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1 Shevchenko I.K., Fedotova A.Yu., Razvadovskaya Yu.V., Sinnikova O.E., Pipiya B.R. INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGICAL CLUSTERS AS ORGANIZATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FORMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FORMATION OF A NEW TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURE Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Southern Federal University" Management. In the current macroeconomic conditions, characterized by instability, the achievement of modernization goals and the transition to an innovative type of development largely depend on the state of the industrial sector of the economy. In turn, efficiency industrial complex largely determine its proportions sectoral structure, developing under the influence of economic, political and technological factors and conditions. The main condition for the transformation of the structure is the process of changing technological structures, under the influence of which the technical and economic characteristics of industries change, old production is replaced by new, more technologically advanced, resource- and energy-saving innovative production. In this regard, one of the main tasks of state management of structural transformations is the creation of optimal conditions for the formation of a balanced structure of the industrial sector of the economy, corresponding to the technological and economic requirements of the currently existing technological structure, the expansion of technologies of which forms the prerequisites for long-term economic growth, increasing the competitiveness of the industrial complex and the economy as a whole.

2 One of the most effective organizational and institutional forms of development of the industrial complex is a cluster, which is an association of various organizations and allows taking advantage of the intra-company hierarchy and market mechanism, which makes it possible to more quickly and efficiently distribute new knowledge, scientific discoveries and inventions. The formation of complex technological solutions is a key advantage of the cluster, which ensures the translation of knowledge about new physical principles and effects obtained in the laboratories of academic institutes of the country into industrial production technologies. 1. Prospects for the development of the industrial sector economy in the context of the formation of a new technological structure. The currently existing technological structure began to develop into an integral reproductive system in the 80s of the twentieth century. The upward wave of the fifth Kondratieff cycle ended in 2005 and today the world economy is in a depression phase, which is expected to end in 2017. The basis of this technological structure is formed by: software, computer technology and information processing technologies, microelectronics, production of automation and communications equipment. According to the forecasts of some scientists, in the second decade of the 21st century, developed countries will move to the formation of the sixth technological structure. By this time it will have formed reproductive system for a new technological structure, the formation that is currently taking place. The new technological structure will lead the economy to even greater intellectualization of production, a transition to a continuous innovation process in most industries and continuous education in most professions. The final process will be the transition from "society

3 consumption" to an "intelligent society", in which the requirements for the quality of life and the comfort of the living environment will become of paramount importance. Information, educational, and medical services will take a dominant role in the consumption structure. Progress in information processing technologies, telecommunications systems, and financial technologies will entail further globalization of the economy, the formation of a single world market for goods, capital, labor. These patterns reflect the economic development of advanced countries, setting the trajectory of development of the world economy, they play the role of leaders of global economic development, taking advantage of all the advantages that arise. In development, countries will be forced to copy the achievements of world leaders or take advantage of the results they have achieved, while giving away their natural resources at low prices. Within each technological structure, changes in political regimes and certain political reforms took place, which directly changed the structure of economies and, accordingly, the industrial sector of the economy. . From the analysis of economic and technological development it is clear that the technological lag of Russian industry from global trends has been developing since the end of the 18th century. Despite the fact that at each stage of technological development the state implements measures to stimulate industrial sectors, there is no significant growth in the corresponding technologies. Objectively, this is due to the low density of demographic potential, strong differentiation of economic space, frequent political and military upheavals and a low share of their own innovative potential. As follows from the results of available assessments, at this stage of economic and technological development the fifth technological order prevails, which has reached the maturity phase in supporting industries with

4 simultaneous core lag. The core industries of the fifth technical specification include microelectronics, optoelectronics, precision and electronic instrumentation, radio engineering, aircraft engineering, and communication systems. According to academician Fedoseev, “The gap from the world level in these technologies is very difficult to overcome, even with impressive investments.” The existing gaps in the domestic industrial sector are compensated by the acquisition of imported technologies and equipment. This is evidenced by statistical data, according to which the fleet of personal computers and the volume of software technologies are growing at an annual rate of about 20-30%. These indicators indicate that currently the expansion of the fifth technological structure in the Russian structure of the industrial sector of the economy “is of a catch-up imitation nature.” This fact is confirmed by the dynamics of the spread of various components of this structure. The closer the technology is to the sphere of final consumption, the higher the rate of its spread. The accelerated expansion of the main industries of the fifth structure occurs due to imported technologies, which leads to the impossibility of effective development of key technologies at the core of this structure. The existing technological gap forces the economy to make unequal exchanges with countries that are leaders of a given technological structure. G. Fetisov’s statement is correct: “The main reason for the underdevelopment of the high-tech sector in Russia was the creation of many technological monopolies that arose due to the privatization of individual links in the “technological chains” for the production of finished products, especially enterprises that were under the jurisdiction of different ministries during the Soviet era.” That is, instead of inter-industry complexes and clusters, separate enterprises with interrupted technological connections arose in the industrial sector.

5 The complexity of this situation is that there is a certain continuity between the fifth and sixth technological structures. And the technological lag in the development of supporting industries of the fifth structure will slow down the spread of the new sixth. The border between the fifth and sixth modes lies in the depth of penetration of technology into the structures of matter and the scale of information processing. The fifth way is based on the use of microelectronics, and the sixth on the use of nanotechnology. And it is precisely at the phase of replacement of technological structures that it is important to advance the development of key industries at the core of the new structure. This will make it possible in the future to receive intellectual rent and thereby finance the expanded reproduction of technologies of the new way. That is, the timely identification and development of the basic industries of the new structure provides the opportunity for accelerated development for developing countries in a new long wave of economic growth, due to the rapid formation of technological complexes of the core of the new structure and the modernization of its supporting industries. According to the forecasts of domestic and foreign experts, the key factors in the development of a new technological core are nanotechnologies, cellular technologies and genetic engineering methods, which are based on the use of atomic force microscopes and corresponding metrological systems. Accordingly, the core of the future technological structure will be nanoelectronics, nanomaterials and nanostructured coatings, optical nanomaterials, nanobiotechnologies, and nanosystem technology. Industries capable of ensuring the production of the latest technologies will be the electronic and nuclear industry, the information and communication sector, aircraft manufacturing and the rocket and space industry, cellular medicine, and the chemical and metallurgical complex. Despite the fact that the costs of developing new technologies are growing, the share of the sixth structure in the modern economy remains

6 insignificant. According to some forecasts, a qualitative leap will occur in the years after the completion of structural adjustment, when the scale of the relevant technologies will become significant and the economic environment will be ready for their widespread use. Along with the growth of the core industries of the new technological order, there will be a rise in supporting industries, such as aviation, electrical engineering, nuclear, instrument making, machine tool manufacturing, and education. The development of complex reproductive innovation cycles in industry will make it possible to equip the second division for the production of consumer goods with means of production, which will ensure the satisfaction of part of the demand for competitive industrial products on the domestic Russian market. Then, reproductive relationships based on complex innovation cycles should cover the integration of high-tech means of labor and objects of labor through priority investment of macro-innovations, with the subsequent restoration of the entire reproductive chain of the macro-innovation cycle based on the deployment of NIS in sectors of the economy and throughout Russia. Today, the mechanisms for activating innovation cycles are not working effectively enough, and the main factor holding back innovative development is the weak generation of innovative demand for national high-tech products and the absence of methods for reliable assessment, planning and tools for monitoring the dynamics of innovative development indicators. To measure the impact of innovation cycles in assessing the transformation of structural changes in industry, traditional indicators are not enough. When mastering the achievements of the new way of life, it is proposed to determine the contribution of innovative factors to the growth of GDP, labor productivity, capital productivity, material productivity, energy intensity in accordance with investment capacity and taking into account balance as criterial target indicators.

7 volumes of market demand for innovative factors in a favorable investment climate. Industry support should be based on an understanding of the fact that the state is not a stationary and permanent source of financing part of the current and capital costs of enterprises. Funding should be provided on a project basis to achieve specific development goals. In the medium term, the share budget financing should be consistently reduced in favor of extrabudgetary sources. Support measures must be final, and at a certain stage, industries that have received state support must enter a development mode based on market resources and value generation in efficiently operating companies. The transition to improved, more efficient and innovative technologies in the manufacturing industries is one of the main tasks set by the Government of the Russian Federation. As part of the implementation of the main provisions of the Innovative Development Strategy, the state program provides for a number of main activities aimed at significant transformations in the leading sectors of the manufacturing industry. To solve problems in the field of modernization and innovative development, it is planned to implement measures to develop the national innovation system and form a system of technological forecasting, focused on meeting the long-term needs of the manufacturing sector of the economy, taking into account the development of key production technologies. For these purposes, it is planned to interconnect the activities of the subprograms with the emerging technological platforms and pilot projects of innovative territorial clusters. The development of cross-industry technologies is primarily expected within the framework of the implementation of the directions of the federal target program

