Concepts of global and world city. Modern problems of science and education World cities and their role

A collection of leading domestic and foreign experts studying the modern phenomenon of the global city has been published. The book reveals some issues of the theory of world cities, principles and features of the formation of network structures of cities, problems and aspects of the development and interaction of global centers of various hierarchical ranks. The latest factual data on the functioning of individual world cities is provided. In light of the preparation of a long-term development strategy for Moscow, an assessment is made of the place of the Russian capital in the planetary system of geopolitical and geo-economic centers.

We offer readers one of the central articles of the collection. It examines qualitatively new forms and manifestations of an old world phenomenon - the city. In educational texts, attention is most often paid to the external signs of the increasing importance of cities - the formation of agglomerations, conurbations, megalopolises. But more important is the expansion and globalization of the spatial connections of the city.

The charging bull is a symbol of the New York Currency Exchange,
installed in 1989 on Broadway

Key Features
global cities
in the world system

ON THE. SLUKA
Doctor of Geography Sciences, senior researcher
Department of Geography of World Economy
Moscow State University
them. M.V. Lomonosov

Recently, the formation of world, or global, cities has attracted increased attention. The idea of the phenomenon of the world city is radically changing, which was previously considered as a primarily isolated and unique phenomenon, and now as a massive and typical one.

The classification of world cities is developed taking into account their role and relationships within a large segment of the global market for high-end services. It is based on a scoring of the functions of cities in the field of four types of higher services - accounting and auditing, advertising, finance and banking, insurance. Depending on the amount of points scored, all cities are divided into 12 categories (12th - highest, 1st - lowest). As a result of the analysis, 55 global cities were identified, including four - London, New York, Paris, Tokyo - of the highest category, and 67 cities that have sufficient potential to acquire global status in the future (Table 1).

World Cities Category	Rank	Cities
Presenters	12	London, New York, Paris, Tokyo
Presenters	10	Los Angeles, Milan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Chicago, Frankfurt am Main
Main	9
	8	Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City, Sao Paulo
	7	Moscow, Seoul
Minor	6	Amsterdam, Boston, Washington, Dallas, Jakarta, Dusseldorf, Geneva, Johannesburg, Caracas, Melbourne, Osaka, Prague, Santiago, Taipei, Houston
	5	Bangkok, Warsaw, Montreal, Beijing, Rome, Stockholm
	4	Atlanta, Barcelona, Berlin, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Miami, Minneapolis, Munich, Istanbul, Shanghai
Emerging	3	Athens, Vienna, Dublin, Luxembourg, Lyon, Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Rio de Janeiro, Tel Aviv, Philadelphia, Helsinki
	2	Abu Dhabi, Almaty, Birmingham, Santa Fe de Bogota, Bratislava, Brisbane, Bucharest, Vancouver, The Hague, Detroit, Dubai, Cairo, Cologne, Kyiv, Cleveland, Lima, Lisbon, Manchester, Montevideo, Oslo, Rotterdam, Seattle, Ho Chi Minh City, Stuttgart
	1	Adelaide, Antwerp, Baltimore, Bangalore, Brasilia, Genoa, Glasgow, Guangzhou, Dresden, Calgary, Kansas City, Cape Town, Columbus, Leeds, Lille, Marseille, Richmond, St. Petersburg, Tashkent, Tehran, Turin, Utrecht, Hanoi, Edinburgh

In territorial terms, the world's cities are distributed unevenly, exactly corresponding to the geography of the economically most developed and rich countries of the world. They form three main concentration zones: Western European, North American and Asia-Pacific.

For other regions of the world, the category of global cities is represented by only a few centers: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires in South America, Johannesburg in Africa, Sydney in Australia and some others. main feature Western European zone

Over the long history of development in the region, a dense network of world cities has emerged, which are often characterized by a very narrow functional specialization. For example, Zurich stands out as one of the most important financial centers, Rotterdam is the main port of Europe. Together they form a kind of trans-European ridge, stretching from Dublin, through London, Paris, the cities of the Rhine Valley, to Milan and Rome. This area is clearly legible on the map. In the 1990s, the second, eastern ridge of cities in Central Europe began to form, consisting mainly of second-generation centers (capitals).

North American zone global cities are younger than Western Europe, but it is the largest and most deeply involved in the world economic system. It is based on a complex network of US national centers. Located along the contour of the country, they form a kind of ring of global centers.

Key positions among them are occupied by New York, Los Angeles and Chicago, which closely interact with global centers from other countries - Toronto, Mexico City and Caracas. Many American cities have enormous potential and will aspire to global status in the future. These include Philadelphia, Detroit and several others.

Asia-Pacific zone

global cities (the youngest in terms of time of formation) is linear in nature and is formed along the Tokyo-Singapore axis. It is typical, on the one hand, of the clearly dominant role of the capital of Japan, and, on the other, of the large number and high growth dynamics of secondary world cities. These are the largest centers of rapidly developing new industrial countries - Bangkok, Singapore, Seoul, Manila. Over the past decade, the degree of competitiveness of the triumvirate of Chinese centers - Hong Kong, Shanghai and Beijing - has noticeably increased.

