The world economy is a global economy that includes the value of all goods and services provided. Usually the latter is measured in American dollars for ease of comparison of national indicators. Concepts such as international and world economy are often used as synonymous terms. However, in the specialized literature it is customary to separate them. International economy as a term is used in contrast to national economy, while the world economy represents the totality of production of all countries.

Characteristic

It is customary to evaluate the world economic economy in money, even in cases where this is difficult to do. For example, drugs and other goods sold on the black market are often not counted. The world economic system is characterized by the following features:

• Strengthening the interconnectedness of states and deepening transnationalization.
• Formation of relatively closed trade and economic regional blocs and integration groupings.
• World economic countries are increasingly liberalizing their policies and opening up their markets.
• The influence of the cyclical development of economies on the entire system.
• The dominance of the intellectual and information factor in national and global development.
• Increasing income gaps within countries and in the international community.

Brief information

• Population – 7.095 trillion.
• Gross domestic product: nominal – $77.609 trillion. USA - at purchasing power parity - 106,998.
• GDP growth – 3.4%.
• Gross domestic product per capita: nominal – $10,857. USA - at parity purchasing power – 15 073.
• The number of dollar millionaires is 0.15%.
• People who earn less than $2 a day – 3.25 billion.
• The unemployment rate is 5.4%.

Prerequisites for the occurrence

The world economy began to take shape a long time ago, but was finally formed only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Great geographical discoveries and the emergence of modern Vehicle and deepening market relations. The Peace of Westphalia, with the recognition of the sovereignty of states, marked the beginning of the existence of the world as a system. At this time, exploration and capture of new lands is completed. The sectors of the world economy were much less diverse then than they are now. The structure was also different. Agriculture dominated, and industry was dominated by such branches of the world economy as coal mining, ferrous metallurgy, and simple mechanical engineering. In those distant times, transnational companies were few in number, international organizations and integration associations practically did not exist. However, the world was in many ways much more liberal than it is now. It existed on a political and economic basis.

Structure of the world economy

In scientific literature and in everyday life, concepts such as “world economy” and “international economy” are increasingly used, but there is still no common understanding of their essence. This is due to the fact that they are characterized by a multiplicity of elements included in them, multi-level and hierarchical nature. The structure of the world economy includes the following components:

1. Territory.
2. Natural resource potential.
3. Capital (the accumulated supply of funds in productive, monetary and commodity form, necessary for the creation of commodity goods).
4. Labor resources and workforce.
5. Infrastructure.
6. Technologies (scientific methods of achieving practical goals, including entrepreneurial abilities).

Sectoral and functional dimension

The role of the world economy in the functioning of individual national economies is increasing more and more. This is associated with increased interest in its study. It is customary to distinguish between industry, functional and territorial structure world economy. The first characterizes the relationship between various divisions of the economy. There are several separate areas. Primary industries include mining and agriculture. Secondary – manufacturing. The tertiary sector includes transport, communications and services. Quaternary – management, education, science and culture. They are all closely interconnected. However, the trend is a gradual decrease in the importance of the primary and secondary spheres and an increase in the tertiary and quaternary spheres.

The functional structure of the world economy reflects the international aspect of the division of labor. Each state plays its role, specializing in one or another production. However, the geography of the world economy shows that the “lower floors” (mining metal ores, growing crops) are occupied by developing countries. And they are always trying to win a higher place.

Geography of the world economy

The territorial structure reflects the relationship in the nature of the placement of states in the “Center - Periphery” system, as well as by areas of specialization. For all sections it is expressed in natural and monetary terms. Using these indicators, we can characterize the main types of proportions:

• Renewable. They represent the most important ratio in productive forces ah society depends significantly on the domestic and foreign policies of the country.
• Intersectoral. Reflect the division of social production into large divisions (agriculture, industry, services). Within them, industries are distinguished.
• Territorial. Reflect the relationship between the spatial structures of the economy. It allows us to consider the location of productive forces, the distribution of centers of economic gravity and activity.
• Functional. In the global aspect, the existence of such an aspect is manifested in the fact that the “lower floors” are concentrated in developing countries. The development of the world economy is the story of the struggle for a “higher” place.
• In foreign economic relations. They characterize the import and export of products (between countries and regions), reflecting the openness of national economies and their dependence on imports.

Main areas

All countries of the world are divided into three large groups in accordance with their socio-economic development. The first includes states that are members of the OECD. The second includes countries that were formed after the collapse of the USSR. They are called states with economies in transition. Developing countries, in turn, include four subtypes: newly industrialized, “rich islands,” oil exporters, and the weakest. The criteria for classifying states according to spheres of the world economy are the nature of their economy (market or transition) and socio-economic level. The indicators of the latter are:

• The volume of gross domestic product and national income per capita.
• Total population and percentage of working people.
• Sectoral structure of gross domestic product.
• Level of consumption of material goods.
• Development of social and industrial infrastructure.
• Level of education and culture of the population.
• Social differentiation and social protection of citizens.

Laws, patterns and principles of development

The modern world economy is a dialectical struggle between unity and opposites. One of the main contradictions in the development of human society is the difference in interests. On the one hand, we have the social nature of production. On the other hand, a private form of appropriation of its results. In addition, the formation of the world economy occurs in a constant struggle between countries for “storeys”. Scientific and technological progress not only does not reduce the severity of this contradiction, but, on the contrary, strengthens it. Therefore, the gap between levels of socio-economic development is only growing. The functioning of the world economy is influenced by a number of laws: cost, international competition, uneven growth, internationalization of production.

The main principles are the following:

• Saving socially useful costs (according to A. Weber).
• Possibility of extracting maximum profit (according to A. Lesh).
• Ecological principle of rational use and protection of the environment.
• Accounting for the international geographical division of labor.
• Maintaining ecological balance.
• Rationality of production location.
• Limitation of centralism.

Scorecard

The level of development of the world economy, the proportions of its sectoral, functional and territorial structure can be expressed in physical and monetary terms. Most important indicators Since the 1950s, gross domestic product and national product have been considered. GDP is the total value of goods and services produced in a year in a particular country or region. When calculating this indicator, it is not important nationality subjects. GNP is the total value of goods and services produced during the year by legal and individuals, registered in the state. When calculating this indicator, nationality is important, and the territorial location of the subjects is not taken into account. If there are many foreign enterprises and workers in the country, then the GDP will be greater than the GNP.

An important indicator of the functioning and levels of development of the world economy is the structure of gross domestic product and employment. It gives an idea of ​​the levels of labor productivity in economic sectors in various regions and in the world as a whole. Thus, a group of the most developed countries is distinguished. Based on the share of employment in agriculture, all countries are divided into four categories.

Stages of economic growth

Human society has gone through several stages in its development. According to Marxist dialectics, these are historical social formations: primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist. Each of them corresponds to a certain level of development of productive forces and public relations. There is also a civilizational approach. According to him, individual elements of the world economy began to take shape back in the days of the Roman Empire. It received significant impetus during the era of great geographical discoveries. There are three stages of development of the world economy. The pre-industrial stage lasted more than three thousand years. At this time, manual labor dominated. The vast majority of the population was employed in agriculture. The standard of living of most ordinary people in this period is extremely low. Wealth was determined by the amount of land and livestock. A person's place in society was determined by the class to which he belonged from birth.

The industrial stage of development began about 300 years ago. It took place in four stages:

• Formation of simple and labor-intensive industries.
• Formation of basic spheres of production.
• Comprehensive electrification and mechanization of the economy.
• Widespread automation of the economy.

It is believed that the post-industrial stage begins after humanity or an individual state reaches such a level of development when less than 15% of the population is engaged in material production. The USA, Germany and Japan have come close to this stage. The majority of their population is employed in the service sector. However, many researchers note that so far not a single country in the world has achieved the indicators post-industrial society. In their opinion, in the case of the United States, we are still talking about the final stage of the previous stage.

Global problems

In the process of functioning, the national economies of individual countries have to face many problems of an exogenous and endogenous nature. The development of the world economy largely depends on their effective resolution. Global problems are interconnected issues on a planetary scale that threaten humanity with serious regression or death. They require an urgent and urgent solution through the joint efforts of the entire world community. Among them are the following:

1. The problem of overcoming poverty and backwardness. It is typical for developing countries. As you know, 2/3 of the entire world population live in them. Therefore, it is often called the problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries. Today, not only has it not been resolved, but it has also become more acutely felt, despite the efforts of the IMF, IBRD and other regional financial and credit institutions.
2. The problem of peace and demilitarization. In the last century, with the invention of nuclear weapons, humanity for the first time faced a direct threat of annihilation. Today, the issue of local conflicts, war refugees and terrorism is becoming increasingly acute.
3. Food and demographic problem. This issue is most acute in developing countries, where part of the population does not even have access to clean drinking water.
4. Problem natural resources. The introduction of alternative energy sources is coming to the fore.
5. Ecological problem. As a result of irrational environmental management, it can become a threat to human health and slow down the further development of the global economy.

Sustainable Development Strategy

It is believed that the stages of the world economy change in accordance with the requirements of the time. Progress directly depends on this. Sustainable development involves economic growth that does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Central to this issue is the consideration of long-term environmental impacts. In addition, it is important to ensure stability and reduce the negative impact of the cyclical nature of business activity, since, due to globalization, problems in one country necessarily lead to aggravation of the situation in others.

The modern world economy is a complex organism, the functioning of which depends on a number of factors. And the increasing interdependence of national economies leads to the fact that problems in one sector or country immediately affect all other participants in the division of labor.

Light industry in the world plays a significant role in modern economies e. It provides the population with household and industrial goods and consumer goods. Light industry closely interacts with agriculture and other areas.

Main characteristics

Light industry is understood as a set of industries that produce items from various raw materials for the population. Conventionally divided into two groups:

• The first is that it contains cheap mass products. Characterized by low-labor production and the presence of low-skilled labor.
• The second one produces expensive goods and is characterized by qualified workers and high-tech equipment.

