequisites for improving techniques and tools, adapting equipment to replace humans.

Mechanization and automation of production processes

The changes that caused affected primarily wood and metal processing, spinning, weaving plants and factories. Mechanization and automation were actively studied by K. Marx. He saw in them fundamentally new directions of progress. He pointed to the transition from the use of individual machines to the automation of their complex. Marx said that a person should be assigned conscious functions of control and management. The worker stands next to the production process and regulates it. The main achievements of that time were the inventions of the Russian scientist Polzunov and the English innovator Watt. The first created an automatic regulator to power a steam boiler, and the second created a centrifugal speed controller for a steam engine. It remained manual for quite a long time. Before the introduction of automation, the replacement of physical labor was carried out through the mechanization of auxiliary and main processes.

Situation today

At the present stage of human development, production process automation systems are based on the use of computers and various software. They tend to reduce or eliminate people's participation in activities entirely. The tasks of automation of production processes include improving the quality of operations, reducing the time required for them, reducing costs, increasing the accuracy and stability of actions.

Basic principles

Today, production process automation tools have been introduced into many areas of industry. Regardless of the scope and volume of activity of companies, almost all of them use software devices. There are different levels of automation of production processes. However, the same principles apply to any of them. They provide conditions for the efficient execution of operations and formulate general rules managing them. The principles in accordance with which automation of production processes is carried out include:

1. Consistency. All actions within the operation must be combined with each other and proceed in a certain sequence. In case of discrepancy, the process may be disrupted.
2. Integration. The automated operation must fit into the overall environment of the enterprise. At one stage or another, integration is carried out in different ways, but the essence of this principle remains unchanged. Automation of production processes at enterprises must ensure the interaction of the operation with the external environment.
3. Independence of execution. The automated operation must be carried out independently. Human participation in it is not provided for, or it should be minimal (only control). The employee must not interfere with the operation if it is carried out in accordance with established requirements.

These principles are specified in accordance with the level of automation of a particular process. Additional proportions, specializations, and so on are established for operations.

Automation levels

They are usually classified according to the nature of the company's management. It, in turn, can be:

1. Strategic.
2. Tactical.
3. Operational.

Accordingly, there is:

1. Lower level of automation (executive). Here, management concerns regularly performed transactions. Automation of production processes is focused on performing operational functions, maintaining established parameters, and maintaining specified operating modes.
2. Tactical level. Here the distribution of functions between operations is ensured. Examples include production or service planning, document or resource management, and so on.
3. Strategic level. It is where the entire company is managed. Automation of strategic production processes provides solutions to forecasting and analytical issues. It is necessary to support the activities of the highest administrative level. This level of automation provides strategic and financial management.

Classification

Automation is ensured through the use of various systems (OLAP, CRM, ERP, etc.). All of them are divided into three main types:

1. Immutable. In these systems, the sequence of actions is established in accordance with the equipment configuration or process conditions. It cannot be changed during the operation.
2. Programmable. They can change the sequence depending on the process configuration and the given program. The choice of one or another chain of actions is carried out using a special set of tools. They are read and interpreted by the system.
3. Self-adjusting (flexible). Such systems can select the desired actions as they work. Operation configuration changes occur in accordance with information about the operation progress.

All these types can be used at all levels separately or in combination.

Types of operations

In every economic sector there are organizations that produce products or provide services. They can be divided into three categories according to their “remoteness” in the resource processing chain:

1. Extractive or manufacturing - agricultural, oil and gas production enterprises, for example.
2. Organizations processing natural raw materials. In the manufacture of products, they use materials mined or created by companies from the first category. These include, for example, enterprises in the electronics, automotive industries, power plants, and so on.
3. Service companies. Among them are banks, medical, educational institutions, catering establishments, etc.

For each group, you can identify operations related to the provision of services or production of products. These include processes:

1. Management. These processes ensure interaction within the enterprise and contribute to the formation of the company’s relationships with stakeholders. The latter, in particular, include supervisory authorities, suppliers, and consumers. The group of business processes includes, for example, marketing and sales, interaction with customers, financial, personnel, material planning, and so on.
2. Analysis and control. This category is associated with the collection and synthesis of information about the execution of operations. In particular, such processes include operational management, quality control, inventory assessment, etc.
3. Design and development. These operations are associated with the collection and preparation of initial information, project implementation, control and analysis of results.
4. Production. This group includes operations related to the direct production of products. These include, but are not limited to, demand and capacity planning, logistics, and maintenance.

Most of these processes are automated today.

Strategy

It should be noted that automation of production processes is complex and labor-intensive. To achieve your goals, you must be guided by a specific strategy. It helps to improve the quality of operations performed and obtain the desired results from activities. Of particular importance today is the competent automation of production processes in mechanical engineering. The strategic plan can be briefly summarized as follows:

Advantages

Mechanization and automation of various processes can significantly improve the quality of goods and production management. Other advantages include:

1. Increased speed of repetitive operations. By reducing human involvement, the same actions can be completed more quickly. Automated systems provide greater accuracy and remain operational regardless of shift length.
2. Improving the quality of work. By reducing the degree of human participation, the influence of the human factor is reduced or eliminated. This significantly limits variations in the execution of operations, which, in turn, prevents many errors and improves the quality and stability of work.
3. Increased control accuracy. Usage information technologies allows you to save and take into account in the future a larger volume of information about the operation than with manual control.
4. Accelerated decision making in typical situations. This helps improve operation performance and prevents inconsistencies in subsequent steps.
5. Parallel execution of actions. make it possible to carry out several operations at the same time without compromising the accuracy and quality of work. This speeds up activities and improves the quality of results.

Flaws

Despite the obvious advantages, automation may not always be practical. That is why comprehensive analysis and optimization are necessary before its implementation. After this, it may turn out that automation is not required or will be unprofitable in an economic sense. Manual control and execution of processes may become preferable in the following cases:

Conclusion

Mechanization and automation are undoubtedly of great importance in the manufacturing sector. IN modern world Fewer and fewer operations are performed manually. However, even today in a number of industries it is impossible to do without such work. Automation is especially effective in large enterprises, where products are produced for the mass consumer. For example, in automobile factories, a minimum number of people are involved in operations. At the same time, they, as a rule, monitor the progress of the process without participating in it directly. Industrial modernization is currently underway very actively. Automation of production processes and production is considered today the most effective way improving product quality and increasing the volume of its output.