Global centers have significant demographic potential and form large agglomerations. The world's leading cities make up half of the list of the world's ten largest agglomerations. Among the 55 world cities, only one center - Geneva - has a population less than one million (Table 2). 3/5 of them are cities with a population of 1-5 million people. Despite the fact that at first it was the concentration of human resources that played an important role in the promotion of individual centers, at the present stage a key role in maintaining leadership is played by the factor of not so much the quantity as the quality of human resources. The expansion of the group of global cities due to agglomerations from countries in the semi-periphery and periphery of the world economy is closely related to the initial accumulation of human capital - a key element of economic growth.

table 2

Ranking of global cities by population, 2005

World category cities	Rank	Population in agglomerations, million people					Total cities
World category cities	Rank	more than 15	10-15	5-10	1-5	less than 1	Total cities
Presenters	12	Tokyo, NY		London, Paris			4
Presenters	10		Los Angeles	Hong Kong, Chicago	Milan, Singapore, Frankfurt- on Main		6
Main	9				San Francisco, Sydney, Toronto, Zurich		4
	8	Mexico City, Sao Paulo			Madrid, Brussels		4
	7			Moscow, Seoul			2
Minor	6		Jakarta, Osaka	Santiago	Amsterdam, Boston, Washington, Dallas, Dusseldorf, Caracas, Johannesburg, Melbourne, Prague, Taipei, Houston	The same Neva	15
	5		Beijing	Bangkok	Warsaw, Montreal, Rome, Stockholm		6
	4	Buenos Aires, Istanbul, Manila, Shanghai		Atlanta, Barcelona, Berlin, Budapest, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Kuala Lumpur, Miami, Minneapolis, Munich			14
Total cities	number	4	8	8	34	1	55
Total cities	%	7,3	14,5	14,5	61,9	1,8	100

Currently, the 20 leading and main global centers accumulate 176 million people, or 2.9% of the total and 5.9% of the world's urban population.

Despite a significant slowdown in population growth over the past half century, this is 2.5 times more than in 1950. During 1950-1970. The number of residents of the world's top twenty cities increased by 52 million people over the period 1970-1990. - by 38 million, and for 1990-2005. - only for 16 million people. Almost 3/5 of the total population growth over the past 15 years has occurred in five centers of developing countries - Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Bangkok, Hong Kong and Singapore. A significant part of the world's cities, such as Milan, Madrid, Brussels and even Seoul, at various times and for various reasons, have not only passed the peak of growth rates, but are also steadily losing population.

Significant numbers of people come here for training, contract work, exhibitions, visiting relatives, leisure and recreation. Miami and New York stand out. The geography of connections between cities is extremely vast; their foreland is the whole world. New York maintains contacts with 209 different countries and territories. There is a certain division of labor between cities in serving different areas, which is quite closely linked to their geographical location. For example, Miami oversees relations with Latin America, Los Angeles and San Francisco - with the countries of Asia and Oceania. For New York, Chicago and Washington, the European direction remains a priority, especially connections with the UK.

In modern conditions, the participation of the world's leading cities in organizing the supporting framework of the planet's urban settlement is radically changing.

They are increasingly losing their role as centers for the accumulation of simple labor to the fast-growing mega-cities of developing countries. At the same time, global centers lead the process of transcontinental exchange and management of human flows. They have recently acquired particular importance in servicing not so much permanent as temporary international migration of the population, including for business purposes.

The head offices of 5,873 INGOs are located in 20 cities, and 13 cities from this list are European. The top ten centers include all the world's leading cities, but Brussels is the undisputed leader. There are 1,392 INGOs headquartered here, which is slightly less than London and Paris combined, which rank second and third. This triumvirate of centers is quite understandable. Each of these cities is traditionally considered a stronghold of free thought, is the center of national and international socio-political movements and associations of the most diverse nature and direction, and is a favorite venue for international conventions, conferences and congresses. Against this background, the positions of New York and especially Tokyo turn out to be very modest. In the second ten geopolitical centers, cities in developing countries stand out as new growth points: Buenos Aires (110 INGO headquarters), Nairobi (100) and Mexico City (87).

In general, the geography of location of IMOs and INGOs largely coincides. Almost 80% of the head offices of the most influential MMOs are concentrated in world cities (Table 3). Outside the global centers, with rare exceptions, there are organizations of predominantly local and partly regional status. Among the world cities themselves, the location of IMO head offices is also significantly uneven.

Seven key geopolitical centers - New York, Paris, London, Brussels, Geneva, Washington and Vienna - account for more than 2/3 of the IMO head offices and 4/5 of global and global-regional associations.

Table 3 2005

Distribution of MMO headquarters by world city*, World	cities		Number of cities
Distribution of MMO headquarters by world city*, World	Number of MMO headquarters	Total including from headquarters	apartments global-	nykh globally-	regional regio-	cash global-
local- Presenters, including: London, NY, Paris,	10	5	9 2 4 3 –	14 2 7 4 1	5 1 2 1 –	15 – 15 – –
Tokyo Main, Brussels	10	3	5	1	7	1
including: Minor, including: Geneva,	35	14	23 11 5	6 3 2	8 2 –	6 3 –
Washington Emerging, incl.	59	9	7	3	6	4
Vein World cities Other cities	114 – –	31} 42 73	44 4 48	24 4 28	26 11 37	26 28 54

* IMOs are divided into four conditional categories based on importance and number of members. The rank of global includes those that include more than a hundred member countries in all regions of the world, for example, the UN and its specialized agencies, such as UNESCO or the World Health Organization. Global-regional and regional are considered less representative IMOs, whose activities are limited to one region (for example, the CIS or the Community of Andean States), and local - with two or three participants or performing, for example, a UN observer mission in individual countries.