In furniture production, Italy accounts for 8% (of the world total), the USA - 15%, and China about 25%.

Features of light industry include:

• tight connection to the territory and consumer;
• dependence economic level population;
• changes in fashion and preferences;
• periodic changes in requirements for production technologies and raw materials;
• quick change of assortment.

Light industry sectors have their own structure and include the following industries:

• raw materials – leather processing, production of flax, cotton, etc.;
• semi-products – dyeing, textile;
• finished goods – haberdashery, shoes, clothing.

The global light industry includes the main industries - textile (in first place), footwear and clothing. Feature: they are unevenly represented in the world economy.

Industries are developing successfully mainly in developing countries. This is explained by the presence of cheap labor and raw materials, and simple production. IN developed countries They often produce expensive products using skilled labor and high technology.

Textile industry

It occupies a leading position in the world's light industry. Worker employment and production volumes are leading among all others. Manufactured by:

• synthetic and natural fabrics;
• nonwoven materials;
• ropes;
• yarn;
• carpet products.

The textile industry is the oldest, it includes the production of cotton (first place), wool, silk, and chemical fibers.

Mixed fabrics are becoming the most popular; they contain about 50% cotton and 50% synthetic fibers. In global production, the share of synthetic fibers has increased significantly, while natural fibers have decreased.

Over the past 20 years, textile manufacturing has been moving towards countries in the Asian region. Main leaders:

• China;
• Taiwan;
• South Korea;
• India, Türkiye.

The share of developed countries in the industry has decreased significantly; they manage to maintain their position by producing more expensive textiles. Many developed countries have transferred part of their industry to developing regions. The production of nonwoven materials used for technical purposes is increasing. The majority of this sector belongs to China and EU countries (25%).

Light industry sectors

Garment industry

It is considered more labor-intensive than textile. Characterized by great demand and variety of goods. Manufacturing has shifted from developed to developing countries.

The latter occupy the largest part in the industry segment - about 80% of clothing exports. The leaders are China, Asia and Latin America. Developed countries specialize mainly in sewing expensive or exclusive products.

The clothing industry also includes the production (sewing) of toys. Production is developed in almost every region. The most significant suppliers are China, Japan and the USA.

There is an increase in investment flows for industry development in the Baltic countries. This is due to the proximity Western market, low wages with sufficient qualifications of employees.

Leather and footwear industry

The footwear industry is evenly concentrated in both developing and developed regions. It is distinguished by a wide assortment, it is not inferior to the clothing industry, and a variety of raw materials. Natural (leather, nubuck, suede), synthetic (leatherette), and textile materials are used.

In developed countries, higher quality products are made from expensive raw materials. The undisputed leader is the large manufacturer Italy; back in the 50s, it was famous for its shoes. Countries such as the Czech Republic, Spain, Portugal, and Great Britain are not inferior to their positions. Expensive shoes take up a third of all shoe production.

The segment is no less saturated with cheap shoes made of textiles and leatherette. The leading position rightfully belongs to China - it covers 40% of total production, with Korea, Brazil, and Thailand in the middle of the ranking. Russia has significantly reduced volumes, gradually moving from producer to importer.

The production of fur products belongs to China, the USA, and Russia. Greece occupies a special place in this segment, where fur trimmings are processed.

China is a leader in the light industry; today the country continues to develop and conquer new markets.

Forecasts for industries

Key sectors of light industry focused on mass consumption (cheap shoes, clothing) are concentrated in developing regions. Developed countries are reserved for the production of high-quality products for a limited circle of consumers (high-tech products made from expensive raw materials).

The importance of light industry has a social orientation in the world economy. It provides the population with necessary consumer and household items, creates the comfort and well-being of citizens, and plays a significant role in the country’s economy.

Consumption rates vary, but the average is gradually increasing; buyers often return to the strategy of accumulating basic household items, which increases demand for the product.

Marketers assure that regulations for fulfilling the volume of the consumer basket exist at every enterprise, and it is not difficult to supply the population with the required number of units. The interest of buyers is studied, the indicators are verified by social surveys, the trend of fashion designers is also taken into account.

Video: Russian light industry

Important geopolitical and economic transformations of the second half of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century, the rapidly developing world economy, its internationalization and integration of former socialist countries into a single world economy, increasing the degree of openness of national economies, increasing the interdependence of all subjects of world economic relations opened the way to noticeable changes in the structure and the functions of international production and exchange.

The general pattern of changes in the sectoral structure of the world economy is a consistent transition from a high share Agriculture, mining industry, manufacturing industries to technically relatively simple industries (light industry, food industry), capital and material-intensive industries (metallurgy, chemical industry) and, finally, to knowledge-intensive industries that create products based on high technologies. In other words, in the process of economic development, “primary industries” (agriculture and the mining industry) yield primacy in the sectoral structure of the economy to “secondary” ones (manufacturing and construction), and those to “tertiary” ones (the service sector).

The development of industry over the past two decades has led to fundamental changes in the conditions and way of life of all mankind. Thanks to the introduction of scientific and technological progress, the scale of production in absolute terms in all industries of the world continues to increase. The growth of industrial production occurs with a simultaneous reduction in the number of employees in economically highly developed countries. The level of labor productivity in industry is much higher than in agriculture and even in the service sector.

At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The study of the problems of the location of industry in the world has acquired particular importance due to the fact that globalization and the transition to the post-industrial stage of development have led to the fact that the world economy began to restructure and there were shifts in the location of industrial production both at the local, regional and planetary levels.

At present, a comprehensive study of the features of location and structural changes in the industry of the world can contribute to the search for possible ways of structural transformation of Russian industry as part of the world economic complex with the aim of developing and increasing its competitiveness.

Analysis of what happened at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries. changes in the location of production of typical types of products from leading industries made it possible to draw important conclusions about the features and prospects for the development of world industry.

Chapter 1. Structure of modern industry

The level of development of any country is determined by the structure of its economy. The economy of a modern state is divided into industries. It includes manufacturing sectors and non-production activities. The concepts of “production” and “non-production” spheres are the most significant characteristics of the structure of the economy.

The non-productive sphere (or service sector) includes those types of activities in the process of which no material (material) product is created. As a rule, the following non-production sectors are distinguished:

• Department of Housing and Utilities;
• non-production types of consumer services for the population;
• health, physical education and social welfare;
• public education;
• finance, credit, insurance, pensions;
• Culture and art;
• science and scientific service;
• control;
• public associations.

The production sphere (“real sector” - in modern terminology) is a set of industries and activities, the result of which is a material product (goods). The branches of material production usually include industry, agriculture, transport, and communications.

The division into industries is determined by the social division of labor. There are three forms of social division of labor: general, private and individual.

The general division of labor is expressed in the division of social production into large spheres of material production (industry, agriculture, transport, communications, etc.). The private division of labor manifests itself in the formation of various independent branches within industry, agriculture and other branches of material production.

For example, in industry there are:

• electric power industry;
• fuel industry;
• ferrous metallurgy;
• non-ferrous metallurgy;
• chemical and petrochemical industry;
• forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries;
• industry building materials;
• light industry;
• food industry, etc.

In turn, each of them consists of highly specialized industries, for example, non-ferrous metallurgy includes copper, lead-zinc, tin and other industries.

A single division of labor exists in an enterprise, institution, or organization between people of different professions and specialties.

1.1 Structure of social production

The most important branch of material production is industry, which consists of many industries and industries that are closely interconnected.

Industry - a set of enterprises (plants, factories, mines, mines, power plants) engaged in the production of tools for both industry itself and other industries National economy, as well as the extraction of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy production, logging and further processing of products obtained in industry or produced in agriculture, and the production of consumer goods.

Industry is the most important sector of the national economy, which has a decisive impact on the level of development of the productive forces of society.

An industry is understood as a set of enterprises that produce products that are homogeneous in terms of their economic purpose and are characterized by the commonality of processed raw materials, the uniformity of the technical base (technological processes and equipment), and the professional composition of personnel.

Industry consists of two large groups of industries:

1. mining
2. manufacturing industry.

The mining industry includes enterprises for the extraction of mining chemical raw materials, ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and non-metallic raw materials for metallurgy, non-metallic ores, oil, gas, coal, peat, shale, salt, non-metallic building materials, light natural aggregates and limestone, as well as hydroelectric power stations, water pipelines, forest exploitation enterprises, fishing and seafood production.

The manufacturing industry includes enterprises for the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled metal, chemical and petrochemical products, machinery and equipment, woodworking products and the pulp and paper industry, cement and other building materials, light and food industry products, as well as enterprises for the repair of industrial products (steam locomotive repair, locomotive repair) and thermal power plants.

1.2 Classification of industries and its sectoral structure in the modern world economy

Industry is the leading branch of material production, which creates the predominant part of GDP and national income. In modern conditions, the share of industry in the total GDP of developed countries is about 40%.

Modern industry consists of many independent branches of production, related enterprises and production associations. Its sectoral structure reflects the level of industrial development of the country and its economic independence, the degree of technical equipment of the industry and the leading role of this industry in the economy as a whole. An important condition for increasing the efficiency of social production is improving the sectoral structure of industry. To analyze the sectoral structure of industry, the following indicators are usually used:

• the share of a particular industry or complex in the total volume of industrial production and its change in dynamics;
• the share of progressive industries in the total volume of industrial production and its change in dynamics;
• advance coefficient;
• relationship between extractive and processing industries.

Progressive industries include those whose development ensures the acceleration of scientific and technological progress throughout the national economy. The efficiency of social production largely depends on their development. Progressive industries usually include mechanical engineering, electric power and the chemical industry. An increase in their share means that progressive changes are taking place in the industry structure, and this has a beneficial effect on the country’s economy.

The lead coefficient expresses the growth rate of an industry or a separate complex T neg to the growth rate of the entire industry T prom:

The rapid development of processing industries compared to extractive industries usually characterizes positive trends in the country’s economy (Table 1).

