1. Economic principle, which considers the region as a specialized part of a single national economic complex of the country with a certain composition of auxiliary and service industries.

According to this principle, the specialization of a region should be determined by those industries in which the costs of labor and funds for the production of products and their delivery to the consumer will be the least compared to other regions.

2. National principle, taking into account the national composition of the population of the region, its historically developed characteristics of work and life.

3. Administrative principle, which determines the unity of the economic zoning and territorial political and administrative structure of the country. This principle creates conditions for the effective independent development of regions and strengthening their role in the territorial division of labor in Russia.

These principles are fundamental to the modern theory and practice of economic regionalization in Russia. In modern conditions, the allocation of large economic regions is dictated by the development of scientific and technological progress.

Modern economic zoning of Russia includes three main parts:

1. major economic regions;

2. mid-level districts - territories, regions, republics;

3. grassroots areas - administrative and economic areas, urban and rural areas.

Major economic regions- these are clearly specialized and relatively complete territorial economic complexes that play an important role in the all-Russian division of labor. Having a significant territory, a large population, and diverse natural resource potential, large economic regions have a clearly defined specialization (up to 5-7 industries). The larger the territory of a large economic region, the wider its production profile and the more complex its economic complex.

Middle management zoning is used to manage certain sectors of the economy within a region, territory, or republic. His role in the management of agriculture and the service sector is great.

Lower economic regions represent the primary links in the taxonomy of economic zoning. On their basis, initial specialized territorial production complexes are formed. Lower-level areas play an important role in the development and implementation of long-term and annual programs for the development of regional economy and socio-cultural construction, in the location and specialization of enterprises for the production and processing of agricultural products, local industry, consumer services, trade and public catering.

2.2. Method of economic zoning.

1.Method of energy production cycles (EPC).

N. N. Kolosovsky gave the following definition of this method: “... the energy production cycle is understood as the entire set of production processes that are consistently deployed in the economic region of the USSR on the basis of a combination of a given type of energy and raw materials, from the primary forms of extraction and refining of raw materials and energy and rational use of all components of raw materials and energy resources... The cycle must be understood as a historical category unfolding in time” (Regional studies/Ed. T. R. Morozova).

The EPC method takes into account exactly the sequence of production stages that must be carried out to produce a product, and “builds” this sequence “from the extraction of raw materials.”

N. N. Kolosovsky outlined 8 generalized cycles:

1. pyrometallurgical cycle of ferrous metals;

2. petroenergy-chemical;

3. a set of hydropower industrial cycles;

4. a set of cycles of the processing industry;

5. forest energy cycle;

6. a set of industrial-agrarian cycles;

7. irrigation and drainage;

8. industrial-agrarian cycle.

In addition, he outlined the ninth cycle - nuclear energy - as promising.

2. Method of intersectoral complexes.

Interindustry complexes (IOCs) are an effective combination from a national economic point of view of enterprises in industries involved in the production of a certain type of product or service.

There are three groups of industries, distinguished depending on the detail of the product analysis:

1. sectors of the national economy (mining industry, manufacturing industry);

2. industries (fuel, mechanical engineering, etc.), agriculture (livestock farming, crop production), transport (railway, road, river, etc.);

3. industries are divided into sub-sectors (for example, the textile industry is divided into cotton, wool, silk, linen, knitwear);

4. Agriculture, transport, etc. are also divided into sub-sectors.

Depending on what rank of industries is considered in the intersectoral complex, we can talk about the rank of the complex itself. In addition, intersectoral complexes, like EPCs, differ in specialization and territorial significance.

3. Coefficient method.

To solve inter-district and intra-district problems, some researchers also use the method of coefficients, trying to use them to determine the specialization, completeness and efficiency of regional economic development.

Integral economic zoning. Economic zoning is understood as such a division of the country’s territory, which comes from the objective laws of the territorial division of labor, the formation of territorial production complexes of different scales and structures, the need to maintain ecological balance and harmonious development of the economy and culture of national-territorial entities and is the most important prerequisite for the current regional programming, implementation of effective public policy.

The expansion of the functions of territorial authorities in resolving socio-economic issues and other factors predetermine an increase in interest in the problems of economic zoning, which provides for the maximum efficiency of territorial economic systems and the creation of such relations between regions that would help improve the efficiency of the public economy. This can be achieved primarily through the economic specialization of regions in accordance with their natural and economic conditions.

Economic zoning helps to save material assets in the sphere of turnover, creates conditions for reducing the management apparatus, and accelerates the solution of socio-economic problems.

The characteristics of districts of different ranks are not the same : the higher the rank of the region, the greater the complexity of the sectoral structure of the economy, the varied specialization, the more ramified economic ties, and, nevertheless, the pronounced territorial and economic unity.

The modern concept of economic regionalization is to recognize the differentiation of its target function. When justifying zoning schemes, it is necessary to take into account not only the conditions of zoning, but also objective features and current tasks of managing the socio-economic development of regions at this stage.

The main requirements for the scheme of the main economic and geographical regions are:

1. correct representation of the most important objective features of the territorial division of labor in the country;

2. detailing the territorial proportions of the public economy, taking into account its territorial structure;

3. providing for better territorial governance structures.

The results of zoning depend on how fully its criteria and the most important indicators of the elements of nature and society are taken into account. In particular, for studying the territorial organization of the economy, regional aspects of the interaction between society and nature, it is extremely important microzoning. One of its types is internal regional zoning. It is caused by social and economic processes, such as urbanization, increasing territorial concentration of production, and the formation of territorial economic systems due to the integration of production.

Internal regional zoning makes it possible to scientifically substantiate the development of economic complexes, study and regulate the interaction of the economy and the natural environment. It is based on the analysis of natural and socio-economic processes, phenomena and factors.

The need for new integrated environmental and economic approaches to zoning to improve territorial management is emphasized in many scientific works. It is proposed to distinguish areas of territorial administration based on three factors: geographical environment (development conditions), economic factor (reasons for development) and administrative division (management conditions).

2.3. An integrated approach to internal regional zoning is provided under the following conditions:

1) taking into account differences in the specialization of the economy within the region and identifying their constancy and economic feasibility;

2) identifying the regional-educational significance of cities, industrial hubs and other centers that develop along with the increasing territorial concentration of regions, the specialization of the internal regional economic region and determine its place in the hierarchy of high-ranking districts;

3) analysis of transport and economic connections, their intensity and configuration, which reflect the nature of the territorial organization of the economy around industrial hubs and centers based on certain areas of specialization;

4) taking into account the likelihood of any large new buildings in the area, the exploitation of open sources of natural resources and the formation of various local territorial production complexes with an assessment of their possible impact on the economy of the area;

5) taking into account the characteristics of individual parts of the region and region with excessive population, swampiness, mountainousness and other components of the natural environment, which significantly affect the specialization of the economy.

Of the above prerequisites for internal regional zoning, the most important is specialization of individual parts of the region in the production of certain types of products.

With a weakly expressed geographical division of labor within the region, regional educational factors are, first of all:

A) homogeneity of agricultural specialization;

b) economic attraction to one or another transport hub or section of a railway, reach of a navigable river, as well as to one or another center in a neighboring region;

V) homogeneity and greater specificity of natural resource potential compared to other areas of the region (for example, increased forest cover, swampiness, etc.).

The main criteria for identifying internal regional districts include:

· production specialization,

· complexity of development .