An outstanding global geopolitical center is New York - the location of the UN headquarters and a number of its large structural divisions. In terms of scale of activity, neither London, nor Paris, and especially Tokyo, where only the UN University is located, are comparable. Almost half of the most important MMOs are concentrated in the world's secondary cities. Geneva, Washington, and Vienna are almost 2.5 times larger than London, Paris, and Tokyo in terms of the number of MMO headquarters.

It can be stated that the main geostrategic axis Europe - USA, whose history goes back more than two hundred years, is preserved, while the centers of the Asia-Pacific and other regions of the world still remain in the shadows. The North American region has a pronounced monocentric structure (with a large margin of New York), while the European region is characterized by polycentrism.

Global cities as centers of global economic management

The role of global cities as producing centers is determined by the scale of their GRP, and as centers that manage and control the global economy - by the level of concentration of the headquarters of the largest TNCs, key institutions of the international financial market, primarily TNB, and more recently - by the level of concentration of firms in them advanced business services.

The economic potential of the world's leading cities is enormous. In terms of GRP volumes, each of them is comparable to some countries. The top ten global cities alone account for over 10% of the world's GDP. The undisputed world leader is Greater Tokyo, whose GRP at PPP in 2005 amounted to $1.2 trillion. The overconcentration of economic activity in Japan is also evidenced by the fact that only the three main centers of the Tokaido megalopolis - Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka - account for more than half Country's GDP. Second place in the ranking is occupied by Greater New York ($1.1 trillion), third by Greater Los Angeles, fourth by Greater Chicago (Table 4). In total, the top thirty major manufacturing centers of the world include 16 US cities.

Table 4

The largest manufacturing agglomerations in the world, 2005

Agglomeration	GRP at PPP, billion dollars
Tokyo	1191
NY	1133
Los Angeles	639
Chicago	460
Paris	460
London	452
Osaka-Kobe	341
Mexico City	315
Philadelphia	312
Washington	299
Total for 10 agglomerations	5142

The largest urban agglomerations in the United States produce about 85% of the country's total GDP. The indicators for European cities are much more modest. Among them, the metropolitan regions of France ($460 billion) and Great Britain ($452 billion) have the largest economic potential. Following the two leading cities in Europe by a large margin are the agglomerations of Spain - Madrid ($166 billion) and Barcelona (140), as well as Italy - Rome (123) and Milan (115). Moscow has $161 billion and 25th place.

Assessments and rankings of the economic power and governing role of world cities are closely related to the location of the headquarters of the largest TNCs. No matter how the composition of the largest TNCs changes, the concentration of their headquarters in global centers remains quite stable. It is traditionally led by four cities - Tokyo, New York, London and Paris. Together, they account for more than 1/4 of all the headquarters of the largest TNCs in the world.

In this case, Tokyo and New York are the first to perform. The capital of Japan hosts over 60 headquarters of TNCs from the 500 largest corporations in the world and 9 of the 12 largest industrial and financial groups in the country:. Each of them has enormous economic potential and opportunities. It is no coincidence that Tokyo is considered the leading center for managing the entire industry of the world. No less representative is the list of TNCs based in New York and its environs. Here are the headquarters of corporations that are included in the top ten industry and summary ratings of the world's largest TNCs. In particular, these include: developer and manufacturer of computer hardware and software company IBM(Armonk), giant of the global tobacco industry Philip Moris, oil company Texas(White Plains) and a number of others.

Recently, new centers have been joining the existing hierarchy of global cities - the governing bodies of the world economy. The most obvious example in this regard is Seoul, where, as a result of rapid economic development with the participation of foreign capital, the active formation of national and transnational business structures is taking place. Along with the national economy, the positions of other young centers are also strengthening - Singapore, Shanghai, Beijing, Hong Kong, Sao Paulo, etc. The rapid growth in the international significance of these cities and their attractiveness for foreign investors is demonstrated by the increase in the number of regional headquarters and representative offices of TNCs. So, in Hong Kong only for 1991-2003. their number more than quadrupled (from 648 to 2520).

At the same time, companies from two key figures in the world economy - the USA and Japan - showed particular interest in gaining a foothold in the new market.

Stock exchanges are of particular importance in world cities as places of direct contacts at the highest level. Stock exchanges determine the functioning of the entire global economy, and commodity exchanges only manage the markets for raw materials.

The world's financial system is characterized by a fairly high level of territorial concentration and is managed and controlled by a limited number of centers. For example, in the total capital the share of 25 of the 1000 leading banks increased over 1995-2004. from 31 to 37%. The number of the largest centers for exchange trading in ordinary securities does not exceed 25, and the leading financial centers, identified according to a set of indicators, are 19. They are clearly localized in three regions - Western European (Amsterdam, Brussels, Copenhagen, London, Milan, Paris, Frankfurt). Main, Zurich), North American (Montreal, New York, Toronto, Chicago) and Asia-Pacific (Osaka, Seoul, Sydney, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taipei, Tokyo).

New York is the world's largest center for trading stocks, gold futures, and the scale of international banking operations. There are over 3 thousand companies operating on the New York Stock Exchange, trading volumes are rapidly growing, which in 1980-2004. increased from 398 billion to 20 trillion dollars. But New York even more strengthened its position as a financial center with the organization of trading on the NASDAQ electronic exchange. Over the past decade, trading volumes there have grown from $452 billion to $20.4 trillion. More than 350 of the 540 foreign bank offices located in the United States are located in the city; six of the ten largest American banks are based, together holding 85% of foreign deposits, and a number of reputable rating agencies. Here is the headquarters of the recognized flagship of world finance - the company Citigroup.