The interrelations of industries, the proportions that have developed between them, are determined by the method of production, as well as the cumulative effect on its basis of many other factors that determine changes in the sectoral structure of industry. These factors include:

• scientific and technological progress and the degree of implementation of its results in production;
• the level of social division of labor, the development of specialization and cooperation of production;
• growth of material needs of the population;
• socio-historical conditions in which industry develops;
• natural resources of the country.

The current stage of economic development of the leading countries of the world is characterized by major shifts in the structure of the economy, which certainly leads to new intersectoral and reproductive proportions. Changes in the existing proportions in the economy occurred in two directions:

1. firstly, reconstruction and modernization of traditional leading sectors of the economy,
2. secondly, a change in generations of products produced in the sector of new knowledge-intensive industries.

At the same time, the leading branch of material production remains industry and, above all, mechanical engineering, where scientific and technical achievements are accumulated.

Major shifts are taking place in the sectoral structure of global industry. They are expressed, first of all, in a change in the proportion between the extractive and manufacturing industries. Throughout the second half of the 20th century. there was a steady trend towards a decrease in the share of extractive industries in general industrial production; now it is about 1/10. But changes also affected internal proportions in the mining and manufacturing industries.

Mining industry represents a whole complex of industries and sub-sectors, including not only the mining, but also the logging industry. It also includes marine fishing, water supply, and hunting and fishing. Approximately 3/4 of the total output of this industry comes from its main sub-industry - the mining industry. In turn, in the structure of the mining industry, 3/5 of the products (by value) are provided by the oil and gas industry, and the rest in approximately equal shares by coal and ore mining.

Manufacturing industry- structurally, a much more complex complex, including more than 300 different industries and sub-sectors, which are usually divided into four blocks:

• production of construction materials and chemical products;
• mechanical engineering and metalworking;
• light industry;
• food industry.

The first place in the structure of the world manufacturing industry is occupied by mechanical engineering (40% of all products), the chemical industry is in second place (more than 15%). This is followed by food (14%), light industry (9%), metallurgy (7%) and other industries. The ratio between them changes somewhat over time, but overall remains relatively stable. But the shifts occurring in the structure of each of the listed industries are usually more noticeable. First of all, this applies to mechanical engineering, as the most diversified branch of industrial production.

The fastest growing branch of global mechanical engineering has been and remains the electronics and electrical engineering industry, the share of which in all manufacturing products has already grown to 1/10. General mechanical engineering as a whole is characterized by moderate growth. Moreover, changes are also taking place in its structure: the production of agricultural and textile machinery and equipment is decreasing; increases - road transport machines, and especially robots, office equipment, etc. The share of transport engineering in the structure of the manufacturing industry as a whole remains relatively stable, but behind this there are also internal differences: the share of shipbuilding, rolling stock is decreasing, but in In general, the share of the automotive industry remains unchanged.

There are two known strategies (models of industrialization) of developing countries - internally oriented and externally oriented.

The first of them is usually called the import substitution strategy. It was carried out mainly at the first stage of industrialization of the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America and consisted of a gradual abandonment of imports of industrial products and provision of the domestic market with its own products. At first, such import substitution was carried out in the production of consumer goods - fabrics, clothing, shoes, furniture, etc. Then it also covered the products of heavy industry.

However, such import-substituting development as a whole turned out to be insufficiently effective. Therefore, many countries began to come to a different, export-oriented development model, which was based on the promotion of local goods to the world market. This model is most characteristic of the newly industrialized countries of Asia.

The manufacturing industry of developing countries specializes mainly in the production of simpler, less technology-intensive products.

The high rates of industrial production in developing countries were achieved primarily thanks to a relatively small group of these states - primarily the so-called key ones (China, India, Brazil, Mexico) and the newly industrialized ones. It is also important that these successes were achieved not only as a result of industrialization as such, but also to a large extent as a result of the deliberate transfer (“migration”) from North to South of many mass, labor-intensive, cheap and, at the same time, environmentally hazardous “dirty” industries.

The vast majority of large industrial TNCs are concentrated in the countries of the North, which, among other things, own a significant part of the industrial potential of the countries of the South. It is not surprising that much of the industrial output of developing countries is destined for commodity markets developed countries. As for labor productivity in industry, in terms of its level, the countries of the South are on average four times inferior to the countries of the North, although when calculating this ratio, only the indicators of the most “advanced” of them are taken into account.

All this to some extent characterizes the distribution of industrial production between large geographical regions of the world. Among them, three stand out: Europe, Asia and North America. Of great interest for the geographical analysis of world industry is also the identification of leading countries that essentially set the tone in this industry. It is characteristic that their list included 14 developed and 6 developing countries. It is with these leading countries that the location of the main industrial regions of the world is associated. (Table 2).

Countries	Production, billion US dollars		Countries
USA	2685	305	Taiwan*
Japan	1235	300	Spain
China	1235	270	Russia
Germany	835	250	Republic
Great Britain	600	220	Netherlands
Italy	520 ^	190	Belgium
France	445	190	Indonesia
Brazil	370	190	Mexico
India	360	170	Australia
Canada	320	145	Thailand

* Including Hong Kong

Table 2. Top twenty countries by industrial production in 2010

When analyzing the sectoral structure of industry, it is advisable to consider not only its individual sectors, but also groups of industries that represent inter-industry complexes. An industrial complex is understood as a set of certain groups of industries, which are characterized by the production of similar (related) products or the performance of work (services).

Currently, industries are united into main complexes: fuel and energy, metallurgical, machine-building, chemical-forestry and agro-industrial.

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) includes the coal, gas, oil, peat and shale industries, energy, and industries for the production of energy and other types of equipment. All these sectors are united by a common goal - to meet the needs of the national economy for fuel, heat, and electricity. Russia is the only large industrialized country that is completely self-sufficient in fuel and energy from its own natural resources and exports fuel and energy in significant volumes. Currently, this complex plays a significant role in providing the country with foreign currency.

The metallurgical complex (MC) is an integrated system of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, metallurgical, mining engineering and repair facilities. The development of the Russian metallurgical industry predetermines its economic and political independence, industrial and defense potential.

The machine-building complex can be placed in first place in economic development. In developed countries, it accounts for 35 to 50% of the total industrial products.

The mechanical engineering complex is a combination of branches of mechanical engineering, metalworking and repair production. The leading branches of the complex are general mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and radio electronics, transport engineering, as well as computer production. The current level of the industry does not meet the requirements of the country's economic and social development. Mechanical engineering occupies only 20% of general industrial production.

The chemical-forest complex is an integrated system of the chemical, petrochemical, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries, mechanical engineering and other industries. In terms of timber reserves (about 82 billion m3), Russia occupies a leading place in the world and is 3 times larger than the USA, 30 times larger than Sweden and 40 times larger than Finland. At the same time, the timber industry complex (TIC) contributes only 2.6% to GDP, and 4.3% to foreign exchange earnings from exports.

The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is characterized by the fact that it includes sectors of the economy that are heterogeneous in their technology and production orientation: the agricultural system, processing industries, feed and microbiological industries, agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the light and food industries. About 80 industries directly or indirectly participate in the activities of the agro-industrial complex. The agrarian-industrial complex can be considered as a set of technologically and economically related units of the national economy, the end result of which is the most complete satisfaction of the population's needs for food and non-food products produced from agricultural raw materials.

Chapter 2. Current state and development prospects of the main industrial complexes of the world economy

2.1 Assessment of the current state of industry in the world economy

In the sectoral structure of world industry, there is a gradual decrease in the importance of extractive industries and an increase in the share of manufacturing industries. This is partly due to a decrease in the material intensity of production, primarily in developed countries, as well as the replacement of mineral raw materials with artificial ones. But the main reason for this structural shift is the growing differences in the cost of production of these industries: in the manufacturing industry, the cost of goods produced per unit of output is much higher, especially in knowledge-intensive industries.

The reduction in the share of extractive industries in most developed countries was achieved by increasing the production of raw materials in countries with economies in transition and developing countries. So, in developed countries specific gravity extractive industries in industry is 2%, in developing countries - 14%, and in Russia - about 30%.

In the manufacturing industry of developed countries, the center of gravity is moving from capital-intensive and metal-intensive industries (metallurgy, oil refining, production of building materials, etc.) to knowledge-intensive ones (electronics, pharmaceuticals, small-scale chemistry, aviation and rocket and space). The share of mechanical engineering and metalworking products is constantly growing, and in recent years it accounts for about 40% of the production of all manufacturing products in the world. Electronics, together with electrical engineering, is the fastest growing branch of global industry.

There is a further strengthening of the specialization of developed countries in the production of the most expensive industrial products, primarily knowledge-intensive (aerospace, biotechnological, information and communication)

2.2 Dynamics of global industry indicators

The sectoral structure of industry characterizes the level of industrial and technical development of the country, the degree of its economic independence and the level of productivity of social labor.

The structure of industry is also influenced by the rapid pace of development of industries that primarily ensure scientific and technological progress - mechanical engineering, the chemical industry and the electric power industry.

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of modern industry in terms of the number of employees, the cost of production and, accordingly, the share in all industrial production. This is explained by the fact that it is it that primarily provides all sectors of the economy with instruments of production (machines, equipment, instruments, etc.), and the population with consumer goods, including durable ones.

Among the economically developed countries of the West, there is a small group of states (USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain) that have a full range of engineering production, the share of which in the structure of their manufacturing industry is 35-38%, and in exports - 50% or more. Directly behind this group are countries (France, Italy, Spain, Canada, the Republic of Korea) with a slightly less complete structure of mechanical engineering and its smaller share in the structure of the manufacturing industry (25-33%), as well as in exports. Some small countries are usually included in a separate group Western Europe(Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Austria), in which certain branches of mechanical engineering, primarily export-oriented, have developed very well. In other countries, mechanical engineering is less developed, and the import of machinery prevails over its export.