At the same time, the density of the population (separately urban and rural), its work habits, which affect the specialization of the economy of individual regions, etc., are important for internal regional zoning.

The main criterion for internal regional zoning is considered to bethe presence of a core (industrial hub) with specialization within the boundaries of a large economic region. Regional educational factors also include formed local settlement systems and infrastructure elements: a network of paths, an energy consumption system, a network of places for serving the population and short-term recreation, as well as a construction base.

So, the characteristic features of an internal regional economic region are the common conditions and processes of economic development and its interaction with the natural environment. This commonality determines, first of all, the resource potential of the territory and the similarity of socio-economic and natural conditions for the use of its components. Inland regional economic region is an integrity that results from the natural-economic complex of a certain area in the system of socio-economic relations.

The identification of internal regional areas, which is considered as a process, is an important means of processing, systematization, generalization and use of spatial economic and geographical information. In this case, it is characterized by the complexity of covering the connections between natural, production and settlement components.

Zoning can be carried out using deductive (“from above”) and inductive (“from below”) methods. Methodologically more correct is zoning “from above”, because it gives a general idea of ​​the possible range of population types. However, it does not guarantee the accuracy of the results, since not all of its variety of factors and conditions of regional formation are quite productive, activate thinking and help to better evaluate the selected areas.

A special method of internal regional zoning is a method that takes into account the agglomeration of economic production with the consistent use of local natural and labor resources or geographic location (for example, a coastal economic complex). It consists in determining the contours of territorial-economic complexes, taking into account their energy and production cycles.

Further study of internal regional areas requires their typology based on certain characteristics. This is a kind of shorthand method that makes it possible to reduce a significant amount of information into a small number of categories.

The specialization of internal regional districts reflects the direction of development of their economic complexes, that is, the division of social work, which has developed historically in accordance with the natural, economic and other characteristics of the territory. Therefore, it is important to discover factors that can determine changes in the directions of economic development and determine new lines of specialization of regions, as well as their significance for territorial-economic complexes of higher gradations.

Knowledge of the real possibilities and ways of further development of internal regional areas makes it possible to more accurately determine their parameters, composition and boundaries.

The objectives of scientifically based sectoral zoning are:

1) identifying the current role (place) and potential capabilities of different territories in the development of production;

2) studying the conditions for the development of production in each region, the features of management techniques and methods that ensure the most economical use of resources and the profitability of production;

3) identifying ways to improve sectoral complexity, the interaction of this area with other types of production in the area, disagreements, difficulties and regional problems, the solution of which helps to increase the productivity of public work;

4) providing for changes in the natural situation.

The main features behind industry zoning are specialization, concentration, structure of production, a system of industry centers, the strength of connections between this production and other regions within the boundaries of a certain territory, features of the balances of raw materials and finished products, etc. Sometimes industry areas are identified only based on indicators of specialization and sectoral structure of production. However, they are not enough for zoning, since adjacent territories with the same specialization can differ significantly from one another in ways of increasing the economic efficiency of production, which can become a separate feature for identifying several industry regions.

So, taking into account the above, industry economic region - This is a territory with a certain combination of regions and industries, which has specific conditions, structure, problems and development prospects, territorial organization and geographical location.

Industry specialized areas differ from one another:

1. natural and economic conditions of formation;

2. distance to sources of raw materials;

3. fuel and energy resources and places of consumption of finished products produced in the area;

4. production specialization and structure;

5. level of development and degree of “maturity”;

6. features of the territorial organization of production, etc.

In the economic analysis of industrial areas, it is important to determine the direction of their development and increase production efficiency.

To do this you need:

1. give a correct economic assessment of the location of the region;

2. determine factors of positive or negative impact on its economic efficiency:

3. determine possible prospects for the rational placement of production in the region.

Analysis of industry specialized areas involves the study and justification of:

1. structure and proportionality of the combination of production;

2. rational level of their development and territorial concentration;

3. territorial production relations;

4. economically justified sales areas and consumption of finished products;

5. development prospects and directions for the effective use of capital investments.

The identification and analysis of sectoral specialized areas should facilitate:

1. ensuring the rational unification of sectoral and territorial management;

2. correct territorial distribution of capital investments;

3. increasing concentration and cooperation of production;

4. specialization of enterprises and rationalization of economic relations between them;

5. creation of large associations, improvement of territorial management.

A type of sectoral economic zoning is allocation of production and sales zones. The main method of industrial and agricultural production and sales zoning is to determine the economic boundaries of equivalent production and transport costs for the same or interchangeable products with the following adjustment of the balances of production and consumption.

Transportation zoning means identifying the most profitable areas for distribution of products from individual sources.

The size of the zone that consumes the produced products depends on:

1. on the degree of differentiation of production costs at different enterprises that produce products of a certain type;

2. from transport costs, which increase as the point of consumption moves away from the place of production.

Points where products from different sources have the same cost form a freight distribution system, and the lines that connect these points form the boundaries of optimal product distribution zones. At the same time, specific calculations take into account, in addition to production, the different costs of transporting products by individual modes of transport, on different sections of transport routes and in different directions.

3 . Specialization of districts and methods for its determination, concepts of effective specialization of the district economy.

Specialization of districts

The specialization of the region should determine the industries where the costs of labor and funds for the production of products and their delivery to the consumer are the most in comparison with other regions. The economic efficiency of specialization is assessed both from the point of view of the expedient territorial division of labor on a national scale, and from the point of view of the full and most productive use of local resources of the region. Even during the work on the network of economic regions, two types of processes and phenomena were described: the tendency towards the division of production, which turned out to be the division of labor, specialization and concentration, and the tendency towards the integration of initially disparate parts. Complications of the territorial structure of the national economy required further development of the theory of economic zoning. M. Kolosovki introduced the concept of TEC. Among the new properties of TVCs, the orderliness of the internal structure was noted, where at the level of subsystems strong sets of production processes were formed - energy production cycles. New territorial production systems (TIC and EVC) inherited various properties of regional plants: TIC - the ability to form an economic region, EVC - a method of internal self-organization based on combination

E. Mayo experimentally proved that the theory that had dominated for a long time in Western countries Frederick Taylor(1856-1915), which oriented businessmen toward material gain as the only engine of production, ultimately leads to a dead end. It turned out that at enterprises that followed the principles of Taylorism, the phenomenon of so-called “industrial melancholy”, apathy, depression, increased irritability, loss of all interest in work began to become widespread among highly paid workers, and conflicts between workers and management became more frequent.

Conditions and factors for the location of productive forces.

RPS factors are a set of spatial and resources, their properties, the correct use of which ensures the best results when locating production. (Natural, socio-economic, material and technical, technical and economic, environmental, features of social development)

Regularities of the RPS are a spatial modification of the economic law, expressing the main trends in the distribution of the national economy.

The principles of the RPS are the basic starting points of long-term economic policy that guide the process of developing programs for long-term regional development.

Economic zoning and its principles. Hierarchical system of economic zoning. Typology of districts

Currently, Russia includes 11 large economic regions (regions): Northern, Northwestern, Central, Central Black Earth, Volga-Vyatka, Volga Region, North Caucasus, Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian, Far Eastern. Moscow and St. Petersburg have self-government status.

Economic zoning- this is the process of dividing the country into integral territorial parts of the national economy, which have their own production specifics and strong economic ties. Economic zoning is based on the identification of economic regions.

