Test: Innovation factor in economic development. Fundamental research Innovation factor in the development of the world economy

Topic: Innovation factor in economic development

University: Financial University

Year and city: Orel 2013

Introduction 3

1. Innovation factor in economic development 4

2. Determine net present value, profitability index and payback period for capital investments 8

Conclusion 11

References 12

Introduction.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that innovations underlie the development of the material and spiritual culture of society, that the main characteristic feature of new intra-company management systems should be a focus on the long term, innovative activities, and maximum use of the creative activity of staff.

Economics is an integral part of material culture and its development is based on the practical application of new ideas, discoveries, etc. Therefore, innovation is the driving force behind the development of social production.

The main goal of the test is to consider the impact of the innovation factor on the quality of economic growth.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set:

Familiarize yourself with the main innovative factors in economic development.

1. Innovation factor in economic development.

Currently, the importance of the innovation factor in the country's economy is increasing. In modern conditions, the development of science becomes an indispensable condition for creating the prerequisites for sustainable spiritual, intellectual, scientific, technical and socio-economic development of society and the state. High technology is an area that can solve the most ambitious tasks in the socio-economic development of any state. They are the powerful lever with which many countries not only overcome the economic downturn, but also ensure its structural restructuring and saturate the market with a variety of competitive products.

A feature of the development of the Russian economy at the present stage is the formation of a socio-economic system in which innovative activity plays a dominant role as a factor providing competitive advantages of the highest order. In general, the construction of an innovative economy and its management system consists of a fundamental restructuring of development directions, new approaches to justifying priorities, significant modernization of methods and forms of resource use at all levels of the innovation system, and a radical transformation of the interaction between “science - business - government - society”.

By innovation we understand the creative process of implementing an idea, embodied in the form of a new product, service, technology, form of organization, management method, changes in the quality of the workforce, which represent a tool for meeting needs at a qualitatively new level, have positive economic and social effects and provide strategic competitive advantages to their owners.

Stages of innovative development in the country's economy

The model of innovative development, along with the use of traditional competitive advantages in the energy sector, involves the creation and activation of new factors of economic growth that meet the challenges of the long-term period. This is a breakthrough in increasing the efficiency of human capital and creating comfortable social conditions, the liberalization of economic institutions and increasing the competitiveness of the business environment, the accelerated spread of new technologies in the economy and the development of high-tech industries, and the intensification of foreign economic policy. The action of these factors collectively ensures that the Russian economy enters a trajectory of long-term sustainable growth with an average rate of about 106.4 - 106.5% per year.

The innovative development of the Russian economy until 2020 will take place in 2 stages, differing in terms of conditions, factors, risks of socio-economic development and priorities of the state’s economic policy.

The first stage (2008 - 2012) is based on the implementation and expansion of those global competitive advantages that the Russian economy has in traditional areas (energy, transport, agricultural sector, natural resource processing).

At the same time, institutional conditions and technological groundwork will be created that will ensure, at the next stage, a systematic transfer of the Russian economy to the mode of innovative development. This stage is characterized by the following conditions of economic development:

1) adaptation of the economy to negative phenomena in global financial markets;

2) narrowing the possibilities for a forced increase in energy and raw materials exports, adapting the economy to the worsening foreign economic situation and lower world prices for oil and raw materials;

3) a reduction in the supply of labor resources due to a decrease in the working age population, an aggravation of the shortage of professional personnel;

4) the negative impact on the economy of restrictions from the energy and transport infrastructure;

5) increased competition in domestic markets, associated, on the one hand, with increasing consumer demands for the quality of goods, and on the other, with the exhaustion of price competitive advantages of manufacturing industries;

6) change in the macroeconomic situation, cessation of the strengthening of the ruble due to a decrease in the foreign trade balance.

The second stage (2013 - 2020) is a breakthrough in increasing the global competitiveness of the economy based on its transition to a new technological base (information, bio- and nanotechnologies), improving the quality of human potential and the social environment, and structural diversification of the economy.

The main priorities of economic policy at the second stage in the field of innovative development include the following:

1) integration of the national innovation system into the global innovation system, integration of science, education and business;

2) expanding the positions of Russian companies in global high-tech markets, transforming high-tech industries and branches of the knowledge economy into a significant factor of economic growth;

3) ensuring intensive technological renewal of mass production on the basis of new energy- and resource-saving environmentally friendly technologies, the formation of centers of global competence in the manufacturing industry, the field of intellectual services and other sectors of the economy, solving the problem of providing the economy with highly professional personnel.

The effectiveness of the innovation factor in economic development is largely determined by the innovation infrastructure. Therefore, innovation infrastructure is a basic component of the innovation economy and the innovative potential of society. Innovation infrastructure is a set of interconnected, complementary production and technical systems, organizations, firms and corresponding organizational and management systems that are necessary and sufficient for the effective implementation of innovation activities and the implementation of innovations. It determines the pace of development of the country’s economy and the growth of the well-being of its population. The experience of the developed countries of the world confirms that in the conditions of global competition in the world market, those who have a developed infrastructure for creating and implementing innovations and who own the most effective mechanism for innovation activities inevitably win.

The role of highly qualified specialists in the innovative economy is very large and will constantly grow. Therefore, training personnel capable of effectively managing innovation processes, developing and implementing innovative projects is a priority regional and federal problem[

Innovation, embodied in new scientific knowledge, products, technologies, services, equipment, personnel qualifications, and production organization, is the main factor of competitiveness in all economically developed countries. Ensuring sustainable innovative development of Russian regions will make it possible to solve such an important task of implementing state policy as maintaining competitiveness and achieving a high level and quality of life for the population.

2. Determination of net present value, profitability index and payback period of capital investments:

Without discounting;

Taking into account discounting at a discount rate of 0.2.

The initial data is given in the table.

Index
Index
1. Volume of capital investments, thousand rubles.
2. Volume of product sales (excluding VAT), thousand rubles.
3. Cost of products sold, thousand rubles.
4. Including depreciation, thousand rubles.
5. Taxes and other deductions from profit, thousand rubles.