Despite the continuing lag of developing countries, progress has recently been noticeable in their mechanical engineering. But it concerns only a relatively small number of countries - China, Brazil, India, Mexico, Argentina, and newly industrialized countries. All of them have a sufficiently qualified and at the same time much cheaper labor force than in Western Europe, the USA and Japan

2.3 Prospects for the development of the main industrial complexes of global industry

Fuel and energy complex (FEC)

The fuel and energy sector belongs to capital-intensive industries. In industrialized countries, where all its industries are represented, usually the main capital investments, ranging up to 85%, are in the oil and gas industry and the electric power industry (in approximately equal shares) and up to 15% in the oil refining and coal industries. Investments in the oil industry have a significant impact on the investment process in the fuel and energy complex as a whole.

In accordance with the cyclical nature of development oil industry There are also changes in capital investments not only in this industry, but also in the fuel and energy complex in general.

Nuclear energy is becoming an increasingly important source of fuel and energy resources. There are currently about 140 nuclear reactors operating in the world. Their share in total electricity production in the world remains at 10-11%. Firms involved in nuclear engineering do not expect an increase in the influx of orders for equipment for new nuclear power plants (NPPs), at least in the next 10 years. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, the influx of orders became extremely small.

However, in general, the dependence of the energy sector of a number of countries around the world on nuclear power plants is very significant. The cost of electricity at nuclear power plants is 20% lower than at thermal power plants running on coal, and 2.5 times lower than at power plants running on fuel oil.

By 2020-2030, the share of electricity generated by nuclear power plants is estimated to be 30%, and this will require a significant increase in uranium production.

Oil occupies the leading position in the group of fuel and raw materials. However, in recent years, due to structural changes in the economy, there has been a decrease in oil consumption. International trade in natural gas has developed rapidly in recent years.

The dependence of industrialized countries on oil imports, including from OPEC member countries, remains high: almost 100% for Japan, 95% for France and Germany, 40% for the United States.

Russia has traditionally played an important role in global exports of fuel and energy products, especially oil and natural gas. Energy exports now provide over 50% of all foreign exchange earnings in the Russian Federation from foreign trade.

Mechanical engineering

Among the engineering industries, the aerospace industry (ARKI), microelectronics and automotive industry are at the center of modern state industrial policy in the countries under consideration. It is these industries that play and, most likely, will retain in the foreseeable future a key role in the development of not only mechanical engineering, but also the entire economy of the leading Western countries as the most important “suppliers” of basic technologies (microelectronics and ARCP) and the center of concentration of the broadest cooperation ties in the economies of the countries in general (automotive industry).

State regulation of these industries is carried out in two main directions - through stimulating the innovation process and through the implementation of various measures, including protectionist ones, in order to facilitate competition for national firms in the domestic and foreign markets.

The development of the mechanical engineering complex is organically connected with the intensification of research activities. The intensification of R&D is due to the shortening of the life cycle of goods, increased competition, and the complication of scientific projects, which for the most part are becoming interdisciplinary in nature. Currently, the United States spends more on R&D in mechanical engineering than Japan, Germany and the UK combined. In absolute value, annual R&D expenditures in the United States for the machine-building complex as a whole are comparable to total capital investments in fixed assets of the machine-building industry, and in some industries even exceed them. The volume is growing at the fastest rate scientific research and developments in new, high-tech branches of mechanical engineering, such as ARKP, electronics industry, computer production, and instrument making.

In the group of traditional industries in Japan (general, transport engineering), the main directions for qualitative improvement of products in the forecast period are increasing reliability, safety, environmental cleanliness, energy efficiency, productivity of machines and equipment, use automated systems control the operation of the main units based on microprocessor technology.

In the EU countries, the total share of the electrical industry (including the production of computers and radio electronics), instrument making and ARCP in the total volume of mechanical engineering products is estimated to be approximately 50-55% in 2015, including the production of computers itself - 15%.

As for world trade in machinery and equipment, more than 80% of this industry occurs in industrialized countries. Russia's share in world exports of machinery and equipment is less than 1%, and in the total volume of Russian exports of machinery and technical products to industrialized countries of the West, the share of machinery and equipment is estimated at only 2-2.5%. Therefore, in the near future, most likely, there will not be a significant increase in the share of exports of machinery and equipment in its total volume.

Agro-industrial complex (AIC)

AIC represents unified system agricultural, industrial and service enterprises.

The agro-industrial complex consists of three areas:

1. Industries supplying means of production for agriculture and the food industry (machinery, equipment, chemicals), as well as providing production and technical services to agriculture;
2. Agricultural production itself (farming and animal husbandry);
3. Industries involved in the processing and delivery of agricultural products to consumers (procurement, processing, storage, transportation, sales).

The share of the agro-industrial complex in global GDP is estimated to be 20-25% and tends to increase due to the growing production of machinery, equipment and chemicals, as well as an increase in the degree of processing of raw materials. The ratio between the three areas of the agro-industrial complex in developed countries is currently 2:1:7. This shift is caused not only by the rapid growth of processing industries, but also by stagnation in the production of machinery and chemicals for agriculture.

In countries with transition economies, the share of agriculture in the structure of the agro-industrial complex is significantly higher than in developed countries, which reflects a lower level of development of agricultural processing. In Russia, the ratio of agricultural sector sectors is 2:4:4. This change is determined by the trend towards accelerated growth of the food industry caused by market transformations, but also by the crisis situation in the sphere of industries supplying means of production for agriculture in the Russian agro-industrial complex.

In the world market of agricultural products, the largest exporters of food are the USA, EU countries, Canada, Australia, Brazil, China, and the largest importers are Japan, the USA, EU countries, and Russia. However, it should be mentioned that according to the International Service for Agricultural Biotechnology, the area under transgenic crops in the USA is 72%, in Argentina - 17%, in Canada - 10% of the total area occupied by agricultural crops.

The state of the Russian food market is characterized by an increase in the volume and cost of imports of food products and raw materials for their production (this is especially typical for the European part of the Russian Federation).

Transport complex

The transport complex is one of the main branches of material production, carrying out the transportation of passengers and goods.

Transport systems of developed countries account for 78% of the total length of the world transport network, 74% of global freight turnover; characterized by a high technical level, close interaction of all modes of transport, a complex configuration of the transport network, and high “mobility” of the population.

Transport systems of developing countries account for 22% of the total length of the world transport network, 26% of global freight turnover; characterized by a low technical level, the predominance of one or two types (railway, pipeline) transport, the predominance of transport lines connecting the main center (port, capital) with areas of export specialization, and low “mobility” of the population.

The most developed transport systems are North America and Western Europe. North America ranks first in the total length of roads (30% of all world communications) and in freight turnover of the main modes of transport. Western Europe leads in terms of network density and traffic frequency, although it is far behind North America in terms of transportation range. At the same time, in both North America and Western Europe, the leading role belongs to road, pipeline and air transport.

In terms of the structure of global freight and passenger turnover, road transport leads, accounting for 8% of freight turnover and 80% of passenger turnover of the total global volume (railway - 16% of freight turnover and 11% of passenger turnover, pipeline - 11% of freight turnover, sea - 62% of freight turnover and 1% of passenger turnover, on river - 3% of cargo turnover and 1% of passenger turnover, by air - less than 1% of freight turnover and 8% of passenger turnover).

Railway transport provides transportation of goods and passengers over long distances. Greatest length railways- in the USA, Canada, Russia, India, China. The densest railway networks are in Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic. The leaders in terms of cargo turnover are Russia, the USA, China, Canada, and Poland.

In developed countries, there is a tendency to reduce the railway network; in developing countries, on the contrary, there is a tendency to expand.

Pipeline transport. The first oil pipelines were built in the USA at the end of the 19th century. This country currently leads in terms of the length of oil and gas pipelines. Along with the United States, Russia and Canada have the longest pipelines. The world's largest trunk pipelines were laid in Russia (Druzhba, Soyuz, Progress, Siyanie Severa).

Sea transport- an important part of the global transport system, performing intercontinental transport. Maritime transport provides 98% of foreign trade transport in Japan and Great Britain, 90% of all foreign trade transport in the USA and CIS countries.

Sea transport has the lowest cost. The first place in terms of shipping is occupied by the Atlantic Ocean, where three main transportation directions have formed:

• Europe - North America;
• Europe - South America;
• Africa - Europe.

An important link in the transport system are seaports: universal (characteristic of developed countries) and specialized (characteristic of developing countries).

Air transport is the youngest and most dynamic, it ensures the transportation of passengers and cargo over long distances. The highest passenger turnover is observed in the USA, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, Canada, France, and Germany.

The largest airports in the world are located in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, and London. There are 34 major airports in the world, half of them in the USA and 8 in Europe.

The most versatile and effective means The delivery of large masses of cargo over long distances is rightfully considered sea transport. It accounts for more than 60% of international trade volume. Air transport has become a serious competitor to maritime transport in intercontinental transportation of valuable goods in recent decades. Rail, river and road transport are widely used mainly in intracontinental foreign trade, as well as in the transportation of export and import goods across the territory of selling and buying countries. Pipeline systems play an important role in the international trade of oil and gas. In addition, air transport has firmly taken a leading position in international passenger traffic.

Conclusion

Industry is an important component of the unified complex of the world economy, the first leading branch of material production. The degree of satisfaction of society's needs for products vital for all industries and for all people, ensuring technical re-equipment and intensification of production depends on success in its development. It is industrial products that guarantee the satisfaction of basic modern material social needs. World industry employs about 400 million people. Industrial goods account for 70% of world trade.

To summarize, we can definitely conclude that modern industry is characterized by high degree specializations. In the world economy, there is a trend towards a decrease in the share of primary industries and agriculture, technical modernization of industry and rapid growth in service sectors. This is confirmed by the fact that the decrease in the number of employees occurs mainly due to traditional industries with high labor intensity of production (food, textile, clothing, leather), as well as due to capital-intensive industries (in particular, metallurgy), and the increase in the number of employees is in the electrical industry and instrument making.