Possessing colossal economic potential, world cities act as key focal points not only of the national territory, but also of the entire world economy, which, through the network structures of TNCs and TNBs, are able to control the entire global economy. The existing composition of such centers is relatively narrow and conservative, although recently there has been a tendency to expand the composition and geography due to new, dynamically growing cities.

World cities as global
service and communication centers

The fulfillment of important international economic and political functions by global cities gives an additional impetus to the development of both traditional sectors of specialization - education, science, culture, etc., and relatively new types of activities. The professional business services sector is developing at the fastest pace in the world's cities, including accounting, insurance, auditing, legal services, advertising, consulting, marketing and much more.

The compliance of these types of activities with the highest international standards affects the image and international rating of the city and serves as a kind of pass to enter the elite of global centers.

Specialized institutions for training highly qualified personnel, in particular top managers for TNCs, are completely localized in world cities. In Europe, for example, there are only two centers of the highest category for personnel services - in London and Frankfurt am Main. In the world at the end of the 1990s, there were about a dozen key centers in the field of legal, accounting services and advertising business, among which New York, London, Paris and Tokyo traditionally occupied a dominant place. World cities are centers of production and dissemination of information, the largest centers of mass communication and international information traffic, and serve as the location of the headquarters of companies specializing in the field of telecommunications services, information systems and technologies, as well as leading media concerns. The results of an analysis of the location of headquarters and representative offices of 33 leading global media industry firms are interesting. These include such giant companies as Vivendi Universal (headquarters in Paris, 275 thousand employees), AOL Time Warner (New York, 82 thousand), Walt Disney (Los Angeles, 120 thousand),(New York, 134 thousand) and others. More than 30% (835 out of 2,766) of all divisions of global media industry firms are located in just seven cities - New York, London, Paris, Los Angeles, Munich, Berlin and Amsterdam.

In ensuring the global functioning of cities, the transport function, especially air travel, is important. All global centers have airports and have developed into major air transport hubs, each of which annually serves tens of millions of passengers and millions of tons of cargo to hundreds of destinations.

The high concentration of international functions of the largest agglomerations indicates the formation of a global system of oligopolies (from the Greek. oligos- few; polis- city), which refers to the dominance of a relatively small number of the world's largest cities (see map).

Model of an oligopolistic system of global centers
(by D. Gimeno)

The oligopolis system represents the main vector of development of the world economy and the prospects for the reorganization of the global economic structure. It is no coincidence that every developing market acquires an international city; examples include Sao Paulo, Caracas, Johannesburg, Mexico City, Bangkok, Manila, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta. The absence of such centers deprives the country of the potential for economic dynamism associated with the high-level corporate services sector, the knowledge economy and access to global financial, innovation and information flows. A nation or region finds itself isolated, aloof from the economic and intellectual world movement. On the contrary, connecting to the system of oligopolies opens up new opportunities for regions to act as powerful economic agents in the global space.

However, not every city is able to get into the elite club of global centers; the process of expanding the geography of world cities is fraught with many conflict situations. Competition between oligopolises for higher positions in the prestigious ranking of importance is growing, and there is evidence of opposition from leading cities to the emergence of new growth centers vying for part of their functions. In addition, the policy of large cities is undergoing fundamental changes, aimed, first of all, at solving the problem of joining the club of the multipolar global metropolitan network and achieving club effects; the tasks of creating a favorable local, regional environment are relegated to the background. At the same time, the negative consequences for the internal development of cities, a kind of payment for entering the new global system, are becoming more and more clear. This is expressed, in particular, in the standardization of urban development, social polarization, fragmentation of urban areas, etc. However, despite its acutely problematic nature, the main vector of development is clearly identified - this is the path to the formation of transnational urban systems.

Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Rostov Region GBOU SPO RO "Kamensk Technical School of Construction and Auto Service".

Abstract.

In the discipline "Geography".

on the topic: “World cities and their role in modern world development.”

Completed by the student:

group 20 SPO

Bidenko M.A.

Checked by the teacher:

Zelenskaya N.V.

World politics is made in the world's cities. An analysis of the location of the headquarters of various international organizations allows us to assess the role and strength of influence of certain centers of the geopolitical system of the world. The latter are divided into two categories - international interstate (intergovernmental) organizations (IMOs) and international non-governmental organizations (INGOs). The number of international organizations is constantly increasing and already amounts to more than 13 thousand. The vast majority of them are INGOs. MMOs are much less numerous, but carry significantly more weight. Their activities are fully regulated by international law. Currently, there are about 300 such organizations, and the largest and most influential are less than 150.

The head offices of 5,873 INGOs are located in 20 cities, with 13 cities from this list being European. The top ten centers include all the world's leading cities, but Brussels is the undisputed leader. There are 1,392 INGOs headquartered here, which is slightly less than London and Paris combined, which rank second and third. This triumvirate of centers is quite understandable. Each of these cities is traditionally considered a stronghold of free thought, is the center of national and international socio-political movements, and associations of the most diverse nature and direction, a favorite venue for international conventions, conferences and congresses.