Let's determine net present value (NPV) using the formula:
where Rt are the results achieved at the t-th calculation step; Zt - costs incurred at the same step; T - time period of calculation; E - treble rate; K - the amount of discounted capital investments.

If the NPV of an investment project is positive, the project is effective and can be accepted. The higher the NPV, the more effective the project.

NPV = (4000 - 3000 + 300 - 200) × 1/(1+0.2) + (8000 - 5500 + 400 - 400) ×1/(1+0.2)² + (10000 - 6000 + 400 - 500) ×1/(1+0.2)³ + (10000 - 6000 + 400 - 500) ×1/(1+0.2) - 5000 × 1/(1+0.2) - 1000 ×1/ (1+0.2)² = 916.3 + 1735 +2258.1 +1879.8 - 4165 - 694 = 1930.2 >

The profitability index is the ratio of the sum of the reduced effects to the amount of capital investment.
If the profitability index is equal to or greater than one (ID> 1), then the investment project is effective, and if it is less than one (ID< 1), то неэффективен.

Let's calculate the profitability index (PI) using the formula:

ID = 916.3 + 1735 +2258.1 +1879.8 / 4165 + 694 = 6789.2 / 4859 = 1.4 >

Let's calculate the payback period of capital investments (Juice):

Without discounting:

6000 - 3600 = 2400;

2 years 7.5 months

Taking into account discounting:

916,3+1735=2651,3;

4859 - 2651,3= 2207,7;

2207,7/188=11,7;

2 years 11.7 months

1) NPV = 1930.2 > 0, which indicates the profitability of the project.

2) ID = 1.4 > 1, which indicates the effectiveness of the project.

Conclusion.

In conclusion, based on the test material provided, conclusions can be drawn.

To ensure sustainable progress in the transition of the economy to an innovative path of development, it will be important to combine the following areas of innovative development of sectors of the Russian economy:

1)increasing the competitiveness and export potential of high-tech sectors of the economy based on the development and implementation of advanced technologies;

2) development of a set of “breakthrough” technologies that determine the possibility of forming new markets for high-tech products (services), developing new industries, modernizing a wide range of economic sectors;

3) technological modernization of the public sector and infrastructure sectors, expanding the range of new and high-quality public services;

4)increasing efficiency, reducing resource intensity, expanding processing in the raw materials industries.

As a result, in the future Russia can achieve a 5-10% share in the markets of high-tech goods and intellectual services in 8-10 positions, including: nuclear technologies; aircraft manufacturing; shipbuilding; software; weapons and military equipment; educational services; space services and production of rocket and space technology.

The problem was solved and the result was the following answer:

1) NPV = 1930.2 > 0, which indicates the profitability of the project.

2) ID = 1.4 > 1, which indicates the effectiveness of the project.

3) Juice = 2 years 11.7 months. (taking into account discounting at a discount rate of 0.2).

Juice = 2 years 7.5 months (excluding discounting).

Bibliography.

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Innovation factor in Russia's economic development strategy

Innovative factor of strategy of economic development of Russia

GoncharovaElenaVyacheslavovna

Goncharova Elena Vyacheslavovna

Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor,

Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Management

e-mail: [email protected]

Starovoytov Mikhail Karpovich

Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor,

Professor of the Department of Economics and Management

Volzhsky Polytechnic Institute (branch)

Volgograd State Technical University,

Starovoitova Yana Mikhailovna

StarovoytovYa. M.

Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor

Volgograd State Technical University

annotation

This article examines the features of the strategy of innovative development in the context of the implementation of the policy of import substitution and the innovation orientation of the Russian economy. The key directions for implementing innovative strategies in relation to small businesses are analyzed. The authors consider the functioning of small enterprises at the regional level from the perspective of developing innovative potential. The importance of the formation of innovative regional modules as elements of the national innovation system of Russia is emphasized. As a practical example, the characteristics of the development of the Volgograd region are given.

Abstract

In the present article features of strategy of innovative development in the conditions of implementation of policy of import substitution and innovative orientation of the Russian economy are considered. The key directions of implementation of innovative strategy in relation to small business entities are analyzed. Authors consider functioning of small enterprises at the regional level from a position of development of innovative potential. The znamichost of formation of innovative regional modules as elements of national innovative system of Russia is emphasized. As a practical example the characteristic of development of the Volgograd region is given.

Keywords:innovative development, region, innovative potential, small enterprise, strategy

Introduction

The innovative development of the region can be largely ensured by the implementation of an innovation strategy. Prospective changes must be predicted taking into account existing trends, conducting a retrospective analysis and for the future, foreseeing possible development paths consistent with the urgent needs of business and the population, as well as making the right choice of strategy.

Features of Russia's innovative development strategy

The national economic strategy of Russia contains at its core the task of forming a powerful investment potential of the region, taking into account its specific development and features - territorial extent and resource potential. Consequently, it is necessary to pay sufficient attention to issues of regional investment policy, which is an important factor in the formation of the national innovation system of Russia.

A powerful innovation impulse that encourages the development and implementation of new technologies is a focus on export markets, which calls for constantly improving the process of promoting new technologies to the interregional markets of the country, thereby transmitting the investment and innovation message to other regions.

Regions remote from the political center - border regions, Siberia, the Far East and the North of Russia - in most cases use only their own resources and take into account the opportunities provided by the market. The authors of the article emphasize that it is depressed regions that are more ready for innovation, since they feel the need to overcome the crisis through new technological solutions related to cost reduction or the creation of fundamentally new products in parallel with the formation of new companies. The desire to create innovations occurs much less frequently in regions where the existing industrial structure is capable of providing stable income, thus creating conditions of economic and political stability. Taking into account the goals and objectives of the new Russian strategy, the most crisis regions can act as batteries for the innovation process in the country as a whole. We can conclude that the process of forming an innovative regional economy must begin precisely in those regions where there are prerequisites for the emergence and development of small and medium-sized innovative entrepreneurship, which plays the role of a pillar of the regional economy.

In terms of small business development, according to the authors, it is important to ensure the solution of the following tasks:

Significant increase in the number of working-age population employed in small businesses;

Improving the legislative framework for small businesses;

Removing administrative barriers in organizing and developing business;

Introduction of tax benefits for entrepreneurs.

