Accounting and tax accounting: what is the difference? Accounting for other income Organizational income types, recognition procedure.

Accounting Regulations
Income of the organization
PBU 9/99

(as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia
dated December 30, 1999 No. 107n, dated March 30, 2001 No. 27n,
dated September 18, 2006 No. 116n, dated November 27, 2006 No. 156n,
dated October 25, 2010 No. 132n, dated November 8, 2010 No. 144n,
dated April 27, 2012 No. 55n)

I. General provisions

1. These Regulations establish the rules for the formation of information on income in accounting commercial organizations(except for credit and insurance organizations) that are legal entities under the law Russian Federation.

In relation to these Regulations, non-profit organizations (except for state (municipal) institutions) recognize income from business and other activities.

2. An organization’s income is recognized as an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash, other property) and (or) repayment of liabilities, leading to an increase in the capital of this organization, with the exception of contributions from participants (owners of property).

3. For the purposes of these Regulations, receipts from other legal and individuals:

amounts of value added tax, excise taxes, sales tax, export duties and other similar mandatory payments;
under commission agreements, agency and other similar agreements in favor of the principal, principal, etc.;
in advance payment for products, goods, works, services;
advances in payment for products, goods, works, services;
deposit;
as collateral, if the agreement provides for the transfer of the pledged property to the pledgee;
in repayment of a loan granted to the borrower.

4. The income of the organization, depending on its nature, the conditions for receiving it and the areas of activity of the organization, are divided into:

a) income from ordinary activities;
b) other income;
c) excluded. - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 18, 2006 No. 116n.

For the purposes of these Regulations, income other than income from ordinary activities is considered other income.

For purposes accounting The organization independently recognizes receipts as income from ordinary activities or other income based on the requirements of these Regulations, the nature of its activities, the type of income and the conditions for their receipt.

II. Income from ordinary activities

5. Income from ordinary activities is revenue from the sale of products and goods, receipts associated with the performance of work, provision of services (hereinafter referred to as revenue).

In organizations whose subject of activity is the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of their assets under a lease agreement, revenue is considered to be receipts the receipt of which is associated with this activity (rent).

In organizations whose subject of activity is the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property, revenue is considered to be receipts the receipt of which is associated with this activity (license payments (including royalties) for the use of intellectual property).

In organizations whose activity is participation in authorized capitals other organizations, revenue is considered to be receipts of which are associated with this activity.

Income received by an organization from provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of its assets, rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property, and from participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, when this is not the subject of activities of the organization are classified as other income.

6. Revenue is accepted for accounting in an amount calculated in monetary terms equal to the amount of receipt of cash and other property and (or) the amount accounts receivable(subject to the provisions of paragraph 3 of these Regulations).

If the amount of receipt covers only part of the revenue, then the revenue accepted for accounting is determined as the sum of receipt and receivables (in the part not covered by receipt).

6.1. The amount of receipts and (or) receivables is determined based on the price established by the agreement between the organization and the buyer (customer) or user of the organization’s assets. If the price is not provided for in the contract and cannot be established based on the terms of the contract, then to determine the amount of receipts and (or) receivables, the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines revenue in relation to similar products (goods, works, services) is accepted. or providing for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of similar assets.

6.2. When selling products and goods, performing work, providing services on the terms commercial loan provided in the form of deferment and installment payment, the proceeds are accepted for accounting in full amount accounts receivable.

6.3. The amount of receipts and (or) receivables under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) not in cash is accepted for accounting at the cost of goods (valuables) received or to be received by the organization. The cost of goods (valuables) received or to be received by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the cost of similar goods (valuables).

If it is impossible to determine the value of goods (valuables) received by the organization, the amount of receipts and (or) receivables is determined by the value of the products (goods) transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The cost of products (goods) transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines revenue in relation to similar products (goods).

6.4. In the event of a change in the obligation under the contract, the initial amount of receipts and (or) receivables is adjusted based on the value of the asset to be received by the organization. The value of an asset to be received by an organization is determined based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets.

6.5. The amount of receipts and (or) receivables is determined taking into account all discounts (mark-ups) provided to the organization in accordance with the agreement.

6.6. Excluded. - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 27, 2006 No. 156n.

6.7. When provisions for doubtful debts are formed in accordance with the accounting rules, the amount of revenue does not change.

III. Other supply

7. Other income is:

receipts related to the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization’s assets (subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of these Regulations);
receipts related to the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property (subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of these Regulations);
receipts related to participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations (including interest and other income on securities) (subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of these Regulations);
profit received by the organization as a result of joint activities (under a simple partnership agreement);
proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), products, goods;
interest received for the provision of an organization's funds for use, as well as interest for the bank's use of funds held in the organization's account with this bank;
paragraph excluded. - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 18, 2006 No. 116n;
fines, penalties, penalties for violation of contract terms;
assets received free of charge, including under a gift agreement;
proceeds to compensate for losses caused to the organization;
profit of previous years identified in the reporting year;
amounts of accounts payable and depositors for which the term has expired limitation period;
exchange differences;
the amount of revaluation of assets;
Other income.

9. Other income also includes income arising as a consequence of emergency circumstances economic activity(natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization, etc.): the cost of material assets remaining from the write-off of assets unsuitable for restoration and further use, etc.

10. For accounting purposes, the amount of other income is determined in the following order:

10.1. The amount of proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), products, goods, as well as the amount of interest received for providing the organization’s funds for use, and income from participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations (when is not the subject of the organization’s activities) are determined in a manner similar to that provided for in paragraph 6 of these Regulations.

10.2. Fines, penalties, penalties for violations of contract terms, as well as compensation for losses caused to the organization are accepted for accounting in amounts awarded by the court or recognized as a debtor.

10.3. Assets received free of charge are accepted for accounting at market value. The market value of assets received free of charge is determined by the organization on the basis of prices in force on the date of their acceptance for accounting for this or a similar type of asset. Data on prices valid on the date of acceptance for accounting must be confirmed by documents or through an examination.

10.4. Accounts payable for which the statute of limitations has expired are included in the organization's income in the amount in which this debt was reflected in the organization's accounting records.

10.5. The amounts of revaluation of assets are determined in accordance with the rules established for the revaluation of assets.

10.6. Other income is accepted for accounting in actual amounts.

11. Other receipts are subject to credit to the organization’s profit and loss account, except in cases where the accounting rules establish a different procedure.

IV. Revenue recognition

12. Revenue is recognized in accounting if the following conditions are met:

a) the organization has the right to receive this revenue arising from a specific agreement or confirmed in another appropriate manner;
b) the amount of revenue can be determined;
c) there is confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be an increase in the economic benefits of the organization. Confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be an increase in the economic benefits of the organization exists when the organization received an asset in payment or there is no uncertainty regarding the receipt of the asset;
d) the right of ownership (possession, use and disposal) of the product (goods) has passed from the organization to the buyer or the work has been accepted by the customer (service provided);
e) the expenses that have been incurred or will be incurred in connection with this operation can be determined.

If at least one of the above conditions is not met in relation to cash and other assets received by the organization in payment, then accounts payable, and not revenue, are recognized in the organization's accounting records.

To recognize in accounting revenues from the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of one’s assets, rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property and from participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, must be simultaneously observed the conditions defined in subparagraphs “a”, “b” and “c” of this paragraph.

Small businesses, with the exception of issuers of publicly placed valuable papers, as well as socially oriented non-profit organizations have the right to recognize revenue as funds are received from buyers (customers) subject to the conditions specified in subparagraphs “a”, “b”, “c” and “e” of this paragraph.

13. An organization may recognize in accounting revenue from the performance of work, provision of services, sale of products with a long manufacturing cycle as the work, service, product is ready or upon completion of the work, provision of service, or manufacture of products in general.

Revenue from performing specific work, providing a specific service, or selling a specific product is recognized in accounting as it is ready, if it is possible to determine the readiness of the work, service, or product.

In relation to different nature and conditions of performance of work, provision of services, manufacturing of products, an organization can apply simultaneously in one reporting period different ways revenue recognition provided for in this paragraph.

14. If the amount of revenue from the sale of products, performance of work, provision of services cannot be determined, then it is accepted for accounting in the amount of expenses recognized in accounting for the manufacture of these products, performance of this work, provision of this service, which will subsequently be reimbursed to the organization .

15. Rent and license payments for the use of intellectual property (when this is not the subject of the organization’s activities) are recognized in accounting based on the assumption of temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity and the terms of the relevant agreement.

Rent and license payments for the use of intellectual property (when this is not the subject of the organization’s activities) are recognized in accounting in a manner similar to that provided for in paragraph 12 of these Regulations.

16. Other income is recognized in accounting in the following order:

proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), products, goods, as well as interest received for the provision of the organization’s funds for use, and income from participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (when this is not subject of the organization’s activities) - in a manner similar to that provided for in paragraph 12 of these Regulations. In this case, for accounting purposes, interest is accrued for each expired reporting period in accordance with the terms of the agreement;
fines, penalties, penalties for violation of the terms of contracts, as well as compensation for losses caused to the organization - in the reporting period in which the court made a decision to collect them or they were recognized as a debtor;
the amount of accounts payable and depository debt for which the limitation period has expired - in the reporting period in which the limitation period has expired;
the amount of revaluation of assets - in the reporting period to which the date as of which the revaluation was made;
other receipts - as they are formed (identified).

V. Disclosure of information in financial statements

17. As part of information about accounting policy organizations in financial statements At a minimum, the following information must be disclosed:

a) on the procedure for recognizing the organization’s revenue;
b) on the method of determining the readiness of work, services, products, revenue from the implementation, provision, sale of which is recognized as readiness.

18. In the profit and loss statement, the organization’s income for the reporting period is reflected with a division into revenue and other income.

18.1. Revenue, other income (revenue from the sale of products (goods), revenue from the performance of work (provision of services), etc.), amounting to five or more percent of the organization’s total income for the reporting period, are shown for each type separately.

18.2. Other income may be shown on the income statement less expenses related to that income when:

a) the relevant accounting rules provide for or do not prohibit such recognition of income;
b) income and related expenses arising as a result of the same or similar fact of economic activity (for example, the provision of temporary use (temporary possession and use) of its assets) are not significant for the characteristics financial situation organizations.

19. With respect to revenue received as a result of the execution of contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means, at least the following information is subject to disclosure:

a) the total number of organizations with which the specified contracts are carried out, indicating the organizations that account for the bulk of such revenue;
b) share of revenue received from specified agreements with related organizations;
c) a method for determining the cost of products (goods) transferred by the organization.

20. Other income of the organization for the reporting period, which, in accordance with the accounting rules, are not credited to the profit and loss account, are subject to disclosure in the financial statements separately.

21. The structure of accounting should ensure the possibility of disclosing information about the organization’s income in the context of current, investment and financial activities.

Novice accountants sometimes ask the question of how to bring accounting closer to tax accounting. To avoid mistakes when bringing together accounting and tax accounting, we must first understand what their differences are. The article will help you understand the difference in recognizing income, expenses, depreciation, and creating reserves.

Definition of accounting and tax accounting and the purpose of their application

Let's turn to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Article 313 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides a definition of tax accounting:

Tax accounting is a system for summarizing information to determine tax base for tax based on data from primary documents, grouped in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

If an organization uses common system taxation, then it maintains tax records for the purpose of determine income tax- This is the main purpose of tax accounting.

Basic normative document in the field of accounting - Federal Law No. 402-FZ dated December 6, 2011 “On Accounting” (hereinafter referred to as Law No. 402-FZ). Let's consider what definition this regulatory document gives to accounting.

Accounting— formation of documented, systematized information about the objects provided for by this Federal law, in accordance with the requirements established by Law No. 402-FZ, and the preparation of accounting (financial) statements on its basis (clause 2 of Article 1 of Law No. 402-FZ).

The purpose of accounting is to compile accounting (financial) statements on the basis of which one can judge the results of an organization’s activities, which cannot be done using tax accounting data. For example, the decision to provide an organization with a loan or credit in most cases is made on the basis of the presented accounting (financial) statements. It is also necessary for participation in competitions, auctions, etc. Why do external users need accounting (financial) reporting? - only on the basis of accounting (financial) statements can one judge the economic situation of an organization.

Accounting statements are of no less interest to internal users: founders, managers, etc. The fact is that they make management decisions on the basis of financial statements.

The result of the above: allows government agencies to control the completeness and timeliness of tax payment. And, in turn, it is maintained with the aim of drawing up financial statements, on the basis of which one can judge the results of the financial and economic activities of the organization.

So, organizations that are payers of income tax, along with accounting, maintain tax records in order to calculate the tax base for income tax.