With the accelerated growth of industry, a redistribution of global industrial capacity is taking place, but developed countries still specialize in technically complex and knowledge-intensive industries, relying on the quality of products and high qualifications of workers. Developing countries are increasingly beginning to specialize in high-tech products. Therefore, at the moment there is a clearly expressed tendency to actively move labor-intensive industries from more developed to less developed countries, and vice versa, technology-intensive industries - from less developed to more developed ones.

The world economy is a set of national economies interconnected by a system of international division of labor and international economic relations; this is a historically established and gradually developing system of national economies of the countries of the world

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ABSTRACT

in the discipline "World Economy"

on the topic of:

The role of modern industry in the world economy

CONTENT

Introduction

The world economy is a set of national economies interconnected by a systeminternational division of laborand international economic relations; this is a historically established and gradually developing system of national economies of the countries of the world, interconnected by global economic relations developing on the basis of the international geographical division of labor

Industry a set of enterprises engaged in production tools for other sectors of the national and world economy and for industry itself, as well as the extraction of raw materials, materials,fuel, production energy, logging and further processing of products obtained in industry or produced inagriculture, production of consumer goods. Industry most important sectornational economy, which has a decisive impact on the level of development of the productive forces of society.

The degree of satisfaction of society's needs for products vital for all sectors of the economy and for all people, ensuring technical re-equipment and intensification of production depends on success in the development of industry. It is industrial products that guarantee the satisfaction of basic modern material social needs. World industry employs about 400 million people. Industrial goods account for 70% of world trade turnover. Therefore, the study of the place and role of modern industry in the world economy is certainly a relevant topic.

The purpose of this study is to study the role of modern industry in the world economy.To achieve the goal, the following tasks are formulated:

1. Study the theoretical foundations of industry and its branches;
2. Study the process of formation and development of various industries in the world;
3. Study development trends and the current role of industry in the world economy.

The object of this work is the world economy.The subject of this work is modern industry in the world economy.

Classification of industries

An industry sector is a collection of entities economic activity regardless of their departmental affiliation and forms of ownership, developing and (or) producing products (performing work and providing services) of certain types that have uniform consumer or functional significance.

The classification of industries is based on the following principles:

1. Economic purpose of manufactured products;
2. The nature of the functioning of products during the production process;
3. Uniformity of the raw materials used, common technological processes and technological base of production;
4. The nature of the impact on the subject of work, etc.

The most important principle for classifying industries is the economic purpose of the products produced. In accordance with this, all industry is divided into two large groups: industries producing means of production, and industries producing consumer goods.

According to the nature of the functioning of the products in production process the entire industry is divided into sectors that produce elements of fixed assets, elements of working capital, and consumer goods. In practice, the classification of industrial sectors is widely used, providing for their unification into large complex industries according to one of the following characteristics: the intended purpose of the product, the commonality of the raw materials, the relatedness of the technology used.

The classification of industries according to the nature of their impact on the subject of labor divides them into two groups: extractive and manufacturing industries. The mining industry includes mining enterprises - for the extraction of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores and non-metallic raw materials for metallurgy, mining chemical raw materials, oil, gas, coal, peat, shale, salt, non-metallic building materials, as well as hydroelectric power stations, forest exploitation enterprises, and fish catching and seafood production.

The manufacturing industry includes enterprises producing ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled metal, chemical and petrochemical products, machinery and equipment, woodworking products and the pulp and paper industry, cement and other building materials, light and food industry products, as well as thermal power plants and repair enterprises industrial products.

There is also a classification of industries, which provides for their unification into large complex industries according to one of the following characteristics: the intended purpose of the product, the commonality of the raw materials, the relatedness of the technology used. In accordance with this classification, the industry of any country can be divided into three large sectors:

1. Heavy industry (industrial sectors producing mainly means of production: tools, raw materials, fuel);
2. Light industry (set of specializedindustries producing mainly consumer goods from various types raw materials);
3. Food industry (light industry, a set of production of food products in finished form or in the form of semi-finished products).

Depending on the time of origin of the industry, industry is divided into three groups:

1. old industries that arose during industrial revolutions (coal, metallurgical and textile industries, locomotive building, etc.). These industries are growing at a slow pace these days;
   1. new industries that determined scientific and technological progress in the first half of the 20th century. (automotive industry, plastics and chemical fiber production, etc.). These industries are now growing at a faster rate;
   2. the latest industries that emerged in the era of scientific and technological revolution and related to knowledge-intensive industries (microelectronics, microbiology, robotics, etc.). These industries are called high technology industries. Today, these industries are growing at the fastest and most sustainable rates.

The sectoral classification of industry allows us to characterize intersectoral connections, the level of development of various industries, and their contribution to the gross domestic product. It is based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC). Industry classification in Russia before January 1, 2003 was determined by the All-Union Classifier of Sectors of the National Economy (OKONKh). It was replaced by the All-Russian Classifier of Species economic activity(OKVED).

When analyzing the sectoral structure of an industry, it is advisable to consider not only its individual sectors, but also groups of industries that represent inter-industry complexes (these are collections of certain groups of industries, which are characterized by the production of similar or related products or the performance of work and services). Below is a table that reflects the main characteristics of intersectoral complexes.

Table 1

Composition of intersectoral industrial complexes

Name and definition of the intersectoral complex	Industries included in the complex
Fuel and energy complex(TEK)	coal industry, gas industry, oil industry, peat industry shale industry, energy, industries for the production of energy and other types of equipment.
Metallurgical complex(MK)	ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy industries, metallurgical engineering, mining engineering and repair base
Mechanical engineering complex	heavy engineering, producing metal-intensive, dimensional products; general mechanical engineering, which produces equipment with medium metal consumption, is technically relatively simple; medium mechanical engineering, which produces products with medium metal intensity and increased labor intensity; precision engineering, which produces products with low metal consumption, but high labor and science intensity; production of metal products (hardware);
Chemical-forest complex	chemical industry petrochemical industry forest industry wood industry pulp and paper industry wood chemical industry
Agricultural-industrial complex (AIC)	agricultural system processing industries feed and microbiological industry agricultural engineering mechanical engineering for light and food industries
Construction complex	system of construction industries; building materials industry mechanical engineering repair base
Social complex	textile industry; clothing industry; leather industry, fur industry, shoe industry
Military-industrial complex(VPK)	industries and activities (primarily R&D) aimed at meeting the needs of the Armed Forces

Continuation of Table 1

As can be seen from the table, there are 8 intersectoral industrial complexes. The development of a particular industry in a country determines the development of an entire inter-industry complex, characterizes the direction of the state’s economy and the direction of economic policy.

The fuel and energy complex is the basis of the world economy

There are three main stages in the development of the world's fuel and energy industry: coal, oil and gas, modern.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Coal dominated industrial energy and international fuel trade. Back in 1948, the share of coal in the total consumption of main energy sources was 60%. But in the 50s and 60s. The structure of energy consumption has changed significantly, with oil taking first place at 51%, the share of coal decreased to 23%, natural gas - 21.5%, hydropower - 3%, nuclear energy - 1.5%.

These kinds of changes in the structure of energy consumption were due to the widespread development of new large sources of oil and natural gas; a number of advantages of these types of fuel over solid fuel (high efficiency of production, transportation, consumption); The scale of use of oil and natural gas not only as fuel, but also as industrial raw materials has increased.

Since the 80s. The priority direction is the transition from the use of predominantly exhaustible resources to the use of inexhaustible, non-traditional energy sources (wind, solar, tidal energy, nuclear energy, geothermal sources, hydro resources, etc.).

As a result, the share of oil in the total consumption and production of energy resources began to decline (to 38% in 2000), the value of the angle increased again (31%), and natural gas strengthened its position (23.5%). The growth in the use of hydropower, nuclear and other (alternative) energy sources is becoming increasingly noticeable.

IN modern economy Oil and petroleum products are widely used both for energy purposes and as chemical raw materials.Oil refers tonon-renewable resources. Proven oil reserves in 2004 amount to 210 billion tons (1200 billion).barrels), undiscovered are estimated at 52260 billion tons (3001500 billion barrels).

World oil productioncurrently (for 2006) is about 3.8 billion tons per year, or 30 billion barrels per year.

The leading role in global oil production is played by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which includes Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Indonesia, and Venezuela. The role of the CIS countries, primarily Russia, Azerbaijan (Absheron Peninsula, shelf and bottom of the Caspian Sea), Turkmenistan (fields in the Uzboy area), Kazakhstan (Tengiz and Karachaganak fields, Mangyshlak Peninsula, Ural-Emba basin) is also very large in global oil production.

table 2

Oil production at the world's largest fields

As can be seen from the table, the most oil is produced in the Persian Gulf (250 million tons in 2006). If we compare the indicators for 2006 and 2008, we can say that there is a tendency to increase oil production in the world economy.

The top ten largest oil producers are Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iran, China, Venezuela, Mexico, UAE, Algeria, Kazakhstan, and Angola.

About half of all oil produced is exported. BesidesOPEC member countries, whose share in world oil exports is 65%, its largest suppliers to the world market are also Russia, Mexico, and Great Britain.

The sharp rise in oil prices in 20032008, as well as limited reservesoil make it urgent to develop technologies with reduced consumption of petroleum products, as well as the development of alternativegenerating capacities,not using petroleum products.

Natural gas, like oil, is used as fuel and as a raw material for the chemical industry. Natural gas is found in the ground at depths ranging from 1000 meters to several kilometers. In the depths, gas is found in microscopic voids (pores). The pores are connected to each other by microscopic channels - cracks; through these channels, gas flows from pores with high pressure to pores with lower pressure until it ends up in the well. The movement of gas in the formation obeys certain laws. Gas is extracted from the depths of the earth using wells

The world's largest natural gas producers are presented in the table:

Table 4

The world's largest gas producers

In 2005 in Russia the volume of natural gas production amounted to 548 billion m³. 307 billion m³ were supplied to domestic consumers through 220 regional gas distribution organizations. In the territoryRussia has 24 natural gas storage facilities. Length of main gas pipelines Russia is 155 thousand km.

