If only the calculations of the minimum allowable price made by the entrepreneur show a clear profitability of the implementation of such a project, then he takes further steps to prepare for the implementation of such a project. Profitability is determined by the excess of the expected market price over the estimated production costs, as well as the amount of capital invested.

The capital of any enterprise is divided into fixed and circulating.

The ratio between fixed and working capital is different in different industries, for example, for a trading company specializing in the sale of refrigerators, televisions, video and audio equipment, it is 10 times higher than for a flower shop with the same turnover.

Some activities (for example, street entrepreneurship) do not require the presence of fixed capital. A boy who sells newspapers at a car crossroads does not need fixed capital, all his capital is circulating. However, the owner of a stationary newspaper kiosk needs both working capital and fixed capital.

Structure calculation example initial capital(in monetary units) is given below.

Main capital
Building Office equipment Workshop equipment Machine tools, devices, tools Motor transport	600 000 200 000 200 000 500 000 300 000
Main capital
Raw material (stock) Inventory (in stock) Buyer debt Cash balance Funds in a bank account	200 000 150 000 50 000 10 000 500 000
Total(total capital requirement)

The prices shown in the capital structure are notional. When planning the project implementation process, the entrepreneur should make a preliminary assessment of the required funds.

Based on a preliminary assessment of the need for initial capital, the entrepreneur draws up a specific investment plan, that is, a reasonable (taking into account the prices in force at the time the plan was drawn up) and thoughtful (based on a comparative analysis of the forms and ways of investing) a plan for investing money in the implementation of the project.

An example of an investment plan (in monetary units) for organizing a children's toy business is shown below.

In drawing up this plan, we proceeded from the following preconditions:

An entrepreneur is always faced with the task of analyzing the ratio of costs and income. Of course, during the period of formation, this task for the entrepreneur is of particular importance, since then minimization of expenses and maximization of income are important. This is what the entrepreneur pays primary attention to at the stage of both preliminary calculations and the implementation of an entrepreneurial project.

At the stage of preliminary calculations, the entrepreneur is usually concerned with finding the most economical way to obtain everything necessary for organizing the production process. How is this achieved?

First, it is carried out comparative analysis all possible options for obtaining everything necessary to start the practical implementation of the project. Suppose you are planning to open your own enterprise and you need a room to house your production.

Imagine the most ideal situation when there are several proposals:

1. You can buy a suitable building for 800 thousand monetary units (total area 1200 sq. m.) and for 950 thousand monetary units (total area 1450 sq. m.);

2. You can rent a building with a rent of 60 thousand monetary units per year;

3. You can place production in the provided building with the transfer of 30% of the goods produced to the owner of the building.

Which option to choose? It may seem strange at first glance, but you can stop at option 1 - buy a building that costs 950 thousand monetary units. The total area of ​​the acquired building is 1450 sq. m. m, our needs are about 1000 sq. m. Therefore, in this case, the excess area is 450 square meters. m, which can be leased to a foreign company with the condition of a rent of $ 300 per 1 sq. m. m per year, i.e., the income will be 135 thousand dollars. This means that after a year (or even much earlier, subject to prepayment by the tenant), you can fully return the loan. True, this will cause additional capital expenditures for the repair of premises for their transfer under a lease agreement to a foreign partner.

If it is not possible to take a significant loan to purchase a building, then we should agree to option 2. But the landlord may require an advance payment, and if we cannot make it, then we are left with option 3. Of course, this option is onerous, but nevertheless it makes it possible to proceed with the implementation of the project without any significant initial investment of capital.

So we analyze all the positions of the investment plan and try to choose not only the most economical, but also the method that is possible for us to form the necessary production structure.

Secondly, in the conditions of Russia, the formation of initial entrepreneurial capital has its own characteristics associated with the unwillingness of society to assist in the implementation of socially significant entrepreneurial projects. In such a situation, the formation of initial entrepreneurial capital can be carried out on the basis of concepts of the mechanism of hidden partnerships, the content of which is reduced to following points:

1) an entrepreneurial project for the production of a specific product is being developed; .

2) the project is divided into main parts;

3) orders are placed with partners for the production of individual parts and components of the product;

4) partners, as parts and components are manufactured, deliver them to the entrepreneur;

5) the entrepreneur assembles from parts and components received from partners;

6) the entrepreneur packs and labels the goods;

7) the entrepreneur delivers goods ready for consumption to the consumer (sales agent) and receives funds from him for the goods sold;

8) having received money for the sold goods, the entrepreneur pays off with his partners - suppliers of individual parts and components of the goods.

Let's consider one possible example. Suppose you have developed a new type of sugar bowl, which is a truncated cone with a screw top lid. A hollow (for pouring sugar) metal tube is mounted in the lid, 1 cm short of the bottom. The consumer pours sugar into the sugar bowl and screws the lid. When the lid opens, a dosed amount of sugar is poured into a cup of tea or coffee (if necessary, the procedure can be repeated, and then you will get a double dose of sugar). We will not talk about the advantages of a sugar bowl - this is a separate issue.