Against this background, the positions of New York and especially Tokyo turn out to be very modest. In the second ten geopolitical centers, cities in developing countries stand out as new growth points: Buenos Aires (110 INGO headquarters), Nairobi (100) and Mexico City (87). In general, the geography of location of IMOs and INGOs largely coincides. Almost 80% of the head offices of the most influential MMOs are concentrated in world cities (Table 3). Outside the global centers, with rare exceptions, there are organizations of predominantly local and partly regional status. Among the world cities themselves, the location of IMO head offices is also significantly uneven. Seven key geopolitical centers - New York, Paris, London, Brussels, Geneva, Washington and Vienna - account for more than 2/3 of the IMO head offices and 4/5 of global and global-regional associations. (Appendix 2.)

It can be stated that the main geostrategic axis Europe - USA, whose history goes back more than two hundred years, is preserved, while the centers of the Asia-Pacific and other regions of the world still remain in the shadows. The North American region has a pronounced monocentric structure (with a large lead from New York), while the European region is polycentric.

The economic potential of the world's leading cities is enormous. In terms of GRP volumes, each of them is comparable to some countries. Only the top ten global cities account for over 10% of the world's GDP. The undisputed world leader is Greater Tokyo, whose GRP at PPP in 2005 amounted to $1.2 trillion. The overconcentration of economic activity in Japan is also evidenced by the fact that only the three main centers of the Tokaido megalopolis - Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka - account for more than half Country's GDP. Second place in the ranking is occupied by Greater New York ($1.1 trillion), third by Greater Los Angeles, fourth by Greater Chicago (Table 4). In total, the top thirty major manufacturing centers of the world include 16 US cities.

The largest urban agglomerations in the United States produce about 85% of the country's total GDP. The indicators for European cities are much more modest. Among them, the metropolitan regions of France have the largest economic potential ($460 billion), followed by the agglomeration of Spain - Madrid ($166 billion)

And Great Britain ($452 billion). Following the two leading cities in Europe by a large margin are the agglomerations of Spain - Madrid ($166 billion) and Barcelona (140), as well as Italy - Rome (123) and Milan (115). Moscow has $161 billion and 25th place. (Appendix 3.)

The capital of Japan hosts over 60 headquarters of TNCs from the world's 500 largest corporations and 9 of the country's 12 largest industrial and financial groups: Mitsubishi, Hitachi, NipponSteel, Nissan, Fuji, Toshiba, Daiichi, Honda and Sony. Each of them has enormous economic potential and opportunities. It is no coincidence that Tokyo is considered the leading center for managing the entire industry of the world. No less representative is the list of TNCs based in New York and its environs. Here are the headquarters of corporations that are included in the top ten industry and summary ratings of the world's largest TNCs. In particular, these include: the developer and manufacturer of computer hardware and software company IBM (Armonk), the giant of the global tobacco industry PhilipMoris, the Texas oil company (White Plains) and a number of others.

The most powerful tool of modern business is free capital. It is no coincidence that the global city is primarily positioned as a global financial center, which is understood as the geographic focus of financial transactions and the banks, financial companies, stock exchanges and other institutions that carry them out. The geography of financial and world centers coincides. A global city is unthinkable without a developed financial sector. This sector not only plays a large independent role in the context of the city’s position in global financial markets, but is also largely called upon to ensure the progress of all sectors of its economy. In addition, it has a powerful stimulating effect on the development of a range of both auxiliary and new activities, including insurance, security, computer services, software, training, consulting and many other services. Stock exchanges are of particular importance in world cities as places of direct contacts at the highest level. Stock exchanges determine the functioning of the entire global economy, and commodity exchanges only manage the markets for raw materials.

Among global cities, London stands out as the world's premier financial center. It currently accounts for 70% of global trading in international bonds, 32% of global foreign exchange market turnover (more than Tokyo, New York and Frankfurt am Main combined), and about 50% of global trading in foreign stocks. London leads in terms of the volume of international deposit and credit operations, and among European stock market services - in terms of securities turnover (followed by Paris, Frankfurt am Main, Zurich). A huge number of financial institutions are concentrated in London, including representative offices of 565 foreign structures serving global trade and capital migration. The headquarters of a number of international financial organizations are located here, in particular the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Tokyo ranks third in the world for currency and securities trading. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is also third in the world in terms of capitalization and fourth in terms of total value of registered bonds. Since 1999, the exchange has had a section for placement and trading of shares of high-tech companies of the “new economy” - an analogue of the NASDAQ system in the USA. The capital of Japan is home to over 4/5 of the head offices of national banks, about 80 foreign banks have official representative offices, and the headquarters of 8 of the 50 largest banks in the world. Three of them - Mizuho, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo - are in the world's top ten. However, this financial center is going through hard times. It is experiencing serious competition from Singapore and Hong Kong, which are successfully taking over some of the functions. Recently, they have taken over some of the foreign exchange and futures trading. Hong Kong is considered the second most important financial center in Asia. Its important feature is the speculative orientation of the operations performed.

Hong Kong's main competitor is Singapore, which has an advantageous geographical location on regional and global trade routes. Practicing a preferential tax regime, Singapore is the only financial center among third world countries with a full set of all components (gold market, foreign exchange market, bank loan market and stock market).