Main differences between accounting and tax accounting

In this section, we will consider the following differences between accounting and tax accounting:

Differences in income recognition in accounting and tax accounting

Procedure and conditions for income recognition
In accounting:	In tax accounting:	Expert commentary
Regulates PBU 9/99 “Income of the organization”, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 6, 1999 No. 32n. According to clause 2 of PBU 9/99, an organization’s income is recognized as an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the repayment of liabilities, leading to an increase in the capital of this organization, with the exception of contributions from participants (owners of property).	The concept of income in tax accounting is given in Art. 41 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Income is recognized as an economic benefit in monetary or in-kind form, taken into account if it is possible to assess it and to the extent that such benefit can be assessed, and determined in accordance with the chapters “Tax on personal income”, “Tax on corporate profits” of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. .	Please note that in the concept of “income” in accounting and tax accounting the term “economic benefit” appears. Russian legislation does not disclose this concept. Let us turn to the Concept of Accounting in market economy*. Economic benefits are the potential of property to directly or indirectly contribute to the flow of funds into the organization (clause 7.2.1 of the Concept). That is, if we talk about the income of an organization both in accounting and in tax accounting, then first of all, income is identical to the influx of funds into the organization.
* The concept was approved by the Methodological Council on Accounting under the Ministry of Finance and the Presidential Council of the Institute professional accountants Russia of the Russian Federation from December 29, 1997.
Income classification
1) income from ordinary activities - revenue from the sale of products and goods, receipts associated with the performance of work, provision of services (clause 5 of PBU 9/99);	1) income from the sale of goods (work, services) and property rights - proceeds from the sale of goods (work, services) as own production, and previously acquired, proceeds from the sale of property rights;	In both cases, the organization deals with revenue
2) other income (clause 7 of PBU 9/99, open list). For example, other income includes income related to the provision of temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization’s assets for a fee; fines, penalties, penalties for violation of the terms of the contract, exchange rate differences, etc.	2) non-operating income (Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, closed list). These include those incomes that are not recognized as income from the sale of goods (works, services) and property rights. For example, non-operating income for the purpose of calculating income tax includes income from equity participation in other organizations, with the exception of income used to pay for additional shares (shares) placed among the shareholders (participants) of the organization; income in the form of positive (negative) exchange rate differences, etc.	Please note that the list of non-operating expenses named in Art. 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation is closed, which differs from the list of income in accounting given in paragraph 7 of PBU 9/99.
Restrictions on revenue recognition
List of income that cannot be taken into account in accounting (clause 3 of PBU 9/99). Receipts from legal entities and individuals, for example, amounts of refundable taxes, in repayment of a loan, a loan provided by the organization to a borrower, etc., are not recognized as income of the organization.	The list of income not taken into account when determining the tax base for income tax is given in Art. 251 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. For example, those incomes that came in the form of property, property rights, works or services received from other persons in the order of advance payment for goods (works, services) by taxpayers who determine income and expenses on an accrual basis are not considered income; in the form of property that was received in the form of collateral or a deposit as security obligations, etc.	The lists in both cases are closed and are not subject to broad interpretation.
Income recognition procedure
Section 4 PBU 9/99. To recognize revenue in accounting, the conditions provided for in clause 12 of PBU 9/99 must be met. If at least one of the conditions is not met, this is no longer revenue, but accounts payable.* In general, accounting is carried out using the accrual method, but there are exceptions. Organizations that are allowed to conduct accounting in a simplified way can use the cash method of income recognition.	The procedure for recognizing income using the accrual method of tax accounting is given in Art. 271 Tax Code of the Russian Federation.	The date of recognition of certain types of income in tax accounting differs from the date of recognition in accounting.
* We should not forget about clause 13 of PBU 9/99. According to this paragraph, the recognition of revenue for accounting purposes may depend on the terms of the agreement concluded with the counterparty. Also, based on the norms of clause 13 of PBU 9/99, a situation may arise when in accounting it becomes possible to simultaneously apply different methods of revenue recognition during one reporting period. This is possible if we are talking about recognizing revenue in relation to different nature and conditions for the performance of work, provision of services and production of products.

Conclusion when comparing income generated in accounting and tax accounting: In general, tax accounting data will coincide with accounting data. And yet, it would be more correct to emphasize that the coincidence of the considered types of income occurs “in the general case.” Therefore, when maintaining accounting and tax accounting, we must not forget about private cases: when recognizing income in tax accounting, there are several features. Later in the article we will consider them in order.

Features of income recognition in tax and accounting

1. The classification of income in accounting in some cases differs from the classification of income generated in tax accounting

For example, income generated in accounting can include income from participation in the capital of other organizations, in accordance with clauses 5 and 7 of PBU 9/99, as in income from ordinary activities, provided that for the organization this is the subject of its activities, as well as in other income, if this is not the subject of activity.

But in tax accounting, income from equity participation in other organizations (with the exception of income allocated to pay for additional shares (stakes) placed among the organization’s shareholders (participants) should always be classified as non-operating income. This is the requirement of paragraph 1 of Art. 250 Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

2. The list of income that is not generated when determining the tax base for income tax is somewhat broader than the list of income that should not be taken into account in accounting

For example, receipt in the form of property that has a monetary value, which was received in the form of a contribution (contribution) to the authorized capital (fund) of an organization (including income in the form of excess price over nominal value(original size)) (clause 3, clause 1, article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). This type of income is not on the list of income that should not be taken into account in accounting.

3. The date of recognition of income for accounting purposes may differ from the date of recognition for tax accounting purposes.

In some cases, you can keep track of income not only using the accrual method, but also the cash method. In general, organizations can maintain accounting only on an accrual basis, with the exception of small businesses. But tax accounting of income can be carried out using either the cash method or the accrual method. This is where you should understand that if in the two types of accounting under consideration income is recognized using different methods, this will lead to a difference in the date of recognition of this income.

Differences in recognition of expenses in accounting and tax accounting

The procedure for accounting for expenses in accounting is regulated by PBU 10/99 “Expenses of an organization,” approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 6, 1999 No. 33n.

Expenses of an organization are recognized as a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the occurrence of liabilities, leading to a decrease in the capital of this organization, with the exception of a decrease in contributions by decision of participants (owners of property) (clause 2 of PBU 10/99 ).

The disposal of assets is not recognized as an expense of the organization (clause 3 of PBU 10/99):

in connection with the acquisition (creation) of non-current assets (fixed assets, construction in progress, intangible assets, etc.);
contributions to the authorized capitals of other organizations, acquisition of shares of joint-stock companies and other securities not for the purpose of resale (sale);
under commission agreements, agency and other similar agreements in favor of the principal, principal, etc.;
in the order of advance payment of inventories and other valuables, works, services;
in the form of advances, deposits to pay for inventories and other valuables, works, services;
to repay a loan received by the organization.

Let’s compare what is the difference in recognizing expenses in tax accounting.

Expenses are recognized as justified and documented expenses incurred by the taxpayer (clause 1 of Article 252 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Justified expenses mean economically justified expenses, the assessment of which is expressed in monetary form. Any expenses are recognized as expenses, provided that they are incurred to carry out activities aimed at generating income.

That is, in order to recognize an expense in tax accounting, the following conditions must be met:

the costs are justified;
costs are documented;
expenses are incurred to carry out activities aimed at generating income.

In accounting, expenses are recognized if the conditions specified in clause 16 of PBU 10/99 are met:

the expense is made in accordance with a specific agreement, the requirements of legislative and regulatory acts, and business customs;
the amount of expenditure can be determined;
there is confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be a decrease in the economic benefits of the organization. There is certainty that a particular transaction will result in a reduction in the entity's economic benefits when the entity has transferred an asset or there is no uncertainty about the transfer of the asset.

If at least one of the above conditions is not met in relation to any expenses incurred by the organization, then receivables are recognized in the organization’s accounting records.

Based on the above: in general, at the stage of recognizing expenses, tax accounting and accounting data will coincide

But just as with income, expenses in accounting and tax accounting will still differ, since, for example, not all expenses taken into account in accounting are recognized in tax accounting. There are other differences as well. Let's consider this issue in more detail.

Some expenses that are taken into account in accounting will not be taken into account for profit tax purposes. In Art. 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation names expenses that are not taken into account for tax accounting purposes. For example, expenses in the form of dividends accrued by the taxpayer and other amounts of profit after taxation; in the form of penalties, fines and other sanctions transferred to the budget; in the form of a contribution to the authorized (share) capital and other expenses. In turn, in accounting, these expenses are taken into account.
Some expenses in tax accounting are standardized, which differs significantly from accounting. For example, expenses on capital investments for profit tax purposes are standardized in accordance with clause 9 of Article 258 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. In turn, in accounting, you can take into account the entire amount of expenses for capital investments.
The moment of recognition of expenses in tax accounting may differ from the moment of recognition in accounting, even if the expenses are recognized in the same amount. Please note that the procedure for recognizing expenses in tax accounting using the accrual method is presented in Art. 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, with the cash method - in Art. 273 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. For example, discrepancies between accounting and tax accounting may arise when accounting for exchange rate differences.

We will also focus on direct and indirect expenses in tax accounting.

Direct expenses, for example, include labor costs, amounts accrued for fixed assets used in the production of goods, work, services and other expenses (clause 1 of Article 318 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Indirect expenses include all other amounts of expenses, with the exception of non-operating expenses determined in accordance with Article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, incurred by the taxpayer during the reporting (tax) period (Article 318 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

In accounting, there is no such division of expenses. This may lead to discrepancies between the two types of accounting considered.

Depreciation in accounting and tax accounting: differences

Methods for calculating depreciation
In accounting:	In tax accounting:

PBU 9/99 establishes the rules for the formation in accounting of information about the income of commercial organizations - legal entities according to Russian legislation.

The requirements of the Regulations do not apply to credit organizations, as well as state (municipal) institutions.

Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on May 31, 1999

Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation

On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Income of the Organization” PBU 9/99

As amended: December 30, 1999 N 107n, dated March 30, 2001 N 27n;
09.18.2006 N 116n; 11/27/2006 N 156n;
10.25.2010 N 132n; 08.11.2010 N 144n;
04/27/2012 N 55n; 04/06/2015 No. 57n

See the text of the document in .pdf format
(corresponds to the publication on the site
Ministry of Finance of Russia: http://www.minfin.ru)

Pursuant to the Accounting Reform Program in accordance with international standards financial statements approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 6, 1998 N 283, I order:

1. Approve the attached accounting document “Income of the organization” PBU 9/99.

Minister of Finance
Russian Federation
MM. Zadornov

Approved
by order of the Ministry of Finance
Russian Federation
dated 05/06/1999 N 32n

Accounting Regulations

"Income of the organization"

I. General provisions

1. These Regulations establish the rules for the formation in accounting of information on the income of commercial organizations (except for credit and insurance organizations) that are legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In relation to these Regulations, non-profit organizations (except for state (municipal) institutions) recognize income from business and other activities.

(as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 30, 1999 N 107n, dated October 25, 2010 N 132n)

3. For the purposes of these Regulations, receipts from other legal entities and individuals are not recognized as income of the organization:

amounts of value added tax, excise taxes, sales tax, export duties and other similar mandatory payments;

under commission agreements, agency and other similar agreements in favor of the principal, principal, etc.;

in advance payment for products, goods, works, services;

advances in payment for products, goods, works, services;

as collateral, if the agreement provides for the transfer of the pledged property to the pledgee;

in repayment of a loan granted to the borrower.

4. The income of the organization, depending on its nature, the conditions for receiving it and the areas of activity of the organization, are divided into:

a) income from ordinary activities;

b) other income;

c) excluded. - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 18, 2006 N 116n.

For the purposes of these Regulations, income other than income from ordinary activities is considered other income.

(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 18, 2006 N 116n)

For accounting purposes, the organization independently recognizes receipts as income from ordinary activities or other income based on the requirements of these Regulations, the nature of its activities, the type of income and the conditions for their receipt.

II. Income from ordinary activities

5. Income from ordinary activities is revenue from the sale of products and goods, receipts associated with the performance of work, provision of services (hereinafter referred to as revenue).

In organizations whose subject of activity is participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, revenue is considered to be receipts of which are associated with this activity.

(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 18, 2006 N 116n)

6. Revenue is accepted for accounting in an amount calculated in monetary terms equal to the amount of receipt of cash and other property and (or) the amount of accounts receivable (taking into account the provisions of these Regulations).

If the amount of receipt covers only part of the revenue, then the revenue accepted for accounting is determined as the sum of receipt and receivables (in the part not covered by receipt).

6.2. When selling products and goods, performing work, providing services on the terms of a commercial loan provided in the form of deferred and installment payment, the proceeds are accepted for accounting in the full amount of receivables.

6.5. The amount of receipts and (or) receivables is determined taking into account all discounts (mark-ups) provided to the organization in accordance with the agreement.

6.6. Excluded. - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 27, 2006 N 156n.

6.7. When provisions for doubtful debts are formed in accordance with the accounting rules, the amount of revenue does not change.