8 “National technological base” for the years. This program is aimed at ensuring the technological development of domestic industry based on the creation and implementation of breakthrough, resource-saving, environmentally friendly industrial technologies for the production of competitive high-tech products. Achieving the goals of the program and its subprograms involves the creation of new advanced technologies and equipment necessary for their implementation at the level of experimental lines, demonstration units and (or) prototypes that confirm the readiness of technological solutions for industrial implementation. Priorities industrial policy, especially for regions and territories, are determined based on the competitiveness of species economic activity industry. Currently, it is not fixed capital, but personnel, information and trade that determine the competitiveness of territories. Not only advanced technologies and companies are important, but also the readiness and ability of the territory to accept new companies and investment flows. Therefore, it is necessary to replace the sectoral logic of industrial policy with a spatial-territorial logic. To implement this approach, it is necessary to transform the internal organization of the economic space of the territory. The refusal of territories from an integrated model of economic activity in favor of a network of autonomous and interchangeable links - production complexes and enterprises tied to a place (networks of place), allowed the economic authorities in the territory to distribute powers primarily on the basis of economic assessments of the competitive potential of the main types of economic activity. The solution to this problem is still largely debatable. To develop control actions for industrial development on the part of government and business, it is not so much the cost assessment of the components of competitive potential that is important, but rather the rate of increase in competitive

9 development opportunities. By identifying potentially competitive types of economic activity in a territory based on objective indicators, it becomes possible to differentiate regional industrial policy by time horizon. Current industrial policy should aim to dominate markets in the near term. To “nurture” promising conglomerates, it will be necessary to activate the territory’s intellectual resources, the basis for the development of which is reliance on a technological approach. Practice shows that among the three main factors of competitive growth (technology, public institutions, macroeconomic environment), primacy belongs to the level of technological development and abilities for innovative development. The above factors should form the basis of a new structural industrial policy, which will make it possible to make the best use of existing competitive advantages for a qualitative leap in the development of domestic industry. 1.2 Formation of a cluster as the main organizational and institutional form of economic development. Currently, one of the main directions of reorganizing the country's industrial structure is the abandonment of traditional industrial policy and the transition to a new industrial policy - cluster. In this regard, the most important factor in ensuring the successful functioning and implementation of economic activity in conditions of fierce competition is the interaction between enterprises, which provides conditions for the creation of network structures of clusters. The relevance of the application of cluster policy in Russia is also due to the fact that: a significant part of what was created in former USSR industrial potential was not initially market oriented;

10 the current export-raw materials orientation of the economy does not meet today's requirements; countries; the technological potential is rapidly being destroyed; the efficiency of Russian industry is low; the technological lag behind developed countries does not allow the creation of competitive high-tech products. World practice shows that in the last two decades the process of cluster formation has been quite active and by now certain directions of clusterization have emerged in the world (Table 1) Directions of clustering in the world Table 1 Direction of clustering Countries Electronic technologies and Switzerland, Finland communications, computer science Biotechnology and bioresources Netherlands, Germany, France, Great Britain, Norway Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics Denmark, Sweden, France, Italy, Germany Agricultural and food production Finland, Belgium, France, production Italy, Netherlands Oil and gas complex and chemistry Switzerland, Germany, Belgium Mechanical engineering, electronics Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Norway, Ireland, Switzerland Healthcare Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Netherlands Communications and transport Netherlands, Norway, Ireland, Denmark, Finland, Belgium Energy Norway, Finland Light industry Switzerland , Austria, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, Finland Timber and paper complex Finland The effectiveness of the cluster approach is proven by the analysis of integration processes for creating clusters in developed countries.

11 In Denmark, for three years at the turn of the 1990s. an assessment of the prospects for the development of network structures in the country was carried out. Thanks to research based on the cluster approach, not only were enterprises identified that reflected a wide range of problems in the Danish economy, but also measures were taken that made Denmark one of the world leaders in economic clustering, where today there are 29 leading clusters. Cluster approach in Finland for developing the country's industrial policy in the years. helped the country overcome deep economic crisis: GDP in 1991 decreased by 7%, while the volume of industrial production in the same year decreased by 9%, private investment in fixed assets by 23%. Effective government intervention based on the cluster approach led to rapid economic growth in the second half of the 1990s. Currently, the forestry, information and telecommunications clusters are the most important for the Finnish economy, providing the bulk of exports. Pulp, paper and wood processing companies in the forestry cluster are implementing a global development strategy, actively acquiring companies abroad, and have one of the highest levels of labor productivity in the industry both domestically and globally. Other examples of the most well-known cluster-type systems are cooperation between companies: in the field of computer technology and information technologies in Silicon Valley (USA); in the field of communications and telecommunications in Helsinki; in the field of film production in Hollywood (USA); the Bio Valley cluster, located at the junction of the borders of France, Germany and Switzerland. State policy in the field of formation and development of clusters is determined by national characteristics and can take the form of:

12 specific policies with a clearly defined strategy and allocated budget, which can cover a number of industrial sectors; policies focused on specific aspects of cluster development, for example, interaction between business and research organizations or business and government; development. policy as a component of other economic strategies Foreign experience shows a wide variety of government organizations supporting clusters (Table 2) Analysis of foreign practice of creating clusters Table 2 Country Forms of support/implementation USA National Council on Competitiveness, Cooperation Institutes Strategic Partnership Program for Economic Development Germany Federal programs in the Länder Italy Industrial districts France Territorial Development Management Authority National Planning Agency Finland National Industrial Strategy Great Britain Forecast Technology Program China National Development and Reform Commission Canada National Research Council Regional Development Agency (Cluster Strategy) Japan Central Organization for Sustainable Development and Development Promotion industrial clusters Austria Innovation and Research Program (TIP) India Austrian Business Agency National Program for Scientific and Technological Development Analysis foreign experience cluster formation shows that there are two main models (Table 3) within which cluster policy is implemented - liberal and dirigiste.

13 The basic principle of the liberal model is that the cluster is a market organism, the role of the state is quite minimal, and boils down only to removing obstacles to its natural development and does not imply direct government intervention. In countries with dirigiste policies, the state plays a more active role in the process of cluster formation. This policy includes a set of measures from the selection of priority areas and financing of programs for the development of regional clusters to the targeted creation of key factors for their successful development. Thus, representatives of the dirigiste direction independently choose a region to create a cluster, purposefully create infrastructure for priority clusters, and also determine the amount of its financing. Table 3 Models of cluster policy Model Country Characteristics Dirigiste Liberal Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Sweden, France, Finland and Slovenia USA, Great Britain, Australia, Canada An active state (federal) policy for the development of clusters plays an important role. The cluster is considered as a market organism. The role of the federal authorities is to remove barriers to its natural development. Three differences can be identified between the dirigiste model of cluster policy and the classical liberal one: 1. Choice of priorities. Conductors on state level choose sectoral and regional priorities and those clusters that they intend to develop. Liberal cluster policy grows clusters that were originally formed by the market.

14 2. Infrastructure development. Dirigists purposefully create infrastructure for priority clusters: universities, research institutes, airports, roads. In countries with liberal cluster policy governments, on the contrary, are extremely rarely involved in creating infrastructure for clusters. 3. Select the region where the cluster is created. Directors independently select a region to create a cluster and also determine the amount of funding. Liberals create incentives for regional authorities, who bear full responsibility for the created cluster. The course towards the formation of clusters in the Russian economy was taken in 2005. It was from this period that the topic of creating clusters became one of the main directions of federal and regional programs for socio-economic development. In the last ten to fifteen years, the formation of clusters has become an important part public policy in the field of regional development in many countries of the world. The Russian Government also considers cluster policy as one of 11 “key investment initiatives” along with the creation of the Investment Fund of the Russian Federation, the Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs, the Russian Venture Company, special economic zones, a new program for the creation of technology parks and other initiatives that are tools for diversification Russian economy. In the Strategy for the Development of Science and Innovation in the Russian Federation for the period until 2015, one of the tasks of economic modernization is stimulating demand for innovation and scientific research results, creating conditions and prerequisites for the formation of sustainable scientific and industrial cooperation ties, innovation networks and clusters. The Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2020 notes that the success of implementation

15 innovative scenario for the country's development will depend on the ability of government authorities to provide conditions for further improvement of the institutional environment and the formation of institutional structures inherent in a post-industrial society. These conditions include support for cluster initiatives aimed at achieving effective cooperation between organizations - suppliers of equipment and components, specialized production and service services, research and educational organizations within territorial production clusters. Thus, the state cluster policy emerging in Russia uses the tools of both the liberal and dirigiste models, i.e. a “mixed” model is used, which assumes, on the one hand, the active role of the regions themselves and regional companies in the formation of clusters, and, on the other hand, support for cluster initiatives from federal bodies authorities. But, despite the active state policy on the development of clusters, in Russia there are a number of factors hindering the formation and development of clusters: - low quality of business management, lack of orientation of many enterprises towards the international market; - weak level of development of territorial cooperation structures, which, as a rule, independently do not cope with the task of developing and implementing priorities to promote the interests of regional business - insufficient level of planning decisions on territorial economic development; - large horizons for achieving the expected results, since the real benefits from creating clusters appear only after 5-10 years. In general, based on the experience of foreign countries, we can say that the cluster can be presented as a point of growth, as the core of an innovation-oriented economy. And an economy in which clusters are given