Currently, the 20 leading and main global centers accumulate 176 million people, or 2.9% of the total and 5.9% of the world's urban population. (Appendix 1.) Despite a significant slowdown in population growth over the past half century, this is 2.5 times more than in 1950. During 1950-1970. The number of residents of the world's top twenty cities increased by 52 million people over the period 1970-1990. - by 38 million, and for 1990-2005. - only for 16 million people. Almost 3/5 of the total population growth over the past 15 years has occurred in five centers of developing countries - Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Bangkok, Hong Kong and Singapore. A significant part of the world's cities, such as Milan, Madrid, Brussels and even Seoul, at various times and for various reasons, have not only passed the peak of growth rates, but are also steadily losing population. The world's leading cities are part of the supporting framework of the planet's urban settlement, but in its completion the fast-growing megacities of developing countries are becoming increasingly important.

But the main role of world cities is played not as centers of population concentration, but as global centers for the exchange of human resources. The annual volume of international migration alone in each of the leading global cities amounts to hundreds of thousands of people, that is, it is quite comparable to the scale of entire states and is growing rapidly. Global cities are the largest receiving centers of migration flows from all regions of the world. This is their fundamental difference from the megacities of developing countries, which serve primarily as starting points for international migration. In Greater London, immigration doubles emigration (200 thousand versus 107 thousand people in 2002). The global connections of world cities is clearly illustrated by the example of New York, which annually receives approximately 100 thousand immigrants from 100 countries.

World cities are the nuclei of temporary rather than permanent international migration. Global centers serve as an important base for short-term official, business, scientific, representative and various other contacts. Significant numbers of people come here for training, contract work, exhibitions, visiting relatives, leisure and recreation. Miami and New York stand out. The geography of connections between cities is extremely vast; their formant is the whole world. New York maintains contacts with 209 different countries and territories. There is a certain division of labor between cities in serving different areas, which is quite closely linked to their geographical location. For example, Miami oversees relations with Latin America, Los Angeles and San Francisco - with the countries of Asia and Oceania. For New York, Chicago and Washington, the European direction remains a priority, especially connections with the UK.

In modern conditions, the participation of the world's leading cities in organizing the supporting framework of the planet's urban settlement is radically changing. They are increasingly losing their role as centers for the accumulation of simple labor to the rapidly growing megacities of developing countries. At the same time, global centers lead the process of transcontinental exchange and management of human flows. They have recently acquired particular importance in serving not so much permanent as temporary international migration of the population, including for business purposes.

Research

““World” cities and their role in the modern development of the world”

1st year student,

Geography teacher

State budgetary educational institution of secondary

ANNOTATION

In the new international division of labor, the location of many sectors of commercial activity and professional business services is becoming increasingly distant from material production as such. This is primarily due to the formation of the largest centers of the world economy - megalopolises.

“World” cities are increasingly becoming financial, micropolitical and administrative centers not only of their own country, but also of large regions, and their influence sometimes extends beyond continents. This contributes to the globalization of the world economy.

In this work, the “world” city is comprehensively studied as a source of global problems of our time and their solutions.

Goal of the work: study the phenomenon of world cities in the modern world, determine their significance and features.

Research objectives: collection and processing of materials on the stated topic, analysis and synthesis, comparison.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3

1. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF THE CITY AS A FACTOR OF WORLD POLITICS…………………………………………………………….3

1.1 Transnational environment of world politics: structure and place of the global city in it………………………………………………………………………………………….3

1.2 Ranking of global cities by population.................................................. .........4

1.3 World cities in the geopolitical system of the world…………………………………5

2. PARTICIPATION OF A GLOBAL CITY IN THE WORLD ECONOMY AND GLOBAL FINANCIAL FLOWS………………………………….……….6

2.1 Global financial centers: potential and development limits……………….6

2.2 World cities as global, service and communication centers....... 8.

3. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF URBANIZATION…….9

3.1 Negative aspects of urbanization…………………………………………10

3.3 The problem of ecology in large cities in all countries of the world…………………10 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….11

APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………………12

List of sources and literature used…………………………………….16

INTRODUCTION

Cities throughout their history have played a vital role in the life of society. Among the variety of types of cities, the formation of a special category of them - world or global cities (from English - world, global cities) attracts increased attention from the wider scientific community. The idea of the phenomenon of the world city is radically changing, which was previously considered as a phenomenon primarily isolated and unique, and now - as a massive and typical one.

Historical eras and formations changed, the territorial organization and priorities of economic development were transformed, but large cities always remained at the forefront of progress, and interest in them never faded.

Initially, the concept of a world city in specialized literature was used to designate cities of special cultural and religious significance, such as Rome or Paris, as well as the capitals of former empires, such as London, Paris, Vienna, Madrid. Over time, the understanding and interpretation of the phenomenon undergoes dramatic changes.

It has been proven that the presence in global cities of transnational corporations and banks, international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, the holding of forums, summits and multilateral meetings influence the formation of the transnational environment of world politics and introduces the city among its active factors.

1. CITIES AS A FACTOR OF WORLD POLITICS

1.1 Transnational environmentworld politics: structure and place of the global city in it

Cities throughout their history have played a vital role in the life of society. Modern forms of international cooperation between cities are extremely diverse and multi-layered. This is due, first of all, to their increasing role in modern world political processes.

Intensive and ever-accelerating urbanization, which has affected all continents and countries to varying degrees, as well as the growing influence of this process on world politics, complicates its transnational environment and creates diverse connections between cities and each other, with the countryside, both in domestic and international life. The city, having become the focus of the most important impulses for the development of the country and the formation of civil society, the formation and improvement of institutions of government agencies, public authorities, international organizations, foreign policy structures, interstate political and economic relations, exchanges in the field of culture, has become a major and influential author of world politics. Of course, influencing world politics is not inherent in every city.