The entrepreneur first conducts marketing research, finds out whether there will be a demand for such a product on the market and what price can be offered for it. Suppose that with the price of such a sugar bowl of 35 monetary units, the demand could be about 10 thousand pieces. Next, the components of this product are highlighted, the production of which could be outsourced. In our case, we can think about placing (with different manufacturers) orders for the production of a sugar bowl body (in the form of a truncated cone), a lid with a hollow tube built into it for pouring sugar, and a packaging box. After that, possible partners are selected who can undertake the manufacture of each of the selected components, the necessary technical documentation is prepared for its transfer to future partners, and contracts are concluded with them for their production and supply. Under agreements with your partners, you receive the ordered components from them and independently assemble, pack the goods and deliver them to the market.

The production of goods under such conditions can be carried out with almost zero capital, since there are no costs for the acquisition (or rental) of production facilities and everything necessary for production. Capital will be needed (very little) to equip only the premises for assembly and storage of products. However, this is possible only if the partners - manufacturers of components do not require prepayment, but produce the goods on the terms of subsequent payment "after the fact", i.e. they supply you with their goods on credit (the loan term can be very short, up to 1 month) .

If manufacturers require prepayment, then there is still the possibility of obtaining a loan from your sales agent who will sell your product. This credit can be used by you for settlements with partners - manufacturers of components. If your sales agent does not give you a loan, then there is still the possibility of obtaining bank loan(especially since you will not apply for too much). In any case, we can conclude that the use of the concept of the mechanism of hidden partnerships under certain conditions can be a good way out of the difficult situation in which the entrepreneur finds himself.

The concept of the mechanism of hidden partnerships includes another option, which is the possibility of generating initial capital through the assumption of certain partnership obligations. Basically, in the conditions of Russia, such obligations are reduced to the performance of intermediary functions.

For example, your Ukrainian partner asks you to purchase 100,000 video cassettes for him in Moscow. You expose him to the condition of prepayment and negotiate the price - say, 16 rubles. for one cassette (the amount of payment to your address will be 1.6 million rubles). However, before setting these conditions for him, you negotiate with the supplier of video cassettes on the terms of their delivery and make preliminary calculations.

Suppose your Moscow partner (supplier, owner of cassettes) agrees to supply you with cassettes at a price of 15 rubles. for 1 piece In this case, your profit will be 0.1 million rubles. - the amount that can be the basis for the formation of initial capital.

• 1 How to compose investment business plan
• 2 Business plan of the investment project
  • 2.1 What is a business plan for an investment project?
  • 2.2 How to write an investment business plan?
  • 2.3 How do investors evaluate the business plan?
• 3 How to draw up a business plan for an investment project
  • 3.1 General requirements to the business plan
  • 3.2 Structure of the investment project
• 4 Business plan investment plan
  • 4.1 Structure of the investment plan
  • 4.2 Investment plan on the example of a grocery store
  • 4.3 Other examples of the investment section of a business plan

What is the article about:

How to write an investment business plan

This part of the document provides information about the company and its activities.

The investor analyzes the information and decides whether the upcoming investment will be successful. The section indicates the initial data on production and financing.

On its basis, conclusions can be drawn about the advantages and disadvantages of the project.

Specify:

• business goals;
• reasons for starting a business;
• form of organization;
• founders, managers, investors.

Information about the goods produced by the company or services (general information). It can be production, service, retail sales, distribution and other areas.

1. The company's product or service.

This is one of the main sections of the business plan of the investment project. The section includes a full description of the service or product, an analysis of competitive advantages and disadvantages.

Product Description:

• name of the manufacturer;
• range of services and products (full list);
• cost of sales, planned profit;
• buyers of a service or product;
• use of patents or proprietary rights;
• strategic capabilities of the company;
• product upgrade (if necessary), use of new technologies;
• planning changes in the range of goods, cost of sales and other solutions.

Information is necessary to assess the investment attractiveness of a particular region. The advantages (disadvantages) of the location are also considered in terms of such factors as proximity to raw materials, energy resources, human resources, sales markets, etc.

A thorough assessment of the industry in which the business operates is carried out. It is necessary to talk about bypassing competitors, a rapidly growing market and other factors.

The project must be favorable for investment. Competitors, their strengths and weaknesses are determined.

Information about the main suppliers of products is considered.

Basic information in this section:

• the size and nature of competition in the industry;
• description of the strengths and weaknesses of the main competitors;
• financial position of competitors;
• difficulties of entry and development of entrepreneurship;
• use of innovations;
• legislative regulation;
• economic trends;
• the volume of sales in the industry in recent years;
• information on the number of new firms and their decisions;
• introduction of new products.

1. The production cycle of the company.

This section describes the material and technical means for the production of products or the provision of services. The release of new products requires planning and description of the production process.

Key elements of the production section:

• manufacturing process: mechanical processes, costs, etc. (copies of contracts attached);
• ways to control the quality of products;
• purchasing policy of the company;
• raw material costs;
• suppliers of materials (names, addresses, conditions);
• premises (purchase or lease);
• production capacities (cost, location, area);
• necessary equipment and costs for the purchase, rental or leasing of equipment;
• personnel: number, qualification level, skills, salary, organization of personnel training and cost.