When solving problems of small business development, we should not forget about the problems of the overall development of the business pyramid at the regional and federal levels, because It is as a result of competition between small businesses that medium-sized enterprises grow, and on the basis of fierce competition between them, large enterprises are formed, which become locomotives for the development of regions of the Russian Federation and Russia as a whole, to strengthen Russia’s competitive position abroad.

We can conclude that it is important to ensure an effective structure for the functioning of a business by increasing small and medium-sized businesses.

The authors of the article conditionally divide the set of factors in the formation of an innovation model into three groups:

Institutional factors - these include the adequacy of legislative support for innovation processes and the conditions for their implementation;

Scientific and technical factors - the degree of information support for all processes and the efficiency of functioning of national innovation systems;

Socio-educational factors – the level and quality of education of the population, age structure and sociocultural determinants.

The level, structure and quality of professional training provide the opportunity for the formation and high efficiency of innovative processes.

From the perspective of the author's approach, the Russian national innovation system is considered as a set of national state, private and public organizations and mechanisms of their interaction, within the framework of which activities are carried out to create, store and disseminate new knowledge and technologies.

The basic tasks of the state in order to develop the national innovation system can be identified:

Development of the research sphere, ensuring processes of expanded reproduction of knowledge, creating conditions and incentives for cooperation with the business environment;

Creating conditions for technological modernization of the economy and ensuring the functioning of a competitive business environment, the subjects of which must have strategic thinking, readiness to learn, assimilate and apply knowledge;

Formation of knowledge transfer systems with the necessary feedback links, their distribution and transformation into competitive technologies for entrepreneurship, with the focus of the research sphere on meeting the innovative needs of production development.

The speed of transition to an innovative development model largely depends on the number of subjects capable of perceiving and initiating innovation. This applies not only to workers in the production and research sectors. Innovative thinking and behavior must be possessed by those who make management decisions, as well as those who develop the legislative framework for this.

A special role in the development of medium and small regional enterprises is played by increasing competitiveness and promoting their products from regional to national and international markets.
From the perspective of an integrated approach, we can propose a number of methods that can be used by regional administrations to assist regional entrepreneurs in developing new types of markets:

Ensuring the protection and promotion of the interests of regional companies in the Russian and international markets;

Encouraging and stimulating the process of enterprise development with the help of regional and federal programs, state national projects;

Providing subsidies and tax benefits to small and medium-sized enterprises in the region;

Organizing the provision of cheaper loans and investments to subjects of innovative activity;

Use of financial leasing under regional guarantees;

Creation of business incubators for small businesses and stimulation of integration and formation of associations of small and medium-sized businesses in order to promote their products to interregional, national and international markets.

The development and support of entrepreneurship is one of the defining trends in the development of most countries of the world. Developing a strategy for entrepreneurship development is a rather difficult task.

The basic principles that contribute to the implementation of strategic planning for entrepreneurship in the region include the following:

Contributing to the achievement of significant goals over a fairly long time horizon;

Activating the action of organizational, resource, innovation and technological factors;

Ensuring the implementation of the plan as a whole and its individual stages within the established time frame;

Determining the development of an algorithm for management decisions based on scientific methodology.

State regulation of the regional economy can be carried out based on the use of various approaches: sectoral, functional, programmatic, integrated.

As active participants in the international market, Russian enterprises and regions are constantly adapting to the requirements of international competition. At the same time, regional efforts to promote in markets and attract investments often suffer from a lack of focus on the most promising industries and areas. Investment flows are directed not to places where there are only the necessary general conditions - stimulating legislation and a favorable position of the authorities, but primarily to places where there are already real examples of successful business in this industry. The potential for socio-economic development differs from region to region and depends on many factors.

One of the pressing problems of strategic development of entrepreneurship in the region is the search for a rational number of quantitative indicators, because Until now, the information available in statistical bodies does not fully satisfy the requirements of program developers.

Strategically significant Projects that can influence the development of the Southern Federal District and entrepreneurship in it include the construction in the region of the largest transport hub as part of the international transport corridors “North-South” and “West-East”, to attract cargo flows to Russian transport communications from the Caspian states, Iran and countries located on the Indian Ocean.

Small and medium-sized enterprises operating in the Volgograd region have benefits for subsidizing costs associated with bank loans, leasing payments, rental of real estate, payment for land management works, provision of educational services, participation in exhibitions and fairs, acquisition, creation and implementation of innovative technologies, materials and equipment for energy saving programs. The Regional Guarantee Fund operating in the region allows entrepreneurs who do not have full collateral to obtain a bank loan on the basis of a guarantee - the payment for the guarantee provided by the Fund is 2.5 percent.

The Volgograd region is in third place in terms of the number of small enterprises among the regions included in the Southern Federal District (excluding Crimea). Despite the positive dynamics of small business development, the growth of economic indicators of its condition, their contribution to the economy of the Volgograd region does not fully reflect the level of its potential. In order to develop small businesses in the region, reduce the costs of attracting credit funds for business activities and reconstruction of production, the implementation of existing measures continues and new mechanisms of state support for entrepreneurs are being developed. Expanding access to information, the use of new sources of financing, the development of network interaction of small and medium-sized businesses with other elements of national systems - educational and research organizations and public sector institutions - all these processes contribute to strengthening the role of small businesses within the region.

Regional authorities apply a program-targeted approach to the implementation of powers at the local level, including co-financing from the regional and federal budgets for municipal programs for the development of small and medium-sized businesses, as well as increasing the transparency of state and municipal services through their translation into electronic form, system development multifunctional centers, development of various forms of infrastructure to support small and medium-sized businesses, primarily innovative, as well as helping to expand enterprises’ access to financial, property, information, educational, consulting support, eliminating administrative barriers, protecting the rights and legitimate interests of small and medium-sized entities entrepreneurship.

As an information component, we can consider the launch of a specialized Internet portal dedicated to investment activities in the Volgograd region (address: www.investvolga.com). The purpose of the portal is to ensure the presentation of investment opportunities in the Volgograd region and the most complete information of all interested parties on all issues related to the field of investment.