III. Other supply

7. Other income is:

(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 18, 2006 N 116n)

receipts related to the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization’s assets (subject to the provisions of these Regulations);

receipts related to the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property (subject to the provisions of these Regulations);

(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 N 27n)

receipts related to participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations (including interest and other income on securities) (subject to the provisions of these Regulations);

(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 N 27n)

profit received by the organization as a result of joint activities (under a simple partnership agreement);

proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), products, goods;

interest received for the provision of an organization's funds for use, as well as interest for the bank's use of funds held in the organization's account with this bank;

paragraph excluded. - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 18, 2006 N 116n;

fines, penalties, penalties for violation of contract terms;

assets received free of charge, including under a gift agreement;

proceeds to compensate for losses caused to the organization;

profit of previous years identified in the reporting year;

amounts of accounts payable and depositors for which the statute of limitations has expired;

exchange differences;

the amount of revaluation of assets;

(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 N 27n)

Other income.

(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 18, 2006 N 116n)

9. Other income also includes income arising as a consequence of emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization, etc.): the cost of material assets remaining from the write-off of assets unsuitable for restoration and further use, etc. .

(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 18, 2006 N 116n)

10. For accounting purposes, the amount of other income is determined in the following order:

10.5. The amounts of revaluation of assets are determined in accordance with the rules established for the revaluation of assets.

10.6. Other income is accepted for accounting in actual amounts.

11. Other receipts are subject to credit to the organization’s profit and loss account, except in cases where the accounting rules establish a different procedure.

IV. Revenue recognition

12. Revenue is recognized in accounting if the following conditions are met:

a) the organization has the right to receive this revenue arising from a specific agreement or confirmed in another appropriate manner;

b) the amount of revenue can be determined;

c) there is confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be an increase in the economic benefits of the organization. Confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be an increase in the economic benefits of the organization exists when the organization received an asset in payment or there is no uncertainty regarding the receipt of the asset;

d) the right of ownership (possession, use and disposal) of the product (goods) has passed from the organization to the buyer or the work has been accepted by the customer (service provided);

e) the expenses that have been incurred or will be incurred in connection with this operation can be determined.

Organizations that have the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, may recognize revenue as funds are received from buyers (customers) subject to the conditions specified in subparagraphs , , and of this paragraph.

(paragraph introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 8, 2010 N 144n, as amended on April 27, 2012 N 55n; 04/06/2015 No. 57n)

In relation to work, provision of services, and manufacture of products that are different in nature and conditions, an organization may simultaneously apply different methods of revenue recognition provided for in this paragraph in one reporting period.

Rent and license payments for the use of intellectual property objects (when this is not the subject of the organization’s activities) are recognized in accounting in a manner similar to that provided for in these Regulations.

16. Other income is recognized in accounting in the following order:

proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), products, goods, as well as interest received for the provision of the organization’s funds for use, and income from participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (when this is not subject of the organization’s activities) - in a manner similar to that provided for in these Regulations. In this case, for accounting purposes, interest is accrued for each expired reporting period in accordance with the terms of the agreement;

fines, penalties, penalties for violation of the terms of contracts, as well as compensation for losses caused to the organization - in the reporting period in which the court made a decision to collect them or they were recognized as a debtor;

the amount of accounts payable and depository debt for which the limitation period has expired - in the reporting period in which the limitation period has expired;

the amount of revaluation of assets - in the reporting period to which the date as of which the revaluation was made;

other receipts - as they are formed (identified).

V. Disclosure of information in financial statements

17. As part of the information on the accounting policies of the organization in the financial statements, at least the following information is subject to disclosure:

a) on the procedure for recognizing the organization’s revenue;

b) on the method of determining the readiness of work, services, products, revenue from the implementation, provision, sale of which is recognized as readiness.

18. In the profit and loss statement, the organization’s income for the reporting period is reflected with a division into revenue and other income.

(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 18, 2006 N 116n)

18.2. Other income may be shown on the income statement less expenses related to that income when:

(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 18, 2006 N 116n)

a) the relevant accounting rules provide for or do not prohibit such recognition of income;

b) income and related expenses arising as a result of the same or similar fact of economic activity (for example, the provision of temporary use (temporary possession and use) of its assets) are not significant for characterizing the financial position of the organization.

a) the total number of organizations with which the specified contracts are carried out, indicating the organizations that account for the bulk of such revenue;

b) the share of revenue received under these agreements with related organizations;

c) a method for determining the cost of products (goods) transferred by the organization.

21. The structure of accounting should ensure the possibility of disclosing information about the organization’s income in the context of current, investment and financial activities.

Accountants, especially beginners, cannot always understand which income is normal for a company and which is other. As a result, it is not completely clear which account (90 or 91) the revenue should be reflected in in each specific case. We'll deal with it in order.

Income received by the organization, according to the norms of accounting legislation, is divided into income from ordinary activities and other income. Organizations are given the right to independently qualify income, taking into account their nature, conditions of receipt, as well as the direction of the organization’s activities.

Commercial organizations that are legal entities must generate information about income, guided by the approved Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 6, 1999 No. 32n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 9/99).

The income of an organization in accordance with paragraph 2 is recognized as an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash, other property) and (or) repayment of liabilities, leading to an increase in the capital of this organization. Meanwhile, not all received by the organization cash and property can be recognized as income of the organization. Contributions from participants (owners of property) are not recognized as income of the organization. In accordance with paragraph 3 of PBU 9/99, receipts from other legal entities and individuals are not recognized as income of the organization:

amounts of VAT, excise taxes, export duties and other similar mandatory payments;
under commission agreements, agency and other similar agreements in favor of the principal, principal and the like;
in advance payment for products, goods, works, services;
advances in payment for products, goods, works, services;
deposit;
as collateral, if the agreement provides for the transfer of the pledged property to the pledgee;
in repayment of a loan granted to the borrower.

Paragraph 4 provides a classification of income, according to which the income received by the organization is divided into income from ordinary activities and other income. The organization must provide for the chosen procedure for recognizing income in the order on accounting policies for accounting purposes. Other income also includes extraordinary income, that is, income received as a result of emergency situations.

The criteria for classifying receipts as income from ordinary activities are determined by the organization independently and are fixed in the company’s accounting policies.

As a rule, income from ordinary activities is recognized as income received by an organization from its main type of business. If there are several types of activities, the threshold of materiality of “ordinary” income in the total volume of income received by the organization is traditionally used as a criterion for recognizing income from ordinary activities.

The materiality criterion used by the organization to classify income is also fixed in the accounting policy (usually 5%).

In essence, income from ordinary activities of an organization is revenue from the sale of products, goods, performance of work, and provision of services.

Accordingly, all other receipts other than revenue, including those arising as a consequence of extraordinary circumstances of the organization’s economic activities, are considered other income.

Conditions for recognizing revenue from ordinary activities in accounting

Paragraph 12 of PBU 9/99 defines five conditions, upon the simultaneous fulfillment of which revenue is recognized in accounting:

the organization has the right to receive revenue, which arises from a specific agreement or is confirmed in another appropriate manner;
there is confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be an increase in the economic benefits of the organization. Such certainty exists when the organization received an asset as payment or there is no uncertainty regarding the receipt of the asset;
the right of ownership (possession, use and disposal) of the product (goods) has passed from the organization to the buyer or the work has been accepted by the customer (service provided);
the expenses that have been or will be incurred in connection with this operation can be determined.

If at least one of the conditions listed above is not met in relation to the funds and other assets received by the organization, the organization’s accounting records recognize not revenue, but accounts payable.

Revenue from the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets, rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property and from participation in the authorized capital of other organizations is recognized if only three conditions are simultaneously met:

the organization has the right to receive revenue arising from a specific contract or otherwise confirmed in an appropriate manner;
the amount of revenue can be determined;
there is confidence that a particular transaction will result in an increase in the economic benefits of the organization.

To summarize information about income and expenses associated with ordinary activities, as well as to determine financial result according to them and the Instructions for its application, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n, account 90 “Sales” is intended.

The amount of revenue from ordinary activities, namely from the sale of goods, products, performance of work, provision of services, when recognized in accounting, is reflected in the credit of account 90 “Sales” and the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers.” To account for the receipt of assets recognized as revenue, subaccount 90-1 “Revenue” is provided, entries in which are made cumulatively during the reporting year.

Example. In 2018, the Organization received revenue from the sale of goods in the amount of RUB 1,770,000. (including VAT - 270,000 rubles). The cost of goods sold was 900,000 rubles, expenses for selling goods were 255,000 rubles.
The following entries must be made in accounting:
Debit 62 Credit 90-1 - RUB 1,770,000. — revenue from the sale of goods is reflected;
Debit 90-3 Credit 68, subaccount “Calculations for VAT” - 270,000 rubles. — VAT charged;
Debit 90-2 Credit 41-900,000 rub. — the cost of goods sold is written off;
Debit 90-2 Credit 44-255,000 rub. m sales expenses are written off;
Debit 90-9 Credit 99-345,000 rub. (1,770,000-270,000-900,000-255,000)—profit from sales is reflected.

Other income in accounting

The list of other income is given in paragraph 7 and is open. Other income is:

receipts related to the provision of the organization's assets for temporary use for a fee;
receipts related to the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property;
proceeds related to participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations (including interest and other income on securities);
profit received as a result of joint activities;
proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), products, goods;
interest received for the provision of an organization's funds for use, as well as interest for the bank's use of funds held in the organization's account with this bank;
fines, penalties, penalties for violation of contract terms;
assets received free of charge, including under a gift agreement;
proceeds to compensate for losses caused to the organization;
profit of previous years identified in the reporting year;
amounts of accounts payable and depositors for which the statute of limitations has expired;
exchange differences;
the amount of revaluation of assets;
Other income.

and Instructions for its use, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31. 2000 No. 94n, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is intended to summarize information on other income and expenses of the reporting period.

91-1 “Other income”;
91-2 “Other expenses”;
91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses.”

Receipts of assets recognized as other income are recorded in subaccount 91-1 “Other income”. Subaccount 91-9 is intended to identify the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month.

Accounting for account 91 is carried out as follows. Cumulatively during the reporting year, entries are made in subaccounts 91-1 and 91-2. Each month the balance of other income and expenses is determined by comparing the turnover in the debit of subaccount 91-2 and the credit of subaccount 91-1, which is then written off from subaccount 91-9 to account 99 “Profits and losses”. That is, account 91 does not have a balance at the reporting date.

At the end of the reporting year, sub-accounts opened to account 91 “Other income and expenses”, with the exception of sub-account 91-9, are closed with internal entries to sub-account 91-9. For account 91, analytical accounting should be kept for each type of other income and expenses in such a way that it is possible to identify the financial result for each operation.

The order in which other income is recognized in the accounting records of an organization is stated in paragraph 16 of PBU 9/99. If all five established conditions for revenue recognition are met, other revenues are recognized in accounting in the following order:

proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), products, goods, as well as interest received for providing the organization’s funds for use, and income from participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (when this is not the subject of activities of the organization). In this case, for accounting purposes, interest is accrued for each expired reporting period in accordance with the terms of the agreement;
fines, penalties, penalties for violation of the terms of contracts, as well as compensation for losses caused to the organization - in the reporting period in which the court made a decision to collect them or they were recognized as a debtor;
the amount of accounts payable and depository debt for which the limitation period has expired - in the reporting period in which the limitation period has expired;
the amount of revaluation of assets - in the reporting period to which the date as of which the revaluation was made relates;
other receipts - as they are formed (identified).

Let's look at some examples of income classified by PBU 9/99 as other income.

Example. The organization has entered into a lease agreement under which it leases equipment it owns for a period of 1 month. Providing property for rent is not the main activity of the organization. Rental cost - 36,580 rubles, including VAT 18% - 5,580 rubles. The specified amount is transferred to the organization's bank account upon expiration of the lease term. The organization conducts settlements with the tenant on account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”.
— Debit 76 Credit 91-1 “Other income” — 36,580 rubles. — rent accrued;
- Debit 91-2 “Other expenses” Credit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”, subaccount “Calculations for VAT” - 5580 rubles. — the amount of VAT on rent has been accrued;
— Debit 51 “Current accounts” Credit 76-36,580 rub. — the rent amount has been credited to the bank account.

Example. A VAT payer organization sells a car in November. The contractual cost of the car is 172,280 rubles, including VAT 18% - 26,280 rubles. The initial cost of the car is 336,960 rubles.

The useful life established by the organization when accepting the vehicle for registration is 5 years, the actual service life until the moment of sale is 3 years.

Depreciation was calculated using the linear method, the amount of accrued depreciation was RUB 202,176. The residual value of the car is RUB 134,784.