1. Product (service) release security

It is necessary to determine whether it is realistic to achieve the planned volume of output and the efficiency of locating the enterprise in a particular region. The investor evaluates whether the output of the product will be provided by the types of raw materials, materials and resources used. The vulnerability of the investment project is determined.

The main components of the section: marketing strategy:

• market analysis, forecasting its development for the coming years;
• the purpose of opening the enterprise;
• planned sales volumes;
• marketing campaign strategies;
• the market price of a good or service;
• methods of marketing products;
• ways to increase sales;
• advertising campaign to promote the product;
• marketing planning;
• methods and timing of the marketing campaign.

Company management

Investment project business plan

The current pace of technology development and globalization necessitate the fast and high-quality organization of your own business.

Most often it is impossible to develop a certain project without appropriate capital investments, and in such cases, investments come to the rescue.

IN modern world investment projects are a kind of guarantor of a significant increase in the competitiveness of the enterprise and its final market value.

An investment project is a set of all documentation that characterizes a specific project from the very beginning (idea) to the final implementation (achievement of business performance indicators defined in the documents). As a rule, such a project covers several stages of implementation - pre-investment, direct investment, the stage of operation and liquidation.

Most often, investment projects are those that provide for the need for capital investments with subsequent business income.

Projects vary depending on the given object, the speed of the task, and the size of the capital investment.

This includes the creation of new legal entities and their divisions, and the involvement of the necessary technical means, and the release of new goods and services, and the reconstruction of the business.

At the level of a certain production, innovative projects are most often carried out, which are a set of innovations necessary for continuous improvement. economic system. By using investment projects it is possible to realize the strategic objectives of production. Note that most of these projects are long-term and high-risk.

Detailed technical and economic justification the need for investment is set out in the relevant plan.

The business plan of an investment project has such a characteristic as the formation and presentation of an idea to investors, which is carefully developed and substantiated in the plan, and in practice is implemented through the necessary investments.

What is a business plan for an investment project?

A business plan for an investor is an economic and technical justification for the need for investment.

It is mandatory to provide an analysis of the effectiveness of the complex of measures under consideration, an assessment of the validity and necessity of investments and the resolution of problems that arise during the direct implementation and use of the idea.

In other words, the business plan of an investment project is a logical and structured justification for the need and expediency of injecting investor funds into a particular business.

A business plan is created to motivate the following positions:

1. The degree of stability and economic liquidity of the project.
2. The possibility of obtaining funds, in case of liquidation of the project - their return.
3. Proposals for the organization of joint productions.
4. The need for a set of measures provided within the framework of support from state bodies.
5. Orientation in the further development of the project being implemented.

A business plan is the most important package of documents for both potential creditors and the businessman himself. The possibility of implementing the idea and its further economic viability directly depends on the preparation of the plan.

How to write an investment business plan?

The development of a business plan for an investment project provides for an accurate, complete, competent and structured presentation of all material that comprehensively characterizes the business model offered to investors. The text must be as light as possible and contain clear and reliable information for contributors.

When drawing up a plan, the following principles should be followed:

1. Reliability and accuracy of information.
2. Avoidance of incorrect formulations, as well as expressions that carry a double, contradictory understanding of the situation.
3. Using enough numbers, facts and information to provide a rationale for all actions at each step of the project.
4. Use of concise and strictly necessary data.
5. Avoid informational data that overemphasizes the benefits and overlooks the project's existing weaknesses.

It should be noted that only a concise and justified position, fixed in the created project, can attract potential investors.

If the business plan contains unnecessary details, an array of technical terminology, or deliberately false information, the entrepreneur will not be able to receive funds from investors.

The structure of the business plan for an investment project includes two parts: an introduction (a brief summary of the entire business plan, which investors will first read) and the main part. In turn, the main part provides for the following structure:

1. general characteristics enterprise and the proposed strategy for its development.
2. Description of goods or services. Also, this point of the plan is called "Characteristics of the industry." In this case, consider general position the entire industry in the market and the position of the enterprise (sold goods and services) in particular. At this stage, the already offered product or service is considered, which is compared with the product or service offered after the investment.
3. Marketing strategy, consideration of potential markets. The key points aimed at achieving high sales volumes and optimal ways of bringing goods and services to the consumer are considered in detail;
4. Production and organizational plan (may be in separate sections). The existing technical base, which allows to produce products, as well as the existing organizational order at the enterprise, is considered.
5. Plan of technical and economic implementation of the project. A plan is brought to the knowledge of investors with the possibility of selling the declared quantity of products based on the existing material base.
6. Investment plan.
7. Forecasts regarding further financial and economic activities.
8. Reasonable indicators of potential effectiveness. In this case, the entrepreneur justifies the effectiveness of his own idea, which requires the funds of investors. In other words, the entrepreneur must convince potential investors that his idea is really capable of making a profit.
9. Risk assessments. The main problems that an enterprise may face at any stage of production and sale of products or services are considered.
10. legal plan.
11. Information about the person who developed the project.