The form of advisory and expert bodies designed to consolidate the opinion of society and government to develop a common position in resolving pressing issues in the field of small business has dynamically developed and transformed. Currently, the Coordination Council of the Volgograd Region for the development of small and medium-sized businesses is functioning, at whose meetings issues of property support for small and medium-sized businesses, their lending, leasing and others are raised. Public organizations of small business "Volgograd Center for Protection and Business Development "Delo", regional and district committees of trade unions of workers of small innovative enterprises, NP "Volgograd asset of entrepreneurs", NP "Association of Entrepreneurs of the Krasnoarmeysky District", Volgograd regional branches of the All-Russian public organizations of small and medium-sized businesses “Support of Russia” and “Business Russia”, chambers of commerce and industry.

In the Volgograd region, a systematic policy is constantly being pursued to support and develop small and medium-sized businesses, including creating a favorable external environment for the development of small and medium-sized businesses.

This policy is implemented through the following activities:

Legal support for the functioning of small businesses, the scope of tax regulation, the process of providing public services, the participation of small and medium-sized businesses in state orders;

Development of effective support measures taking into account new competitive challenges for the implementation of the import substitution strategy and anti-sanctions policy of Russia;

Formation of a complex of infrastructure that provides support to small and medium-sized businesses in the Volgograd region, especially at the municipal level;

Ensuring access of small and medium-sized businesses to financial and credit resources at the regional level;

Implementation of a set of activities related to the creation of conditions for the development of public-private partnerships, for example, holding working groups and round tables with Vnesheconombank and other structures on the topic of state regulation in the field of public-private partnerships.

One can also note in the range of means of supporting small and medium-sized businesses such an area as carrying out activities to create, strengthen and develop close contacts with Russian trade missions abroad.

These activities include:

Information block: increasing the awareness of foreign business entities about enterprises of the Volgograd region, searching for new business partners;

Coordination block: concluding new agreements on cooperation and partnership with foreign countries, coordinating activities under already concluded agreements with foreign states and constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

Integration block: participation in foreign and Russian events related to the formation and promotion of a positive image of the region on an international scale;

Export block: creation of a regional center to coordinate support for export-oriented small and medium-sized enterprises.

Conclusion

Considering the internationalization of innovations from the perspective of a functional approach, three promising areas can be identified:

Implementation by corporations of international commercialization of innovative technologies developed on the basis of exclusively Russian developments;

Strengthening international cooperation between public and private organizations of the country in the scientific and technical field, including branches of transnational corporations operating in the country;

Development of various forms of innovation based on transnational corporations.

Bibliography

1. Federal Law of July 24, 2007 No. 209-FZ (as amended on June 29, 2015)
“On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation” // ConsultantPlus. VersionProf. - [Electronic resource] https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_95688/ Access date: 09.20.2017

2. Federal State Statistics Service. Small and medium-sized businesses in Russia. Stat. Sat./Rosstat. – M., 2015. – 96 p.

3. Regional target program “Development and support of small businesses in the Volgograd region.” - Access mode:

4. Bekov, R. S. On the role of the Volgograd region in the Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Southern Federal District for the period until 2020. // [Electronic resource] http://www.promvest.info Access date: 05/28/2016

5. Materials of the Agency for Investment and Development of the Volgograd Region // [Electronic resource] http://www.airvo.ru Access date: 05/28/2017

6. Materials of the Economics Committee of the Administration of the Volgograd Region // [Electronic resource] http://economics.volganet.ru Access date: 05/28/2017

7. Goncharova E. V. Small and medium-sized entrepreneurship (innovation and production aspect): textbook. allowance / E. V. Goncharova, L. N. Medvedeva, M. K. Starovoitov, Ya.M. Starovoitova; VPI (branch) VolgSTU. – Volgograd: IUNL VolgSTU, 2016. – 256 p.

References

1. Federal law from 7/24/2007 of No. 209-FZ (edition of 06.29.2015) "About development of small and medium business in the Russian Federation"//ConsultantPlus. Versiyaprof. – https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_95688/Date of access: 9/20/2017 (in Russ.).

2. Federal State Statistics Service. Small and medium business in Russia. To become. Sat. / Rosstat. – M, 2015. – 96 pages (in Russ.).

3. Regional target program "Development and Support of Small Business in the Volgograd Region". – Access mode: http://urp.volganet.ru/export/sites/urp/programma.doc/(in Russ.).

4. Bekov, R. S.O of a role of the Volgograd region in the Strategy of social and economic development of the Southern Federal District until 2020.// http://www.promvest.info Date of access: 5/28/2016 (in Russ.).

5. Materials of the Agency of investments and development of the Volgograd region // http://www.airvo.ru

6. Materials of Committee of Economy of Administration of the Volgograd region// http://economics.volganet.ru Date of access: 5/28/2017 (in Russ.).

7. Goncharova E. V. Small and medium business (innovative and production aspect): studies. grant/E.V. Goncharov A , L.N. Medvedev, M.K. Starovoytov, Ya.M. Starovoytova; VPI (branch) of VOLGGTU. – Volgograd: IUNL VOLGGTA, 2016. – 256 pages. (in Russ.).

Introduction

Today's actively developing economy dictates conditions to firms and organizations in which, in order not to be left behind in progress and business, they are forced to constantly evolve. The changes taking place in society are so global that at this time it is no longer possible to do with a simple reorganization of labor. Today, in order to meet the times, its norms and trends, entrepreneurs must be able to interest a potential client, attract him with a new product or service, and retain him. Innovation management deals with the development and implementation of new projects from the point of view of organization management. This discipline has already shown itself to be the only potential way to accumulate and systematize knowledge and experience in introducing innovations in enterprises.

Innovation management helps to effectively manage innovation processes related to the creation, development, production, and distribution of new, progressive products and services among consumers. All aspects of innovation, from basic research to marketing and project termination, must be clearly and effectively managed. Only this approach will allow us to evaluate, make the right selection and, ultimately, benefit from innovation activities.