Currently, the phenomenon of large cities that have global significance and clearly stand out in terms of their world-political potential, role, and functions compared to other cities is of particular interest. The scientific community has not yet developed a single term for such cities, most often called “megacities”, “world cities” or “global cities”.

The concept of “metropolis” most often reflects the demographic status and size of the city. As a rule, the concept of “megalopolis” or “megalopolis” is used to refer to a city with a population of over one million inhabitants.

The concept of “megalopolis” usually denotes the largest form of association in terms of the number of residents and the number of settlements, which is formed by the merger of several urban agglomerations. Megalopolises often have a polycentric structure with separate more significant centers, for example Boswash, in which the key cities are Boston and Washington.

According to UN terminology, “megacities” (super-large or megacities) are urban agglomerations.

In the 1970s, the UN used this term to refer to urban agglomerations with a population of more than 8 million people; in the 1990s, the threshold was increased by 2 million. According to UN experts, in 1950 there were only two megacities in the world: New York with a population of 12.3 million people and Tokyo - 11.3 million 1 people. By the end of 2009, the number of megacities reached twenty-four, and the top five currently include the Tokyo-Yokohama agglomeration (34.6 million people), Jakarta (23.3), New York (21.2), Mumbai (20.4 ) and Manila (20.0).

The term “agglomeration” usually means the accumulation of several settlements in adjacent territories, united by economic and legal ties into a complex multi-component system. Based on the number and actual importance of cities for a particular agglomeration, they can be divided into monocentric and polycentric. Monocentric agglomerations are a collection of settlements united around one core - an economic and cultural center, which is often designated by the term "metropolis" (sometimes synonymous with the capital). Polycentric agglomerations consist of several settlements approximately equal in their development and importance - for example, the Ruhr agglomeration in Germany.

The concept of "supercities" has been popularized internationally by several urban experts, most notably Janice Perlman, founder and director of the New York-based Megacities Project. In his work Megacity, he notes that not all megacities are the dominant centers of the global economy, but they connect large segments of the population to this global system. Supercities are connected to global networks and global segments of their own countries.

In this project study, the main units of analysis are global cities - megacities, which have enormous world-political, world-economic and intrastate significance and influence in the system of international relations.

1.2 Ranking of global cities by population

Currently, the 20 leading and main global centers accumulate 176 million people, or 2.9% of the total and 5.9% of the world's urban population. (Appendix 1.) Despite a significant slowdown in population growth over the last half century, this is 2.5 times more than in 1950. During 1950-1970. The number of residents of the world's top twenty cities increased by 52 million people over the period 1970-1990. - by 38 million, and for 1990-2005. - only for 16 million people. Almost 3/5 of the total population growth over the past 15 years has occurred in five centers of developing countries - Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Bangkok, Hong Kong and Singapore. A significant part of the world's cities, such as Milan, Madrid, Brussels and even Seoul, at various times and for various reasons, have not only passed the peak of growth rates, but are also steadily losing population. The world's leading cities are part of the supporting framework of the planet's urban settlement, but in its completion the fast-growing megacities of developing countries are becoming increasingly important.

Glukhova E.V.

The article characterizes the role of cities in economic development. In particular, attention is paid to cities as elements that organize the territory and economy of countries and the world as a whole. The question of the role of metropolises in the development of states is raised.

One of the most dynamically developing global processes is the process of urbanization. It was especially pronounced in the 20th century, when the share of the world's urban population increased from 13.6% in 1900 to 47.5% in 2000.

Currently, there is no unambiguous definition of the concept of urbanization.

The very common definition of urbanization as “the process of concentrating population and economic life in large cities” seems far from complete. Noting the complexity of the concept, geographers, for example, describe urbanization as “a multifaceted global (i.e., covering the whole world) socio-economic process associated with the development and concentration of productive forces and forms of social communication, which sharply increased in the era of the scientific and technological revolution, with the spread of the urban lifestyle to the entire network of populated areas." It is noted that “none of the narrower concepts - “indicators” characterizing individual aspects of this process - the growth of cities and the urban population, the growth of the share of the urban population in the total population, the achieved share of the urban population in the total population; the urban image life is not enough to fully characterize it."

However, despite the ambiguity of definitions, it is obvious that urbanization helps to increase the efficiency of the economy, since the very existence of cities determines the concentration of economic, cultural and information potential in them and, based on such existing potential, provides qualitative “breakthroughs” in the development of the economy and other spheres of public life .

This statement is especially true in relation to large cities, which, according to the well-known theory of central places by W. Christaller, are the centers of vast zones that include other, smaller cities, and “organize” the economy of these zones. A large city provides the population of the area it patronizes with maximum services and maximum opportunities for employment and the application of their own abilities. The larger the city, the more it contributes to the implementation of the effects of production concentration on its territory, giving impetus to the development of its own economy and then, automatically, to the development of the economies of smaller cities of its territory and the economy of the entire territory (zone) it unites as a whole. It is also right to talk about the reverse impact of the economies of lower-ranking cities on the development of the economy of the center.

In the modern world, cities play the role of organizing elements; they seem to structure its territory and economy. The role of cities can be studied in more detail if we take as a basis the division of the economy proposed by G. Kleiner into mega-economy (world economy), macro-economy (country economy), meso-economy (sectoral, regional and group economy), micro-economy (enterprise economics) and nano-economy (economic behavior individual).