Principles- these are the basic rules of long-term policy, management methods that take into account patterns and factors. The general principle of economic and social efficiency is the need to take into account the final national economic and social result when locating the economy and its territorial organization and compliance with the law of saving time and increasing labor productivity. Associated with it are the following principles: a) the principle of production location, taking into account the proximity of sources of raw materials, energy and consumers of final products; b) the principle of complexity, including the integrated rational use of natural resources, taking into account the tasks of protecting and transforming nature and the primary development of the most effective resources; c) the principle of equalizing the levels of economic and social development of regions of the country.

The principle of taking into account military security requirements when deploying productive forces, limiting and regulating the growth of large cities, the rise and revitalization of medium and small cities.

Economic regions can be united into macroregions , or economic zones that differ in general natural conditions, economic features, and trends in further development. In large areas of the zones, common major inter-district problems clearly emerge. The main principles for the allocation of economic zones are the level of economic development of the territory, the relationship between the most important resources and the degree of their use.

There are two economic zones - Western (European Russia and the Urals) and Eastern (Siberia and the Far East). To implement long-term target programs, balance the production and consumption of important types of products, groups of districts in economic zones are united into enlarged districts. In the Western zone there are three enlarged regions - the North and Center of the European part of Russia, the Ural-Volga region and the European South. In the Eastern zone there are two enlarged regions - Siberia and the Far East.

Typology: 1. Typologies by characteristics - This is the most common type of economic-geographical typologies. The largest number of typological characteristics of spatial systems is based on the economic specialization of these systems. 2. Typologies for development dynamics. When analyzing the development of the dynamics of systems, including regions and districts, two aspects attract special attention: the speed of development and the stage of development. Development rates are usually a quantitative expression of development processes. Hence the widespread classification of areas and regions according to the speed of development: “rapidly developing”, “backward”. Complex, “final” pictures of the state of districts and regions with different dynamics of development are quite contrasting, and they are divided into districts and regions at different stages of development. 3. Typologies by economic-geographical location . It is possible to identify peripheral and semi-peripheral centers and regions in each.

It is impossible to understand the characteristics and problems of any country without appreciating its internal territorial diversity. This is especially important for Russia, which is extremely contrasting in nature, historical features, population distribution, and economy. Without an in-depth study of district-by-district (regional) geographic features, it is impossible to solve complex problems both in the regions themselves and in the country as a whole. The most prominent scientists of Russia (M.V. Lomonosov, K.A. Arsenyev, V.N. Tatishchev, P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, D.I. Mendeleev, N.N. Kolosovsky) used the method of zoning - division countries into areas that differ from each other in natural, economic, historical features, and living conditions of people.

Zoning is the most important method of geography - the only science for which it is fundamental . The importance of zoning for geography can be compared with the periodization of eras in geology, chronology in history, D. I. Mendeleev’s periodic system of elements in chemistry, classification and systematics in botany.

In geography, different zoning options are used. Firstly, the entire territory of the country can be divided into regions, leaving no free spaces between them. Thus, in physical geography, large natural complexes of Russia are distinguished: the Russian Plain, the Urals, etc. The administrative and territorial division of Russia into regions, territories, and republics also covers the entire territory. This is how economic regions and zones are distinguished.

In this case, zoning comes as if “from above” - from the entire territory of the country, which is divided into large regions (districts) of the same kind (natural, administrative, economic, etc.). Such homogeneous zoning is multi-stage (hierarchical). Each large region (macro level), in turn, can be subdivided into meso-level regions and so on up to the micro level. But in social geography, along with homogeneous zoning, so-called nodal zoning is also used.

On various maps of the country (population, industry, security

nature, etc.) “clumps”, “foci”, “nodes of concentration” are clearly distinguished. The population map shows urban agglomerations. The industry map shows the cores of industrial hubs and districts. The environmental map shows pollution centers and the areas they impact, “foci” of environmental disasters and zones of environmental disasters. On special maps you can see the “nodes” of interethnic conflicts.

In nodal zoning, first of all, the centers (nuclei) of these objects and phenomena are identified, and then the surrounding territories gravitating towards them, which are affected by the influence of the core. The boundaries of such areas are less clear. In this case, there may be several conditional boundaries, each of which reflects the degree of influence of the core, decreasing gradually and differently in different directions.

Several zones of influence of large cities can be identified: settlement, pendulum migration, interaction of industrial centers with the core, pollution, recreation, suburban agriculture, etc. Since nodal zoning comes “from below” - from the cores, centers, focuses of concentration of various phenomena of social life , it is often problematic. This is especially important in our difficult times - a time of problems that also have their own geography.

Spatial (territorial) organization of society, which is considered as: a) a set of processes or actions for the location of enterprises in the sphere of material production and non-production sphere, population, environmental management, taking into account their relationships, connections, subordination and interdependence; b) a combination of functioning spatial (territorial) structures: population settlement, production, environmental management, united by management structures and the process of social reproduction.

The spatial organization of society is based on the territorial division of labor, which closely interacts with the processes of regional and complex formation, and the spatial differentiation of natural and socio-economic conditions. To understand their essence, let us remember that the study of any territory (for example, a country) inevitably leads to the establishment of territorial differences “from place to place.” Moreover, each phenomenon (natural or socio-economic) occupies not the entire territory, but some part of it - the area. Within an area, it can cover it almost entirely (continuously) or only separate parts, i.e. discretely.

The division of a territory (water area) according to some characteristic (phenomenon, condition) and the degree of its expression or a combination of characteristics is spatial differentiation, i.e. zoning in the broad sense. It should be borne in mind that such differentiation is always objective, since it is based on the presence or absence, quantitative expression of any characteristic.

The essence of the zoning process is to identify unique territorial entities and their boundaries in space. The term “zoning” has many meanings. Economic (socio-economic) zoning is understood, firstly, as a special scientific direction that solves the problem of substantiating the composition (identification) and drawing boundaries on a map (delimitation) of economic regions, and, secondly, as a complex scientific discipline that studies economic, social, political, environmental, organizational and managerial aspects of district development.

Now let us dwell on the content of the concepts “district”, “geographical region” and “economic region”. The region is the main category in geography, which is a reflection of both the differentiation of space and the processes of territorial complex formation, thus being a criterion for the geographical nature of research and an attribute of geographical thinking. In the broadest sense, a region is a territory (water area) identified by a combination of any interrelated characteristics or phenomena, as well as a taxonomic unit in any system of territorial division.

A geographic region is an integral territory (water area), characterized, as a rule, by a common genesis, the interconnectedness of the components of the geographical shell and elements of the landscape or social reproduction (these characteristics differ from those observed in neighboring territories).

An economic (socio-economic) region is a territory that differs from others in its specialization and features of integrated economic development, its unique geographical location, natural and labor resources.

Socio-economic zoning is an integral part of territorial research and is aimed at enhancing territorial management and optimizing the territorial organization of social life, and solving the most pressing economic, social, and environmental problems. It provides an objective basis for all types of regional studies and transformations. Zoning allows you to update the natural resource, economic, social and demographic potential of all regions of the country, more fully and effectively use internal and external reserves and resources, improve the organization of hierarchically structured regions, and optimize the structure of federal and regional government. It takes into account the territorial division of labor and serves as the basis for systematizing socio-economic and environmental information in a spatiotemporal context. Identification of a grid of objectively existing areas for the purposes of territorial forecasting, programming and management has become the core of socio-economic geography.

Analysis of the objective process of regionalization is one of the most important areas of research, and the central methodological and methodological technique for understanding the spatial organization of society is economic regionalization, which is an integral part of territorial management and regional policy.