The innovation sphere is distinguished from the scientific and production sphere by the presence of a specific marketing function, specific methods of financing, lending and methods of legal regulation, as well as, most importantly, a special system of motivation for innovative activity. Ultimately, these methods are determined by the specifics of innovative labor and the circulation of funds, generating economic income and an innovative product.

The process of economic and political transformations taking place in our country has led to the need for significant changes in the activities of business entities.

Previous organizational structures change, interests change, and with them the mechanisms of behavior and methods of decision-making. The changes taking place turned out to be so serious that not all economic entities were able to choose the right path, the direction of development adequate to the social dynamics. The conditions of the transition period to a market economy require increased attention to the management of innovation activities, ensuring the effective development of production. Innovative business is the most progressive form of entrepreneurship in market relations. The market creates real opportunities for the development of scientific and technological progress. The fundamental difference between innovation activity in market conditions is the focus not on the capabilities of the manufacturer, but on the needs of the consumer.

Innovation as a factor in enterprise development

In modern conditions, the successful operation of enterprises is impossible without innovation and investment. Market conditions for economic development constantly put forward demands for not only quantitative, but also qualitative transformations. These transformations can be carried out using the most advanced technology, continuously developing the scientific research base in order to ensure high quality innovations, which requires significant investments. You can use technological, product - innovation, process innovation. Using technological innovations, the company connects its activities with the development and mastery of new technological processes.

Innovation is the use in one or another sphere of society of the results of intellectual (scientific and technical) activity aimed at improving the process of activity or its results. Innovations can relate to the areas of production, economic, legal, social relations, science, culture, education, and other areas of society. This term can have different meanings in different contexts, and the choice depends on the specific purposes of measurement or analysis. Using product innovation, an enterprise develops and implements new or improves previously produced products. At the same time, the enterprise strives to produce fundamentally new products for which the intended scope (or use), functional characteristics, features, design, additional services, as well as the composition of the materials and components used are new or significantly different from previously produced products. When using process innovation, it is assumed that new production processes or significantly changed ones will be developed and mastered. Process - innovation can represent new or improved production methods that have already been implemented in the production practices of other enterprises. The innovative activity of an enterprise is characterized by cost indicators, indicators characterizing the dynamics of the innovation process, renewal indicators, and structural indicators.

Cost indicators include unit costs for research and development (R&D) in sales volume, which characterize the indicator of the knowledge intensity of products manufactured by the enterprise? unit costs for acquiring licenses, patents, know-how? availability of funds for the development of initiative developments. Indicators characterizing the dynamics of the innovation process include the indicator of innovativeness? duration of the development process of a new product (new technology). Renewability indicators include the number of developments or implementations of product innovations and process innovations; number of acquired new technologies (technical advances)? volume of exported innovative products? volume of new services provided. Structural indicators include the composition and number of research, development and other scientific and technical structural units (including testing and experimental laboratories)? number and structure of employees engaged in R&D? composition and number of creative initiative temporary teams.

Like any organization, an enterprise needs constant development in its activities. If we consider the issues of economic policy of an enterprise, then the development of scientific and technological progress should be considered the first among the key problems of enterprise development. Technical development of an enterprise is the activity of an enterprise aimed at increasing operational efficiency through improving equipment, technology and production organization to better meet market needs. The technical level of production is characterized by such indicators as: development and implementation of new equipment? use of tools (equipment, devices, tools) in production? mechanization and automation of main and auxiliary work? introduction of modern technologies, including technologies that maximally save raw materials, fuel, materials and ensure environmental protection? quality of products. In order for an enterprise to pursue appropriate economic, technical, innovation and investment policies, solve issues comprehensively, and respond flexibly and in a timely manner to emerging needs, it is necessary to have appropriate funds. Innovation allows a company to achieve a competitive advantage. Innovation includes both R&D and improvement of organizational structures and management systems. Does the company need to develop innovative goals, which could be, for example, the creation of a new product? transition to new technology? preparing a new service? transition to a new type of resource? new control system? new organizational structure.

In order to increase the efficiency of the enterprise, innovative activity must ensure:

The most complete and timely satisfaction of needs;

The competitiveness of the enterprise in terms of product quality and production efficiency, achieving a balance between stability (management of traditional technology) and efforts to introduce new technology. While preserving traditional productive technology, it is necessary to simultaneously direct part of the resources to the introduction of new technology, thereby diversifying the set of technical means;

Efficiency in a wide range of radical innovations and flexibly adapt to both evolutionary, constantly implemented innovations, and radical, periodically implemented innovations. At the same time, a combination of continuous management of evolutionary technological innovations and program management of radical innovations should be ensured;

Organization of interaction between internal and external elements of the development system, the main factors of which are the system of information about the innovation market, selection of projects from among alternatives and mutual interest.

Currently, a certain reorientation is taking place in the strategies of many enterprises, that is, a transition from the general use of the economic effect of large-scale production to a more targeted innovation strategy. Innovations are the most important means of ensuring the stability of economic functioning, operational efficiency and competitiveness. There is a strict relationship between competitive positions, enterprise efficiency and its innovative potential. The efficiency of an enterprise's functioning can be achieved by improving product quality, implementing a resource-saving policy, releasing new, competitive projects, and developing profitable business projects.

Of course, innovation is based on satisfying certain social needs, but at the same time, increasing the efficiency of using individual resources or increasing the efficiency of individual production units, or increasing the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole as a result of introducing innovation and obtaining innovation does not always happen. The final success of an innovation, expressed in obtaining an economic effect or increasing the efficiency of an enterprise, is influenced by a combination of different factors (economic, legal, technical, market, etc.), the impact of which is extremely difficult to predict.

Thus, it can be argued that innovation is an innovation introduced into the activities of an enterprise in order to increase its efficiency based on better satisfaction of a certain social need. It should be noted that efficiency should be understood as a certain economic, production, social, environmental and other result expected from the implementation of an innovation.

It is necessary to distinguish between the terms “innovation” and “innovation”. Innovation is a broader concept than innovation.