In 2009 For the first time, the United States overtook Russia not only in the volume of gas produced (624 billion m³ versus 582.3 billion m³), ​​but also in the volume of production of commercial gas, that is, going for sale to counterparties. This is due to increased productionshale gas.

IN Environmentally, natural gas is the cleanest type of mineral fuel. When burned, it produces a significantly smaller amount of harmful substances compared to other types of fuel. However, the burning of huge amounts of different types of fuel by humanity, including natural gas, over the past half century has led to some slight increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which isgreenhouse gas. On this basis, some scientists conclude that there is a danger of the greenhouse effect and, as a consequence, climate warming.

Metallurgical complex

Despite the declining importance of metal as a structural material, at present it still remains the basis of modern industry, and in particular mechanical engineering.

For a number of years, the world metallurgy has experienced a rather difficult period of adaptation to structural changes in the modern economy. These problems affected the ferrous metallurgy industry to the greatest extent. Over the past decades, metal conservation has sharply increased in all areas of the economy. In this regard, the specific consumption of steel products per unit of GDP decreased.

The world leader in steel production is China, whose share in the first half of 2009 amounted to 48%. According to the International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI), global steel production in 2007 was:

Table 5

World steel production in 2007

In 2008, the world produced 1 billion 329.7 million tons of steel, which is 1.2% less than in 2007. This was the first reduction in annual production over the past 11 years.

Based on the results of the first six months of 2009, steel production in 66 countries of the world, whose share in the global steel industry is at least 98%, decreased compared to the same period of the previous year by 21.3% from 698.2 million tons to 549 .3 million tons

China increased steel production compared to the same period in 2008 by 1.2% to 266.6 million tons. In India, steel production increased by 1.3% to 27.6 million tons.

In the USA, steel production fell by 51.5%, in Japan by 40.7%, in South Korea by 17.3%, in Germany by 43.5%, in Italy by 42.8%, in France by 41.5%, in the UK by 41.8%, in Brazil by 39.5%, in Russia by 30.2%, in Ukraine by 38.8%.

In June 2009, global steel production amounted to 99.8 million tons, which is 4.1% more than in May 2009.

Great changes are taking place in the international trade of ferrous metals. Traditional exporters of ferrous metal products are Japan and EU countries. And currently they account for over half of world exports. The first place belongs to Germany.

But in recent years, the position of the Republic of Korea has been significantly strengthened, which is actively introducing itself into the markets of the USA, Japan and China. Korea is the world's largest indirect exporter of steel. So, in the 90s. The steel intensity of Korea's exports was 10 times higher than that of EU countries and 3 times higher than that of Japan. Korea, in particular, exports 60% of cars, about 90% of ships, 60% of the electrical and electronics sector.

Currently, approximately 70 different types of non-ferrous metals are produced in the world. The five “grands” are aluminum, copper, zinc, nickel, and lead. They account for St. 97-98% of total smelting. Tin, cobalt, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum and some others also occupy a prominent place.According to data for 2010, the share of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russian GDP is 2.6%, in industrial production 10.2%

The economic importance of aluminum is especially great. The world's largest bauxite mining areas, the raw material for aluminum production, are located in Northern Australia, on the York Peninsula, as well as in the Guinea region in Africa and in the Caribbean (Jamaica), etc. Aluminum production gravitates towards centers of electrical energy production.

In 2007 38 million tons of primary aluminum were produced in the world, and in2008 39.7 million tons. The production leaders were:

China (produced 12.60 million tons in 2007, and 13.50 million tons in 2008); Russia(3.96/4.20) ; Canada (3.09/3.10); USA (2.55/2.64); Australia (1.96/1.96); Brazil (1.66/1.66); India (1.22/1.30); Norway (1.30/1.10); UAE (0.89/0.92); Bahrain (0.87/0.87); South Africa (0.90/0.85); Iceland (0.40/0.79); Germany (0.55/0.59); Venezuela (0.61/0.55); Mozambique (0.56/0.55); Tajikistan (0.42/0.42).

The copper industry has developed greatly in countries with large deposits of copper ore. In first place is Chile, second place belongs to the USA. Indonesia, Australia, Canada, and Russia are also of great importance. One of the largest areas of the copper industry has developed in Central Africa. This is the so-called copper belt, 500 km long, in the territory of Zaire and Zambia. Copper ore is mined here and black and refined copper is smelted.

Russia is considered a great nickel power. It produces 24.2% of the world's nickel production. Nickel production in Canada is 186.2 thousand tons (17.8% of global production), in Australia - 124.9 thousand tons (11.9%), on the island. New Caledonia - 90.3 thousand tons (8.6%), in Indonesia - 83.9 thousand tons (8.0%).

At the present stage, attention is increasing to the smelting of rare metals (titanium, magnesium, germanium, tantalum, niobium, etc.), which are not only of purely economic importance, but also important for military-strategic purposes.

Non-ferrous metals also include gold (the main production is carried out in South Africa - 447.2 tons, the USA - 340.0 tons, Australia - 302.6 tons) and silver (the largest producers are Mexico, Peru, the USA, Australia and Chile).

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of world industry

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of world industry, accounting for about 35% of the value of world industrial output. Among industries, mechanical engineering is the most labor-intensive production. Instrument making, electrical engineering and aerospace industries, nuclear engineering and other industries producing complex technology. In this regard, one of the main conditions for the location of mechanical engineering is to provide it with a qualified workforce, the presence of a certain level of industrial culture, and scientific research and development centers.

Proximity to the raw material base is important only for some branches of heavy engineering (production of metallurgical, mining equipment, boiler making, etc.).

In the world's mechanical engineering, the dominant position is occupied by a small group of developed countries - the USA, which accounts for almost 30% of the value of engineering products, Japan - 15%, Germany - about 10%, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada. Almost all types of modern mechanical engineering are developed in these countries, and their share in world exports of machinery is high. With an almost complete range of engineering products, a key role in the development of mechanical engineering in this group of countries belongs to the aerospace industry, microelectronics, robotics, nuclear power engineering, machine tool building, heavy engineering, and automotive industry.

The group of leaders in world mechanical engineering also includes Russia (6% of the value of mechanical engineering products), China (3%) and several small industrialized countries Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands, etc. Mechanical engineering has greatly advanced in its development in developing countries.

In developed countries, mechanical engineering is based on a high level of research and development (R&D), highly qualified workforce and is focused mainly on the production of technically complex and high-quality products. The mechanical engineering industry of developing countries, based on the low cost of local labor, specializes, as a rule, in the production of mass-produced, labor-intensive, technically uncomplicated, low-quality types of products. Among the enterprises here there are many purely assembly plants that receive kits of machines in disassembled form from industrialized countries. Few developing countries have modern machine-building plants, primarily the newly industrialized ones - South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, India, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico. The main directions of development of their mechanical engineering are the production of household electrical appliances, automotive industry, and shipbuilding.

Mechanical engineering is divided into general, including machine tool building, heavy engineering, agricultural engineering and other industries, transport engineering and electrical engineering, including electronics. The largest producers and exporters of general engineering products in general are developed countries: Germany, USA, Japan, etc. Developed countries are also the main manufacturers and suppliers of machine tools to the world market (Japan, Germany, USA, Italy and Switzerland stand out). The general engineering industry of developing countries is dominated by the production of agricultural machinery and simple equipment.

Among the branches of transport engineering, the automotive industry is developing most dynamically. The area of ​​its spatial distribution is constantly growing and currently includes, along with the traditional main car manufacturers (Japan, USA, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, Russia, etc.), countries that are relatively new to the industry - countries South Korea, Brazil, Argentina, China, Turkey, India, Malaysia, Poland.

Unlike the automobile industry, aircraft manufacturing, shipbuilding, and the production of railway rolling stock are experiencing stagnation. The main reason for this is the lack of demand for their products. Shipbuilding has moved from developed countries to developing countries. The largest manufacturers of ships were South Korea (ahead of Japan and took first place in the world), Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China, and Taiwan. At the same time, the United States and Western European countries (Great Britain, Germany, etc.), as a result of the reduction in ship production, ceased to play a significant role in global shipbuilding.

The aviation industry is concentrated in countries with high level science and workforce qualifications USA, Russia, France, Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands.

In the territorial structure of global mechanical engineering, there are four main regions: North America, foreign Europe, East and South-East Asia and the CIS.

North America (USA, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico) accounts for approximately 1/3 of the cost of mechanical engineering products. In the international division of labor, the region acts as the largest manufacturer and exporter of highly complex machines, heavy engineering products and knowledge-intensive industries. In the United States, which occupies a leading position in the region and the world in terms of the total value of mechanical engineering products, a large role belongs to aerospace engineering, military-industrial electronics, computer production, nuclear power engineering, military shipbuilding, etc.

European countries (excluding the CIS) also account for about 1/3 of the world's mechanical engineering production. The region is represented by mechanical engineering of all types, especially distinguished by general mechanical engineering (machine tool building, production of equipment for metallurgy, textile, paper, watchmaking and other industries), electrical engineering and electronics, and transport engineering (automotive, aircraft, shipbuilding). The leader of the European mechanical engineering industry, Germany, is the largest exporter of general engineering products in the region and the world.

The region, which includes the countries of East and Southeast Asia, produces approximately a quarter of the world's mechanical engineering production. The main stimulating factor in the development of mechanical engineering in the countries of the region is the relative cheapness of labor. Leader of the region Japan the second engineering power in the world, the largest exporter of products from the most qualified industries (microelectronics, electrical engineering, aircraft engineering, robotics, etc.). Other countries China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, etc. produce labor-intensive but less complex products (production of household electrical appliances, cars, ships, etc.) and are also very actively involved in working on the foreign market .

The CIS countries form a special region of world mechanical engineering. They have a full range of engineering production. The military-industrial complex, aviation and rocket-space industries, consumer electronics, and some simple branches of general mechanical engineering (production of agricultural machinery, metal-intensive machine tools, power equipment, etc.) have received great development here.