16 main role, has every chance of becoming competitive and, importantly, attractive for investment. The regional cluster acts as a tool that stimulates the development of the region, creates a special favorable environment for the development of small, medium and big business and has a multiplier effect, which not only has a positive impact on industrial development, but also helps improve the level and quality of life of the region’s population, which will allow Russia to strengthen its competitive position in world markets. 1.3 The role of innovation and technology clusters as an institutional form of economic development in the industrial sector The high level of competitiveness of the country in the world market today is called the main source of sustainable economic growth. Since currently the country's success is increasingly determined by the updating of technologies, the development of new market niches and organizational innovations, the basis for increasing the competitiveness of the state is the high innovative activity of business. Today, for Russia, issues of innovative development are more relevant than ever. This topic is in the constant focus of the country's political leadership. The implementation of state innovation policy will significantly affect how and at what pace Russia will transition from countries “catching up” to the category of countries of global innovation leaders, at least in several positions capable of generating significant and sustainable income from high-tech exports. Russia faces a challenge related to strengthening the role of innovation in socio-economic development. The National Innovation System (NIS) is a set of legislative, structural and functional components that ensure the development of innovation activity in the country. There are quite a few definitions of NIS. As part of solving the problems of the present

17 research, the concept of NIS as a system that transforms knowledge into new technologies, products and services that are consumed in national or global markets is sufficient. The determining role in the functioning of the NIS is played by the state, which determines the rules for the functioning and interaction of participants in the innovation process through the formation of a regulatory environment. In addition to the state, the NIS includes the actual subjects of innovation activity - organizations and individuals involved in the creation and promotion of an innovative product, and infrastructure facilities - organizations that contribute to the implementation of innovation activity. The composition and system of connections of NIS are presented in Fig. 1. Political and legal environment National innovation system Innovation activity Technological sphere NIS infrastructure Innovation Subjects of innovation activity Markets for sales of high-tech products Fig. 1. Composition of the NIS and the system of links between innovation activities As follows from the definition of the NIS, the main result of its functioning is an increase in the volume of production of high-tech products. Achieving almost all the goals formulated in the latest Government materials (doubling GDP, increasing the standard of living of the population, etc.) ultimately comes down to how efficiently production will be organized. Therefore, the main goal of analyzing the functioning of the NIS and innovation infrastructure is

18 identification of measures that stimulate the growth of sales volumes of high-tech products of Russian enterprises. Currently, the dynamic development of the economy largely depends on its ability to introduce and master advanced technologies, new markets, generate knowledge and human capital. This is especially true for Russia. In the context of globalization, it is impossible to make a scientific, technological, information breakthrough and at the same time remain aloof from the ongoing processes. A technological cluster as an organizational and institutional form of development of innovations in industry is a collection of enterprises located in one limited territory and connected by production connections. The main idea of ​​forming a cluster is to create, on the basis of scientifically-based and technologically feasible integrated solutions, as well as commercial mechanisms, to create conditions for the re-equipment of high-value industries (development of new generation devices, mechanical engineering, new materials, polymers, ultra-pure materials, nanotechnologies) and thereby preparing comprehensive production and technological packages for profitable investments. Such decisions, which form the basis of investment projects, are a condition for the formation in Russia for the first time of a zone of profitable financial investments outside the resource-extractive sector of industry, in accordance with the decisions of the President of the Russian Federation and the mission of Russian industry. The construction of a cluster is associated with the need to combine within one special zone production business projects in a specific technological area, fundamental developments and modern systems designing new products and preparing for the production of these products. Clusters can be classified into several types:

19 Technological re-production and re-development of some existing infrastructure platform based on fundamentally new technological solutions of the next techno-industrial and socio-cultural structure. The main advantage of this cluster is due to the fact that it is formed around a system of guaranteed consumption of products. It is worth including fundamentally new materials in the design of infrastructure components and now manufacturers of this range will have a guaranteed consumer. The main difficulty in forming this cluster is connecting, organizing and aggregating different technological solutions so that the re-equipped infrastructure functions sustainably. The next type of cluster is associated with the creation of currently non-existent infrastructures based on fundamentally new physical principles and effects. For example, such a new infrastructure could be the launch of a constellation of satellites of different sizes, large satellites, small satellites, nanosatellites, which ensure the creation of multi-level observation systems. The main advantage in the formation of this cluster is that it does not need to be integrated into existing production systems. It is formed in a new free place. The main disadvantage of this cluster is that it is never possible to calculate in advance the guaranteed demand for the products of this cluster. Therefore, the formation of this cluster can only be carried out under serious state guarantees. The third type of cluster should be called an ultrastructural (as opposed to infrastructural), meta-industrial cluster. On its basis, an industry is created to transform existing types of industry. We call the industry of re-equipment of existing industry meta-industry. A typical type of ultrastructural metaindustrial cluster may be a nanoelectronic cluster. The main advantage of this cluster is

20 opportunities to form a whole cluster of enterprises around advanced technology of a new class where it will be implemented. The main difficulty in building this cluster lies in the complex system of coordination of scientific, technological, financial, organizational and industrial production solutions. The fourth type of cluster can be called a “borrowing a frontier technology platform” cluster. Progress towards the formation of a new techno-industrial structure presupposes the creation of conditions for the development of technologies that form the leading edge of technological development in the world today. Therefore, borrowing and redeveloping advanced technological platforms in the Russian industrial system is a prerequisite for its competitiveness. In this case, we are not talking about simply mastering technological lines that produce finished products. The task is to, based on connecting to the analysis of technological solutions embedded in this platform of fundamental practice-oriented science, over time, propose the next step in the development of this technological platform. The advantage of building this cluster is that it is based on import-substituting technologies. The operation and use of these technologies involves entering the domestic market and offering lower prices for the production of products already mastered by the consumer. The main difficulties in the formation of this cluster are associated primarily with the domestic culture of industrial production labor. Very often, the cost and production costs on a borrowed technology platform are higher than on similar foreign production facilities. There are such types of clusters as innovative, industrial, regional, transnational, etc. Researchers define the essence of cluster associations in different ways. Some highlight geographic concentration as the main characteristic of a cluster, others industry affiliation, and still others innovation orientation. In our opinion

In the opinion of 21, it is innovation orientation that becomes the main characteristic of modern clusters, since it determines their competitiveness. An innovation cluster is an association of various organizations that allows them to take advantage of the intra-company hierarchy and market mechanism, which makes it possible to more quickly and efficiently distribute new knowledge, scientific discoveries and inventions. The difference between an innovation cluster and other forms of economic associations is that the cluster companies do not go for a complete merger, but create an interaction mechanism that allows them to maintain their status legal entity and at the same time cooperate with other enterprises forming the cluster and beyond. A complex combination of competition and cooperation is formed in clusters, especially in innovation processes. The sustainable development of innovation clusters depends critically on access to advanced sources of scientific knowledge and modern technologies, as well as on the ability to concentrate significant volumes of financial resources. The determining role in the process of innovation orientation of the cluster is played by the presence of a developed infrastructure of intellectual and financial capital. Innovation clusters become a kind of “platform” on which continuous interaction of financial and intellectual capital takes place. The innovation cluster includes the entire innovation chain from the generation of scientific knowledge and the formation of business ideas based on it to the sale of commercial products in traditional or new markets. Centers for generating innovations of one kind or another are present in any cluster, and therefore any cluster has one or another degree of innovation. The formation of innovation clusters synthesizes the synergy effect that arises on the basis of general standardization of products. At the same time, all cluster participants receive additional competitive advantages

22 under the combined influence of economies of scale, scope and synergy. The success of innovative activity, like any other, is largely determined by the forms of its organization and methods of financial support. As new scientific developments and technologies become fundamental components of the national power of the state, countries with market economies find a variety of opportunities to support and develop innovation. At the same time, the variety of methods for financing innovation activities and the range of activities to indirectly support innovation are expanding. 1.4 Institutional forms of state regulation of development productive forces Institutional forms are patterns, methods, rules, and norms of behavior conditioned by specific socio-economic and technological conditions of the existence of society that regulate the order of social interaction in society. These are specific formal and informal ways of fixing norms that regulate people’s behavior. The first includes the constitution, legislative acts, rules, instructions, including norms regulating property relations; the second includes traditions, customs, and rituals. They determine the status, scope of application, nature, and degree of responsibility for failure to comply with standards. On the substantive side, institutional forms are patterns, methods, rules, and norms of behavior conditioned by specific material, technological, and socio-economic environmental conditions that regulate the order of social interaction in society. The institutional form does not exist on its own; it is an element of a structured system of social relations. Even being relatively independent, it derives the very condition of its existence from the existence of other institutional forms.

23 Stage of modernization, formation industrial society, the transition from the dominance of a natural to an economic way of managing is associated with the complication of the structure of jointly shared human activity, the growth of its individualization in all spheres. And this requires government intervention to avoid various incidents and the emergence of problems between the interaction of various institutional forms. The state of a country's economy depends on the level of development of its productive forces. The level of productive forces determines the dynamics of growth of national wealth and social labor productivity. Productive forces are a system of personal and material factors of production in their interaction, the functional purpose of which is to transform matter and forces of nature to meet the needs of humanity. The level of development of productive forces expresses the degree of knowledge and mastery of the laws of nature and is the most important indicator of social progress. Productive forces are a self-developing system in which, in the process of human labor activity, there is an impact on the subject of labor and its transformation. Accordingly, a person with his intelligence, psychophysiological qualities, professional knowledge and skills, experience, attitude to work, value orientations, etc. is the main element of this system, the main productive force of society, and the most important source of innovation in a company is its own personnel. All company employees should be considered as sources of innovation, because they are the ones who best understand the specifics of the respective business. In the words of Steve Jobs, “Innovation is not about how many dollars you put into R&D. When Apple entered the market with the Mac, IBM was spending at least 100 times more on them. It's not about the money. It's about your people, how you lead them and how much you understand."