- Debit 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” Credit 91-1 “Other income” - 172,280 rubles. — the buyer’s debt for the sold car is taken into account;

- Debit 91-2 “Other expenses” Credit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” - 26,280 rubles. — VAT is charged on the sales amount;

- Debit 01-2 “Disposal of fixed assets” Credit 01-1 “Fixed assets in the organization” - 336,960 rubles. — the disposal of the car as a result of sale is reflected;

— Debit 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” Credit 01-2 “Disposal of fixed assets” — 202,176 rubles. — the amount of depreciation accrued during the operation of the vehicle is written off;

— Debit 91-2 “Other expenses” Credit 01-2 “Disposal of fixed assets” — 134,784 rubles. — the residual value of the sold car is written off;

- Debit 51 “Settlements” Credit 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” (62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”) - 172,280 rubles. — funds have been received from the buyer;

- Debit 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses” Credit 99 “Profits and losses” - 11,216 rubles. — profit from the sale of the car is reflected.

Example. The lender organization provided the borrower organization with a cash loan in the amount of RUB 326,000 on July 1, 2018. for a period of 1 month. Interest rate according to the loan agreement is 14% per annum. The terms of the loan agreement stipulate that interest under the agreement is paid simultaneously with the repayment of the loan amount.
In the accounting records of the lending organization, operations for granting a loan and calculating interest will be reflected as follows:
In July 2018:
Debit 58-3 “Loans provided” Credit 51 “Current accounts” - 326,000 - funds provided under the loan agreement are reflected as part of financial investments;
Debit 76, subaccount “Calculations for interest due”, Credit 91-1 “Other income” - 3876.27 rubles. — interest accrued due for July 2018 ((RUB 326,000 x 14%) / 365 days x 31 days).

In August 2018:
Debit 51 “Account settlements” Credit 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, subaccount “Calculations for interest due” - 3876.27 rubles. — interest received under the loan agreement;
Debit 51 “Current accounts” Credit 58-3 “Loans provided” - 326,000 rubles. - the loan amount is returned.

Classification of income in tax accounting

The concept of “income” in accounting and tax accounting is defined almost identically. For profit tax purposes, income is recognized as economic benefit in cash or in kind, taken into account if it is possible to evaluate it and to the extent that such benefit can be estimated.

Neither the Tax Code of the Russian Federation nor the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides an explanation of the concept of “economic benefit”. This term is contained in the Concept of Accounting in the Market Economy of the Russian Federation, approved by the Methodological Council on Accounting under the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the Presidential Council of the Institute of Professional Accountants of the Russian Federation on December 29, 1997. In accordance with paragraph 7.2.1 of the Concept, future economic benefits represent the potential ability of property to directly or indirectly contribute to the flow of cash into the organization. An asset is considered to provide future economic benefits to the entity when it can be:

used separately or in combination with another asset in the process of production of products, works, services intended for sale;
exchanged for another asset;
used to pay off an obligation;
distributed among the owners of the organization.

For profit tax purposes, income from leasing property and granting rights to intellectual property for use can be taken into account both as part of income from sales and as part of non-operating income. At the same time, in accounting, income from participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations can be taken into account either as part of income from ordinary activities, if this is the subject of the organization’s activities, or as part of other income, when participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations is not the subject of the organization’s activities. For profit tax purposes, income from participation in the authorized capital of other organizations is classified as non-operating income of the organization.

Thus, the list of income from ordinary activities in accounting and income from sales for profit tax purposes can be formed in the same way, with the exception of income from participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations.

Non-operating income for profit tax purposes includes income that is not recognized as income from sales. The list of non-operating income is quite large. Nevertheless, the wording given in Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, that “non-operating income of a taxpayer is recognized, in particular, as income...” allows us to conclude that the list remains open. We should not forget that not all funds and property received by an organization can be recognized as its income for tax accounting purposes (Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation contains a closed list of income that is not taken into account when determining the tax base for income tax).

The list of income not taken into account when determining the tax base is much broader than the list of income not recognized as income in accounting. This leads to the fact that some income will be taken into account when determining accounting profit, but will not be taken into account when determining the tax base for income tax. In such a situation, you should be guided by PBU 18/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 19, 2002 No. 114n, which establishes the procedure for reflecting and accounting for differences arising between accounting and tax accounting data.

This provision is fundamental for determining the income of both commercial and non-profit (with the exception of organizations financed by their budget) organizations created under the legislation of the Russian Federation. The exception is insurance and credit organizations. It should be mentioned that economic benefit should be understood as the potential ability of the property to directly or indirectly contribute to the flow of cash or cash equivalents into the organization.

Not recognized as income organization the following receipts from other legal entities and individuals:

the amount of value added tax, excise taxes, sales tax, export duties and other similar mandatory payments. For example, the amounts of received VAT, after deducting the amounts of tax paid to suppliers when purchasing goods, works, services, property rights, are subject to payment to the budget;

payments under commission agreements, agency or similar agreements in favor of the principal, principal, etc. Note that if we take a commission agreement, then the amount of goods to be sold by the commission agent for the principal, but not the amount of remuneration, is not subject to the “income” item; they are taken into account on off-balance sheet account 004 “Goods accepted for commission”. The principal is obliged to pay the commission agent a remuneration, and this amount of remuneration will be income;

payments in the form of advance payment for products, goods, works, services. Upon receipt of an advance payment, the amount of funds is not included in income until the goods are shipped (work, services are performed). They are accounted for in a separate subaccount to account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”;

the amount of advances in payment for products, goods, works, services;

deposit amount. According to Art. 380 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is recognized as a deposit sum of money, issued by one of the contracting parties in payment of payments due from it under the contract to the other party, as proof of security for the contract and to ensure its execution. Thus, the deposit is an advance towards the concluded agreement, ensuring the fulfillment of obligations under this agreement. The agreement (an appendix or addendum to the contract) is documented and is an integral part of it;

pledge, if the agreement provides for the transfer of the pledged property to the pledgee. The pledged property of the pledgee is accounted for in off-balance sheet account 002 “Commodity material values, accepted for safekeeping";

repayment of a loan granted to a borrower.

In Art. 41 Tax Code RF we find an additional definition of what constitutes income. Income economic benefit is recognized in monetary or in-kind form, taken into account if it is possible to evaluate it to the extent that such benefit can be assessed, and determined in accordance with the following chapters of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation “Individual Income Tax”, “Organizational Income Tax”, "Capital income tax."

Moreover, for the purposes of the procedure for defining this chapter of the Tax Code, these concepts are mentioned in clauses 3–5 of Art. 36 Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Therefore, income is divided into revenue and other income. Revenue represents an increase in profit that arises as a result of the company's core activities in the sale of goods, performance of work or provision of services. Other income is also income that generates profit, but which does not necessarily arise in the conditions ordinary activities companies.

Let us remind you that goods accounting recognizes any property that is sold or intended for sale. For the purpose of regulating relations related to the collection of customs duties, goods include other property defined by the Customs Code of the Russian Federation.

Work For tax purposes, activities are recognized whose results are material and can be implemented to meet the needs of an organization and (or) an individual.

Service For tax purposes, activities are recognized whose results do not have material expression and are sold and consumed in the process of carrying out this activity.

1.2. Types of income in accordance with PBU 9/99

The division of an organization's income into types depends on the nature, conditions of receipt and direction of the organization's activities. It was previously mentioned that income is generally divided for the purposes of PBU 9/99, that is, within the framework of accounting, into (a) income from ordinary activities and (b) other income. In this case, income other than income from ordinary activities is other income, also called “other income”.

Income for tax purposes in accordance with paragraph 1 of Chapter. 248 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation are classified somewhat differently, namely, they are divided into the following:

income from the sale of goods (works, services) and property rights;

non-operating income.

The accountant must firmly remember this difference in his work. Income from sales is clearly defined in Art. 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Sales income is recognized as proceeds from the sale of goods (works, services) both of one's own production and those previously acquired, and proceeds from the sale of property rights. Sales proceeds are determined based on all receipts associated with payments for goods (work, services) sold or property rights expressed in cash and (or) in kind. Note that revenue has a complex structure. For the purposes of financial and management accounting, it is customary to distinguish between:

1) gross revenue, or revenue itself - the amount of income not reduced by the amount of excise taxes, etc.;

2) gross profit from sales, or marginal income, as the difference between gross revenue and the amount of cost finished products(goods sold, works delivered, services rendered);

3) net revenue - the amount of income reduced by the amount of excise taxes, etc.

For tax and accounting purposes, the procedure for recognizing changes in assets as income is equally important. Recognition is the process of including in the balance sheet or income statement an item that meets the definition of an element and satisfies one of two recognition criteria :

it is probable that the entity may or may not realize future economic benefits attributable to the item;

the article can be reliably assessed.

Income is recognized for tax purposes by the taxpayer independently through any legal recognition method. There are only two of them: the accrual method and the cash method.

Using accrual method To determine income for tax purposes, the date of receipt of income is the date of sale of goods (work, services, property rights). In this case, sales are considered to be the transfer on a paid basis of ownership of goods, the results of work performed by one person for another person, the provision of services for a fee by one person to another person, and in some cases provided for by the Tax Code and on a gratuitous basis. Income under the accrual method is recognized in the reporting period in which they occurred, regardless of the actual receipt of funds, other property, or property rights. In case of a long production cycle, if the contract does not provide for the stage-by-stage delivery of work (services), the income from these works is distributed by the taxpayer independently. If income relates to several reporting periods, they are determined by the taxpayer taking into account the principle of uniform recognition of income and expenses.

Example No. 1

The marketing communications agency provides the customer with a service in the form of promotion of the client’s website, the duration of which is 3 calendar months. The service is performed in accordance with the contract in stages, with the submission of a report on the actions carried out on the first day of each month. Payment is made upon completion of all work. Thus, using the accrual method, the agency accountant makes the following entries in the accounts excluding VAT (see Table 1).

Table 1

The cash method is a method of recognizing income when the date of receipt of income is the day of receipt of funds in bank accounts and (or) the cash register, receipt of other property (work, services) and (or) property rights, as well as repayment of debt to the taxpayer in another way .

Organizations, with the exception of banks, can use the cash method to determine the date of receipt of income, if on average over the previous four quarters the amount of revenue from the sale of goods (work, services) of these organizations, excluding certain taxes (value added tax, sales tax), did not exceed one million rubles for each quarter.

Example No. 2

Organization “A” had the following indicators for the last year:

In the 2nd quarter of 2008, revenue amounted to 1,300 thousand rubles, including VAT 18% of 198.3 thousand rubles.

3rd quarter 2008 – 1100 thousand rubles, including VAT 18% 167.8 thousand rubles.

4th quarter of 2008 – 750 thousand, including VAT 18% 114.4 thousand rubles.

1st quarter of 2009 – 1,500 thousand rubles, including VAT 18% 228.8 thousand rubles.

Thus, the total turnover for 4 quarters is 4,650 thousand rubles, including VAT of 709.3 thousand rubles. Sales for the current year, excluding value added tax, amounted to 3,940.7 thousand rubles, that is, on average for the month - 985.2 thousand rubles.

If the taxpayer has exceeded size limit amount during the tax period, then he is obliged to switch to determining income and expenses on an accrual basis from the beginning of the tax period during which such an excess was made.

The date of receipt of income under the cash method is the day of receipt of funds into bank accounts and (or) cash, receipt of other property and (or) property rights, as well as repayment of debt to the taxpayer in another way. Taxpayers do not take into account amount differences as income for tax purposes if, under the terms of the transaction, the obligation (claim) is expressed in contingent terms. monetary units Oh.