Outside the main machine-building regions, there are mechanical engineering centers that are quite large in scale and complexity of production structures: India, Brazil, Argentina. Their mechanical engineering mainly works for the domestic market. These countries export cars, sea vessels, bicycles, and simple types of household appliances (refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, calculators, watches, etc.).

Chemical industry of the world

The chemical industry includes:

• mining and chemical industry (extraction of apatite and phosphorite, table and potassium salts, sulfur and other mining chemical raw materials);
• the main chemical industry producing inorganic compounds (acids, alkalis, soda, mineral fertilizers, etc.);
• industry of polymer materials (including organic synthesis), the most important branches of which are the production of synthetic rubber, synthetic resins and plastics, and chemical fibers.

The location of the chemical industry depends on many factors. The chemical industry is a very large consumer of raw materials, the specific costs of which in some cases significantly exceed their weight finished products(production of soda, synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fibers, potash and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.).

In addition to a large amount of raw materials, the chemical industry (production of synthetic materials, soda, etc.) consumes a lot of water, fuel and energy.

Its knowledge-intensive industries (production of varnishes, dyes, reagents, pharmaceuticals, photo and toxic chemicals, high-quality polymer materials, special-purpose chemicals for electronics, etc.) place high demands on the level of workforce training, the development of R&D, and the production of special equipment (devices , devices, machines).

The strengthening of the knowledge intensity of the chemical industry as a whole and especially its individual productions has predetermined the priority for the development of the industry in highly developed countries. Many traditional branches of the chemical industry - mining chemistry, inorganic chemistry (including the production of fertilizers), and the production of some simple organic products (including plastics and chemical fibers) have been developing rapidly in recent years in developing countries.

Below are the largest chemical companies in the world:

Table 6

As can be seen from the table, the company takes first place BASF AG , Germany, companies from the USA, Great Britain, and Germany are also leading.

A very large region specializing in the production of chemical products (mainly semi-products of organic synthesis and fertilizers) has developed in the Persian Gulf area. The raw material for production here is the huge resources of associated (oil production) gas. The oil-producing countries of the region - Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iran, Bahrain, etc. produce 57% of the world's chemical products, which are almost entirely export-oriented.

Outside these areas, the chemical industry of the CIS countries is characterized by a high level of development, where Russia, China, the Republic of Korea, India, Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil stand out.

Among the industries, the leading place is occupied by the polymer materials industry, based on oil and gas or petrochemical raw materials. For a long period of time, the raw material base of the polymer materials industry was almost universally coal chemicals and plant raw materials. The change in the nature of the raw material base also significantly affected the geography of industry: the importance of coal regions decreased, the role of oil and gas production areas and coastal regions increased.

Currently, the most powerful organic synthesis industry is in economically developed countries that have large reserves of oil and gas (USA, Canada, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Russia, etc.), or occupy a favorable position for the supply of these types of chemical raw materials (Japan, Italy, France , Germany, Belgium, etc.).

All of the above countries occupy leading positions in the global production of synthetic resins and plastics and other types of synthetic products. Of the polymer industries, only the production of chemical fibers has seen a noticeable shift towards developing countries. In this type of production, along with the traditional leaders - the USA, Japan, Germany, etc., China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, and India have also become among the largest producers in recent years.

In contrast to the polymer materials industry, the mining and basic chemical industries are widely represented not only in economically developed countries, but also in developing countries.

The leading producers of mineral fertilizers are China, the USA, Canada, India, Russia, Germany, Belarus, France, Ukraine, and Indonesia. At the same time, in terms of mining and processing of phosphorites, along with the United States, the countries of Africa (Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Senegal, Benin), Asia (Jordan, Israel), the CIS (Russia, Kazakhstan), Christmas Island and Nauru stand out.

The overwhelming majority of the world's production and processing of potassium salts is carried out by the USA, Canada, Germany, France, Russia, and Belarus.

The main raw material for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is natural gas. Therefore, among the most important producers and exporters of nitrogen fertilizers are, first of all, countries rich in natural gas (USA, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Gulf countries). Large quantities of nitrogen fertilizers are also produced by France, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, China, and India, whose nitrogen fertilizer industry is closely connected with the ferrous metallurgy of these countries.

Sulfur producing countries are the USA, Canada, Mexico, Germany, France, Poland. Ukraine, Russia, Turkmenistan, Japan, etc. The largest producers of sulfuric acid are the USA, China, Japan and Russia.

Light industry of the world

Light industry unites many industries and sub-sectors, the main ones being textile, clothing and footwear. These industries are currently developing especially rapidly in newly industrialized countries and other developing countries, which is largely due to their high supply of raw materials and cheap labor. Industrialized countries, having lost their positions in a number of traditional mass, technically uncomplicated industries (cheap types of fabrics, shoes, clothing and other types of consumer products), retain a leading role in the manufacture of especially fashionable, high-quality, expensive products oriented towards high technology and labor qualifications, a limited circle of consumers (production of carpets, furs, jewelry, standards of shoes, clothing, fabrics from expensive raw materials, etc.).

The textile industry in the era of scientific and technological revolution significantly changed its structure. For a long period of time, the main branch of the world's textile industry remained cotton, followed by wool, linen and processing of man-made fibers. Currently, the share of chemical fibers in global fabric production has increased significantly, while the share of cotton, wool and especially flax has decreased. The creation of mixed fabrics from natural and chemical fibers and knitwear (knitted fabric) was of great importance. The share of chemical fibers in the textile industry of developed countries has especially increased. In the economies of developing countries, the main types of textile raw materials remain cotton, wool, and natural silk, although the share of products made from chemical fibers has recently increased significantly.

The textile industry as a whole is developing at a faster pace in the group of developing countries. Asia has become the main region of the textile industry in the world, providing today about 70% of the total amount of fabrics, more than half of the production of cotton and woolen fabrics.

The main producers of cotton fabrics are China (30% of world production), India (10%), USA, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, Pakistan, Italy, Egypt,

Among the leading producers of woolen fabrics are also a significant part of Asian countries. The world's largest manufacturer of these fabrics is China (15%), followed by Italy (14%), Japan, USA, India, Turkey, Republic of Korea, Germany, Great Britain, Spain.

And in the production of the most expensive silk fabrics, with the absolute leadership of the USA (over 50%), the share of Asian countries is also very large, especially India, China and Japan (more than 40%).

The production of linen fabrics decreased significantly. They are produced in large quantities only in Russia and Western European countries (France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain).

Developed countries of the world (especially the USA, Italy, Japan, Germany, France), while their share in the production of cotton and woolen fabrics is decreasing, remain the largest producers of knitwear and fabrics made from chemical fibers (synthetic and blended). Although in these types of textile industries their role is steadily declining due to the organization of production in developing countries (India, China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, etc.).

In Russia, which was one of the largest manufacturers of all types of natural fabrics in the world, their production is experiencing a severe decline.

Developing countries are also of great importance in the production of clothing industry products (underwear, outerwear, etc.). Many of them, and above all China, India, South Korea, Taiwan, and Colombia, have become the largest producers and exporters of ready-made clothing. Developed countries (especially the USA, France, Italy, etc.) are increasingly specializing in the production of fashionable, elite, individual products,

The footwear industry, among light industry sectors, has moved the most from developed countries to countries with cheap labor - developing countries. The leaders in the production of footwear have become the People's Republic of China (which has overtaken the former leaders Italy and the USA in its production and produces more than 40% of footwear in the world) and other Asian countries - the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand. In developed countries (Italy, USA, Austria, Germany stand out), the production of leather shoes from expensive raw materials, with high labor intensity of production, has remained mainly. The largest manufacturer and exporter of such shoes is Italy. In Russia, shoe production has decreased several times in recent years, and the country has transformed from the world's largest shoe producer (in 1990, second only to China) into a significant importer.

Forestry industry peace

The forestry industry includes logging, mechanical and chemical processing of wood, and pulp and paper production.

The geography of the forest industry is largely determined by the location of forest resources. The world's forest resources (the forested area of ​​the planet, the wood reserves on it) are concentrated in two areas that differ in geographical location and species composition of forest belts - northern and southern.

The northern forest belt covers areas of the temperate zone of Eurasia and North America. The forests here are represented mainly by coniferous species (pine, spruce, larch, fir, cedar). Deciduous trees include birch, aspen, alder, oak, beech, hornbeam, ash, etc. Coniferous forests occupy 1.2 billion hectares (or 1/3 of all forest areas in the world) with wood reserves of 127 billion cubic meters. m, of which most of the reserves are in Russia (more than 60%), Canada (about 30%), the USA, Finland and Sweden. The countries of the northern belt harvest the bulk of the world's commercial timber.

The southern forest belt includes humid equatorial and seasonally humid tropical forests of the Amazon in South America (Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, etc.), Africa (Republics of the Congo and Cote d'Ivoire, Angola, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, etc.) , Southeast

Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, etc.), Australia and Oceania (Papua New Guinea, northeast Australia, etc.). Deciduous trees dominate here. Among them, ornamental wood is especially valuable: mahogany, iron, sandalwood, etc. Most of the belt's wood reserves are concentrated in South America (about 60%) and Asia (25%). In the countries of the southern belt (these are mainly developing countries), of all harvested timber, only 10 20% is commercial (most of it is exported to Western European countries, Japan, etc.), the rest is used as fuel.

The volume of timber harvested in the world is 4 billion cubic meters. m, of which approximately a third (1.2 billion cubic meters) is harvested in developed countries. In recent years, the share of developing countries has been growing. The USA, Russia, Canada, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, China, and Sweden stand out in terms of the scale of logging. The largest exporters of wood are the USA (15% of world exports), India and Brazil (8% each), Indonesia and Canada (6% each).

Mechanical and chemical processing of wood is the domain of mainly developed countries. In the world production of lumber (500 million cubic meters), the main countries are the USA (20%), Canada (12%), Japan, China and Russia (6% each); cellulose (160 million tons) USA (30%), Canada (15%), China, Japan, Sweden, Finland (6-7% each); paper (180 million tons) - USA (45%), Japan (16%), China (12%), Canada (10%), Finland, Sweden, France, Republic of Korea.