24 Issues of innovative development are more relevant for Russia today than ever. They are under close attention of the country's political leadership. Russia faces a challenge related to strengthening the role of innovation in socio-economic development. The implementation of state innovation policy will mainly affect the pace and manner in which Russia will transition from countries “catching up” to the category of countries of global innovation leaders. To begin with, this must be done in several positions capable of generating significant and sustainable income from high-tech exports. In the near future, most of the technologies used in all areas of the economy and human activity generally based on modern advances in bio-, nano- and IT technologies. It should be noted that Russia’s position here is not very strong yet, but by 2020 Russia should take a leading position, as stated in Order No. 1662-r dated November 17, 2008. In ed. Orders of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1121-r. “Economy and Leadership”: “by 2020, Russia can take a significant place (5 10 percent) in the markets of high-tech goods and intellectual services in 5 7 or more sectors. Conditions will be created for the massive emergence of new innovative companies in all sectors of the economy, and primarily in the field of the knowledge economy.” Thus, the share of organizations carrying out technological innovations in our country is 5 times lower than in OECD countries. The continuation of this situation could lead to a deepening of the technological, and subsequently economic and social gap with developed countries. But if trends change, due to the scientific and technological reserves accumulated in Soviet times and the presence of strong scientific schools, Russia can become a leader in a number of important technological areas. Increasing innovation and modernizing the Russian economy are possible subject to the closest possible cooperation between the state, science and business, and

25 the implementation of the assigned tasks largely depends on the activity of the latter. In this regard, one of the key directions of state policy is a sharp increase in the innovative activity of business, both in the direction of modernizing technological processes and introducing fundamentally new products to the market that are competitive on the world market. It is necessary to develop an environment conducive to innovation. Business must operate in conditions where constant innovation becomes an integral element of civilized competition between companies, when innovatively active companies receive long-term advantages in the market and, in this regard, their owners are interested in effective innovation. Large companies with state participation, which are one of the most important structural elements of the Russian economy, accounting for more than 20% of the country's GDP, will play an important role in the process of increasing the economy's receptivity to innovation. The transition of these companies to the implementation of an active innovation policy will significantly increase innovation activity, expand the demand for innovation, and create significant progressive technological changes in the Russian economy. These companies represent key sectors of Russian industry, and often occupy a dominant position in them; their innovative development in the medium term can have a significant impact on the relevant industries and the Russian economy as a whole. The main idea of ​​forming a cluster is to create, on the basis of scientifically-based and technologically feasible integrated solutions, as well as commercial mechanisms, to create conditions for the re-equipment of high-value industries (development of new generation devices, mechanical engineering, new materials, polymers, ultra-pure materials, nanotechnologies) and thereby preparing comprehensive production and technological packages for profitable

26 investments. Such decisions, which form the basis of investment projects, are a condition for the formation in Russia for the first time of a zone of profitable financial investments outside the resource-extractive sector of industry, in accordance with the decisions of the President of the Russian Federation and the mission of Russian industry. The formation of complex technological solutions is a key advantage of the cluster, which ensures the translation of knowledge about new physical principles and effects obtained in the laboratories of academic institutes of the country into industrial production technologies, as well as into technological know-how of devices and instrumental systems of a new class for various industries. In his article “Russian competitiveness: where are we?” Michael Porter identifies several functions that clusters perform in the economic development of any country: “clusters are critical engines in the economic structure of national and regional economies. The prosperity of the region depends on significant positions in a certain number of competitive clusters; clusters can define fundamental challenges in a national or regional business environment: clusters are highly correlated with the nature of competition and microeconomic factors that influence competitive advantage; Clusters provide a new way of thinking about the economy and efforts to develop its organization. Thus, the cluster forces us to reconsider the roles of the private sector, government, trade associations, educational and research institutions in economic development, and also to identify common opportunities, and not just common problems of firms and companies of all forms of ownership.” Conclusion. The promising sixth technological structure will lead the economy to even greater intellectualization of production and the transition to a continuous innovation process in most industries. Progress in technology

27 information processing, telecommunications systems, financial technologies will entail further globalization of the economy, the formation of a single world market for goods, capital, and labor. In this regard, there is a need to develop high-tech manufacturing that can ensure the competitiveness of the Russian economy in international markets, as well as create the preconditions for long-term economic growth. Despite an increase in innovation activity in recent years, the share of organizations engaged in technological innovation is still 5 times lower than in OECD countries. The continuation of this situation may lead to a deepening of the technological, and subsequently economic and social gap with developed countries. Increasing the innovative and technological potential of manufacturing and modernizing the Russian economy is possible subject to the closest possible cooperation between the state, science and business, and the implementation of the assigned tasks largely depends on the activity of the latter. In this regard, one of the key directions of state economic policy should be strengthening the relationship between the state, science and business in potentially high-tech industries. This policy involves the formation of innovation clusters, which are centers for the generation of innovations and contribute to the modernization of technological processes, as well as the introduction to the market of fundamentally new products that are competitive both in the domestic and global markets. Literature: 1. Dane Y. What phase of the Kondratiev cycle are we in? // Questions of Economics, 1992, 10, p.

28 2. Pantin V.I., Lapkin V.V. Philosophy of historical forecasting: rhythms of history and prospects for world development in the first half of the 21st century. Dubna: “Phoenix+”, p. 3. Kapitsa S.P., Kurdyumov S.P., Malinetsky G.G. Synergetics and future forecasts. M.: Editorial URSS, p. 4. Makhov S.A. Sustainable development from the position of the technological imperative // ​​In collection. “Synergetics: The Future of the World and Russia,” ed. G.G. Malinetsky M.: Publishing house LKI, p. 5. ShcheprovS. V., Outstanding revolutionary N. E. Fedoseev, M., Industry of Russia: Statistical collection M., Glazyev S.Yu. Theory of long-term technical and economic development. M.: Vladar, Fetisov G. The future of the Russian economy: export of raw materials, diversification or high technology? VI International Kondratieff Conference “Does Russia have a non-resource-based future?” Reports and speeches of conference participants and reports of laureates of the V International Competition for the N.D. Medal. Kondratyeva M.: Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akaev A.A., Mikhailushkin A.I., Sokolov V.N., Sarygulov A.I. Investments and economic scenarios for innovative and technological development of the Russian Federation based on logistic models / In the book “Forecast of innovative and technological development of Russia for the period up to 2030.” M.: MISK, with Economic Security. Editor-in-chief V.K. Senchagov. M.: “Finance” Novitsky N.A. Chapter 11. Indicators of investment and innovation security. 11. Theses of the State program of the Russian Federation "Development of industry and increasing its competitiveness"

The main directions of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of the innovation system for the period until 2010 (approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on August 5, 2005 N 2473p-P7) I. General provisions 1. Main directions

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1

An analysis of the development trends of the industrial sector of the economy of the Chechen Republic was carried out. Of the three types of economic activities related to industry, distinguished according to the classification by type of economic activity, the dominant one in the Chechen Republic is “Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.” Among other industries, the construction materials industry is the most important. Due to well-known events, the structural features of the industrial complex of the republic have been preserved to this day, aggravating the situation in such industries as electric power, mechanical engineering, light and food industries. However, the sectoral structure of industrial production is extremely disproportionate. Relatively low-labor-intensive industries and industries have received preferential development in the industrial complex, which is in direct contradiction with the high level of labor redundancy in the Chechen Republic. The development and justification of the existing deformed industry of the republic are of decisive importance in the structural transformations of alternative options development of the fuel and energy complex (including electric power) and diversification of production of products and services. The further development of the Chechen Republic is associated with its significant capabilities. Using its advantages in further development will enable the Chechen Republic to move to a new qualitative level of development.

economy of the Chechen Republic

industrial sector

development trends

1. Investment passport of the Chechen Republic [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.ivr.ru/invest-chr/?site=invest_chr&p=1961&l=ru.

2.Lipina S.A. Chechen Republic: Economic potential and strategic development. – M.: Publishing house: LKI, 2007. – 320 p.

3. Magomadov M.M. Socio-economic revival of Chechnya and prospects for its development // Chechnya at the turn of the century: state and prospects: materials of a scientific and practical conference. – Grozny, 2004. – T. 1. – P. 175–179.

4. The Chechen Republic in numbers. 2011: brief statistical collection. – Grozny, 2011. – 161 p.

5. Chechen Republic - industry and industrial enterprises of Chechnya. Reference information[Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.metaprom.ru/regions/chechenskaya_resp.html.

Until 1991, the Chechen Republic was the most industrialized region of the North Caucasus. The main industry was oil production and oil refining. Chechnya was home to one of the first educational, scientific and production conglomerates in the world for the extraction, processing, consumption and use of oil and gas, which was of great importance for world science and practice.

The economy of the Chechen Republic has suffered significant losses over the past decade. The development of new trends in the political, social and economic spheres in the early 90s in almost all regions of the former USSR gave rise to an economic crisis: the crisis of the previous management system and the formation of a new economic mechanism. The worsening crisis in politics and economics was accompanied by a worsening of Russian-Chechen relations in the 90s of the last century.

During the anti-terrorist operation, another, more tangible blow was dealt to industry and the economy of the republic as a whole.

If the economic crisis before certain events manifested itself through a drop in social production with all the ensuing consequences (a decrease in the volume of production goods and living standards of the population, an increase in unemployment and crime), then during the period of hostilities - production and social infrastructure basically ceased to function and were subject to destruction and looting.