Regional formation is the process of the emergence of stable spatial combinations of landscape elements (natural regional formation) or elements of social reproduction (economic regional formation) with high intensity of internal relationships and interactions. Regional formation is a manifestation of the heterogeneity of the geographical envelope, the chorologically unequal intensity of interaction of its various elements.

District formation may not cover the entire territory, while administrative zoning requires dividing the territory “without remainder”. In this case, empty, “reserve” territories, from the point of view of the development of the region-forming process, are annexed to the region by willful means (most often on the basis of territorial contiguity). Thus, an administratively assigned economic region may not have economic integrity at all (but only territorial).

In contrast to the process of regionalization, zoning is characterized by goal setting; it can be carried out to identify objectively existing areas, regionalize socio-economic policy, in the interests of management, etc. The result of zoning is a network (grid) of districts, which reflects the hierarchy of spatial systems. At the same time, both districts of the same level and the hierarchical chain of districts of different levels must meet predetermined typological and classification characteristics.

Intra-district and inter-district connections should be built on the basis of an appropriate territorial division of labor.

Economic regions have their own sectoral and territorial structure. The sectoral structure of the district's economy is a combination of various sectors of the economy and reflects its participation in the interdistrict (international) division of labor. It finds expression in the combination within the economic region of the following industries and types of production.

The main ones determine the place of the region in the territorial division of labor, forming the production profile of the region. This group of industries provides not only their own, but also external needs.

Basic ones that provide raw materials and fuel to the main industries, as well as all other industries. These are sectors of the fuel and energy complex, metallurgy, chemical and forestry industries. If these industries supply raw materials and fuel to other areas, they can acquire the significance of the main ones (for example, the gas and oil industries of Western Siberia).

Related ones that arise from the joint use of sources of raw materials and fuel or the processing of production waste. These industries enhance the complexity of economic development in the region and can provide both local needs and export products outside the region. Examples of related industries are the coke industry of Kuzbass, the cement industry of the Urals, etc.

Additional, which export their products to other areas, being industries of specialization, but not associated with the main and related industries. Additional industries are the forest industry of the Ural region, the textile industry of the Central and North-Western region, non-ferrous metallurgy of Eastern Siberia and the Far East.

Intra-district companies that satisfy the needs of the region itself with their products, regardless of its specialization, participate in improving the standard of living of the region’s population. These are numerous branches of the light and food industries.

Servicing (infrastructure) includes industries that supply electricity, heat, water, general repair facilities, and storage facilities to all sectors of the region.

Of the six groups of industries, only three are industries of specialization (main, accompanying, additional) and only the main and basic industries define the boundaries of the region, thus being district-forming.

An economic region as a complex integral system has a certain territorial structure. The territorial structure is understood as a set of spatially dissected components and connections between them. Each component of the territorial structure performs a specific function, the implementation of which is carried out through transport routes. The main components of the territorial structure of economic regions are economic nodes, economic centers and economic points.

An economic hub is an economically, socially and environmentally effective combination of interconnected enterprises, compactly located in a small area, interconnected by economic, production and technical connections, having a common settlement system, established social and production infrastructure. Among the economic nodes there are industrial, agro-industrial, transport, industrial-construction, recreational nodes.

An economic center is a group of industries and residential areas within one urban settlement, united by a common economic and geographical location, production, social, environmental and market infrastructure.

Economic localities include settlements with one economic facility that performs a certain national economic function (agricultural, forestry, mining, recreational, etc.).

In each economic region, spatial components and transport arteries form a certain framework of its territorial structure. Thus, in the Central region, the territorial structure is radial-ring in nature, which is determined by the Moscow agglomeration, radial highways and several “rings”, at the nodes of which are regional centers located at a distance of 200-250 km from Moscow (Tver, Yaroslavl, Tula, Ryazan , Smolensk, Vladimir, etc.). Other types of territorial structure are radial-arc (Northwestern region), lattice (Central Chernozem region), linear (East Siberian region).

One of the important issues in the theory of economic regionalization is the study of the dynamics and stability of economic regions and the connection between these processes. The sectoral structure of economic regions is changing quite quickly under the influence of scientific and technical progress. However, private changes, accumulating in an economic region, do not immediately lead to significant changes in its sectoral and territorial structure. Therefore, we can talk about a certain stability of the economic region as a whole and the entire system of economic regions. This issue is closely related to the staged formation and development of economic regions. N. N. Kolosovsky identified five stages of development of the economy of economic regions.

Reserve territories with a weak level of economic development and little participation in the territorial division of labor. As a rule, they have significant natural resource potential, but their specialization has not been completely determined and they are part of the region according to the principle of transport gravity.

Areas of pioneer economic development, where natural resources have been identified, the necessary labor resources for their development are available, specialization has been determined, but the use of natural resources is carried out selectively due to small-scale settlement and production.

Areas of large-scale economic development are characterized by the presence of large industrial hubs and transport routes with adjacent economically developed territories. In these areas, along with the developed regions, there are also reserve territories that are gradually being introduced into economic circulation.

Areas of powerful centers of economic development have mostly mature economic complexes, some parts of which are still under construction or just being designed.

Districts of an established complex economy are distinguished by a well-established production structure, a significant level of use of natural and labor resources, a clearly defined place in the territorial division of labor, and the presence of upper “floors” of development of the district complex.

The system of economic regions is a set of hierarchically mutually subordinate territorial units. The following taxonomic units of economic zoning are distinguished.

Economic zones are groups of economic regions allocated for the purpose of long-term forecasting of the location of productive forces during the formation of market relations. There are two economic zones in Russia - Western and Eastern. In the Western zone, labor-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries have developed, ensuring scientific and technological progress, and a diversified agro-industrial complex has been formed. The eastern zone is the main fuel, energy and mineral resource base of the country.

Integrated areas (macroregions) are formed within economic zones according to the principle of homogeneity of natural resource potential, economic specialization and economic ties. In the Western zone there are three macroregions - the North and Center of the European part of Russia, the Ural-Volga region and the European South, in the Eastern zone there are two - Siberia and the Far East.

A large economic region is the main link in the economic zoning system. It is an integral territory with its own production specialization and close economic regional ties. Currently, there are 11 large economic regions - Northern, Northwestern, Central, Central Black Earth, Volga-Vyatka, Volga region, North Caucasus, Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian and Far Eastern.

Meso-regions include the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (republics, regions, territories). They are also specialized complexes, but with a narrower specialization and strong internal economic ties.

Grassroots districts, or microdistricts, are the primary district “cells” in the taxonomy of economic zoning. These include urban and rural administrative areas.

Due to the peculiarities of the geographical location and mainly the combination of various components and elements in a given territory, general patterns appear within the region in specific forms, characterized by relative stability and giving the whole combination the character of a system. Internal (intra-district) relationships and interactions of the region differ from external (inter-district) ones in greater stability and intensity. As a rule, the intensity of processes characteristic of any region (especially a nodal region) is maximum in one of the areas (core) and decreases towards the periphery, often making it impossible to clearly limit the territory of the region. Sometimes several such nuclei are found, which indicates a complication of the structure, the formation of spatial combinations of a lower hierarchical order - subregions.

A homogeneous region is an area in which each point of the zoned object or phenomenon (for example, soils, landscape, direction of agriculture) is characterized by the same feature or set of features. A homogeneous area is depicted on the map using a qualitative background method.