The leaders in paper production per capita (world average 45 kg) are Finland (1400 kg), Sweden (670 kg), Canada (530 kg), Norway (400 kg). In Russia this figure is much lower - 35 kg.

Conclusion

So, it is clear that the sectors of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) belong to capital-intensive industries. In industrialized countries, where all its industries are represented, usually the main capital investments, ranging up to 85%, are in the oil and gas industry and the electric power industry (in approximately equal shares) and up to 15% in the oil refining and coal industries. Investments in the oil industry have a significant impact on the investment process in the fuel and energy complex as a whole.

The cyclical nature of the development of business activity in the oil industry is due to the fact that decisions to increase capital investment in the oil industry are made at a time when there is a shortage of oil in the markets, accompanied by rising prices and profits. Typically, during this period, all participants in the oil business, including financial structures, strive to revive the investment process in this industry, and the return on these investments in the form of increased production volumes begins to take effect after about 10 years. In the oil markets, there is an excess supply of oil over demand, prices begin to decline, which is also accompanied by a decrease in investment until the excess oil disappears. This period also lasts about 10 years. Over the past 100 years, there have been five such cycles, each lasting from 20 to 22 years, and these cycles did not necessarily coincide with the development cycles of the entire economy.

In accordance with the cyclical nature of the development of the oil industry, there were changes in capital investments not only in this industry, but also in the fuel and energy complex in general.

In the development of international trade in raw materials and food products during the post-war period, a number of important trends are clearly observed, causing significant changes in the commodity structure of world exports. First of all, there is a predominant increase in trade in semi-finished products made from mineral and plant raw materials, which is a consequence of the impact of scientific and technical progress on international trade.

The predominant development of exports of finished products and semi-finished products has caused a sharp decline in the share of raw materials in world exports.

Noting the downward trend in the share of primary goods in world trade, it should be noted that we are not talking about an absolute, but a relative decline in the export of these goods. During 1963-1990, for example, the share of raw materials, fuel and food in world exports fell by almost half, while actual exports increased many times, including oil, natural gas and coal more than 20 times, food 10 times.

Among the huge variety of raw materials and fuel resources circulating in international trade, the leading role is played by fuel and energy products - oil, petroleum products, natural gas and coal. This group of goods consistently retains its leadership role among other product groups in world trade. In the early 90s, fuel and energy goods occupied second place in international trade and provided more than 10% of world exports, ahead of such large product groups as food, chemicals, ores, and second only to the group of machinery and equipment. Oil occupies a leading position in the group of fuel and raw materials.

Bibliography

1. Vasilenko A. The oil factor in Russian foreign policy // Russian Journal.-2001.-No. 2..
2. World economy [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://global-economics.info/ /
3. Denchev K. Oil and gas factor in international relations // Polity. - 1999. - No. 3 (13). - p. 130.
4. World economy: [Text. for universities in economics. specialties and directions] / A.S. Bulatov, E.B. Rogatnykh, R.F. Volkov and others; Ed. A.S. Bulatova.-M.: Yurist, 2009 - 734 p.
5. The concept of the world economy // Educational site [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://ayp.ru/
6. Rodionova I.A. Countries of the world: economic and geographical characteristics: A guide for applicants to universities. M.: Moscow Lyceum, 2004.
7. Ferrous metallurgy of the world // Economics and finance [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://money.rin.ru/
8. Sharipov U.Z. International relations in the Persian Gulf region and the role of the oil factor (West and countries of the region) // Abstract of dissertation for doctoral political sciences - M., 2007.
9. Electric power industry of the world // Geography of Russia [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://geogru.com/

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Fuel industry - includes all processes of extraction and primary processing of fuel. Includes: oil, gas, coal industries.

Stages of development:

1. coal stage (first half of the 20th century);
2. oil and gas stage (from the second half of the 20th century).

Coal industry Places of production - China (field - Fu-Shun), USA, Russia (Kuzbass), Germany (Ruhr), Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan (Karaganda).
Coal exporters are the USA, Australia, South Africa.
Importers - Japan, Western Europe.
Oil industry. Oil is produced in 75 countries of the world, the leaders are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the USA, Mexico, the UAE, Iran, Iraq, and China.
Gas industry. Gas is produced in 60 countries, with Russia, the USA, Canada, Turkmenistan, the Netherlands and the UK leading.

Problems of the fuel industry:

• depletion of mineral fuel reserves (coal reserves will last for about 240 years, oil - for 50 years, gas - 65);
• environmental disruption during fuel extraction and transportation;
• territorial gap between the main production areas and consumption areas.

Electric power industry of the world
Role
- providing electricity to other sectors of the economy.
Leaders in production- Norway (29 thousand kWh), Canada (20), Sweden (17), USA (13), Finland (11 thousand kWh), with a world average of 2 thousand. kW. h.
The lowest rates are in Africa, China and India.
Thermal power plants predominate in the Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, Romania, China, Mexico, and Italy.
Hydroelectric power stations - in Norway, Brazil, Canada, Albania, Ethiopia.
Nuclear power plants - in France, Belgium, the Republic of Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain.

The main problems of the electric power industry are:

• depletion of primary energy resources and their rise in price;
• environmental pollution.

The solution to the problem is to use non-traditional energy sources, such as:

• geothermal (already used in Iceland, Italy, France, Hungary, Japan, USA);
• solar (France, Spain, Italy, Japan, USA);
• tidal (France, Russia, China, jointly Canada and the USA);
• wind (Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands).

Metallurgical industry

Metallurgy is one of the basic industries, providing other industries with structural materials (ferrous and non-ferrous metals).
Composition- two industries: ferrous and non-ferrous.
Ferrous metallurgy. Iron ore is mined in 50 countries around the world.
Placement factors:
Natural resource (focus on territorial combinations of coal and iron deposits);
Transport (focus on cargo flows of coking coal and iron ore);
Consumer (related to the development of mini-plants and pigment metallurgy). The leaders in iron ore production are China, Brazil, Australia, Russia, Ukraine, and India. But in terms of steel production - Japan, Russia, USA, China, Ukraine, Germany.

Non-ferrous metallurgy.

Placement factors:

• raw materials (smelting heavy metals from ores with a low content of useful components (1 - 2%) - copper, tin, zinc, lead);
• energy (smelting light metals from rich ore - energy-intensive production - aluminum, titanium, magnesium, etc.);
• transport (delivery of raw materials);
• consumer (use of recycled materials).

The greatest development is Russia, China, USA, Canada, Australia, Brazil. In Japan and European countries - on imported raw materials.
The leaders in copper smelting are Chile, the USA, Canada, Zambia, Peru, and Australia. The main exporters of aluminum are Canada, Norway, Australia, Iceland, and Switzerland. Tin is mined in East and Southeast Asia. Lead and zinc are smelted in the USA, Japan, Canada, Australia, Germany and Brazil.

Forestry and wood processing industry

Includes: logging, primary processing forests, pulp and paper industry and furniture production.

Placement factor- raw material factor.

It is characterized by the presence of two forest belts.

Within the northern region, coniferous wood is harvested and processed into wood boards, cellulose, paper, and cardboard. For Russia, Canada, Sweden, and Finland, this industry has become an area of ​​international specialization.

Within the southern forest belt, deciduous trees are harvested. Here we can highlight Brazil, the countries of Southeast Asia and tropical Africa. To make paper in the countries of the southern belt, non-wood raw materials are often used - jute, sisal, reed.
The main importers of wood are Japan, Western European countries, and partly the USA.

Light industry
Light industry meets the population's needs for fabrics, clothing, footwear, as well as other industries with specialized materials.

Light industry includes 30 large industries that are grouped together:
primary processing of raw materials;
textile industry;
clothing industry;
shoe industry.
The most important branch of light industry is textiles.

Main placement factors are:

• raw materials (for industries of primary processing of raw materials);
• consumer (for clothing and footwear);
• a combination of the first two (depending on the production stages of the textile industry).

In first place is the production of cotton fabrics (China, India, Russia). Second place - production of fabrics from chemical fiber (USA, India, Japan). The USA, Japan, and China are the leaders in the production of silk fabrics, while Russia and Italy are leaders in the production of woolen fabrics.

The main exporters are Hong Kong, Pakistan, India, Egypt, Brazil.

Mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering determines the sectoral and territorial structure of industry and provides machinery and equipment to all sectors of the economy.
Main industries- electronics, electrical engineering, computer engineering, precision engineering.

The production of many types of machines requires large labor costs and highly qualified workers. Instrument making and computer production are especially labor-intensive. And other new industries. These industries also require the constant implementation of the latest scientific achievements, i.e. are knowledge-intensive.
Such production facilities are located in or near large cities. Dependence on metal sources has decreased significantly in the era of scientific and technological revolution. Mechanical engineering today is an industry with almost universal location.

Things have happened in the world 4 large mechanical engineering regions:
North America. Produces about 30% of all engineering products. Almost all types of products are present, but especially worth mentioning is the production of rocket and space technology and computers.
Foreign Europe. The volume of production is approximately the same as in North America. Produces mass production, machine tool and automotive products.
East and Southeast Asia. It stands out for its precision engineering products and precision technology products.
CIS. 10% of the total volume is allocated to heavy engineering.
Chemical industry
The chemical industry has a complex industrial composition. She includes:
mining and chemical industry (extraction of raw materials: sulfur, apatites, phosphorites, salts);
basic chemistry (production of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers);
chemistry of organic synthesis (production of polymers - plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers);
other industries (household chemicals, perfumery, microbiology, etc.).
Placement factors:

• For mining and chemical industry, the natural resource factor is the determining factor,
• for basic and organic synthesis chemistry - consumer, water and energy.

Stands out 4 major regions chemical industry:
Foreign Europe(Germany is in the lead);
North America(USA);
East and Southeast Asia(Japan, China, Newly industrialized countries);
CIS(Russia · Ukraine · Belarus).