At the beginning of the so-called second stage (from September 1999), all stocks (consumer goods, household property, property of canneries, meat processing plants, department stores) were depleted, so the robbery of other material assets began (factory equipment, non-ferrous metals, copper and aluminum wires ). Illustrative examples are oil refineries, a chemical plant, and the Red Hammer plant, which were thoroughly looted.

The political and economic restructuring that began in the former USSR and the consequences of aggravated Russian-Chechen relations in the last decade of the 20th century thoroughly destroyed the economy of Chechnya. What remains of it is 7-10% of the 1990 level.

The key sectors of the republic's economic complex are currently industry, agriculture, construction and the service sector (table).

For all socio-economic indicators of the development of the Chechen Republic, their growth is observed in dynamics, and for some it is quite significant. The decrease in the number of unemployed registered with the employment service is also characterized as positive, although their number still remains the highest among the regions of the region.

Main socio-economic indicators of the development of the Chechen Republic

Indicators							2010 as a percentage of 2005
Average annual number of people employed in the economy, thousand people
The number of unemployed people registered with the state employment service (at the end of the year), thousand people
Average monthly nominal wages of workers in the economy, rub.
Gross regional product
total at current prices, million rubles.
per capita, rub.
Volume of shipped products (works, services), million rubles:
mining
manufacturing industries
production and distribution of electricity, gas and water
Agricultural products, million rubles.
Volume construction work, million rub.
Commissioning total area residential buildings, thousand m2
Investments in fixed assets, million rubles.

Source: Chechen Republic in figures. 2011: Brief statistical collection. Grozny, 2011. - 161 p.

Of the three types of economic activities related to industry, distinguished according to the classification by type of economic activity, the dominant one in the Chechen Republic is “Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.” In the total turnover of enterprises, this type of economic activity accounts for 61.05%. Mining extraction has been steadily declining since 2008, and in 2010 this type of economic activity in the structure of industrial production amounted to 32.30%.

Average annual amount of oil produced in the Chechen Republic for 2000-2010.
amounted to 1595.4 thousand tons. The largest amount of oil, including gas condensate (2178.7 thousand tons) during the analyzed period, was produced in 2005. However, the main income from the sale of oil (mainly for export) is still received by Rosneft OJSC. Moreover, the republican budget remains the most highly subsidized
in Russia .

Since its inception (the first gush of oil in 1893), hydrocarbon (HC) production has traditionally played an important role in the economy of the Chechen Republic and the entire North Caucasus. The share of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) in the gross volume of industrial production of the republic was equal in the 80s. approximately 50%. The main oil fields are located in the area of ​​Grozny and its environs. At the end of the 80s. Grozneft PA had 50 exploration and 25 production drilling teams.

All restoration work at fuel and energy complex facilities was planned within the framework of the annually developed “Set of measures to restore the economy and social sphere of the Chechen Republic.”

To organize work to restore the fuel and energy complex of the Chechen Republic, in 2000, Rosneft established a subsidiary, OJSC Grozneftegaz, which began operating only 12 wells and produced 76.7 thousand tons of oil in a year. Almost all industrial facilities of the former large production facility "Grozneft" were in a destroyed or dismantled state, there were a large number of burning open fountains, oil and gas collection and transportation systems did not function, and auxiliary production enterprises were completely destroyed.

But, at the same time, oil production has become practically the only type of production activity for a decade since the beginning of hostilities, and currently a significant share of Chechnya’s industrial production comes from oil production.

Among other industries, the construction materials industry is the most important.

In 2010, 24.7 million conventional construction bricks were produced in the Chechen Republic. bricks, which is 2 times more than in the previous year 2009. The Republic has the necessary natural resources and capabilities to develop the production of all main types of building materials, especially cement and brick, as well as natural facing stone. In Chechnya, silicate wall material, red brick, prefabricated reinforced concrete, inert materials, crushed stone, wooden moldings, etc. were produced. The most problematic and fundamental enterprise in terms of restoring the construction industry is the FSUE Chiri-Yurt Cement Plant.

The FSUE Chiri-Yurt Cement Plant came into operation in 1972. Until 1993, the Chiri-Yurt cement plant was the largest in the North Caucasus and the only one producing PC 600 grade cement.

In 2001, reconstruction and restoration work began at the cement plant, and in 2007 the first of two workshops was launched. The design capacity of the first line is 600 thousand tons of cement per year. After the completion of the restoration of the Chiri-Yurt cement plant, cement production High Quality increase to 1.2-1.3 million tons per year.

The cement industry is one of the backbone industries for all types of construction, along with the rolling of ferrous metals. A reliable supply of cement to residential and industrial construction in Chechnya will make it possible to uninterruptedly supply budgetary construction projects and at the same time saturate the local market with one of the goods in demand in the private economy.

The natural resources of Chechnya make it possible to begin the production of clay tiles, and after the launch of the first stage of the cement plant, it will be possible to provide domestic production of precast reinforced concrete with local raw materials. Deposits of marble and granite are known on the territory of Chechnya. This may make it possible in the medium term to launch the production of facing and flooring slabs and tiles, as well as other locally produced products. The market capacity for the building materials industry in the republic is large and has its own raw material base and opportunities for developing production for the local market.

Of utmost importance when analyzing the sectoral structure of the economy is the assessment of the structure of production, the number of employees and investments in fixed capital.

Due to well-known events, the structural features of the industrial complex of the republic are preserved to this day, aggravating the situation in such industries as electric power, mechanical engineering, light and food industries. However, the sectoral structure of industrial production is extremely disproportionate. Structural deficiencies are manifested not only in the deformation associated with the hypertrophied development of oil production, but also in the narrowness of the range of industries that represent the industries in the republic. Relatively low-labor-intensive industries and industries have received preferential development in the industrial complex, which is in direct contradiction with the high level of labor redundancy in the Chechen Republic. The development and justification of alternative options for the development of the fuel and energy complex (including electric power) and the diversification of the production of products and services are of decisive importance in the structural transformations of the existing deformed industry of the republic.

According to TOFSGS data for the Chechen Republic, industry, agriculture and construction together account for slightly more than 26% of the number of employees and less than 20% of the total investment in fixed capital.

According to these indicators, the service sector plays a key role in the republic. Moreover, in terms of the number of personnel, the education sector had the largest share in 2010 (about 29%), and in terms of the share of investments - housing and communal services (almost 52%).

The most important indicator of the overall level of economic development of any region is the volume of production of gross regional product (GRP).

It should be noted that until 2005, GRP for the Chechen Republic was not calculated either by republican bodies or by the Federal State Statistics Service. According to TOFSGS data for the Chechen Republic, the gross regional product in 2009 in the Chechen Republic amounted to 64,089.7 million rubles, or 96.7% of the 2008 level. The volume of GRP in 2008 amounted to 66,273.8 million rubles, its real volume compared to the level of 2007 increased by 37.9% or by 18,217.7 million rubles. (see table).

The main contribution to the formation of the gross regional product and ensuring its growth is made by such types of economic activities as mining, manufacturing, construction, trade, transport and communications. For comparison: until 1991, industry was the leading sector of the national economy of the Chechen Republic. Its share accounted for two-thirds of the gross output produced in the republic. The share of heavy industry in the total volume of production of the entire industry was 75.3%.

The main internal factors for the growth of the gross regional product can be noted, first of all: the dynamics of the development of basic and new types of economic activity, the intensification of investment activity, the growth of real cash income population of the region, etc.

The determining indicator of economic development is the growth of gross regional product per capita, which also shows an upward trend.

The further development of the Chechen Republic is associated with its significant opportunities, which include:

Increased interest in the region from foreign investors;

High growth rates of domestic demand;

Implementation of priority national projects, interregional projects and regional strategies of large businesses that contribute to the growth of capitalization of the region; integration of the transport and energy systems of the Republic, both into the all-Russian network and into the global one;

Accelerated development of Grozny and surrounding cities, with an emphasis on innovation clusters, education and technologically sophisticated industries;

Increasing the degree of processing of natural resources and developing relevant clusters (including increasing access of small and medium-sized companies to raw materials and primary processed products);

Development of a specialized educational cluster, using the existing potential of educational and scientific institutions (Grozny);

Development of clusters and sectors related to the production of products and services for the resource extraction and processing sectors (including suppliers of equipment components and related services);

Development of new sectors and clusters related to environmental protection technologies and energy saving;

Development of clusters and sectors related to consumer goods and services (for example, food industry, Construction Materials and etc.);

Development of tourism in the South of Russia.

Along with the positive aspects of development, the Chechen Republic, in our opinion, also has weaknesses. This:

Significant deterioration of surviving buildings, communications, engineering and social infrastructure;

Shortage of qualified personnel, high unemployment;

Low added value of products, significant production costs (including those caused by high electricity tariffs and the high share of transport costs in the cost of production);

High level of depreciation of fixed assets of the industrial complex, low quality of production infrastructure (primarily transport);

Insufficient development of financial infrastructure, low level of innovation activity, imbalances in territorial development.

The Chechen Republic's use of its advantages in further development will provide an opportunity to move to a new qualitative level of development.

The research work was carried out within the framework of the “Program of Basic Research of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences for 2012” (Program code P 32).