Nodal region (nodal) - an area with a center (core) that collects or separates flows (of matter, energy, information). Nodal areas arise mainly as a result of the division of space between industrial, social, cultural and other enterprises and institutions, administrative and government bodies (states, territorial-political units, land holdings; areas gravitating to cities, ports, railway stations; areas of post offices, clinics, schools, etc.). The boundaries of the nodal region, identified by the prevailing flows, are drawn where connections with its own center become weaker than with the neighboring one.

An important methodological problem of economic zoning is the question of the objectivity of the existence of regions. In Western geographical science, it is widely believed that an area is a subjective intellectual concept created by thinking in accordance with the purpose and objectives of the study. In domestic economic geography, the region is considered as the result of objective processes of development of productive forces. T. M. Kalashnikova provides the following evidence of the objectivity of economic regions.

The process of district development is a specific territorial manifestation of real district-forming factors for different periods of the country's development. Using the example of historical facts, one can trace how the emergence and formation of economic regions occurs, inter-district connections become more complicated, new regions appear, etc.

The existence of a system of interconnected regions as specialized parts of the state, with the help of which a real economic result is achieved - the productivity of social labor increases.

The focus of zoning on the future and testing in practice by comparing the forecast with reality, including as a method for clarifying boundaries.

Continuity of regionalization experiments carried out by researchers at different times, although these experiments differed from each other both in their scientific approach and in the degree of knowledge of reality.

Thus, economic zoning solves a difficult problem: by identifying and delimiting regions, it is possible to adequately reflect the objective process of regional formation - a continuous and extremely complex process. Zoning serves as a method of purposeful and regulated territorial organization of not only the national economy, but also the entire society. Its constructive nature requires the identification of economic regions as management objects. This takes into account not only production, but also diverse social processes. The practical implementation of the principle of correspondence between the boundaries of economic, administrative and national regions, taking into account the federal structure and the national composition of the population, is becoming important.

Homogeneous zoning. It aims to find similar areas. Similar objects can be combined into one group in two ways - union and division, which, in general, corresponds to two methods of cognition - inductive and deductive.

Combining territories that are similar in one or more characteristics makes it possible to identify synthetic areas; this type of zoning is called "zoning from below". It is used to study the geographic diversity of relatively small areas. Zoning “from below” begins with the selection of indicators by which the allocation, delimitation and comprehension of regions will be carried out.

At "zoning from above"(emphasis analytical areas), carried out over vast territories, on a global scale, the existence and presence of regions is accepted a priori. The researcher’s task comes down to choosing the characteristics that most fully reflect the delimitation of regions and their further division.

The objects of homogeneous zoning in economic geography are units of administrative-territorial division for which average statistical data are collected and published. When conducting professional research, absolute indicators are “weighted” taking into account the area of ​​territorial units or population.

With homogeneous zoning, areas can be distinguished based on one characteristic ( single-feature zoning), and according to several characteristics (multi-character zoning). If we carry out single-character zoning, then, as a rule, there is one option for drawing the border.

If there are several signs of zoning, then there may be several options for placing boundaries. Let's say a researcher is faced with the task of identifying an area of ​​environmental disaster. You can stratify by water pollution, by soil pollution, or by the number of diseases. The boundaries of the area identified for water pollution will most likely not exactly coincide with the boundaries of the areas of soil pollution and disease growth. Where will the epicenter of the environmental disaster be located? In this case, multi-attribute zoning methods are used.

The “quality” of zoning, i.e., the compliance of the selected area with the goals set, largely depends on the choice of the most representative indicators. Based on them, a matrix of statistical data is compiled and analyzed. The so-called Moul's technique, according to which a series of maps are drawn up for the study area with the boundaries of areas identified according to one characteristic, after which they are “overlaid” on a common basis. Where the boundaries coincide, a multi-feature region is identified. Taking into account a large number of characteristics and indicators makes it difficult to identify regions, since transition zones of significant area appear.

Nodal (or functional) zoning involves the allocation of regions depending on the intensity of economic ties within them. It reveals the spheres of influence of cities, transport hubs, and enterprises. Each nodal region has a core where all indicators and phenomena are clearly manifested. The intensity of the phenomenon decreases from the core to the periphery.

The boundaries of the district are located where the indicators take minimum values. Therefore, drawing the actual boundaries when delimiting functional areas is not of significant importance: possible errors will not affect the characteristics of the area.

Principles of zoning. The most important principle when solving problems of practical zoning is its continuity, i.e., each object must be assigned to some class, and there should be no “white spots” in the district grid. The system of districts should extend to objects of the same nature, that is, it is impossible to include in one diagram such fundamentally different objects as, for example, animals and rivers, land and sea, kings and cabbages... etc.

Zoning must serve a specific purpose, which determines the set of features and the number of allocated areas. The reliability of the final results largely depends on the correct choice of zoning features. Firstly, characteristics should reflect the properties of the zoning objects themselves; secondly, it is important to choose among them the most significant, according to which the territory should be divided. The indicators used for division at “higher” levels should be more important for zoning purposes than the indicators used at lower levels.

Competition between traders for market territory depending on transport costs and the value of goods

Boundaries between hub areas are located where the properties of the zoned phenomenon disappear and transform into the properties of the adjacent region.

To identify the boundary between two nodal areas (market zones), gravity models.

If two market centers have the same size (in terms of population, total cost of goods and services offered), then the border between their spheres of influence will pass through the middle of the distance between them.

If the centers and their market zones are unequal in size, then the border will move towards the smaller center.

Let cities 1 and 2 be located at a distance of D12 from each other and have market zones M1 and M2. B2 - turning point from the second city:

FEDERAL PENALTY SERVICE

ACADEMY OF LAW AND MANAGEMENT

Management department

Department of Economic Theory, Geography and Ecology

Test

Discipline: "REGIONAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT"

Option 17. Economic zoning. Basic principles of zoning

Completed by: Pereshitov A.A., student of the 1st study group of the 5th course of distance learning at the Faculty of Management, head of the department for organizing operational work of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in Moscow, lieutenant colonel of the internal service

Scientific supervisor: Associate Professor of the Department of Economic Theory, Geography and Ecology, Candidate of Geographical Sciences Mishnin M.N.

Ryazan 2010

Introduction

1. Concept, principles and methods of economic zoning

2. System of economic regions

Conclusion

Literature.

Introduction.

Our country has a rich scientific heritage and practical experience in economic regionalization. The territorial and economic division of Russia for educational purposes was carried out long before the revolution. Constructive work in this area began in the first Soviet years (the GOELRO plan and the state planning zoning of the 20s). The grid of economic regions was improved until the 80s.

The scientific justification of economic zoning, aimed at increasing the efficiency of development and placement of productive forces, requires an in-depth study of diverse circumstances and factors, including taking into account the current and future location of production, the formation of territorial economic complexes. Along with these objective conditions for regional formation, new tasks of economic management are taken into account.

It should be borne in mind that market relations do not make fundamental changes in the formation of the material basis of territorial complexes, the territorial division of social labor, but only modify it. Therefore, the region-forming factors and principles of economic zoning known in a planned economy retain their importance.

1. Concept, principles and methods of economic zoning

The well-known definition of a region (district), as a territory with common natural, socio-economic and other conditions, includes any territorial entities of an administrative and economic nature.