If the income does not relate to income from sales in accordance with Art. 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, they are recognized non-operating . The list of non-operating income is determined by Art. 250 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. These include in particular:

from equity participation in other organizations, with the exception of income used to pay for additional shares (shares) placed among the shareholders (participants) of the organization;

in the form of a positive (negative) exchange rate difference resulting from deviation of the sale (purchase) rate of foreign currency from the official rate established Central Bank Russian Federation on the date of transfer of ownership of foreign currency. A deviation occurs if the purchase (sale) rate of foreign currency exceeds (or is lower than) the rate of foreign currency to the ruble established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of registration of the transfer of ownership of it;

in the form of fines, penalties and (or) other sanctions for violation of contractual obligations recognized by the debtor or payable by the debtor on the basis of a court decision that has entered into legal force, as well as amounts of compensation for losses or damages. Fine is a monetary penalty, a measure of material impact on legal entities or individuals guilty of violating current legislation, contracts or certain rules. It is necessary to mention that fines can only be imposed on individuals by government bodies that have the legal right to do so. A legal commercial entity does not have the right to impose fines on its employees in an attempt to influence, or as a form of punishment. If an individual or legal entity disagrees with the fine imposed on him, he may apply to the Arbitration Court with a statement of claim;

from the delivery of property (including land) for rent (sublease), if such income is not determined by the taxpayer in the manner established by Art. 249 Tax Code. If operations involving the transfer (letting out) of property for rent (sublease, leasing, rental) are carried out more than once a year, then this income should be included in income from sales;

from the provision for use of rights to the results of intellectual activity and equivalent means of individualization (in particular, from the provision for use of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property), if such income is not determined by the taxpayer in the manner established Art. 249 Tax Code. Such objects include objects of copyright (works of science, literature, art, which are the result of the creative activity of a citizen and existing in some objective form), objects of industrial property (inventions, models, industrial designs, the rights to which are confirmed by a patent or certificate) , computer programs and databases (as well as integrated circuit topologies), as well as trade names, trademarks and service marks;

in the form of interest received under loan, credit, bank account agreements, bank deposit, as well as on securities and other debt obligations;

in the form of amounts of restored reserves, the costs of the formation of which were accepted as part of expenses in the manner and under the conditions established by Art. 266, 267, 292, 294, 294.1, 300, 324 and 324.1 of the Tax Code. Taxpayers have the right to create the following types of reserves : reserve by doubtful debts, reserve for warranty and repair services, reserves for impairment of securities professional participants securities market carrying out dealer activities, bank reserves, insurance reserves, reserve upcoming expenses for the repair of fixed assets, a reserve for upcoming expenses for vacation pay, a reserve for upcoming expenses for the payment of annual bonuses for length of service, a reserve for upcoming expenses for the payment of remunerations based on the results of work for the year, a reserve for upcoming expenses allocated for purposes ensuring social protection disabled people.

in the form of gratuitously received property (work, services) or property rights, except for the cases specified in Art. 251 Tax Code. In accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 248 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, property (work, services) or property rights are considered received free of charge if the receipt of this property (work, services) or property rights is not associated with the occurrence of an obligation on the recipient to transfer property (property rights) to the transferor (perform work for the transferor, provide services to the transferor). When receiving property (work, services) free of charge, income is assessed based on market prices. Market price of goods(works, services) is the price established by the interaction of supply and demand on the market of identical (goods that have the same basic characteristics characteristic of them) goods in similar economic conditions. Let us recall here that the goods market is the sphere of circulation of these goods, determined on the basis of the buyer’s ability to actually and without significant losses purchase the goods on the territory of the Russian Federation closest to the buyer or beyond its borders. Sources for generating information on market prices can also be official information and quotations on the stock exchange in the nearest region, information from statistical bodies, and other special government bodies that have this information, as well as information about prices on the market, printed in printed publications or communicated by other means of mass media. You can also use the services of an appraiser. In this case, the assessment of income must be no lower than the residual value for depreciable property (Article 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) and production (acquisition) costs for other property;

in the form of income distributed in favor of the taxpayer with his participation in a simple partnership, taken into account in the manner provided for in Art. 278 Tax Code. A simple partnership agreement is an obligation of two or more persons to pool their contributions and act together without forming a legal entity to make a profit or achieve another goal that does not contradict the law. Deposits can be cash, fixed assets, inventories. At the end of the joint activity agreement, the participants are returned their contributions. The profit received from such a partnership is distributed among the participants (partners) in proportion to the value of their contributions;

in the form of income from previous years identified in the reporting (tax) period. It is necessary to refer to paragraph 1 of Art. 54 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. If errors (distortions) are detected in the calculation of the tax base relating to previous tax (reporting) periods in the current (reporting) tax period recalculation of tax liabilities is carried out during the period of the error. If it is impossible to determine a specific period, the tax liabilities of the reporting period in which errors (distortions) are identified are adjusted. From the above it follows that if an error is identified in the past reporting period, it is necessary to make corrections in the period when the error was made and submit an updated calculation to the tax authority (Letter of the Ministry of Taxes and Taxes of the Russian Federation dated July 6, 2005). If, when an error is visible, it is impossible to determine the moment it was committed, the adjustment occurs in the reporting period when the error was discovered. Here it is necessary to clarify the amount, transactions, adjustment method and record this in the accounting statement;

in the form of a positive exchange rate difference arising from the revaluation of property in the form of currency values (with the exception of securities denominated in foreign currency) and claims (obligations), the value of which is expressed in foreign currency, including for foreign currency accounts in banks, carried out in connection with a change in the official exchange rate of foreign currency to the ruble of the Russian Federation, established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.;

in the form of an amount difference arising from the taxpayer, if the amount of obligations and claims incurred, calculated at the rate of conventional monetary units established by agreement of the parties on the date of sale (receipt) of goods (work, services), property rights, does not correspond to the actual amount received (paid) in rubles It can arise only for organizations that determine income and expenses using the accrual method;

in the form of fixed assets and intangible assets received free of charge in accordance with international treaties Russian Federation or with the legislation of the Russian Federation at nuclear power plants to improve their safety, used for non-production purposes. If fixed assets or tangible assets were used by the taxpayer for production purposes, then the income will not be taken into account when determining the tax base;

in the form of the cost of received materials or other property during dismantling or disassembly during the liquidation of fixed assets being taken out of service (except for the cases provided for in subclause 18, clause 1, article 251 of the Tax Code). At the same time, material assets and other property formed during the dismantling, disassembly or liquidation of fixed assets are taken into account at the market price;

in the form of property (including funds) used for other purposes than for its intended purpose, works, services received as part of charitable activities (including in the form of charitable assistance, donations), targeted income, targeted financing, with the exception of budgetary funds. In relation to budget funds used for purposes other than their intended purpose, the provisions of the budget legislation of the Russian Federation are applied. Taxpayers who received property (including money), work, services as part of charitable activities, targeted income or targeted financing, at the end of the tax period, submit tax authorities at the place of its registration, a report on the intended use of the funds received in a form approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

in the form of funds used for purposes other than their intended purpose by enterprises and organizations that include particularly radiation-hazardous and nuclear-hazardous production and facilities, funds intended for the formation of reserves to ensure the safety of these production and facilities at all stages of their life cycle and development in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on the use of atomic energy;

in the form of amounts by which in the reporting (tax) period there was a decrease in the authorized (share) capital (fund) of the organization, if such a decrease was carried out with a simultaneous refusal to return the cost of the corresponding part of the contributions (contributions) to the shareholders (participants) of the organization. The authorized capital of a limited liability company consists of the value of the assets of its participants. The authorized capital of a joint stock company is formed from the par value of the company's shares acquired by shareholders. The authorized capital of a joint stock company or limited liability company determines minimum size property of the company guaranteeing the interests of creditors. If in the second and subsequent financial years the value of the company’s net assets is less than the amount of the authorized capital, the latter is subject to reduction and registration of all changes in the constituent bodies;

in the form of refund amounts from a non-profit organization of previously paid contributions (contributions) in the event that such contributions (contributions) were previously taken into account as expenses when forming the tax base. Non-profit organizations– these are legal entities that do not have profit as the main goal of their activities and do not distribute their profits among participants (clause 1 of Article 50 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). It must be emphasized that if in the previous reporting period the amounts paid by a non-profit organization were included in the taxable base, then they are included in non-operating expenses;

in the form of amounts accounts payable(obligations to creditors) written off due to the expiration of the statute of limitations or for other reasons. In accordance with Art. 196 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the general limitation period is three years. For certain types of requirements, the period may be extended or shortened. The limitation period begins to run from the day when the respondent learned or supposedly should have learned about his violation of the deadline. If there is a deadline for fulfilling an obligation, then the limitation period begins on the next day after the expiration of the deadline;

in the form of income received from transactions with financial instruments forward transactions, taking into account the provisions of Articles 301–305 of the Civil Code. Financial instruments of forward transactions(transactions with deferred execution) are agreements between participants in forward transactions (parties to the transaction), defining their rights and obligations in relation to the underlying asset, including futures, options, forward contracts, as well as agreements between participants in forward transactions that do not involve delivery of the underlying asset, but defining the procedure for mutual settlements between the parties to the transaction in the future, depending on changes in price or other quantitative indicator the underlying asset in comparison with the value of the specified indicator, which is determined (or the procedure for determining which is established) by the parties when concluding the transaction. The taxpayer’s income from transactions with financial instruments of futures transactions traded on the organized market, received in the tax (reporting) period, is recognized as:

1) the amount of the variation margin due to be received by the taxpayer during the reporting (tax) period;

2) other amounts due to be received during the reporting (tax) period for transactions with financial instruments of futures transactions traded on the organized market, including in the procedure for settlements for operations with financial instruments of futures transactions involving the delivery of an underlying asset;

in the form of the value of surplus inventories and other property that are identified as a result of the inventory. As a matter of fact, inventory is the beginning of preparing the annual balance sheet. Based on clause 27 of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 34n dated July 29, 1998, an inventory must be carried out before preparing annual financial statements, but not earlier than October 1 of the reporting year. But inventory is carried out not only at the end of the final year. The basis for it can also be: a change in the financially responsible person, a force majeure event (fire, flood, etc.), etc. After it is carried out, it is necessary to identify shortages or surpluses of material assets. In this case, excess goods identified as a result of inventory in material form are taken into account as part of non-operating income at market prices;

in the form of the cost of media products and book products, subject to replacement upon return or write-off of such products on the grounds provided for in subsection. 43 and 44 paragraph 1 art. 264 Tax Code. The assessment of the cost of the products specified in this paragraph is carried out in accordance with the procedure for assessing the balances of finished products established by Article 319 of the Tax Code.

It is also necessary to mention income, not taken into account for tax purposes. They are not considered as income tax benefits and as profits. The list of such income is listed in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation in Art. 251 “Income not taken into account when determining the tax base.”

Paragraph 1 of this article contains a list of transactions for obtaining certain types of funds that are not subject to taxation. It can apply to organizations of any type of ownership. In paragraph 2 of Art. 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation lists targeted income that is not subject to taxation. The list of operations listed in the second paragraph concerns mainly the activities of non-profit organizations and recipients of budget funds.

Income, not taken into account when determining the tax base for corporate income tax:

1) income in the form of property, property rights, work or services that are received from other persons in the order of advance payment for goods (work, services) by taxpayers who determine income and expenses on an accrual basis.

It is worth mentioning that this paragraph applies only to enterprises that determine income and expenses for taxation on the accrual basis. Organizations using the accrual method do not include amounts received from other persons as advance payment for services rendered (goods supplied) as income subject to taxation.

Meanwhile, organizations using the cash method of recognizing income and expenses have a different situation. Let's turn to clause 2 of Art. 273 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. It states that for the purposes of this chapter, the date of receipt of income is the day of receipt of funds into bank accounts and (or) the cash desk, receipt of other property (work, services) and (or) property rights, as well as repayment of debt to the taxpayer in another way (cash method). Thus, organizations that use the cash method of recognizing income and expenses as income subject to taxation are required to include in taxable income the amount of prepayment received from other persons for services rendered (work performed, goods supplied, etc.) at the time of its receipt at the cash desk (bank ) enterprises;

2) income in the form of property, property rights, which are received in the form of a pledge or deposit as security for obligations.

Let us remind you that collateral is a method of securing an obligation in which the creditor-pledgee acquires the right, in the event of failure by the debtor to fulfill the obligation assumed, to receive satisfaction at the expense of the pledged property. Thus, a pledge is one of the ways to ensure that the debtor fulfills his obligations.

Deposit The amount of money given by one of the contracting parties in payment of payments due from it under the contract to the other party, as proof of the conclusion of the contract and to ensure its execution, is recognized. The deposit agreement must be in writing, regardless of the amount of the deposit. In case of failure to fulfill the terms of the contract, the party who gave the deposit is responsible, it remains with the other party. If the party that received the deposit is responsible for the failure to fulfill the contract, it is obliged to pay the other party double the amount of the deposit;

3) income in the form of property, property rights or non-property rights with a monetary value, which are received in the form of contributions (contributions) to the authorized (share) capital (fund) of the organization (including income in the form of excess of the placement price of shares (shares) over their nominal cost (initial size).The formation of authorized capital is provided for the following legal entities: business partnerships and companies, limited and additional liability companies, joint-stock companies, production cooperatives, unitary enterprises;

4) income in the form of property, property rights that are received within the limits of the contribution (contribution) by a participant in a business company or partnership (his successor or heir) upon exit (disposal) from the business company or partnership or upon distribution of the property of a liquidated business company or partnership between its participants;

5) income in the form of property, property rights and (or) non-property rights with a monetary value, which are received within the limits of the contribution by a participant in a simple partnership agreement (agreement on joint activities) or his successor in the event of the separation of his share from property in common ownership parties to an agreement or division of such property;

6) income in the form of funds and other property received in the form of gratuitous assistance (assistance) in the manner established by the Federal Law “On gratuitous assistance (assistance) of the Russian Federation and amendments and additions to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation on taxes and on the establishment of benefits for payments to state extra-budgetary funds in connection with the implementation of gratuitous assistance (assistance) to the Russian Federation";

7) income in the form of fixed assets and intangible assets received free of charge in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, as well as in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation by nuclear power plants to improve their safety, used for production purposes;

8) income in the form of property received by state and municipal institutions by decision of executive authorities of all levels;

9) income in the form of property (including money) received by a commission agent, agent and (or) other attorney in connection with the fulfillment of obligations under a commission agreement, agency agreement or other similar agreement, as well as for reimbursement of expenses incurred by the commission agent, agent and (or) another attorney for the principal, principal and (or) other principal, if such costs are not subject to inclusion in the expenses of the commission agent, agent and (or) other attorney in accordance with the terms of the concluded agreements. The specified income does not include commission, agency or other similar remuneration;

10) income in the form of funds or other property received under credit or loan agreements (other similar funds or other property regardless of the form of registration of borrowings, including securities under debt obligations), as well as funds or other property received in repayment such borrowings;

11) income in the form of property received by a Russian organization free of charge:

from an organization, if the authorized (share) capital (fund) of the receiving party consists of more than 50% of the contribution (share) of the transferring organization;

from an organization, if the authorized (share) capital (fund) of the transferring party consists of more than 50% of the contribution (share) of the receiving organization;

from an individual, if the authorized (share) capital (fund) of the receiving party consists of more than 50% of the contribution (share) of this individual.