The stages of implementation of the investment project within the framework of this structure are also considered. In other words, the business plan contains not only a description of the business idea in sections, but also the possibility of step-by-step implementation, from development to the actual implementation of the idea in practice.

The business plan of an investment project is official documentation and is carried out in accordance with the requirements set by investors.

How do investors evaluate a business plan?

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the plan is characterized by a set of indicators that represent the ratio of investment to the results obtained. Taking into account the existing types of investors, three types of indicators are considered:

• Financial performance indicators, including actual financial implications for investors.
• Performance indicators for the existing budget, in the case of capital investments from budgets within the city, region or state.
• Performance indicators for economic factors, including all kinds of costs (such that are not the direct interests of investors).

In addition to the above indicators, environmental and social performance indicators can also be taken into account. Enterprises that are only planning to enter the market and further consolidate on it, the main indicator is financial efficiency.

Note that the business plan of the investment project is evaluated according to the following indicators:

1. Payback speed.
2. Business profitability index.
3. Net income from doing business.
4. Internal indicators of the rate of return.

The feasibility of a certain amount of investment is determined by the ratio of the received net profit and the amount of capital that is invested in the organization of the enterprise.

Based on the calculations, investors decide whether it is advisable to invest in the business the amount of money that the entrepreneur requires.

We examined an example of a business plan for an investment project on the main points that are necessary for the successful implementation of an idea in practice.

Note that the entrepreneur must strictly adhere to the entire business plan, starting with the consideration of the industry and current position enterprises in the market (if any) before estimating the maximum return that investors will receive after the investment. It must be remembered that contributors are people who are only interested in your business in terms of profitability. That is why all the actions considered in the business plan should be aimed at solving this primary task. Proper implementation of the plan will ensure actual success for the business.

Key indicators of efficiency and attractiveness of investment projects.

What is this body and how does it work in large companies. Differences between an investment policy council and a committee.

Calculation of net worth, payback period and investment project efficiency index.

Criteria for the effectiveness of investment projects in terms of money.

How to write a business plan for an investment project

The business plan of the investment project contains the main advantages of the proposed project and the rationale for its economic feasibility.

General requirements for a business plan

Starting a business or expanding an existing business usually requires an investment project in the format of a business plan.

Investment projects can be implemented for various purposes, but their main task is to make a profit from investing in different business areas.

They can be implemented in different formats: the opening of a new enterprise, the launch of innovative products, the introduction of new equipment into the production process, or the reconstruction and re-equipment of production.

Projects can be classified on various grounds:

• by execution time: for long-term, medium- and short-term;
• according to the degree of risk, reliable and high-risk;
• by localization: global and local;
• in the direction of activity: social, environmental and commercial, etc.

The business plan should contain the basic advantages of the project, especially its profitability and economic prospects, compliance with market needs and legal framework in the state, its qualitative advantages over analogues and differences from competitors. After all, a business plan is usually developed for credit institutions and investors. Largely based on the submitted document, they will make a decision on the allocation Money and their volume.

The business plan must provide justification for the amount requested from creditors. In the financial plan, calculations should also be given, taking into account payments on the principal debt and the amount of accrued interest.

Despite the fact that potential lenders will study the business plan of the investment project, you should not deliberately embellish the merits of the enterprise and give deliberately inflated figures.

This, on the contrary, can cause a loss of confidence in the company. In addition to the reliability of the information provided, there are other important requirements for an investment project.

So, it should be presented in an accessible form (taking into account the fact that it can be read by people who are not professionals in the technical part), have a logical relationship and be distinguished by the integrity of information, contain only important information.

Investment project structure

The business plan of an investment project does not have a regulated structure. But the business environment has already developed its own unspoken rules in relation to the potential content of the document.

At the beginning of the document, information about the company that initiates the project is usually placed. It demonstrates the experience and success of the team.

This section allows you to get acquainted with the company and its type of activity, learn about the company's place in the domestic and foreign markets, make sure the team is professional, the sales and logistics network is well-established, understand the strategic direction of development, etc.

Therefore, important requirements for this section are persuasiveness and accessibility. Usually, a project summary is compiled at the very end, after all the calculations have been made.

The next section contains a general description of the industry in which the investment project is being implemented.

It is compiled on the basis of market research conducted by the company or external analysts.

It usually includes such indicators as market volume and dynamics (retrospectively and predictively), the ratio of market capacity and actual demand (market saturation level), competitive environment and the chosen strategy for detuning from competitors, analysis of consumer preferences, identification of unsatisfied demand, development trends industries, what factors affect demand indicators (PEST analysis), etc.

The Project Essence section should contain the main goals and objectives of the project.

Of particular importance is the description of the proposed product or service, what will be their key advantages over competitors, the uniqueness and usefulness of the product.

Here, a detailed analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the product and possible solutions to these problematic points should be carried out.