Innovation is an evolving, complex process of creating, disseminating and using a new idea that helps improve the efficiency of an enterprise. Moreover, innovation is not just an object introduced into production, but an object that has been successfully introduced and brings profit as a result of scientific research or a discovery made, which is qualitatively different from its previous analogue.

Scientific and technical innovation must be considered as a process of transforming scientific knowledge into a scientific and technical idea and then into the production of products to satisfy the needs of the user. In this context, two approaches to scientific and technological innovation can be distinguished.

The first approach mainly reflects the product orientation of the innovation. Innovation is defined as the process of transformation for the sake of producing finished products. This direction is spreading at a time when the position of the consumer in relation to the manufacturer is quite weak. However, products themselves are not the final goal, but only a means of satisfying needs.

Therefore, according to the second approach, the process of scientific and technical innovation is considered as the transfer of scientific or technical knowledge directly to the sphere of satisfying consumer needs. In this case, the product turns into a carrier of technology, and the form it takes is determined after linking the technology and the need being satisfied.

Thus, innovation, firstly, must have a market structure to satisfy consumer needs.

Secondly, any innovation is always considered as a complex process, involving changes of both a scientific and technical, and economic, social and structural nature.

Thirdly, in innovation the emphasis is on the rapid implementation of an innovation into practical use.

Fourthly, innovations must provide economic, social, technical or environmental benefits.

The innovation process is the process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation, which can be represented as a sequential chain of events during which innovation matures from an idea to a specific product, technology or service and spreads through practical use. The innovation process is aimed at creating the required markets for products, technologies or services and is carried out in close unity with the environment: its direction, pace, goals depend on the socio-economic environment in which it operates and develops. Therefore, only on the innovative path of development is economic growth possible.

Innovation activity is an activity aimed at using and commercializing the results of scientific research and development to expand and update the range and improve the quality of products, improve the technology of their manufacture, followed by implementation and effective sales in the domestic and foreign markets.

Innovation can be viewed as:

Process;

System;

Change;

Result.

Innovation has a clear focus on the final result of an applied nature; it should always be considered as a complex process that provides a certain technical and socio-economic effect.

Innovation in its development (life cycle) changes forms, moving from idea to implementation. The course of the innovation process, like any other, is determined by the complex interaction of many factors.

The use of one or another form of organization of innovation processes in business practice is determined by three factors:

1. state of the external environment (political and economic situation, type of market, nature of competition, practice of state-monopoly regulation, etc.);

2. the state of the internal environment of a given economic system (presence of a leader-entrepreneur and a support team, financial and material and technical resources, technologies used, size, existing organizational structure, internal culture of the organization, connections with the external environment, etc.);

3. the specifics of the innovation process itself as an object of management.

Innovation processes are considered as processes that permeate all scientific, technical, production, and marketing activities of manufacturers and, ultimately, focused on meeting market needs. The most important condition for the success of innovation is the presence of an innovator-enthusiast, captured by a new idea and ready to make every effort to bring it to life, and a leader-entrepreneur who found investments, organized production, promoted a new product to the market, took the main risk and implemented your commercial interest.

Innovations form the market for innovations, investments form the capital market, innovations form the market for competition of innovations. The innovation process ensures the implementation of scientific and technical results and intellectual potential to obtain new or improved products (services) and the maximum increase in added value.

The essence and types of innovations in the global economy, their sectoral and country characteristics

Russia's place in the global innovation process

Innovations in the global economy: essence and types, industry and country characteristics

Innovation activity underlies competition in the global economy not only at the corporate level, but also at the mega-level - between nations. For developed countries, it serves as the most important tool for preserving and increasing national wealth and maintaining the standard of living achieved here. For developing countries, this is an opportunity to become a new center of growth, create industries with high added value, as well as significantly increase labor productivity and improve social indicators. In many countries around the world, the development of innovation is an absolute government priority, which is reflected in state programs, budgets of central and local authorities, and legislative activities.

The private sector makes the greatest contribution to the development of technical means and improving the results of global production, as well as economic infrastructure. The main practical innovators of the world economy are transnational corporations, which spend huge amounts of money on technical developments. This is the most important part of R&D (R&D), as close as possible to the final product market. The other part - research - in many countries is taken over by the state represented by scientific institutes and large universities, conducting fundamental research and experiments. Thus, R&D includes two interrelated elements: basic research, that is, scientific and experimental activities, and development - design and technical work aimed at creating samples of new products, preparing drawings and documentation for their production and use. Half of the total R&D expenditures in the world are carried out by TNCs. In absolute terms, R&D expenditures of the largest TNCs far exceed not only government research expenditures, but also state budgets, and even the GDP of many countries. In 2012, there were 27 companies in the world whose annual R&D expenses exceeded $5 billion, not in total, but each. Four of them - Volkswagen, Samsung, Microsoft and Intel - have each invested more than $10 billion in their developments. For comparison, there are no more than 12-13 countries around the world whose annual gross national expenditure on R&D in all sectors exceeds this figure. Among them: the USA ($447 billion), China ($232 billion), Japan ($160 billion), Germany ($92 billion) and some others. It must be understood that gross national expenditures are concentrated within the boundaries of national economies, and corporate R&D is distributed among TNC research centers opened in different countries. Moreover, it is not possible to draw a clear line between government and corporate R&D spending. The state, through grants and public procurement, directly finances part of corporate R&D expenses, and in some countries such financing is significant and Russia is in first place among them (Fig. 3.1).

Source: OECD Science, Technology And Industry Scoreboard 2013

Rice. 3.1. Direct government funding of R&D in the corporate sector

On a national scale, direct participants innovation process are: research institutes and universities, innovating companies, inventors-innovators.

The following are also involved in this process as auxiliary but very important institutions:

business angels, i.e. companies that support new ideas at the earliest stages of innovation;
business incubators, where new companies are formed that offer interesting and innovative business solutions;
venture funds financing various innovative projects;
technology development zones and technology parks.

The regulatory function is performed by government bodies,

registering inventions and issuing documents of protection in the field of intellectual property.