In this case, the received property is not recognized as income for tax purposes only if, within one year from the date of its receipt, the specified property (except for cash) is not transferred to third parties;

12) income in the form of interest received in accordance with the requirements of Articles 78, 79, 176 and 203 of the Tax Code from the budget (non-budgetary fund);

13) income in the form of amounts of guarantee contributions to special funds created in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, intended to reduce the risks of non-fulfillment of obligations under transactions received in the course of clearing activities or activities for organizing trading on the securities market;

14) income in the form of property received by the taxpayer as part of targeted financing. At the same time, taxpayers who received targeted financing are required to keep separate records of income (expenses) received (produced) within the framework of targeted financing. If the taxpayer who has received targeted financing does not have such records, these funds are considered as subject to taxation from the date of their receipt. To funds from budgets of all levels, state extra-budgetary funds allocated to budgetary institutions according to estimates of income and expenses budgetary institution, but not used for its intended purpose during the tax period or used not for its intended purpose, the norms of the budget legislation of the Russian Federation are applied.

TO funds for targeted financing refers to property received by the taxpayer and used by him for the purpose determined by the organization (individual) - the source of targeted financing or federal laws:

in the form of funds from budgets of all levels, state extra-budgetary funds allocated to budgetary institutions according to the estimate of income and expenses of the budgetary institution, autonomous institutions in the form of subsidies, subventions;

in the form of received grants.

This needs a little clarification. For purposes of the Tax Code grants Cash or other property should be recognized if its transfer (receipt) satisfies the following conditions:

grants are provided on a gratuitous and irrevocable basis by Russian individuals, non-profit organizations, as well as foreign and international organizations and associations according to the list of such organizations approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, for the implementation of specific programs in the field of education, art, culture, public health (areas - the fight against AIDS, drug addiction, pediatric oncology, including oncohematology, pediatric endocrinology, hepatitis and tuberculosis), environmental protection, protection of human and civil rights and freedoms provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, social services for the poor and socially vulnerable categories of citizens, as well as for conducting specific scientific research;

grants are provided on conditions determined by the grantor, with mandatory provision to the grantor of a report on the intended use of the grant.

Grants are provided:

in the form of investments received during investment competitions(trading) in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

in the form of investments received from foreign investors to finance capital investments for production purposes, provided that they are used within one calendar year from the date of receipt;

in the form of funds of shareholders and (or) investors accumulated in the accounts of the developer;

in the form of funds received by the mutual insurance company from organizations - members of the mutual insurance company;

in the form of funds received from the Russian Fund basic research, Russian Foundation for Technological Development, Russian Humanitarian Scientific Foundation, Foundation for Assistance to the Development of Small Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere, Federal Fund production innovation;

in the form of funds received for the formation of the Russian Fund for Technological Development, as well as other industry and inter-industry funds for financing research and development work, registered in the manner prescribed by the Federal Law “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy”;

in the form of funds received by enterprises and organizations, which include particularly radiation hazardous and nuclear hazardous production and facilities, from reserves intended to ensure the safety of these production and facilities at all stages of the life cycle and their development in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on the use of atomic energy. These funds are subject to inclusion in non-operating income if the recipient actually used such funds for other than their intended purpose or did not use them for their intended purpose within one year after the end of the tax period in which they were received;

in the form of fees for air navigation services for aircraft flights in the airspace of the Russian Federation, received by a specially authorized body in the field of civil aviation;

in the form of insurance contributions from banks to the deposit insurance fund in accordance with the federal law on insurance of deposits of individuals in banks of the Russian Federation;

in the form of funds received medical organizations, carrying out medical activities in the compulsory health insurance system, for the provision of medical services to insured persons from insurance organizations that carry out mandatory health insurance these persons;

But let’s continue our list and list among the income not taken into account for tax purposes the following income:

15) in the form of the value of shares additionally received by the organization - shareholder, distributed among shareholders by decision general meeting in proportion to the number of shares they own, or the difference between the par value of new shares received in exchange for the original ones and the par value of the shareholder’s original shares when distributing shares among shareholders when increasing the authorized capital of the joint-stock company (without changing the shareholder’s share of participation in this joint-stock company);

16) in the form of a positive difference resulting from the revaluation of precious stones when there was a change in in the prescribed manner price lists of estimated prices for precious stones;

17) in the form of amounts by which in the reporting (tax) period there was a decrease in the authorized (share) capital of the organization in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation;

18) in the form of the cost of materials and other property that were received during dismantling, disassembly during the liquidation of objects being taken out of service, destroyed in accordance with Art. 5 of the Chemical Weapons Convention and on their Destruction and Part 5 of the Verification Annex to the Chemical Weapons Convention;

19) in the form of the cost of reclamation and other agricultural facilities received by agricultural producers (including on-farm water pipelines, gas and electric networks), built at the expense of budgets of all levels;

20) in the form of property and (or) property rights that are received by organizations of the state reserve of special (radioactive) raw materials and fissile materials of the Russian Federation from operations with material assets of the state reserves of special (radioactive) raw materials and fissile materials and are aimed at the restoration and maintenance of these reserves ;

21) in the form of amounts of accounts payable of the taxpayer for the payment of taxes and fees, penalties and fines to budgets of various levels, written off and (or) reduced otherwise in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation or by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation;

22) in the form of property received free of charge by state and municipal educational institutions, as well as non-state educational institutions that have licenses to conduct educational activities and to conduct statutory activities.

Let us draw attention to the fact that the provisions of sub. 21 clause 1 art. 251 apply to legal relations arising from January 1, 2005;

23) in the form of fixed assets received by organizations included in the structure of the Russian Defense Sports and Technical Organization (ROSTO) (when transferred between two or more organizations included in the structure of ROSTO), used for the training of citizens in military-registration specialties, military- patriotic education of youth, development of aviation, technical and military-applied sports in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

24) in the form of a positive difference obtained during the revaluation of securities at market value;

25) in the form of amounts of restored reserves for the depreciation of securities (with the exception of reserves, the costs of creating which, in accordance with Article 300 of the Tax Code, previously reduced the tax base);

26) in the form of funds and other property that are received by unitary enterprises from the owner of the property of this enterprise or the body authorized by it;

27) in the form of property (including funds) and (or) property rights that are received by a religious organization in connection with the performance of religious rites and ceremonies and from the sale of religious literature and religious objects;

28) in the form of amounts received by universal service operators from the universal service reserve in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of communications;

29) in the form of property, including money, and (or) property rights that are received by the mortgage agent in connection with its statutory activities;

30) in the form of property (work, services) received by medical organizations carrying out medical activities in the compulsory health insurance system, from insurance organizations providing compulsory health insurance, at the expense of the reserve for financing preventive measures, used in the prescribed manner;

31) in the form of amounts of income from investing pension savings intended to finance the funded part of a labor pension, received by organizations acting as insurers for compulsory pension insurance;

32) in the form of capital investments in the form of inseparable improvements to the leased property made by the tenant;

33) income of shipowners received from the operation of ships registered in the Russian International Register of Ships. For the purposes of this chapter, the operation of ships registered in the Russian International Register of Ships means the use of such ships for the transportation of goods, passengers and their luggage and the provision of other services related to the said transportation, provided that the point of departure and (or) destination is located beyond outside the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as leasing of such vessels for the provision of such services.

This concludes our presentation and commentary on paragraph 1 of Art. 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation has been completed. Now, as stated earlier, let’s take a closer look at the second point regarding targeted revenues.

So, according to paragraph 2 of Art. 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation are also not taken into account when determining the tax base targeted revenues (except for targeted revenues in the form of excisable goods). These include targeted revenues from the budget to budget recipients and targeted revenues for the maintenance of non-profit organizations and the conduct of their statutory activities, received free of charge from other organizations and (or) individuals and used by these recipients for their intended purpose. At the same time, taxpayers who are recipients of these targeted revenues are required to keep separate records of income (expenses) received (produced) within the framework of targeted revenues.

To the specified target income for maintenance non-profit organizations and their conduct of statutory activities include:

1) entrance fees made in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on non-profit organizations, membership fee, share deposits, as well as donations recognized as such in accordance with Civil Code Russian Federation;

1.1) targeted revenues for the formation of the Russian Technological Development Fund, as well as other industry and inter-industry funds for financing research and development work, registered in the manner prescribed by the Federal Law “On Science and State Science and Technology Policy”;

2) property transferred to non-profit organizations by will in the order of inheritance;

3) amounts of funding from the federal budget, budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets, budgets of state extra-budgetary funds allocated for the implementation of the statutory activities of non-profit organizations;

4) funds and other property received for charitable activities;

5) the total contribution of the founders of non-state pension funds;

6) pension contributions to non-state pension funds, if at least 97% of them are allocated to the formation of pension reserves of a non-state pension fund;

6.1) pension savings, including insurance premiums for compulsory pension insurance, intended to finance the funded part of the labor pension in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

7) proceeds from owners to institutions created by them used for their intended purpose;

8) contributions from the bar chambers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the general needs of the Federal Chamber of Lawyers in the amount and manner determined by the All-Russian Congress of Lawyers; deductions from lawyers for the general needs of the bar association of the relevant subject of the Russian Federation in the amounts and in the manner determined by the annual meeting (conference) of lawyers of the bar association of that subject of the Russian Federation, as well as for the maintenance of the corresponding lawyer office, bar association or law bureau;

9) funds received by trade union organizations in accordance with collective agreements (agreements) for trade union organizations to carry out socio-cultural and other events provided for by their statutory activities;

10) funds used for their intended purpose received by ROSTO structural organizations from federal body executive authority authorized in the field of defense, and (or) other executive authority under the general agreement, as well as targeted contributions from organizations included in the structure of ROSTO, used in accordance with the constituent documents for the training in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation of citizens in military accounting specialties, military-patriotic education of youth, development of aviation, technical and military-applied sports;

11) property (including funds) and (or) property rights received by religious organizations to carry out their statutory activities;

12) funds received by a professional association of insurers created in accordance with Federal Law of April 25, 2002 N 40-FZ “On compulsory insurance civil liability of owners Vehicle", and which are intended for financing compensation payments, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on compulsory civil liability insurance of vehicle owners, for the formation of funds in accordance with the requirements of international systems of compulsory civil liability insurance of vehicle owners, to which the Russian Federation has joined, as well as funds received in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on compulsory insurance of civil liability of vehicle owners by the specified professional association of insurers in the form of amounts of compensation for compensation payments and expenses incurred in connection with the consideration of claims of victims for compensation payments.

For some time now, the subject has not been exhausted by the listed points. In accordance with the Federal Law of December 30, 2006 N 276-FZ, from January 1, 2008, paragraph 2 of Art. 251 supplemented with subparagraphs 13–15:

13) funds received by non-profit organizations for the formation of endowment capital, which is carried out in the manner established by the Federal Law “On the procedure for the formation and use of endowment capital of non-profit organizations”;

14) funds received by non-profit organizations - owners of endowment capital from management companies that carry out trust management of property constituting endowment capital, in accordance with the Federal Law “On the procedure for the formation and use of endowment capital of non-profit organizations”;

15) funds received by non-profit organizations from specialized endowment management organizations in accordance with the Federal Law “On the procedure for the formation and use of endowment capital of non-profit organizations”.

Let’s complete our acquaintance with Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation with an analysis and commentary on the small third paragraph. According to this paragraph, in the case of reorganization of legal entities, when determining the tax base, the value of property, property and non-property rights having a monetary value, and (or) obligations received (transferred) in the order of legal succession is not taken into account as part of the income of newly created, reorganized and reorganized entities. reorganization of legal entities that were acquired (created) by the reorganized entities before the date of completion of the reorganization.