Reviewers:

Makhosheva S.A., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head. Department “Regional Management” of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Institute of Informatics and Problems of Regional Management of the KBSC RAS”, Nalchik;

Isaev R.A., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Economics and Production Management, Chechen State University, Grozny.

The work was received by the editor on 10/09/2012.

Bibliographic link

Bataeva Ya.D., Israilov M.V., Israilov M.V. Trends in the development of the industrial sector of the economy of the Chechen Republic // Fundamental Research. – 2012. – No. 11-2. – P. 488-492;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=30564 (access date: 01/05/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

2.3. The main directions of scientific and technological development at the present stage

2.4. Prospects for scientific and technological development

3. Classification of technological processes, manufacturability of products

3.1. Classification of technological processes

3.2. Manufacturability of products

4. Organization of supplying industrial enterprises with high-quality raw materials and components

4.3. Organization of supply of workshops with materials

5.1. Formation of a quality system in the Republic of Belarus

5.2. Quality is a global field of competition

5.3. International quality management system

6. Automation of production

6.1 Automation paths

6.2 Equipment for industrial automation

6.3 Industrial robots

6.4 Automated lines and production

8. Rationing of production inventories. Inventory management in enterprises

8.1. Types of stocks

8.2. Methodology for rationing inventories

8.3. Inventory optimization

8.4. Excessive and unauthorized stocks

9. Organizational structures of management in industry

9.1. Essence and general characteristics of organizational structures

9.2 Selecting a management structure.

10. Technological systems as economic objects

10.1 Structure of the technological system

10.2 Classification of technological systems

11. Standardization of commercial products

11.1. Standardization concept

11.2. Standards Index

11.3. Designation of standards

12. Technology of structural materials

12.1. Crystal structure of metals All metals are crystalline bodies. The crystals are randomly oriented and are called grains.

Defects are divided into:

12.3 Chemical-thermal treatment of steel.

12.4 Non-ferrous metals

12.4.1 Titanium.

12.4.2 Aluminum and its alloys.

13. Technology for the production and use of products made from composite materials 13.1 Properties of composite materials

13.2. Scope of application of polymer composite materials.

13.3. Characteristics of the components included in the polymer composition

13.4. Technology for manufacturing products from composite materials.

14. Mechanical processing. Technical and economic parameters of technological processes of mechanical processing.

14.1 The essence of the machining process.

14.2. Technical and economic analysis of the technological process of mechanical processing

1. Piece cost of manufacturing one part.

2. Cost of a given batch of parts.

15. Technological processes for producing blanks using casting methods

15.1 The essence of casting processes.

15.2. Technological processes for producing castings in one-time sand-clay molds

15.3. Casting into reusable molds.

15.4 Lost wax casting

16. Technology of plastic processing of metals

16.1 Mechanism of plastic deformation of metals

16.2 Rolling

16.3. Stamping

16.4. Forging

16.5. Drawing

17. Elion, electrophysical and electrochemical methods of processing materials

17.2 Plasma treatment.

17.3 Electrical erosion processing methods.

17.4 Electrochemical processing methods.

17.5 Anodic mechanical treatment.

17.6 Chemical methods for dimensional processing of parts.

18. Technology for producing products using powder metallurgy methods

19. Basics of membrane technologies

19.2. Main types of membrane processes and their characteristics

20. Technology of welding and cutting metals

20.1. Electric arc welding and cutting of metals

20.2. Gas welding and metal cutting

20.3. Cold welding

20.4. Ultrasonic pressure welding

20.5. Electron beam welding

20.6. Plasma arc welding

20.7. Diffuse welding

21. Inorganic glass

21.1 Properties and acquisition

21.2. Main types of glass products

22. Technology for producing rubber and rubber

22.1 Properties and acquisition

22.2. Rubber technology

22.3. General purpose rubbers

23. Fundamentals of technological processes of electronics and microelectronics

23.1. Integrated circuit manufacturing technology

23.2. Semiconductor integrated circuits

23.3. Photolithography in microelectronics

23.4. Applying thin films in a vacuum

23.5. Printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing technology

24. Technology for using lasers in industry

24.1 Physical basis of laser operation

24.2. Laser operating principle

24.3. Coherent light

24.5 Laser welding

Holographic interferometry – non-destructive testing method

25.Fuel processing technology

25.1 Main types and methods of fuel processing

25.2. Oil refining methods

26. Assembly production technology

26.1 Types of assembly production

26.2 Types of assembly connections

27. Safety precautions in production

27.1.Theoretical framework of life safety

27.2. The concept of risk and life safety

27.3. Formation of hazards in the production environment. Technical methods and means of human protection at work1

27.4. Explosion hazard

27.5. Fire hazard

27.6. Electrical hazard

27.7. Dangers of Automated Processes

27.8. Organization and management of labor protection at the enterprise

27.9 Ensuring the safety of technological processes

Table of contents

1.3. Development of the real sector of the economy

In the Republic of Belarus, by the beginning of the 90s, a progressive structure of the industrial complex had formed: the share of manufacturing products reached 97.9%, mining – 2.1%.

After the collapse of the USSR, industrial production in Belarus decreased (especially in the defense sectors, which determine scientific and technological progress and are integrated into the union economy), and the renewal of fixed assets ceased. By 1994-1995 The output of a number of the most important types of products decreased to 10-20% compared to the 1990 level.

The largest decline occurred in the fuel industry, which is dependent on imported oil. The volume of production in the electric power and textile industries decreased. The reduction in construction and investment led to a decline in the building materials industry. The share of products from manufacturing industries decreased, including mechanical engineering - by more than 11 percentage points, light industry - by almost 10 points (Fig. 1.2).

Rice. 1.2. Sectoral structure of the industrial complex of the Republic of Belarus

The implementation of anti-crisis measures, the practice of “targeted” support for priority industries (MAZ, MTZ, BMZ, conversion enterprises, television industry, petrochemical complex, etc.) by the end of 1995 stabilized the situation in most industrial sectors, and starting from 1996. ensured an increase in production volumes.

In 1996-1997 the prerequisites have been created for its transition to a new stage: sustainable growth of production, increasing its efficiency and competitiveness on the basis of modernization and technical re-equipment by attracting investment in the fixed capital of industrial sectors. They were developed and approved by Presidential Decree of May 14, 1998. No. 246 Concept and Program for the development of the industrial complex of the Republic of Belarus for 1998-2015.

The implementation of program tasks and activities ensured an increase in production volumes, exports of industrial products (in physical volume), the creation and development of competitive goods, increased efficiency in the use of energy resources, and a reduction in wear and tear of the active part of fixed industrial production assets (Fig. 1.3.).

Fig.1.3. Wear of the active part of the OPPF

By the end of 1999 the total volume of industrial production will increase by almost 50% compared to the level of the period of the greatest decline (1995) and will reach 85.5% compared to the 1990 level. (Fig. 1.4). Ferrous metallurgy, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries have already exceeded the level of 1990.

Strengthening integration with Russia ensured an increase in the volume of engineering products, positively influencing the structure of industrial production: the share of products in this industry increased in 1998-1999. after falling in the period 1991-1995.

The development of production and technological connections allowed the chemical and petrochemical industries to stabilize production and ensure an increase in export products. In 1998-1999 the share of products from this industry in the total volume of industrial production has increased.

R
is. 1.4. Dynamics of indices of changes in industrial production volumes (% compared to 1990)

The reduction in investment in industry has worsened the technical condition of basic industrial production assets. Wear of their active part for 1992-1997. in industry as a whole increased from 50 to 76%, and in the chemical and petrochemical industry - up to 85%, in mechanical engineering - up to 79%.

Average annual increase in industrial production in the period 1996-1999. amounted to 9.65%. The target set for industry in the Main Directions was almost doubled (an annual increase of at least 5%). The growth rates by year were: 1996 - 103.5%, 1997 - 118.8, 1998 - 112, 1999 (estimate) - 105, for 1996-1999. – 144.6%.

High growth rates of industrial output are typical for most industries (the exception is the fuel and energy complex, which depends on external supplies of energy resources).

Along with positive trends in the development of the country’s industrial complex, there are unresolved problems:

Decrease in the rate of export of products;

The difficult financial situation of many enterprises;

A significant share of barter in the volume of product sales.

The reason for the decline in exports in 1999 is the price non-competitiveness of Belarusian products on the Russian market. Measures to improve the technical level of products without technical re-equipment of production facilities turned out to be ineffective. Price competitiveness requires improving production potential to reduce production costs, which requires additional investment in fixed capital of industry.

The deterioration in the financial condition of industrial enterprises is caused by:

the introduction of a list of minimum minimum prices for Belarusian products (with an increase in the price competitiveness of Russian manufacturers of similar products);

unequal business conditions for Belarusian and Russian producers (transition to the offset method of collecting VAT, different tariffs for rail transportation and energy resources, etc.);

the introduction of a rent tax on barter transactions;

compression of the domestic market, multiple exchange rates.

For the financial recovery of enterprises, it was necessary to: reconsider approaches to pricing and rent for barter, take macroeconomic measures to equalize the economic conditions of Belarusian and Russian producers; establish a single exchange rate; review the procedure for accounting for import costs in product costs.

The trend of monthly increase in industrial production volumes, which has developed since August 1999, is stable (Fig. 1.5). Compared to July 1998, the increase reached 43.6%.