The more significant a city’s place in the hierarchy of its peers, the more significant, obviously, is its contribution to the development of economic “layers” in the aggregate. In the context of globalization, the growing interdependence of the modern world, when there is a significant weakening of national state sovereignty and the significance of state restrictions in the development of international economic relations is leveled, developed cities with a strong economic base can become active independent participants in the world market.

An example of the implementation of such a concept of urban development are the so-called metropolises, which play a very serious role in the course of global economic processes. F. Braudel used the term “metropolises” to designate large cities that perform international economic functions, in which “there is a constant influx and outflow of information, goods, capital, loans, people, etc.” (quote from). The characteristic features of metropolises are:

Metropolis is a research and production pole of growth. Large-scale material production here is combined with scientific research and stimulates it.
This is the center of decision-making: political (at the level of government structures), economic (by the management of the largest corporations usually located here). This is a place where the leading political and economic forces of society come together and enter into alliances.
The metropolis is a pole of attraction for people, information, goods and services. But it must reach a large enough size for the “gravitational” effect to work and the city or agglomeration to begin to implement the function of a metropolis. This critical value could amount to a total of about a million inhabitants.
The existence of its own cultural image, making the metropolis recognizable among other cities in the world, giving it special attractiveness in the eyes of influential people from different countries.
A metropolis is typically an international transport hub.
And finally, perhaps most importantly: the metropolis serves for outsiders as a kind of key to the region, for which it is the organizing and coordinating center.

P. Marchand, I. Samson note that metropolises fit into the scheme of organization of a globalized economy (mega-economy) developed by A. Scott (Fig. 1), being located in the center of each of the squares of the lower level of the scheme.

Picture 1. Scott's global hierarchy diagram

In the modern world, there are metropolises of a global scale, which are economic agents of the international level and have a great influence on the power of their states (in this list, in particular, New York, London, Tokyo, Paris, Moscow) and metropolises of smaller sizes with narrower competencies (for example, performing functions at an international level (diamond market in Antwerp)). Therefore, we can talk about the special role of metropolises as key points of the “world economy”.

Unlike Western cities, the development of which, since the Middle Ages, occurred primarily under the influence of market forces and served to satisfy the growing needs of production and society for information, goods and services, Russian cities are marked by their own specifics. In the conditions of a command-administrative economy, the formation and development of cities took place within the framework of the general scheme of settlement on the territory of the USSR with its characteristic advantages and costs. The costs, in particular, include the regulation of large cities practiced in the USSR by limiting new industrial construction in them, which led to inertia in the development of the production structure and limited the possibilities of its progressive transformation. In this sense, Russian cities of the mid-80s. The 20th century was seriously different from the West. A typical Soviet city in itself was not an independent participant and “creator” of the country’s development, but was only an element of its administrative division, part of the organizational structure of national production.

The decision-making level was concentrated in the Center, which was located in Moscow. All other urban centers, even large ones, turned into “vassals” of the monopoly political “suzerain”. They acted more like agglomerations of production units connected to each other through regional bodies of the party-state apparatus, rather than real urban centers developing an internal functional division of labor and structuring the surrounding space. This state of affairs was typical for industry, science, culture, i.e. for all spheres of public life, for which the very existence of cities traditionally creates the basis for development. Thus, the Soviet era for cities was a time of monometropolis.

Meanwhile, scientists note that Russia should be interested in creating a network of metropolises that will serve as points of growth for its economy and ensure political stability throughout its territory. Probably, in many ways, a similar wish is true for other cities that are more modest in their capabilities than potential metropolises.

The history and comparative characteristics of the development of Western and Russian large cities provide a striking example of the imbalances in the Russian economy. Modernity dictates its conditions for the successful existence of cities. There is no doubt about the need to integrate not only Russia as a whole, but also Russian cities as independent subjects of market relations into the world economy, the world system of division of labor.

Russian cities, which in recent years have received maximum independence in management matters, are at the beginning of a complex and, in many respects, new path of autonomous economic development for them. The local government reform being carried out today in the state creates an organizational basis for it, however, the results and successes of the city in forming its own economic base, political influence and its “face” in the global kaleidoscope of cities will depend on the abilities and ability of local authorities to combine and use the achievements of science, production and culture on its territory.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Big economic dictionary/Ed. A.N. Azriliyana. - M., 2002. -1280 p.

2. Kleiner G. Nanoeconomics // Issues of Economics. - 2004. - No. 12. - P. 74.

3. Marchand P., Samson I. Metropolises and economic development of Russia // Issues of Economics. - 2004. - No. 1. - P.4.

4. Pertsik E.N. Cities of the world: geography of world urbanization - M., 1999. - P. 22.

5. Scott A. Regions and the World Economy. Oxford University Press, 1997.

Bibliographic link

Glukhova E.V. ON THE ROLE OF CITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD ECONOMY // Modern problems of science and education. – 2005. – No. 1.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=127 (access date: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

Concepts of global and world city. Modern problems of science and education World cities and their role

Key Features global cities in the world system

ON THE. SLUKA Doctor of Geography Sciences, senior researcher Department of Geography of World Economy Moscow State University them. M.V. Lomonosov

Bibliographic link

Key Features
global cities
in the world system

ON THE. SLUKA
Doctor of Geography Sciences, senior researcher
Department of Geography of World Economy
Moscow State University
them. M.V. Lomonosov