The income structure proposed by law is reflected in the Chart of Accounts for accounting the financial and economic activities of organizations. To record income in the accounting of an enterprise, two accounts are used - 90 “Sales” and 91 “Other income and expenses” (note that the same accounts are used to record expenses, which will be discussed later: see Chapter 2).

Account 90 is synthetic, that is, it summarizes the results of sales operations. The credit of this account records sales revenue, from which the credit balance of sales profit is found. The amount of credit or debit balance debited monthly to account 99 “Profits and losses”. Account 90 is used to record the total revenue from the beginning of the year to the reporting date. Income accounted for in account 90 is always net revenue, in other words, income (revenue) reduced by the amount of excise taxes and similar deductions. Net revenue takes the following types: revenue from the sale of products and goods, for work and services performed, in the form of rent, in the form of dividends, in the form of royalties. Let's look at what has been said with an example.

Example No. 3

When preparing a quarterly report, the company determines the amount of income on the credit of account 90. For this purpose, the following is used primary documents. Firstly, contracts that justify the legality of certain operations for the sale of goods, works, services: (1) purchase and sale agreements, (2) supply agreements, (3) contract agreements, (4) service agreements (by type , including the contract of carriage, etc.). Since in this case the company supplies goods, it enters into three types of agreements, depending on the situation - 1 (purchase agreement), 2 (supply agreement) and 4 (transportation agreement).

Secondly, supporting documents are orders of the administration (management orders), thanks to which contracts acquire content and meaning for accounting. This includes, for example, a shipment order.

Thirdly, supporting documents are acts that record the fact of economic life, that is, in our case, the fact of shipment and delivery of goods to their destination. This includes various shipping invoices (mainly consignment note and consignment note - consignment note), as well as powers of attorney from a representative of the customer organization.

Based on the listed documents, it is established:

a) the amount of net revenue of 9,000 rubles from the sale of goods with pick-up, which is recorded in subaccount 90-1-1 “Revenue from the sale of goods” (second-order account in relation to subaccount 90-1 “Revenue”);

b) the amount of net revenue of 10,000 rubles from the sale of goods with delivery by the company’s vehicles, which is also recorded in subaccount 90-1-1 “Revenue from the sale of goods”;

c) the amount of net revenue is 1000 rubles for the provision of services for the transportation of goods not covered by the supply agreement, which is reflected in subaccount 90-1-2 “Revenue for services performed.”

Also, the company’s accountant, on the basis of the share certificate and the deposit acceptance certificate, records in subaccount 90-1-3 “Revenue in the form of dividends” the receipt of dividends in the amount of 4,000 rubles.

If the company has other sources of income in the form of revenue, the proceeds are recorded in other subaccounts. So, in our case, when renting vacant warehouse space, the company uses subaccount 90-1-4 “Revenue in the form of rent”, where it records the amount of 6,000 rubles.

In the debit of the account, the final entry for the quarter is 8,000 rubles. In this case, the balance turns out to be a credit balance, which means an income of 22,000 rubles (see Table 2)

table 2

Note that to find the balance of account 90, it is recommended to enter a special sub-account into the working chart of accounts, which will be called “Balance of profit (loss) from sales.” The credit balance on account 90, if any, means a positive financial result and indicates the amount of profit received before taxation. This result, as briefly mentioned earlier, is written off to subaccount 99-1 “Result from sales transactions,” which is credited. This lending allows you to find the amount of profit received in the reporting period (deduction of the financial result carried out in past periods).

Account 91 is intended to account for other income, i.e., income not related to revenue (non-operating in tax accounting terminology). For the credit of account 91 in the company’s working chart of accounts, it is advisable to highlight the following approximate subaccounts:

91-1 “Interest income”

91-2 “Income from participation in other organizations”

91-3 “Other miscellaneous receipts”

91-4 “Balance of other income and expenses”

In this case, account 91-3 (formerly called “Operating and non-operating expenses”, and now almost nameless) can be divided, if necessary, into a sufficient number of independent sub-accounts. For example, if an organization has to periodically sell its fixed assets and other assets to the outside, then the working chart of accounts of such a company will take the form: 91-1 “Income from interest”, 91-2 “Income from participation in other organizations”, 91-3 “ Income from the sale of assets" (in correspondence with account 62), 91-4 "Other other income", 91-5 "Balance of other income and expenses".

At the same time, the actively used separate subaccount 91-3 acquires a complex structure. For further detailing of the analytical information, it includes fourth-order subaccounts: 91-1-3-1 “Income from the sale and disposal of fixed assets”, 91-1-3-2 “Income from the sale of exclusive rights to intangible assets", 91-1-3-3 "Proceeds from the sale inventories", 91-1-3-4 "Income from the sale and redemption of securities", 91-1-3-5 "Income from the sale of currency", 91-1-3-6 "Other income from the sale of assets."

In the case where there is no need for such division, it is permissible to use third-order subaccounts in relation to account 91 in order to most fully display the structure of the subaccount “Other Miscellaneous Receipts” and accumulate a sufficient amount of analytical information about receipts not related to revenue. In this case, we have the following subaccounts: 91-1-1 “Rent”, 91-1-2 “Income from intellectual property”, 91-1-3 “Proceeds from the sale and disposal of property”, 91-1-4 “ Profit from joint activities", 91-1-5 "Restored estimated reserves", 91-1-6 "Other income".

Example No. 4

An accountant of a trading company, calculating the company's non-operating income for the past month, discovers the presence of income in the form of a penalty paid in the amount of 1,000 rubles, a car donated to the company worth 500 thousand rubles, as well as exchange rate differences that arose during the resale of euros with an original cost of 20 thousand rubles for 22 thousand rubles. These incomes are accounted for under the credit of subaccount 91-3 “Other miscellaneous income” (see Table 3).

Table 3

Information on accounts 90 and 91 is reflected in such a way that on its basis it is possible to fill in the corresponding items of the profit and loss statement.

1.3. Conditions for accepting an organization's income for accounting

The procedure for determining income and classification of income, taking into account the Regulations and the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, is fixed in the accounting policy of the enterprise. This need not be done if the constituent documents clearly indicate the types of activities that are core to the organization. If not, it is necessary to provide for this in the accounting policy. It should reflect the following:

income classification;

the procedure for recognizing the organization's revenue;

a method for determining the readiness of work, services, products, revenue from the implementation, provision, sale of which is recognized as readiness.

Classification of income. According to the Accounting Regulations, the organization independently recognizes receipts as income from ordinary or other receipts, based on the nature of its activities, the type of income and the conditions for their receipt. It is necessary to take into account the opinion of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. There are several letters that can be referred to when determining income from the main activity. If the constituent documents do not define the main activities, it is necessary to make reference to its value. If it is five percent or more, then the income is income from ordinary activities (letter N 04-05-11/71 dated September 24, 2001). If other income at the end of the year amounted to five percent or more, then they are included in the balance sheet according to Form N 20 in the amount of income from ordinary activities (letter N 04–05/11-69 dated August 3, 2000).

The procedure for recognizing the organization's revenue. To recognize revenue in accounting, five conditions listed in clause 12 of PBU 9/99 must be present:

The organization that received cash or other assets must have the right to receive the proceeds. This is confirmed by contract or other appropriate means;

the amount of revenue can be determined. The amount of revenue is equal to the amount of cash or other property received. If the amount of the received property is not specified in the contract or other documents, it is necessary to use the price of similar goods (work, services) sold under comparable conditions in terms of time, quantity, size. In particularly controversial cases, it is advisable to contact special organizations involved in the assessment of property rights. They issue an assessment conclusion, which is indisputable evidence when controversial issues with tax authorities;

there is confidence that a particular transaction will result in an increase in the economic benefits of the organization. Confidence that a particular transaction will result in an increase in the economic benefits of the organization exists when the organization received an asset in payment or there is no uncertainty regarding the receipt of assets;

the right of ownership (possession, use and disposal) of the product (goods) has passed from the organization to the buyer or the work has been accepted by the customer. If we are talking about property here, then the moment of transfer of ownership must be understood as state registration, unless otherwise provided by law. Regarding other things, transfer is recognized as the delivery of a thing to the acquirer (clause 1 of Article 224 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). In any case, the transfer of ownership must be documented: an act of re-letting of real estate, a certificate of state registration, invoices, invoices, waybills, certificate of completion of work (services), and so on. Source documents can be used both unified (standard) and created and approved by the organization;

the expenses that have been or will be incurred in connection with this operation can be determined.

If cash or other assets received by an organization as payment do not fulfill all five conditions, then they cannot be recognized as revenue. They are recognized as accounts payable.

The exception is revenue received from the following types of activities:

provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization’s assets;

provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property;

participation in the authorized capital of other organizations.

In these cases, the receipt of assets should be recognized as revenue when the first three points of the conditions for revenue recognition are met.

Difficulty in determining revenue may arise for enterprises with a long production cycle. Let's turn to clause 13 of PBU 9/99. Recognition of revenue in accounting will depend on the terms of the agreement concluded between the buyer (customer) and the seller (performer). If the contract provides for the stage-by-stage delivery of goods (work, services), then revenue will be recognized as the stages of work or services are completed. This must be documented: an act of completed work and services is drawn up, signed by each party, which, together with the accounting agreement, will be the basis for recognizing the received funds or assets as revenue. If the contract does not provide for stage-by-stage delivery of work or services, then revenue is recognized in accounting after completion of the work.

Revenue from the performance of specific work, the provision of a specific service, or the sale of a specific product is recognized upon completion, if it is possible to determine the readiness of the work or service. In relation to the work performed, the provision of services, and the manufacture of products that are different in nature and conditions, an organization may simultaneously apply different methods of revenue recognition in one reporting period.

1.4. Difficult cases of income accounting

Since we are talking about possible difficulties in using PBU, it is impossible not to mention several problematic cases that an accountant encounters in his activities when accounting for the income of an organization. Such difficult cases arise from the accounting tradition, which overly schematizes the process of changing the property of an enterprise.

In particular, by default it is assumed that a change in a company’s assets is invariably accompanied by a change in its liabilities, by analogy with changes in the “debit-credit” group (since assets and liabilities correspond to debit and credit, so in certain cases they can be identified, which is what does , for example, M.Yu. Medvedev). Since the change in debit (property) is equal to the change in credit (liabilities) of the corresponding account, it can be assumed that every change in assets is accompanied by a change in liabilities. But let’s look at the situation with the resale of assets using a specific example.

Example No. 5

Company A purchases some equipment at a price of 1 million rubles, but then, in conditions of predicted financial difficulties, promptly sells this equipment to company B at a price of 1.1 million rubles. Thus, the assets of company A increased by 100 thousand rubles (1.1–1 = 0.1 million rubles). Meanwhile, a change in assets as a result of resale does not entail a change in the volume of liabilities of this organization. Sources of property actually increased by the indicated amount, which is reflected in the entry in the credit of the Profit and Loss account.

The example reveals two fundamental errors. Firstly, it is impossible to completely identify credit and debit with assets and liabilities, respectively, despite their genetic affinity due to the principle double entry(although such a simplified scheme is popular in accounting, and in particular in balance sheet equations, property and costs are written on the left as a debit, and liabilities, capital and income on the right, as a credit). Secondly, even if we accept such an assumption, we must remember that not all liabilities are obligations, so it is more correct to call them sources of property.

The second difficult case of calculating income is that the same amount can be considered either as income or as an expense (Ya.V. Sokolov calls this accounting situation an accounting paradox). It is recommended to consider this paradox based on the principle of property isolation, since an approach to the interpretation of the facts of economic life is possible either from the point of view of the owner (owners) of the company, or from the point of view of the company itself.

Let us illustrate this with an example. Accountants tend to interpret the payment of dividends as part of the profit paid to shareholders. Accountants do this by adopting the principle of property separation, whereby they debit the profit and loss account, reducing profit. Withdrawal of profits is reflected in accounting as a credit to the accounts payable to the founders (usually).

Meanwhile, if we discard the principle of property isolation, these same dividends can be interpreted as a direct expense of the company, since there is a clear withdrawal by the owner of funds from the company with a concomitant decrease in its assets. The idea of dividends as expenses will seem all the more correct if we consider them in the form of interest paid for attracted funds from investors by analogy with bank loan. The company's management had a choice between a bank loan and the sale of its own shares: in the first case, the company would have to pay interest, and in the second, it pays dividends. So the essence of payments in both cases remains the same, for which reason it is permissible to include the payment of dividends as part of the company’s costs.

Here it is worth making a reservation and adding that in tax accounting, for profit tax purposes, any receipt into the property of a shareholder (participant) from an organization is recognized as income when distributing the profit remaining after taxation in proportion to the shareholder’s share in the authorized capital of this organization (for which see Article 43 Tax Code of the Russian Federation). As you can see, receiving dividends fits this characteristic. That is, if we have grounds to argue whether the payment of dividends is or is not an expense for the payer, then we know for sure that the legislation recognizes the receipt of dividends as income of the participant.