Based on the information provided, the target audience of the product is described, conclusions are drawn regarding the potential place of the product on the market.

The investment project must also contain a description of the marketing, sales and pricing policy, i.e. by what methods the desired sales volumes will be achieved (for example, due to a more competitive price or a comprehensive service).

In the production plan, an objective assessment of possible risks and methods of insurance should be carried out.

It contains a description of the equipment that is planned to be used, its capacities and advantages.

This will serve as confirmation that the company is capable of producing the declared volumes of products.

The organizational plan contains a description of the team that will be involved in the work on the project.

One of the most important sections of the project is the financial plan, which contains key financial indicators and distribution cash flows in time.

The financial plan should be brought in accordance with three scenarios: optimistic, baseline and pessimistic. Here you need to provide calculations of the payback period of investments, the yield index, net present value and internal rate of return.

The project should include coverage of the legal aspects of the projects: what permits and licenses are needed, whether there is a patent for the development, etc.

business plan investment plan

» Articles » Drawing up a Business Plan » Investment plan

Among all sections of the business plan:

the investment section in the business plan is the part that describes the investment phase of the project.

Structure of the investment plan

It should be emphasized that in the investment section of any business plan, it is necessary to describe the following points:

• All stages of the so-called investment phase (establishment of the legal framework of the project, purchase of land, premises, repair or construction of premises, installation and commissioning of equipment);
• The timing of the necessary work according to the specified stages - it is described when the payment for the purchase of equipment or premises is made for the first time, the timing of the delivery and installation of equipment, the timing of the repair. This is usually done in the form of a Gantt chart, which can be built using Microsoft Project;
• A list of the necessary equipment and its capacity, tools, materials, the planned time for their purchase and delivery to the facility;
• Events, programs, courses dedicated to the organization of personnel work and training of employees;
• Costs for each stage of the investment phase, schedule and amounts investment spending(payments to suppliers, builders, for real estate, contractors, advances for raw materials and finished products);
• Plan for bringing the project to the planned capacity - a schedule for the output is built as a percentage of the maximum capacity of the enterprise;
• List of potential investors, creditors and other sources of capital required for the implementation of the project.

In general, any investment program implies the calculation of all necessary investments in the project, the mention of key cost items in stages, as well as a description of existing funds and sources of capital and the total amount of necessary investments.

Investment plan on the example of a grocery store

As part of the business plan, it is planned to open a U Doma format grocery store in a city with a population of over 1 million people.

The store is planned to be opened in a residential area of ​​the city under construction, where at the moment there is still no similar outlet.

To open a store, a room is purchased in a building under construction on the ground floor with an area of ​​300 sq.m. The cost of the premises is 30 million rubles.

Before purchasing a retail space, a new legal entity will be created and a license for the sale of alcohol will be obtained. The cost of obtaining documentation will be:

• registration legal entity- 20 thousand rubles;
• obtaining a license for alcohol - 50 thousand rubles;
• obtaining permission from the state fire supervision - 10 thousand rubles.

The delivery of the premises is planned in a rough finish, therefore, to start the store, it will be necessary to carry out a complete renovation of the premises, which will include the following work:

• repair work - 3,000 thousand rubles;
• electrical work - 500 thousand rubles;
• fire and burglar alarm- 300 thousand rubles;
• cooling - 500 thousand rubles.

In addition, it is planned to purchase equipment for the operation of the store. The cost, quantity and type of equipment are presented below:

• Retail store equipment:
  • racks - 200 thousand rubles;
  • low-temperature showcases - 1,000 thousand rubles;
  • medium-temperature showcases - 1,000 thousand rubles;
  • bannets - 500 thousand rubles;
  • cash equipment - 200 thousand rubles;
  • baskets and carts - 50 thousand rubles.
• Office equipment
  • computers and office equipment - 200 thousand rubles;
  • furniture - 50 thousand rubles.
• Investments in working capital
  • purchase of goods - 2,000 thousand rubles.

The cost of other work on obtaining documentation is presented below:

• obtaining permission from the SES;
• getting permission

It is planned that the entire volume of investments, except for the acquisition of working capital, will be paid at the expense of the investor, who, for participation in the project, receives an 80% stake in the LLC organized within the framework of this enterprise. The planned profit from the project will be divided in proportion to the shares in the LLC.

The terms for the implementation of the investment phase by type of work are presented in the following figure:

It is planned that the store will reach full capacity as follows:

month	percentage of standard sales
January 2020	0%
February 2020	0%
March 2020	0%
April 2020	0%
May 2020	0%
June 2020	30%
July 2020	35%
August 2020	40%
September 2020	45%
October 2020	50%
November 2020	55%
December 2020	60%
January 2020	60%
February 2020	60%
March 2020	60%
April 2020	65%
May 2020	65%
June 2020	70%
July 2020	70%
August 2020	75%
September 2020	75%
October 2020	80%
November 2020	80%
December 2020	80%
January 2020	80%
February 2020	80%
March 2020	80%
April 2020	85%
May 2020	85%
June 2020	90%
July 2020	90%
August 2020	95%
September 2020	95%
October 2020	100%
November 2020	100%
December 2020	100%

As we see from the table, the opening of the store will take place in June 2020, and in the first month of sales we will be able to make revenue in the amount of 30% of the maximum possible (according to the plan) in this store. The grocery store will be able to reach full capacity only in the third year of operation in October 2020. Graphically, full power output is shown below.