Fig. 1.5 Growth rate of industrial production (monthly)

Product output volumes for the 1st quarter of 2000 increased in all industrial sectors, with the exception of the building materials industry (94.2%). Ministry of Industry, Beltopgaz, Belneftekhim, Bellesbumprom, Bellegprom, Belmestprom, Belbiopharm concerns based on the results of the 1st quarter. more than doubled the production growth rate established according to the forecast for 2000.

The growth in production volumes was ensured by enterprises of all forms of ownership. At the same time, enterprises in the mixed ownership sector achieved the highest growth rates: 109.7% - mixed ownership without foreign participation and 123.9% - with foreign participation; the smallest – privately owned enterprises)

Rice. 1.6. Structure of industrial production volume by type of ownership

In the system of the Ministry of Industry, whose products account for 26.3% of the total industrial output, enterprises in the mechanical engineering industries - electronic, electrical, optical-mechanical, industry for the production of communications and computer equipment, instrument making and radio industry, i.e. industries that provide and determine the level of scientific and technological progress.

The increase in the growth of production volumes was greatly facilitated by the development and mastery of production of new, in-demand products for industrial and civil purposes, produced within the framework of scientific and technical programs, including jointly with Russian enterprises and organizations.

After a long recession, a process of stabilization in the production of machine tool products has emerged, which is facilitated by increased demand for it from the Russian Federation.

At the same time, there was a significant (up to 56.6%) reduction in the production of tractors. The main reasons were: a decrease in demand from Russian consumers, limited financial resources for the purchase of tractors by collective and state farms of the agro-industrial complex of Belarus, insufficient own working capital of the enterprise necessary to pay for purchased components, raw materials and supplies for the production of tractors. Taking into account the instability of the traditional Russian market, the Minsk Tractor Plant should strengthen marketing research in search of new promising consumers for the tractors it produces.

The continuing decline in the production of forage harvesters is caused by the lack of sufficient financial resources provided for the purpose of establishing their production at the expense of the republican budget.

Decrease for January-February 2000 production of rolled ferrous metals is due to difficulties with payment for raw materials supplied to the Belarusian Metallurgical Plant. Particularly large accounts payable arose for the supplied scrap ferrous metals. In this regard, there was incomplete loading of steel-smelting electric furnaces. In March 2000, enterprises managed to change the situation with the supply of raw materials for the better, which made it possible to increase the production of rolled ferrous metals based on the results of the 1st quarter. year by 1.2%.

In all industries and at most enterprises, since mid-1999, the financial situation has worsened. Compared to the 1st quarter of 1998, the number of unprofitable enterprises increased by 1.4 times, the own working capital of enterprises decreased below the standard level, and in every fifth they were completely absent. Accounts receivable and payable increased across all industries. At the same time, accounts payable for January-February 2000. for the industry as a whole exceeded receivables by 58.7%.

To improve the current situation, enterprises had to strengthen the regime for saving resources, increase financial and payment discipline, while accelerating the adoption and implementation of government measures aimed at improving pricing, the procedure for collecting rental payments for barter transactions, streamlining the current taxation system, and revaluing inventory assets. , stabilization of the Belarusian ruble exchange rate.

To update the active part of fixed assets, introduce new technologies and increase the competitiveness of Belarusian products, a decision was made on the need to attract external investment into the economy of the Republic of Belarus. Thus, the 2003 budget provides for attracting external investments in the amount of 1 billion US dollars.

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Myasnikova Tatyana Alekseevna. Planning the development of the industrial sector of the city economy: Dis. ...cand. econ. Sciences: 08.00.05 Krasnodar, 2003 196 p. RSL OD, 61:03-8/3882-2

Introduction, 3

1. Theoretical aspects of the study of the industrial sector of the city 13

Industrial sector in the system of socio-economic relations of the city 13

Specifics and structure of the urban industrial sector

farms 28

1.3. Conceptual approaches to industrial development management
cities 40

2. State and development trends of the industrial sector (for example
city ​​of Krasnodar) 58

Structural an&cheese of the city economy., 58

Some characteristics of the industrial sector of the city of Krasnodar

and trends in its development. 74

2.3. The place of small enterprises in the city economy 79

3. Strategic priorities for the development of the city’s industrial sector

Kras nodara 88

3.1, Critical analysis of industrial sector development planning
cities of Krasnodar 88

3.2. Strategic Alternatives and Prioritization

industrial development of Krasnodar... 116

Conclusion, 126

List of sources used 132

Appendix A. Profit/loss of enterprises in the city of Krasnodar at 150

sectors of the economy for 1999-2001.

Appendix B. Fixed assets of economic sectors of Krasnodar for 1999-

Appendix B. Some indicators of small business

Krasnodar for 1999-2001 155

Appendix D. Program of priority measures to support and

development of the real sector of the economy of Krasnodar for 2001-2002 157

Appendix D. Regulations on the Board of Directors of Krasnodar 171

Appendix E. Catalog of investment projects in Krasnodar 175

Introduction to the work

Relevance of the topicresearch. Development problems

industry at the meso level, i.e. within the boundaries of cities and urban settlements remain poorly studied. They attract special attention in the context of market transformations. It is at the level of individual cities that the most acute contradictions between the interests of developing industry as a branch of the national economy, on the one hand, and as part of the urban economic subsystem, on the other.

In cities where industry is the city-forming sector of the economy, its structure and development priorities have a direct impact on the level of socio-economic development of the city as a whole. In this regard, new directions are emerging in the study of the city’s industry. At the same time, if in pre-perestroika the interests of the industrial sector were recognized as a priority, now assessment criteria are increasingly shifting to the area of ​​socio-economic development.

This significantly changes the role local authorities authorities. In market conditions, local governments, acting as representatives of the state, take on the prerogatives of managing industrial development. In recent years, cities have become increasingly interested in strategic planning of the industrial sector.

All this determines the relevance of the dissertation research topic,
dedicated to issues of strategic development planning

industrial sector in the city.

The degree of knowledge of the problem. The problems of the city's industrial sector are studied both in Western and domestic scientific literature.

Most Russian researchers consider the industrial sector from the perspective of a macro approach. Methodological approaches to the study of the sectoral structure of the national economy are presented in the works of the laureates Nobel Prize: L.V. Kantorovich, S. Kuznets, V. Leontyev. In the works

Academicians A.I. Anchishkina, S.S. Shatalina, Yu.V. Yaremenko examines the dynamics of the structure of the national economy. In this case, special attention is paid to the place of industry.

Macroeconomic approach is used to study industry in territorial systems. Thus, the issues of forecasting macroeconomic regional proportions are reflected in the works of A.G. Aganbegyan, A.N. Aryanina, V.D. Akhundova, E.F. Baranova, A.G. Granberg, F.N-Klotsvoga, V.V. Kossova, G.S. Ronkina, R.I. Shniper and others. The works of V.N. are devoted to the impact and consequences of the processes of restructuring of basic industries on the development of territories. Leksina, A.N. Shvetsova. The works of V.G. are devoted to the reform of regional economic complexes in the conditions of structural restructuring of the Russian economy. Rostanets, O.A. Romanova (restructuring of regional industrial systems).

However, in most cases, urban industry is studied as part of a regional or sectoral system. The problems of studying the individual characteristics of cities that have a direct impact on the state of the industrial sector of the urban economy are hotly debated.

The micro-approach studies the spatial behavior of an industrial enterprise without taking into account the interests of the city. In the works of foreign researchers - A. Weber, W. Christaller, A. Lösch, I. von Thünen, T. Hagerstand - the influence of the city on the company's costs is studied. Domestic researchers such as M.K. Bandman, N.N. Kolosovsky, V.N. Pisarenko and others also study the impact of settlement (agglomeration effect) on firm costs, but more from the point of view of economic complexes. Those. the focus is on the economic interests of the industrial enterprise, but no attention is paid to the influence of the industrial sector on the level of socio-economic development of the city (quality of life of the local population).

All of the above studies have important theoretical and practical significance in the study of industry, but do not provide a holistic picture of the place and trends in the development of the city’s industrial sector in the context of the socio-economic development of the municipality.

Issues of economic development of municipalities (cities) are reflected in the works of T.T. Avdeeva, R.V. Babuna, L.A. Velikhova, A.G. Voronina, G.R. Latfullina, I.Kh. Ozerova, A.V. Penyugalova, O.S. Pchelintseva, Yu.V. Filippova. The city as a system is considered in the works of A.E. Gutnova, Yu.S. Popkova, M.V. Posokhin, B.L. Shmulyan, special attention is paid to the functional-spatial structure of the urban system. However, in these works, insufficient attention is paid to the industrial sector, as one of the city-forming sectors of the city’s economy.

Purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of the study is to develop a concept for managing the development of the city’s industrial sector, to determine strategic priorities for industrial development, taking into account the ongoing structural changes V the city's economy, as well as intra-industry shifts in the industrial sector.

The set goal is specified in the following tasks:

Consider the relationship between the concepts of “development of productive forces” and
"spatial factor"; describe the city as a socio-economic
system, defining in it the place of the industrial sector as an element
economic subsystem;

Develop a typology of the economic structure of Russian
cities, based on an assessment of the location and importance of the industrial sector;

Propose a concept for managing industrial development
cities;

Conduct a general analysis of structural changes in the city’s economy
Krasnodar, as well as analysis of intra-industry development trends
industry of the city, identify the main problems of functioning;

Assess the degree of impact of small enterprises on industrial
sector of the city of Krasnodar;

Propose options for strategies for the development of the industrial sector
Krasnodar within the framework of a vision of the future city based on three scenarios
development.