An economic region is an integral territorial part of the country's national economy with its own specialization and special structure of production and connections. In relation to a regulated economy, this definition is supplemented by an indication of such fundamental differences as the purposefulness of economic development (based on programs and plans that correct market self-regulation), its proportionality, complexity and diversification, active and rational participation in the public territorial division of labor. The latter is the basis for the formation of all economic regions, contributing to the mass and efficient production of various goods and market expansion.

Economic zoning - the division of the country's territory into economic regions - serves as an important tool for regulating territorial development, used in regional planning and management, in particular, in the development of statistical reports and socio-economic forecasts, in financial and budgetary calculations, as well as in justifying administrative-territorial devices, etc.

Depending on the goals of economic zoning and the tasks it solves, two types of zoning are distinguished - integral (general economic) zoning and sectoral (industrial, agricultural, etc.).

Traditional principles of economic zoning are clarified at each stage taking into account the qualitative features of the development of productive forces and the conditions of territorial regulation.

An important principle of zoning is to ensure a high level of territorial concentration of production and its resources. For example, large economic regions must have powerful economic complexes and significant production resources.

Related to this is adherence to a scientifically based scale of zoning, which serves as a guarantee against random, arbitrary decisions and makes it possible to achieve relative equality in regions of the same rank of economic indicators. Trends in territorial concentration under the influence of scientific and technological progress and long-term stable market demand conditions have a very significant impact on the formation of economic regions.

The growth of labor productivity and the unit power of machinery and equipment, together with the increase in the number of units in enterprises and the expansion of the number of industries and production facilities in the region, leads to the fact that relatively limited territories in terms of production resources become equivalent to large regions and even the entire country in the past. For example, industrial output in Western Siberia by the 1980s reached the production volume in the USSR in 1940. Under these conditions, some regions are very large in economic potential, bulky in composition, and it is advisable to disaggregate them.

Economic zoning is traditionally based on territorial differences in economic specialization. The composition and boundaries of an economic region should be determined in such a way that it creates the best conditions for expedient production specialization and the formation of commodity markets. Considering ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy to be the basis of the economic profile of the Urals, when establishing its borders, all metallurgical centers and all ore resources in this territory were united in one area. The same applies to other specialized sectors of the Ural economy. This makes it possible to achieve high productivity of social labor on the basis of an appropriate inter-district division of labor and commodity exchange. Moreover, development prospects are taken into account. When zoning the East, areas that had just begun to emerge were often singled out. This zoning contributed to their rapid formation in given directions.

The decisive factor in the differentiation of economic indicators by territory are regional differences in the costs of production, the economics of production itself in different regions, which must be identified during zoning. At the same time, an important condition for regional specialization in certain types of goods is favorable economic assessments of multi-purpose resources - labor, fuel and energy, land, water. Thus, the unity of Eastern Siberia as an economic region is called into question by the significant high cost of fuel and electricity in Transbaikalia in comparison with Cisbaikalia.

Such a traditional region-forming factor as the territorial complexity of the economy, in which the specialization of the region is combined with its diversified development, is also acquiring new features. Since the 1920s, it, like regional specialization, has become an unshakable principle of economic zoning in our country. A territorial economic complex of a certain scale and profile is the core of an economic region. This is especially pronounced in a large economic region - a macroregion.

In the pre-war period, when developing territorial plans, much attention was paid to providing economic areas with their own fuel, electricity, chemical fertilizers, cement, consumer goods, etc. Therefore, vast territories were allocated as such self-sufficient areas. For example, the Central region included the territories of the current Volga-Vyatka and Central Chernozem regions. However, now, thanks to technological progress, many effective economic ties can cover even wider, vast areas, often extending to the entire country; they should be considered as inter-district. The dominant indicators of regional complexity are the compliance of the region's economy with its natural and economic conditions, the rational combination of specialized industries and industries with their territorial concentration, and the relative similarity of the sectoral structure of the territories included in the region.

Of course, the internal parts of regional complexes should be distinguished not only by their common specialization, but also by close and stable production (economic and technological) ties. However, this cannot contradict the effective inter-district division of labor and the formation of zonal markets. Technological progress, concentration and specialization of production lead to the fact that intra-district cooperation and combination of production (often only for intermediate products) are becoming increasingly important among the conditions for integrated economic development. The role of powerful production and transport hubs is increasing, connecting the most important industries, around which the economic complexes of the regions are formed. For example, in the Urals they are primarily Yekaterinburg, Perm and Chelyabinsk.

At the same time, not only the largest industrial hubs and urban agglomerations (Moscow, St. Petersburg, N. Novgorod, etc.), but also not so powerful, but quite large industrial centers and cities can act as the cores of the economic regions of the European part of the country (Arkhangelsk, Voronezh, Krasnodar, etc.). The specific boundaries of an economic region are often closely related to the configuration of the transport network that connects the core regions with the periphery. The demarcation of transport (freight and passenger) flows between neighboring large economic centers determines the boundaries of different regions.

An indispensable requirement for regional complexity has become the consideration of social and economic factors - territorial features of the reproduction of labor resources, opportunities to improve the living standards of the population, as well as nature conservation and improvement of the use of natural resources. Through economic zoning, it is possible to improve conditions for bringing together and equalizing the levels of socio-economic development of different regions. Indeed, in some areas the internal acute social specificity is obscured by the overall favorable picture. Thus, indices of average per capita income in individual regions of the same economic region differ quite significantly.

Only if the principles of economic specialization and complexity of the region are observed, its development can be successfully regulated using programmatic, balance sheet, optimization and other methods, it can be formed in an interconnected, harmonious manner, successfully solve regionally complex problems and achieve high socio-economic performance.

Regional complexity, understood as a special type of territorial-production integration, is complemented by the mobile diversification of regional economies, adapting their structure to the market conditions of commodity supply and demand.

Of great scientific and practical importance in zoning is the issue of differentiating territorial entities into economic and non-economic, and economic ones into regions and zones. At the heart of economic regions are regional economic complexes. But too much fragmentation or, conversely, consolidation of economic regions leads to the erosion of these complexes, in fact, their replacement by other territorial formations: at the bottom - primary society (small territories of a social nature), at the top - zonal formations (of economic or even non-economic nature). They no longer contain essential features of an economic region, primarily clearly defined economic specialization and complexity.

The development of a grid of economic regions should be carried out using improved zoning methods. First of all, they provide for a qualitative analysis of specific key regional-complex problems, the specific conditions for the formation of regions in individual territories. For this purpose, materials from territorial forecasts, federal and regional targeted territorial development programs, etc. are used.

Over the past decades, the qualitative approach to justifying economic zoning, which was previously the only one, has begun to be supplemented by a quantitative one. True, cartographic, statistical and partly balance methods were used in the past, but more accurate methods of quantitative analysis began to be introduced only relatively recently.

Grouping primary areas (for example, regions, etc.) into larger ones according to some essential characteristics is relatively simple on the basis of statistical and calculated (for the future) indicators of regional analysis. To identify common features of specialization, as well as the complexity of regional units, well-known indicators can be used: localization index and general specialization index, coefficient of similarity of industry structure, index of average industry efficiency of industrial production of regional districts, etc. The economic potential of the selected areas is also taken into account (population, volume of industrial production, etc.), assessments of multi-purpose resources, interregional exchange of goods, etc. When justifying economic regions, various options for their composition should be considered.

Particularly fruitful is the use of precise economic-mathematical method. This problem practically usually concerned either the study of individual aspects of the general theory, or only the zoning of some limited territories. In SOPS under the State Planning Committee of the USSR, a fundamental economic and mathematical model of the entire territorial and economic division of the country was first developed (70s).