Today we will talk about drawing up an investment plan. A large number of successful people today have proven that in order to make good money, it is not at all necessary to own a big business. It is enough to learn the basics of investing, after which your capital will gradually increase in size.

To make money on investments, you need to master the rules for compiling investment portfolio, since without them it is foolish to count on receiving a stable income. And it doesn’t matter where you are going to invest your savings, in, mutual funds or securities. In order to identify the timing and determine the required amount of the contribution, you need to study the key points of drawing up an investment plan.

Determine investment goals

Drawing up an investment plan begins with the definition of a goal. Then you can already look for specific areas for investing, since you will already have a guideline that will not let you go astray, and will also allow you to weed out unnecessary options.

For example, if your main task is to ensure a comfortable old age, then you should give preference to long-term investment, when choosing a suitable PAMM, in this case, it is advisable to choose reliable accounts, albeit not with big profits, but without significant drawdowns. If the goals are short-term, then the risks can be increased.

Capital for investment

For you to understand, you need a certain amount of money that you can use. At the same time, it is advisable not to take money on credit or loan, since such an approach to earning will not bring anything good.

It is more expedient to accumulate a certain amount of money, setting aside monthly from your wages. Of course, there is never a lot of money, and no matter what salary you receive, you will never have enough money. The main difference between an investor is that he can rationally use money to save and raise capital for its further increase through investment.

When allocating funds for investment, the investor must insure, namely, set aside a certain amount of money for a “rainy day”. The rest of the funds can be safely used to earn money. Do not be discouraged if the initial amount of money you have is small, at first the main thing is to learn how to get a stable increase. Even if you only have $100, the main thing is that at the end of the month you have $110 in your account, and so every month. If you learn how to get a stable income from investing, then you can increase the amount at any time, which will allow you to receive higher profits.

Return on investment

Nowadays, you can hear about a large number of investment methods that bring a monthly return of 100 percent. For example, such profitability can be seen in some. Yes, you can get 100% per week, but keep in mind that such trading methods are endowed with high risks and sooner or later your deposit will be reset to zero. For this reason, you should invest in such funds only the money that you do not mind losing.

When drawing up an investment plan, you do not need to rely on much high percent profitability. Experienced investors advise on the initial path to choose more realistic values, namely 60-130 percent per year.

Investment diversification

I have already talked about the diversification of the investment portfolio more than once, you can learn more about this from my previous articles, namely. Here the main task is to invest in different directions. This approach to investing allows you to significantly reduce risks and increase potential profits, since many types of investments experience jumps in profits.

Conclusion

In this material, we did not specifically consider the main types of investment in order to pay more attention to the key points in drawing up your own financial plan. Before you start drawing up a financial plan, you first need to decide on the investment vehicle that suits you.

Currently, one of the most promising investment instruments that allows you to quickly increase your initial capital are PAMM accounts, so if you are a novice investor, then you should pay attention to them. you will be able to find the best PAMM accounts today.

If you dream of becoming a truly successful investor, then you will not be able to achieve the desired result without learning how to correctly draw up a financial plan. This is due to the fact that success can only be achieved by clearly defining goals and choosing ways to achieve them.

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Common mistakes when drawing up an investment business plan

Considering that many organizations often make the same mistakes when developing an investment business plan, it is worth paying attention to the most common of them. We will not touch on any difficult cases, but we list a number of the most typical mistakes that beginners can make when they first take up the preparation of an investment business plan. We hope that you will take this information into account and avoid such mistakes in your investment business plans.

1. Carefully ensure that the initial data used by you in the calculations correspond to the data indicated in the text part of the investment business plan and tables. Unfortunately, in practice, such situations in investment business plans are not uncommon. Some of the employees have not yet prepared the necessary information and provided outdated information, or some of the indicators were obtained from different sources. Even if it is subsequently possible to establish which information is correct, the investor is unlikely to trust the corrected investment business plan, as he will expect other errors.

2. Carefully choose such parameters as the duration of the horizon and the planning interval. It is very common for an organization to indicate too large intervals in an investment business plan. It's easy to see why this is happening. The fact is that having in the interval not a quarter, but half a year, it is easier to achieve the results that are predicted in the investment business plan. This reliable way to avoid missed deadlines, not to irritate investors, always and in everything to comply with the set pace. And it seems that such agreement with the investment business plan is a guarantee of investors' good will, but in practice everything turns out differently.

A competent investor understands perfectly well why such long intervals arise: the organization is simply not sure that it will be able to achieve the set task in a quarterly period, and therefore stretches it for half a year and beyond. This means that in certain months the business will sag. For example, hoping to compensate for everything with May revenue, an organization may be idle during the winter months. But the lack of funds will lead to adverse consequences. It is possible that the company will simply go bankrupt during the quiet months, since it will not have the funds to support its activities.