Innovative activities always involve a high risk of economic or financial losses, especially in the early stages. On average, only one out of 100 projects that receive the support of venture capital funds is subsequently brought to the profitable phase due to the fact that not every technical idea is accepted by the market and becomes a new product. For example, Thomas Edison made 6 thousand samples before the world-famous incandescent lamp appeared. The financing method, when several innovative projects with an expected failure rate are supported at once, is called in the venture business sowing The annual volume of venture investments around the world fluctuates around $40 billion. In 2010-2012. it exceeded this amount and reached $52 billion, and in 2009 and 2005 it did not reach $35 billion.

The theory of innovation was laid down at the beginning of the 20th century. economist-sociologist J. Schumpeter. In his works on entrepreneurial activity, he called the process of creating innovations “creative destruction” of the market environment and pointed to five types of innovations: product, production, opening of new markets, resource, new types of market structures.

The global innovation process itself is in constant development. In recent years, three key trends have clearly emerged.

Firstly, it intensifies international character, which is noticeable in the material base of the research being carried out (foreign laboratory equipment, imported instruments and other technical means), multinational staff of specialists, flexibility in choosing countries and their territories for carrying out and implementing developments.

Secondly, they became stricter requirements to the results of innovation: new types of products and technologies must be, first of all, safe for the environment and human health, as well as energy efficient and conserving natural resource potential. These problems are being solved today both in industrial production and in the service sector.

For example, Boeing's new Dreamliner is made of composite materials, which allows for a 20% reduction in fuel costs when carrying passengers. Even saving 2% on fuel costs is considered by carriers to be a successful innovation. For example, the world's largest express delivery company IRB began to save so much by using special computer programs to plan cargo transportation routes in order to make fewer left turns, which are more energy-consuming than right turns.

Thirdly, it transforms mechanism creating innovations. The traditional linear scheme, according to which all innovations were the result of successively changing stages of innovation activity of research institutes and industrial enterprises collaborating for many years, is becoming a thing of the past. According to this scheme, participants dependent on the results of each other’s activities were linked into a single chain: research centers with experimental design enterprises, which, in turn, with large-scale production (Fig. 3.2).

Today, each stage of the innovation process serves as a starting point for creating innovations and connecting new participants, including those independent from each other, and even competitors: what in theory innovations, the science of organizing and managing innovation processes, is called "open innovation". In addition, the feedback system allows you to create new market products, starting not only from the results of fundamental research and scientific discoveries, but finding practical application for them. The experience accumulated in production and consumer requests are often the first to pose tasks to research scientists and developers. The open innovation scheme can be illustrated very well using the example of open software, when the source code of open programs is available for viewing, studying, and modification by third parties to eliminate errors and improve them. Everyone wins: consumers - they have a higher quality and inexpensive (in the case of open source software, even free in basic versions) product; development company - their basic technology is widely used and used, which means the market for more expensive integrated solutions and products based on this technology is expanding, and development costs are also reduced; competitors - they become aware of the latest, advanced solutions.

Rice. 3.2.

Intercompany cooperation in the process of creating innovations is typical for Great Britain, Austria, Belgium, Finland, Denmark, Slovenia, and Estonia. In these countries, over 70% of large and at least 40% of small and medium-sized enterprises participate in joint innovation activities. Companies in most developed countries are more likely to engage in open innovation when developing new services than new products. This can partly be explained by the lesser legal protection of the company developing a new solution in the field of services than in the field of commodity production. Services and business processes, if they are not related to the use of technical means, are not subject to patenting according to patent legislation in almost all countries of the world.

This means, say, in the banking industry, that no one can prevent one bank from offering its customers a deposit with the same characteristics as the characteristics of a deposit operation developed by the specialists of another bank.

In industry, the beginning of a new direction of development can also be the middle (intermediate) link of the innovation process - the research center of a large enterprise. The high market potential of a new product may force the management of the enterprise to allocate independence to part of the research and personnel resources or, on the initiative of the latter, to establish a new commercial structure. The creation of an autonomous research or implementation center, separated from a large enterprise or research institute, was called spin-off(from English, spinoff - accompanying, side). Now this, once secondary, area of research and development for the base enterprise becomes key for the newly created center or company, independently positioning itself in the market.

Advances in fundamental science, let's call them top-level innovation, are still important, but their economic significance is small until they are supported by design solutions - mid-level innovations and production technologies for the lowest innovation level. Thus, it became possible to manufacture microprocessors not when new laws of solid state physics were discovered, but when, thanks to innovations of the middle and low level, they learned how to design the topology of integrated circuits (place electronic elements) and create semiconductor crystals in industrial conditions.

There are many options for innovation. You can go down the path modernization known devices, technologies, when some characteristic of a product or idea is improved and the output efficiency increases, but the operating principle of the device or technology does not change. Available imitation an option when elements used in other areas of scientific and technical knowledge are used in a new product or research project. Application leading innovation means using hitherto unknown solutions and technologies in familiar devices. Revolutionary specialists sometimes call this option radical innovation; it is the most complex, but also the most valuable, and appears least often, since it means the creation of a completely new object of intellectual work. All these types of innovations can be summarized in table. 3.1.

Table 3.1. Types of innovation in the global economy

By scope of coverage	New for the enterprise New for the market New for the whole world
By level of novelty	Modernization Imitation Leading Revolutionary
By type of innovation process	Higher level (basic research) Middle level (design solutions) Low level (production technologies)
By object innovative activities	Product innovations - new types of material products and services Process - innovation in the field of technological processes Marketing - new forms of market behavior Organizational (managerial) innovations
By effectiveness	Successful (there is a result in the form of innovation, not necessarily commercially successful) Continuing (innovation process in development) Discontinued (innovations are not carried out)

* Compiled based on the Oslo Manual and expert opinion.

In economics, the concept has been established national innovation system (NIS), uniting all factors and all participants in innovation activity in the country, as well as including the infrastructure for conducting and implementing research and development. The input of such a system is new ideas and concepts, the output is specific innovative solutions, technologies and new types of products. A set of indicators is used to assess the status and successes achieved by NIS. The most important among them are: corporate and government expenditures on R&D in relation to GDP and the growth rate of these expenditures, the number of patents and scientific publications received, as well as citation indices, the number of scientists and technical workers, etc. The methodology for calculating innovation indicators is constantly adjusted by international organizations and national departments: OECD, UNDP, EU Directorate of Business and Industry, etc. The most authoritative international publication that provides definitions, classifications and approaches to assessing the results of innovation activities is the Oslo Manual, compiled by the OECD and Eurostat (the third edition was published in 2010).