The model is based on identifying regional differentiation of social labor costs. For this purpose, a system of estimates of national economic (adjusted) costs was calculated in the context of primary regions (regions, etc.) according to 4 intersectoral (multi-purpose) resources (labor, land, water, fuel and energy) and according to the factor of transport-geographical location, reflecting general conditions of territorial specialization. The grouping of primary regions into large ones was carried out according to the degree of commonality of the values ​​of all five factors of the population, the smallest deviation of their values ​​from the average value (minimum coefficient of variation). Options for the district grid were calculated on a computer.

2. System of economic regions

Improving the territorial organization of production in Russia, with its vast spaces, exceptionally diverse and rich natural conditions and resources, with the increased scale and complexity of the economy, raises the objective need for both large and fractional economic zoning.

A three-tier taxonomy of economic regions has received practical use at the present stage.

1. Large economic regions (macroregions) - in the form of groups of republics, territories and regions. Based on them, national economic territorial proportions are predicted and the main shifts in regional development and distribution of productive forces are determined. Economically, they represent large specialized parts of the country’s national economy with a wide range of core and other interrelated industries and industries and express the most complete and wide territorial production (economic) complex in the entire system of economic zoning; officially there are 11 of them.

2. Medium-scale economic and administrative regions (mesoregions). These include all republics within Russia, administrative territories and regions (without a. o.), autonomous regions and cities of federal significance; there are 79 of them. Economically, they are also specialized complexes, but with a more limited composition of industries (productions) and economic ties. These republics, territories and regions are important links in regional planning and state management of the national economy. They were conceived at one time taking into account not only the national community of the population and the interests of administrative management, but also their economic unity and integrity as economic complexes in the system of social territorial division of labor. The way out of a crisis situation and stabilization of the economy is facilitated by the preparation of targeted comprehensive programs in the context of “problem” regions - depressed, underdeveloped, core, etc. In the practice of territorial planning, economic subdistricts of macroregions (small groups of republics, territories, regions) are often distinguished, which are intra-district economic zones characterized by unity of specialization and close production ties. The subregions of the mesoregions are 10 autonomous okrugs.

3. Lower economic and administrative regions (microregions) - cities, urban and rural administrative districts, village councils, etc.; in total there are about 27 thousand, including 1087 cities, 1868 districts. They represent the primary territorial links in the taxonomy of economic zoning. They are based on initial specialized territorial production complexes.

An important feature of units of administrative-territorial structure is the presence in them of state (mesoregions) and local - municipal and rural (microregions) bodies that carry out the function of managing (regulating) economic, social and cultural development.

The following 11 large economic regions were formed in Russia: Northern, Northwestern, Central, Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, North Caucasus, Volga, Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian and Far Eastern (besides them, more were allocated in the USSR 8 districts, and a total of -19). They are usually called "economic regions", without adding a taxonomic feature.

The changes compared to the previous 13-link grid of districts, in which 9 districts were distinguished on the territory of Russia, are as follows: 1) instead of the former vast Central district, the Central and Central Chernozem districts were formed (taking into account the principle of territorial concentration of the economy); 2) the Volga-Vyatka region was separated from the Volga region and the Center (taking into account specialization); 3) Crimea was separated from the North Caucasus (which was transferred to Ukraine in 1954); 4) there were movements of individual regions and republics (for example, the Tver and Smolensk regions from the North-West to the Center, the Republic of Yakutia - from Eastern Siberia to the Far East).

Large economic regions - macroregions - are distinguished by large scales of production and resources, wide complexity of the economy and a high degree of its specialization. In them (according to the data of the 80s), about 2/3 of the total freight turnover of railways falls on intra-district connections (in the regions - 2/5). In all regions, specialization industries provide over half of all industrial output (out of 11 large industries), and in 5 regions - over 60% (Northwestern, Central, Central Black Earth, Volga, Ural). In each economic region, the industries of basic, leading and consumer inter-industry complexes are closely combined. Macroregions with greater resource potential have more favorable conditions for increasing financial self-sufficiency. The Urals account for 13% of all profits of Russian enterprises and organizations, while on average only 1.9% per territorial unit of the regional scale.

The development of territorial plans, forecast and pre-planning calculations for the location of enterprises, the justification of regional specialization and intersectoral connections, and the convergence of economic development levels have long been carried out using a grid of these regions. Based on them, it is advisable to predict the intensification of production in a territorial context, recommend the priorities of technical re-equipment and reconstruction, resource conservation and nature conservation, the dislocation of production and scientific-production complexes and their groups. Within these regions, the best conditions can be created for overcoming autarchic tendencies in economic development, for the formation of rational territorial-economic complexes and local markets, for the implementation of the principles of regional self-government and self-financing. It is also possible to form effective structures for federal management of regions in them.

On their basis, voluntary (non-state) associations of regional regions arose to combine efforts in market and entrepreneurial activities and coordinate the economy. 8 interregional associations of economic interaction have been formed - a new form of economic self-government on the scale of large territories, promoting regional economic integration: “North-West”, “Central Russia”, “Black Earth Region”, association of republics, territories and regions of the North Caucasus, “Big Volga”, Uralskaya, “Siberian Agreement”, Far Eastern Association.

However, the current grid of large economic regions, developed for the conditions of a planned economy, needs to be clarified. After a long time, the principles of territorial concentration and specialization of production turned out to be violated. A number of regions (Volga region, West Siberian, etc.) are now distinguished by both too great natural and economic potential and a complex, diversified economic structure (they have 7-8 or more large core industries and dozens of such industries), which casts doubt on their unity. In addition, even within some regions, economic assessments of multi-purpose resources experience strong differentiation, differing by 2-3 or more times, which indicates the absence of objective conditions for a unified specialization in them. The task of improving economic zoning is set by the Basic Provisions of Regional Policy in the Russian Federation. The system of mesoregions - the administrative-territorial division of the regional level, which developed back in the mid-30s, which can only conditionally be called a system - also requires reform. economic districts due to the inferiority of regional economic complexes.

In economic terms, the vast majority of Russian regions, especially the European part, are small entities with limited natural resources and economic potential, deprived of special production specialization and favorable conditions for comprehensive development. The range of basic indicators of economic and social development reaches dozens of times and even within individual zones - multiple values. Thus, the population varies by 15 times, and between all subjects of the Federation - by 360 times (Moscow Region, Evenki Autonomous Okrug). This significantly complicates the formation of full-fledged territorial-economic complexes and capacious regional markets, complicates territorial-integrated planning and forecasting, and does not contribute to the regionalization of economic reform and the strengthening of progressive trends towards economic integration in adjacent territories.

The administrative-territorial division is designed to strengthen the constitutional state system in every possible way and ensure reliable control over social development. But what kind of “strong center” can we talk about if there are nine dozen subordinate territorial units? Indeed, according to scientific theories of management, their optimal number should not exceed 25-30. The fragmented nature of the territorial division system excludes not only the possibility of expanding the boundaries of the economic and social activities of regional and local government bodies, but also a real “review” of them by the federal government (this shortcoming has recently been eliminated).

District economic, or territorial-production, complexes come in different sizes and, as such, are the objective basis of economic regions of different ranks. But in a narrow, practical sense, territorial production complexes (TPCs) are understood as formations of a local nature that perform special functions. They develop within large economic (interregional TPK) and regional districts.