In addition, by setting long deadlines in the investment business plan, companies often try to take time with a margin, but for the investor this only means that the organization will not work at full capacity. Financing such a project, of course, is undesirable - the risks are too great.

3. It is necessary to be able to explain to the investor why this or that calculation method is chosen in the investment business plan, especially when it comes to the discount rate, sales volumes and production parameters. It is important to understand that the investor will give preference to a business plan in which all the elements are not chosen by chance, but according to some principle. Projects where everything is made offhand do not particularly inspire confidence.

Surely, you have already noticed that the need to create a business plan or an investment project is a very difficult task. There are many nuances, features of calculations, methods and approaches, which not every manager manages to take into account and consider. However, there is always a way out. If you cannot draw up an investment business plan on your own, then you should entrust this task to professionals - the information and analytical company VVS. Experienced specialists will easily develop an investment business plan of the highest complexity for organizations of any direction. The company has 19 years of experience in providing commodity market statistics as information for strategic decisions, identifying market demand. Main client categories: exporters, importers, manufacturers, participants commodity markets and B2B services business.

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Quality in our business is, first of all, the accuracy and completeness of information. When you make a decision based on data that is, to put it mildly, wrong, how much will your loss be worth? When making important strategic decisions, it is necessary to rely only on reliable statistical information. But how can you be sure that this information is correct? It can be checked! And we will give you such an opportunity.

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We are once again discussing the investment activities of a mid-range and above manufacturing company. Such a universal delimitation from other options. Assume that the strategic update of the next business development at the strategic planning session is done, investment policy is valid. And before concrete projects within the framework of programs and portfolios begin to be implemented, one more intermediate event must occur - the investment plan has been approved.

The concept and levels of planning in the investment sphere

For a substantive consideration of the issue, I propose to describe in more detail the collective image of the company under study. Suppose a company is medium-sized, with 500 employees and an annual gross revenue of 60 million rubles. Management consists of a board of directors and functional management departments: financial, commercial, IT, personnel, etc. Production is dispersed over a small branch network.

The company is managed by the general director, his deputy, the chief engineer, is responsible for development. Regular management is actively developing in the company, the BSC system and the budget management system are in operation. EBIT profit for the past year amounted to 15 million rubles. The stage of development is diagnosed as "Youth". Agree that the issue of investment planning is entirely determined by the state of the business, as well as many other aspects of management.

Under investment planning, we agree to understand a set of procedures performed by the management of line divisions and a control superstructure, the result of which is a system of plans in the field of real and financial investments. The system of investment plans is closely related to two other management systems: balanced scorecards and budget management.

Investment planning at the enterprise forms a system consisting of four levels. Each of the levels is considered from the point of view of managerial and financial planning.

1. Strategic level covering a time perspective of 3-5 years. Its result is a plan of strategic investment initiatives (measures). In addition to the action plan, the forecast cash flow plan for the next 5 years also belongs to the strategic level.
2. The tactical level of the company's activities with a perspective of one financial year. The result of this level is considered to be the investment portfolio of the company for the year, which consists of programs and local projects planned for implementation. From a financial management standpoint, the tactical level is supported by an annual investment budget.
3. Operational level of planning. Rolling project implementation plans are regularly (quarterly, sometimes monthly) reviewed and re-approved. Quarterly and monthly budgets are also adjusted. Another output of the operational level is the payment calendars, which include investment payments and receipts in the respective project phase.
4. Level of planning of local investment projects. This level includes deliverables in the form of a project business plan, schedule, project budget, payment schedule, and revenue plan for the project phase of the investment.

Strategic planning level

I am a supporter of the position that any business activity can be safely represented in three accessible theories-paradigms. Take, for example, investment planning.

1. From the first position, this is an essential function of company management (functional doctrine).
2. At a second glance, this type of planning is a significant part of project management.
3. And from a third point of view, procedural model The company includes a number of subsystems, and the key one is the planning and design subsystem, the scheme of which I invite you to consider in more detail.



Model of the subsystem of planning and design processes

The whole context of the strategic and investment development of the company is contained in the business process No. 1 “Implement the management strategy”. The concept of development with numerous strategies, including investment, is used to obtain other process outputs. Among them, we see financial, market and other development constraints, the required key competencies and a plan for strategic investment initiatives.

It is developed by the strategic planning group. Then the plan is analyzed by the commercial director from the position of market strategy. The next step is to review the plan by the CFO, who is guided by strategic analysis, financial strategy and a set of management policies. The set of policies is traditional, it includes:

• investment;
• depreciation;
• dividend;
• borrowings;
• tax;
• accounting policy.



Flowchart of the procedures for the formation and correction of the investment plan

Conclusions are formed on forecasts in the sphere of real and portfolio investment companies, taking into account the existing potential financial sources. Having prepared the conclusion, the financial director transfers the materials to the chief engineer. He will have to draw up a primary plan for the long term (3-5 years) and submit it for approval to CEO. Before that, the chief engineer performs the following steps.