Analysis of these indicators allows us to identify some patterns in the development of NIS in different countries. For example, there is a certain proportional relationship between the relative share of research scientists and the relative expenditure on R&D in a country (shown by the dotted line in Figure 3.3). In countries with above average performance, i.e. above the dotted line, research and development is carried out by a relatively redundant number of scientific personnel. These countries include Finland, Norway, Portugal, and Singapore. There are countries where R&D funding exceeds the relative staffing average. Israel stands out among them, followed by China, Qatar, Switzerland, and Brazil. In India, the density of researchers is 136 people per 1 million inhabitants, in China - 1071. For the Asian countries of China and India, with their huge populations and high migration of specialists abroad, even such indicators should be considered great progress in solving the problem of personnel shortages. For example, China, over the ten years since 1999, has doubled the number of universities in the country from 1000 to 2000 and, consequently, the number of graduates - potential scientists and researchers. Another factor in the relative imbalance of research budgets and personnel in NIS should be considered the accelerated increase in R&D expenditures of TNCs from developed countries, which operate here on the basis of direct investments and transfer research centers here in the same way. Because of this behavior, TNCs are becoming increasingly difficult to analyze and draw conclusions about their own national innovation activity in certain countries. “National” indicators should take into account the transnational activity of globally operating companies in different countries of the world.

Source: R&D Magazine. December 2013. P. 6.

Note: the size of the circle corresponds to the country's annual R&D expenditure.

Rice. 3.3. Comparative characteristics of NIS of the countries of the world in 2012 by key indicators

IN government programs innovative development of the economy of different countries (the most important factor of an effective NIS), the above indicators receive target values and become priority tasks. For example, the NIS development strategy of the European Union called “Europe 2020” sets the goal of creating a smart, sustainable and non-discriminatory economy and achieving in all countries of the Union: 3% R&D expenditures in relation to GDP, solving the “20/20/20” problem "(20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions 2020 by 1990, 20% increase in renewable energy sources, 20% reduction in energy consumption), reduce the proportion of primary school dropouts to 10%, and the proportion of youth with an academic degree or diploma, bring it to at least 40%. Since 2014, the EU has also been operating the Eighth Framework Program for supporting research and technological development with a budget of 80 billion euros, designed for the period until 2020. Gradually, the European Union is moving towards the main goal - the creation of a unified research and development space on the territory of the member countries to ensure competitiveness of the united economy.

Similar government priorities for scientific and technological development exist in the United States. Not like in the EU, concentrated within the framework of one comprehensive and interconnected research program, but also aimed at competitive leadership in the global economy. There are many differences between them. By industry and sectoral areas of science and technology, in which the greatest intellectual, human and financial potential of countries is concentrated; on institutions and forms of interaction between the state and private business and the existing balance of R&D expenditures in the state-business connection; by the degree of participation of national scientific and technical personnel in international research groups and projects, as well as the extent of borrowing foreign technologies and many other components of national innovation systems. In terms of areas of government R&D funding in recent years, the top three priorities for US spending have been defense, space and medical. In fiscal year 2014, the largest allocation of the $143 billion federal budget for research expenditures on technical and technological developments was allocated through the Department of Defense - $67.5 billion. Since 2002, the defense research budget of this department has doubled, although in 2014 Due to the budget crisis, it has significantly decreased. At the same time, the emphasis is not on the size of budget allocations for science and technology, but on the efficiency of their distribution and use to solve the main task - the creation of new enterprises and jobs.

In such programs, close interaction with regional authorities plays an increasingly important role in the implementation of national goals of R&D support. Thus, the US federal law on economic stimulation of 2009, designed for the period until 2019, provided for budgetary financing of the leading countries in terms of development of production and scientific and technical infrastructure. California, New York, Texas and some others in the amount of $223 billion.

Based on the industry priorities of NIS of different countries, the following conclusions can be drawn. As in the global economy as a whole, in the global innovation process there is an international division of labor (IDL). It is developing in a similar way to the global manufacturing RT - from the general to the individual. Gone are the days when it was possible to speak unequivocally about the enlarged scientific and technical specialization of countries: the United States in information technology, Japan in developments in the field of production automation, Western Europe in energy technologies. Of course, even now, in areas of science and technology in which world leadership has been recorded in the number of publications or sectoral assignment of patented inventions in a particular country, international organizations often indicate such general or sectoral technological and scientific specialization. However, this approach is not entirely objective; today the areas of knowledge and technology in which researchers from different countries achieve success by making improvements to products for the same industrial purpose are too detailed. The international cooperation of scientists and developers, as well as the globally mobile innovative activities of TNCs, have become too large-scale. More and more international research projects are being implemented around the world.

Another feature of modern scientific and technological MRI is the acceleration of country migration of centers of scientific and technological knowledge. The OECD, in its 2013 report Scoreboard: Science, Technology and Industry, provides the Revealed Technological Advantage Index, the number of patents in specific fields of knowledge relative to the amount of patents issued in a given country. Recent data shows rapid changes in the technological specialization of individual countries. Denmark has become a highly specialized country in biotechnology. Singapore, Russia, and Korea received the highest Nanotechnology Index values. China joined the top three countries (Finland, Korea, Japan) in terms of the highest patent activity in the field of ICT, while in Israel and the Netherlands the share of patents in this area has decreased significantly.

Research and Development (R&D) - research and development, equivalent to the Russian abbreviation R&D - research and development.
The 2009 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard. P.4.
See for example: Innovation Union Scoreboard. Methodology report http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/innovation-scoreboard/indexen.htm
Let’s compare in Japan: 5548 per 1 million people, in the USA - 4707.
Approved by the European Council in June 2010. It replaced the Lisbon Strategy.