Based on the paradox considered, we can conclude that when the point of view changes - “from the owner to the company” or “from the company to the owner” - the qualification of the fact of economic life also changes.

1.5. Accounting entries related to income accounting

The most important entries are provided with brief comments. Accounting accounts are arranged in the manner prescribed by the current Chart of Accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of enterprises (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 N 94n).

Debit 07 – Credit 91-1

– equipment that was not previously accounted for in the organization’s accounting records and was identified during the inventory was capitalized. The basis for making the posting is: Form N INV-26 “Statement of records of results identified by inventory”, etc.

Debit 08 – Credit 91-1

– during the inventory, material assets were identified and capitalized to be accounted for as part of investments in non-current assets. The basis for making the posting is: Form N INV-26 “Statement of records of results identified by inventory”, etc.

Debit 08 – Credit 98-2

– equipment (fixed asset item) was received free of charge. The basis for making the posting is: agreement for the gratuitous transfer of a fixed asset object, Form N OS-1 “Acceptance and transfer certificate of a fixed asset object”. The commissioning of equipment is recorded by the posting: “Debit 01 – Credit 08”.

Debit 10 – Credit 91-1

– materials identified during the inventory and not previously accounted for in the accounting accounts have been capitalized. The basis for making the posting are: Form N INV-19 “Comparison sheet of the results of the inventory of inventory items”, Form N INV-26 “Statement of the results identified by the inventory”.

Deb et 10 – Credit 91-1

– those materials that remained after the write-off of fixed assets or other property of the organization were capitalized.

Debit 11 – Credit 91-1

– animals identified during the inventory that were not previously accounted for in the accounting accounts were capitalized. The basis for making the posting is: the animal and poultry record sheet, form N INV-26 “Statement of the results identified by the inventory”.

Debit 20 – Credit 91-1

– surplus work in progress discovered during the inventory of the main production was capitalized. The basis for making the posting are: Form N INV-19 “Comparison sheet of the results of the inventory of inventory items”, Form N INV-26 “Statement of the results identified by the inventory”.

Debit 21 – Credit 91-1

– the surplus of semi-finished products of own production, identified during the inventory, was capitalized.

Debit 29 – Credit 91-1

– during the inventory of service industries, excess work in progress was identified.

Debit 41 – Credit 91– 1

– included in other income is the surplus of goods and packaging identified during inventory. The basis for making the posting is: Form N INV-26 “Statement of records of results identified by inventory”, etc.

Debit 43 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is the surplus of finished products identified during the inventory process. The basis for making the posting is: Form N INV-26 “Statement of records of results identified by inventory”, etc.

Debit 45 – Credit 91-1

– the surplus of finished products (goods) identified during the inventory that were shipped to customers was taken into account as part of other income. The basis for making the posting is: Form N INV-4 “Act of Inventory of Inventory Assets Shipped”, etc.

Debit 46 – Credit 90 -1

– revenue was received from the implementation of the completed stage of work, which was accepted by the customer.

Debit 50 – Credit 62

– the buyer of the product (goods) transfers payment for these products in cash. The basis for making the posting are: PKO, cash book, etc.

Debit 50 – Credit 62

– the buyer made an advance in cash for the upcoming delivery of finished products (goods) / performance of work / provision of services. In this case, the return of an advance in cash previously received from the buyer is reflected using the posting “Debit 62 – Credit 50”.

Debit 50 – Credit 90-1

– cash received for sold products (goods, works, services) to the organization’s cash desk.

Debit 50 – Credit 91-1

– the cash desk received funds from the sale of other property of the organization, as well as other income.

Debit 50 – Credit 91-1

– positive exchange rate difference on cash foreign currency is included in other income.

Debit 51 – Credit 62

– the buyer of the product (goods) transfers payment for these products to a bank account. The basis for making the posting is: Bank statement, payment order upon receipt to the account, a supporting document (copy of the invoice for payment).

Debit 51 – Credit 62

– the buyer made an advance payment to the bank account for the upcoming delivery of finished products (goods)/performance of work/provision of services. In this case, the return of the advance previously received from the buyer from the current account is reflected using the posting “Debit 62 – Credit 51”.

Debit 51 – Credit 90-1

– funds for sold products (goods, works, services) have been transferred to the organization’s bank account.

Debit 51 – Credit 91-1

Debit 51 – Credit 98-1

– non-cash funds were credited to the current account as deferred income.

Debit 52 – Credit 62

– the buyer of the product (goods) transfers payment for these products in foreign currency to a foreign currency account in the bank.

Debit 52 – Credit 62

– the buyer made an advance payment to a foreign currency account at the bank for the upcoming delivery of finished products (goods)/performance of work/provision of services. In this case, the return of an advance previously received from the buyer from a foreign currency account is reflected using the posting “Debit 62 – Credit 52”.

Debit 52 – Credit 90-1

– funds in foreign currency were received (for products, goods, works or services sold) to the organization’s foreign currency account.

Debit 52 – Credit 91-1

– funds from the sale of other property, as well as other income, were transferred to the foreign currency account.

Debit 52 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is a positive exchange rate difference in foreign currency in the organization’s foreign currency bank account.

Debit 55 – Credit 62

– the buyer of the product (goods) transfers payment for these products to a special bank account.

Debit 55 – Credit 62

– the buyer made an advance payment to a special bank account for the upcoming delivery of finished products (goods) / performance of work / provision of services. In this case, the return of an advance previously received from the buyer from a special account is reflected using the posting “Debit 62 – Credit 55”.

Debit 55 – Credit 91-1

– funds from the sale of other property, as well as other income, were credited to the current account.

Debit 58 – Credit 98-2

– securities received free of charge are capitalized. The basis for making the transaction are: transfer agreement, securities certificates.

Debit 60 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is the amount of outstanding accounts payable due to the expiration of the statute of limitations or impossibility of collection.

Debit 60 – Credit 91-1

– the positive exchange rate difference on receivables from suppliers in foreign currency is included in other income.

Debit 61 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is the amount of outstanding advance received from buyers due to the expiration of the statute of limitations.

Debit 62 – Credit 46

– the cost of the stages of work performed, paid by the customer, is written off. Wiring is carried out upon completion of all work.

Debit 62 – Credit 90-1

– revenue received from the sale of products (goods, works, services).

Debit 62 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is a positive exchange rate difference on accounts receivable from customers in foreign currency.

Debit 66 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is debt not repaid on time short term loan(loan) due to the expiration of the statute of limitations. The basis for making the posting is: loan agreement(loan agreement), form N INV-17 “Act of inventory of settlements with buyers, suppliers and other debtors and creditors.”

Debit 66 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is a positive exchange rate difference on a short-term loan (loan) in foreign currency. The basis for making the posting is: credit agreement (loan agreement).

Debit 67 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is debt on a long-term loan (loan) not repaid within the established period due to the expiration of the statute of limitations. The basis for making the posting is: credit agreement (loan agreement), form N INV-17 “Act of inventory of settlements with buyers, suppliers and other debtors and creditors.”

Debit 67 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is a positive exchange rate difference on a long-term loan (loan) in foreign currency. The basis for making the posting is: credit agreement (loan agreement).

Debit 71 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income due to the expiration of the statute of limitations, debt to the accountable person that was not repaid within the prescribed period. The basis for making the posting is: advance report.

Debit 71 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is a positive exchange rate difference on debt in foreign currency to an accountable entity that was not repaid on time due to the expiration of the statute of limitations. The basis for making the posting is: advance report.

Debit 73-1 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income are interest accrued on loans provided to employees of the organization.

Debit 73-2 – Credit 98-4

– the difference between the price of missing valuables recovered from the guilty parties and their value at which they appear in the documents is taken into account.

Debit 75 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is a positive exchange rate difference on debt to the participant (founder) in foreign currency.

Debit 76 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is the positive exchange rate difference on debt to third parties in foreign currency.

Debit 76 – Credit 98-1

– accrued income for future periods that is due to be received from other organizations.

Debit 76-2 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income are the amounts of recognized (awarded) penalties, fines and penalties that were accrued for violations of business contracts. The basis for making the posting is: a business agreement, a decision to award a fine, etc.

Debit 76-3 – Credit 90-1

– included in the proceeds from the sale of the amount of dividends and income on securities ( financial investments). The posting is made if the receipt of such income is normal look activities of the organization. The basis for making the posting is: a report on accrued and paid (used) dividends on shares of the enterprise (joint stock company).

Debit 76-3 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income are accrued amounts of dividends that are due to be received by the organization.

Debit 76-4 – Credit 91-1

– deposited amounts are included in other income due to the expiration of the limitation period during which they are subject to collection.

Debit 79-3 – Credit 90-1

– included in sales revenue are income from the provision of property for trust management (in the accounting of the management founder). The posting is made if the receipt of such income is an ordinary activity of the organization.

Debit 79-3 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income are those incomes that were received from the provision of property for trust management (in the accounting of the management founder).

Debit 81 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is the difference between the nominal value of own shares and the actual costs of their acquisition. The basis for making an entry is: the securities register, a report on the results of the issue of securities.

Debit 86 – Credit 98-2

– funds for targeted financing are included in deferred income in accordance with the target financing agreement.

Debit 90-2 – Credit 11

– the cost of animals sold is written off. The posting is carried out if the sale of animals is a normal activity of the organization. The basis for making the posting is: Form N SP-46 “Act of transfer (sale), purchase of livestock and poultry under contracts”, etc.

Debit 90-2 – Credit 20

– the cost of work (services) sold is written off. The basis for making the posting is: the cost accounting sheet.

Debit 90-2 – Credit 21

– the cost of sold semi-finished products of own production is written off.

Debit 90-2 – Credit 23

– the cost of sold finished products (works, services) of auxiliary production is written off.

Debit 90-2 – Credit 26

– general business expenses are written off.

Debit 90-2 – Credit 29

– the cost of sold work (services) in servicing production is written off.

Debit 90-2 – Credit 40

– the cost of sold finished products is written off when accounting for it at standard (planned) cost.

Debit 90-2 – Credit 41

– the cost of goods sold is written off.

Debit 90-2 – Credit 43

– the cost of finished products sold is written off.

Debit 90-2 – Credit 44

– expenses for the sale of products (goods) are written off.

Debit 90-2 – Credit 45

– the cost of products (goods) previously shipped to customers is written off.

Debit 96 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income of the organization are the amounts of the created reserve for future expenses that were not used during the reporting period.

Debit 98-1 – Credit 90-1

– included in the revenue received are income from deferred periods (at the onset of the period to which they relate).

Debit 98-1 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income are those incomes of future periods that relate to the current period.

Debit 98-1 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is the difference between the placement price of bonds and their nominal value (evenly throughout the circulation period).

Debit 98-2 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is the amount of depreciation accrued on gratuitously received fixed assets and intangible assets.

Debit 98-2 – Credit 91-1

– included in other income is the cost of inventory items received free of charge and released into production.

Debit 98-4 – Credit 91-1

– the employee of the organization repaid the debt for the shortfall (in terms of the excess of the amount subject to collection over the book value of lost or damaged valuables), which was identified in the past reporting periods(before the reporting year). The basis for making the posting is: judgment about the guilt of the employee, an act on the identified deficiency.

Debit 98-4 – Credit 91-1

– the employee of the organization repaid the debt for the shortfall (in terms of the excess of the amount subject to collection over the book value of lost or damaged valuables). The basis for making the posting are: a court decision on the guilt of the employee, an act on the identified shortage.

Accounting and tax accounting: what is the difference? Accounting for other income Organizational income types, recognition procedure.

Accounting Regulations Income of the organization PBU 9/99

I. General provisions

II. Income from ordinary activities

III. Other supply

IV. Revenue recognition

V. Disclosure of information in financial statements

Definition of accounting and tax accounting and the purpose of their application

Main differences between accounting and tax accounting

Differences in income recognition in accounting and tax accounting

Features of income recognition in tax and accounting

1. The classification of income in accounting in some cases differs from the classification of income generated in tax accounting

2. The list of income that is not generated when determining the tax base for income tax is somewhat broader than the list of income that should not be taken into account in accounting

3. The date of recognition of income for accounting purposes may differ from the date of recognition for tax accounting purposes.

Differences in recognition of expenses in accounting and tax accounting

Depreciation in accounting and tax accounting: differences

I. General provisions

II. Income from ordinary activities

III. Other supply

IV. Revenue recognition

V. Disclosure of information in financial statements

Conditions for recognizing revenue from ordinary activities in accounting

Other income in accounting

Classification of income in tax accounting

1.2. Types of income in accordance with PBU 9/99

1.3. Conditions for accepting an organization's income for accounting

1.4. Difficult cases of income accounting

1.5. Accounting entries related to income accounting

Accounting Regulations
Income of the organization
PBU 9/99