1. Checking the need for investment according to the received plan of initiatives and the two previous conclusions. The fixed assets of the company are analyzed by groups, components ( working capital), the level of personnel training to work on the operating system. Depreciation, physical condition of machines, equipment, buildings and structures are taken into account.
2. A group is formed from the specialists of the financial department and potential PM investment analysis, which the chief engineer instructs to calculate 3-4 preliminary parameters for each initiative (NPV, IRR, PI, payback period).
3. The financial director joins the group, who is obliged to draw up a forecast plan for the movement of the DS, taking into account the proposed investments and hypothetical sources in several versions: positive, medium and depressive.

tactical level

Every year, the company performs several regular procedures related to restarting the budget management system, choosing the composition of projects for the next year and, possibly, correcting the BSC system. In the course of this, three tasks are solved.

1. Ensure an increase in the company's assets, including highly liquid ones.
2. To carry out expanded reproduction of fixed production assets.
3. Adjust the motivation of responsible persons.

Investment planning at the tactical level is also done on an alternative basis. Several plans are being developed. It is desirable to start the process in October before the annual strategic controlling or strategic planning session. There are two persons responsible for the procedure: the chief engineer and the financial director. The Chief Engineer initiates the annual planning process by issuing an order to collect investment applications.

Investment applications are submitted by all production units and all management departments. The benchmarks are the strategic plan, the actual state of the OS, and the market situation, which tends to be more dynamic. The collected applications are analyzed for technical, technological and organizational issues. Applications related to new products undergo additional examination by the commercial director. The chief engineer draws up the first draft of the annual plan and submits it to the purchasing department for an initial assessment of the required capital costs.

Our example of a medium-sized enterprise does not involve significant financial investments. However, let's assume that they also take place. The next planning steps are carried out by the financial director. He, focusing on the financial strategy, the current situation in the company and on financial markets, should define the following.

1. The current level of own sources and the need for external resources.
2. Required ratio of real and portfolio (financial) investments.
3. The structure of operating income, costs of the company and production units in annual dynamics.
4. The structure of capital expenditures in annual dynamics.
5. Dynamics and structure of the company's assets at the end of the year.
6. Forecast of liquidity, independence, solvency and other financial indicators.

Further, in the financial department, several iterations of calculations of cash flow plans, income and expenses, and a balance sheet are made. Dynamic modeling touches upon the issues of variation in the used credit resources, dividend payments, financial investments and sales results. Also of particular importance is how prices for material resources, electricity, rent will change during the year. For 2015-2017, this is more than a topical issue.

After the completion of the preparatory work, a joint meeting of the Board of Directors and the Budget Committee is held, at which investment planning for the year ends with the adoption of annual budgets and an investment plan. Next, your attention is invited to a scheme of planning procedures for the model described above.



Outline of investment planning procedures at the tactical level

Integration of capital investments into the budget management system

The tactical and operational levels are closely related to the budget management system. Budgets are the same financial plans that were successfully used in the planned economy of the USSR, only with a commercial component included in them. modern structure financial planning and reporting - a replica of Western methodology. The so-called master budget is divided into an operating budget and a financial budget. The financial budget complex consists of:

• investment budget;
• cash budget;
• income and expenditure budget;
• balance sheet budget.

The first of the budgets listed above is the financial part of the company's investment plan. It is related to both financial and operational plans. Below is an example of structural relationships budget system, the central element of which is the investment budget.



Scheme of the relationship of the investment budget with other elements of the budget system

Operational planning differs from tactical planning not only in the duration of time periods. All attention in the operational mode is focused on the real work of consolidating funding sources to the planned moments of investment injections. It is planned to interact with banks, creditors, investors to receive funds, pay dividends.

The focus of responsibility at the operational level is shifting to the financial management sector. Of greater importance is cash planning, work to eliminate cash gaps. Comes in first place payment schedule, ensuring the implementation of which, the financial department thereby ensures the investment schedule. But in general, the budget model, both at the tactical and operational levels, is preserved. The following is another example of a scheme of the budget system, in which a place is allocated to the investment block in the existing relationships.



The architecture of the budget system of the company

From the point of view of the projects selected for implementation, the annual plan as a portfolio of the company includes a number of investment programs. In our example, the portfolio consists of programs for the development of industrial infrastructure, the release of new products and financial investments. We will consider the level of local planning of individual projects in other articles.



Scheme of the investment portfolio as part of the annual plan

Summing up, I note that among all previously published materials, this is the first article where an attempt was made to describe the actually implemented procedures for a completely viable business. AND this practice I intend to continue. Theorizing is good. At the same time, considering such an area as investment planning, one should look for and find working recipes.

All companies are unique, but there are similarities in the terminology used and in the management culture. I am sure that for the level of Gazprom or network retail, this article is “yesterday”. But in most enterprises of the country, the development of project management goes through a wave of trial and error. Therefore, I hope that the information presented will bring significant benefits to financiers, RM and business leaders.