Since the 70s, mainly in areas of new economic development, the creation and further formation of a number of territorial production complexes began - West Siberian, Bratsk, Sayan, Kursk magnetic anomaly, etc.

Each such TPK is a collection of enterprises and structures of various sectors of the economy (including infrastructure) in a compact territory. Moreover, the branches of the industrial and industrial complex are economically and technologically interconnected by the use of common natural and economic resources and conditions, as well as a unified settlement system. This makes it possible to increase production efficiency and successfully solve other economic problems.

As a natural expression of the processes of territorial division of labor, TPK represent the most rational, perfect form of territorial organization of social production in a regulated economy. Their formation under a single program makes it possible to obtain a significant economic effect through cooperation and combination of located enterprises, rational use of labor resources, economic territory, natural resources, transport, reducing the cost of construction of auxiliary and service enterprises, utilities, housing and cultural facilities.

According to the calculations of design organizations, the area of ​​built-up territories in TPK is reduced by 10% compared to isolated placement, the length of communications is reduced by 20%, and savings on capital investments in general industrial facilities reaches 15-20%. Even greater savings arise from a successful combination of core industries, their cooperation and combination.

Territorial production complexes began to be created back in the years of the first five-year plan (Dneprovsky). In the post-war years, especially in the last Soviet decades, they became widespread in the European zone, Siberia and the Far East as a progressive form of allocation of productive forces and an expression of the high degree of socialization and cooperation of modern production.

Many TPKs have recently become the object of state planning, and targeted comprehensive programs have been developed for the most important of them. The most developed TPKs are the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), Timan-Pechora, West Siberian, Kansk-Achinsk, Bratsk, Sayan, and South Yakutsk. In addition, the following complexes were at the stage of formation or design: Nizhne-Kama, Orenburg, as well as complexes and industrial hubs in the area of ​​gravity towards the BAM. Unfortunately, during the years of reforms, attention to the TPK weakened.

Conclusion.

The modern period is characterized by a noticeable change in the nature of previous area-forming factors and the emergence of new ones. Territorial problems of the post-industrial economy are acute for areas with harsh natural conditions, the development of which has become widespread. However, for zoning it is important not only to take into account the geographical boundaries of the effective use of new technology, etc. The influence of the technical and organizational factor on regional formation and zoning is manifested everywhere through the territorial forms of the progressive organization of social production - its concentration, specialization, complexity, etc.

Conducting an assessment of the multi-stage system of zoning “from above”, which developed during the command economy of the USSR. On the territory of the Soviet Union, three economic zones were distinguished: Western (the European part of the USSR with the Urals and Transcaucasia), Eastern (Siberia and the Far East) and South-Eastern (Kazakhstan and the republics of Central Asia). Modern Russia consists of two huge parts: the Western macroregion (European Russia) and the Eastern macroregion (Asian Russia). They differ in the historical features of the development of the territory, the features of nature, the level and problems of economic development, the ratio of resources and their use, and development prospects. The territory of Russia was divided into 11 economic regions (8 in the Western macroregion and 3 in the Eastern). However, the grid of economic regions still in use is outdated.

Firstly, districts do not have their own territorial administration (it exists only one step lower - in republics, regions and territories).

Secondly, many regions (Siberian, Urals, Volga region) were formed more than 50 years ago, others have existed for three decades. But the economy is mobile. In a number of areas, a powerful mining industry has been created over the years, while in others it has been weakened due to resource depletion. Large defense industry bases have formed that do not correspond to the boundaries of these areas. In general, the geographical pattern of the economy has changed across the country. Many areas have unclear specialization.

Thirdly, the selected areas turned out to be extremely unequal both in terms of the number of inhabitants and in terms of environmental potential. Naturally, they differ in the size of the territory.

Therefore, the Central region, where more than 1/5 of the country’s population lives and 1/3 of Russia’s industrial and 1/2 of its scientific potential is concentrated, is difficult to compare with the Far East - huge in territory (36% of the country’s area), but sparsely populated (5% of the population) or with the northern regions (4% of residents).

In other words, the grid of districts does not correspond to the enormous changes that have taken place in the country's economy. The boundaries of the regions, as one geographer figuratively noted, are “the shell of eaten eggs.” Let us add on our own behalf: “which contains a completely different content.” At the same time, the possibilities of using the existing framework of districts for a market economy are complicated.

And most importantly, zoning should contribute to the formation of not only an effective economy, territorial production complexes, but also new market structures (associations, concerns, corporations, holdings) within certain territorial boundaries.

What is needed is not a one-sided economic, but a comprehensive socio-economic zoning, taking into account the historical features of settlement, geographical features of settlement and living conditions of people, problems and geography of cities (from the largest to small) and rural settlements, population migration.

Zoning should be ecological and economic, i.e. contribute to the improvement of environmental conditions, take into account local natural features, problems of shortage of certain resources.

Zoning should help strengthen the unity of all parts of the state territory of Russia and ensure their management, i.e. solve political problems.

At the same time, territorial administration, which is absent in economic regions, is present in the elements of administrative territorial division (regions, territories), as well as in republics. The administrative territorial division itself is significantly outdated.

Russia needs:

Carrying out a new comprehensive public zoning that will help solve not only economic problems.

A new administrative-territorial division is the creation of uniform (same rank and level) subjects of the Russian Federation.

But this has not yet been implemented, and regions, territories and especially republics have great rights, which would be advisable to use to improve zoning.

Literature

1. Alampiev P.M. Economic zoning of the USSR. Book 1. - M., 1959.

2. Bugaev V.K., Gladkiy Yu.N., Faibusovich E.L. Lectures on the course “Social and Economic Geography”, part 2. - St. Petersburg, 1997.

3. Gladkiy Yu.I., Chistobaev A.I. Fundamentals of regional policy: Textbook. - St. Petersburg, 1998.

4. Grinberg A.G. Fundamentals of regional economics. Textbook. - M., 2000.

5. Kistanov V.V., Kopylov N.V. Regional economics of Russia: Textbook. – M., 2003.

6. Lavrishchev A. N., Economic geography of the USSR. - Ed. 5th. - M., 1986.

7. Larina N.I., Kiselnikov A.A. Regional policy in market economy countries: Textbook. allowance. - M., 1998.

8. Misko K.M. Resource potential of the region (theoretical and methodological aspects of the study). - M., 1991.

9. Planning the deployment of productive forces of the USSR/Responsible. ed. V. V. Kistanov, part 1. - M., 1986.

10. Entrepreneurial climate of Russian regions. Geography of Russia for investors and entrepreneurs / Director. auto coll. A. M. Lavrov. - M.1997.

11. Placement of productive forces: Textbook / Ed. V. V. Kistanova, N. V. Kopylova. - M., 1994.

12. Regional development: experience of Russia and the European Union / Director. auto coll. and resp. ed. A. G. Granberg. - M., 2000.

13. Shamkhalov F.I. State and economy (government and business). - M.: OJSC Publishing House "Economy", 1999.

14. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook / Ed. A. T. Khrushchev. - M., 1997.

Grinberg A.G. Fundamentals of regional economics. Textbook. - M., 2000. P.42.

LavrishchevaA. N, Economic geography of the USSR. - Ed. 5th. - M., 1986. P.85.

Bugaev V.K., Gladkiy Yu.N., Faibusovich E.L. Lectures on the course “Social and Economic Geography”, part 2. - St. Petersburg, 1997. P.149.