Subject and object of research. The subject of the study is socio-economic relations in the industrial sector of the city. The object of the study is the industrial sector of the city of Krasnodar.

Theoretical and methodological basis The dissertation work was based on the works of classics of economic theory, the work of economists and representatives of other related disciplines in the field of municipal management, spatial planning, research on the problems of overcoming the crisis and organizing the development of the city’s economy, concepts of social capital, local communities, participatory economics, sustainable development and friendly towards the market policies (policies of benevolent administrations) adopted by international organizations (UN, etc.).

The work is based on the methodology:

1) macroeconomic studies of the spatial aspect
development of the industrial sector (including structural changes);

2) microeconomic studies of spatial behavior
firms;

3) research at the municipal level dedicated to
socio-economic development.

The use of an interdisciplinary approach, orienting the researcher to a comprehensive analysis of the subject of research, helped to optimize the field of problems within the chosen topic and structure the dissertation research accordingly. During the research process, methods of scientific abstraction, inductive and deductive, were used,

* graphical, methods of statistical information processing and economic
analysis.

An important role in the process of working on the dissertation research was played by the works of domestic scientists - E.G. Animitsy, V.N. Leksina, E.N. Pertsika, V.E. Rokhchina, A.N. Shvetsov, which emphasize the importance of studying the city as a socio-economic system; the developments of these and a number of other Russian authors and foreign ones were used

* researchers of the economic structure of the city - Harris, F.A. Ishchenko, R.
Murphy, Y.G. Saushkin, B.S., Khorev, and others.

Specific economic studies were carried out on the basis of city statistical data, reporting materials from departments of the Krasnodar city administration and regional administration, other Russian cities, and state statistics.

The study of literary sources made it possible to make original judgments on a number of issues under consideration and, on their basis, to develop specific proposals. The practical part of the dissertation is based on independently developed forecasts, expert assessments and proposals in the form of technology for planning the industrial development of the city.

Structure and scope of the dissertation. The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used from 183 titles, an appendix, illustrated with 26 tables, 4 figures. The total volume without attachments is 147 pages.

The introduction reveals the relevance of the chosen topic, the scientific novelty and practical significance of the dissertation work, and defines the goals and objectives of the research.

IN first The chapter “Theoretical aspects of the study of the city’s industrial sector” examines the relationship between the concepts of “development of productive forces” and “spatial factor” at the city level. A diagram of the city’s socio-economic system is proposed and presented

* the role of the industrial sector as an element of the economic subsystem.

* Global trends in changes in the structure of industrial

city ​​economic sectors; a typology of the economic structure of Russian cities is proposed, based on an assessment of the place and importance of the industrial sector. A modern concept for managing the industrial development of the city is formulated.

In the second chapter, “State and development trends of the industrial sector (using the example of the city of Krasnodar),” a general analysis of structural

No. shifts in the economy of the city of Krasnodar, as well as analysis of intra-industry

structures of the industrial sector of the city of Krasnodar. The place and importance of small enterprises in the industrial sector of the city of Krasnodar is analyzed. The main problems of functioning and some development trends are identified.

The third chapter, “Strategic priorities for the development of the industrial sector of the city of Krasnodar,” analyzes the state of planning for the development of the industrial sector of the city by local governments. Options for development strategies for Krasnodar are proposed within the framework of a vision of the future based on development scenarios. Ways to improve planning for the industrial development of the city are proposed.

In conclusion, the results of the study of the condition are summed up

industrial sector of the city of Krasnodar, its place in the socio-economic system is shown, proposals for managing the industrial development of the city are presented.

The main results of the study to be presented for defense: 1. The industry of the city is not only a branch of the national economy, but also an integral part of the socio-economic system of the city, therefore there is mutual influence of the industrial sector and the urban environment. In order for the industrial sector to become a means of socio-economic development of the city, it is necessary to link the social and economic interests of local residents and economic interests

* enterprises.

2. Variety of options for spatial combinations of factors
production and elements of the city’s social system creates significant
differences in types of cities, . and therefore necessitates
clarification of the concept of industrial development of the city, which can
consist of both expansion and reduction of the specific share
industry in the city's economy. The author has developed a typology of cities
from the position of the place of industry in the economic subsystem of the city.

3. In a market economy, cities compete with each other,
comprehensive (long-term) planning, which has a predictive nature,
ineffective. Municipalities find themselves unable to change
current situation. A transition to strategic management is necessary
industrial development of the city, based on the concept of relying on
own strength, the idea of ​​partnership of market entities (local authorities
self-government, entrepreneurs, population). Strategic process
planning includes the creation of a development management system. This
means the formation of special structures (planning committee or other
forms), mastering step-by-step technology, including analysis of existing
trends in the socio-economic development of the city, drawing up a vision
future city, defining strategic development goals, assessing
capabilities and resources, description of the sequence of actions and
tools needed to achieve results.

4. In accordance with the strategic approach, defining
strategic priorities of industrial development of the city of Krasnodar
was the result of an analysis of the state and assessment of development trends
industrial sector of the city. For this purpose, a technique was used
structural analysis: economic growth, proportional and
differential shifts in sectors of the economy of the city of Krasnodar, as well as
The method of structural shares is applied. Structural
changes in the circle of small enterprises.

5. Based on an analysis of the socio-economic situation in the city of Krasnodar, three variants of scenarios for its development have been developed, a vision of the future of the city has been defined, and strategies for the development of the industrial sector of the city of Krasnodar have been proposed.

Scientific novelty of the dissertation research. The dissertation proposes a concept for managing the development of the city's industrial sector, taking into account the need to transition to strategic planning for the development of the city as a whole. The specific elements of scientific novelty are as follows:

An original scheme of socio-economic
relations between economic agents of the city (local) economy, clearly
demonstrating the mutual influence of industrial enterprises and urban
environment;

The author's classification of profile (specialization) is proposed
economics of Russian cities, which makes it possible to determine in the most general form
trends in local economic restructuring and differentiate the concept
“industrial development of the city”;

conceptual approaches to the strategic management of the development of the industrial sector of the city's economy are proposed, based on the concept of self-reliance and market-friendly administration;

a structural analysis technique was proposed and tested (using the example of the city of Krasnodar) (proportional and differential shifts were calculated) to determine the main trends in the restructuring of the city’s economy;

Three scenarios have been identified (gradual degradation of industrial
sectors without the development of other industries; development of industry and others
industries based on current trends; industrial development and
other industries based on the vision of the future city) and strategic
alternatives for the development of the industrial sector of the economy of the city of Krasnodar

(development of the food industry; creation of innovative
investment complex; small business development; improvement
investment climate; creation of new types of business) in accordance with
technology of strategic planning.

Practical significance of the work is that the main provisions formulated in the work - a diagram of socio-economic relations of economic agents of the urban economy, the author's typology of the economy of Russian cities, tools for structural analysis, approaches to the formation of industrial development policy - can be used by local government institutions. The work analyzes the development of the industrial sector of the economy of the city of Krasnodar and proposes strategic directions for industrial development, A it also contains specific recommendations for the introduction of a strategic approach to socio-economic planning, which is of practical interest for local governments, public organizations, territorial self-government bodies and specialists in planning the development of local communities of the Russian Federation.

Approbation of research results. The main results of the dissertation research were reported and discussed at the international scientific and practical conference in the village. Nebug, Tuapse district (2000), 16th All-Russian scientific conference of young scientists and students in Moscow (2001), scientific and practical conference in the village of Olginka, Tuapse district, Krasnodar region (2001), third conference of young scientists in Moscow (2002). The main provisions and results of the study are reflected in 10 works by the author in volume - 8D9 pp. (of which 8.19 sheets are copyright).

1. Myasnikova T.A. Essence of the city And its development // Man. Community. Control. 1999. No. 4. (volume 0.75 p.l.)

2. Myasnikova T.A. Types of cities and guidelines for their development
//Humanities: dynamics of objects and methods, 4.2, Krasnodar: KubSU,
Center "Journalist", 2000. (0.56 pp.)

Myasnikova T.A. Entrepreneurial sector as a subject of local economy // International scientific and practical. conf. "Business culture and economy of the South of Russia." Abstracts of reports. - Krasnodar: YuIM, 2000. (0.3 pp.)

Myasnikova T.A. Fundamentals of urban studies // Additional education of municipal employees. Educational and methodological manual. Municipal government. Vol. 6. /Rod ed. L.E. Laptev. M.: RIC "Municipal Authority", 2000. (3.75 pp.)

Myasnikova T.A. Ideal cities and spatial development of the city // Man. Community. Management, 2000. No. 3/4. (0.56 p.l.)

Myasnikova T.A. Strategic planning in the city management system // Materials of the 16th All-Russian scientific. conf. young scientists and students “Reforms in Russia and management problems-2001” / ed. prof. Rumyantseva B.S., Vol. 1, Moscow: State University of Education, 2001. (0.12 p.p.)

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Specialty 08.00.05 – Economics and management of the national economy

(economics, organization and management of enterprises, industries,

complexes - industry; regional economy)

Dissertations for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences

Izhevsk - 2008 The dissertation work was completed at the Perm branch of the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Scientific director– Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor Pytkin Alexander Nikolaevich

Official opponents: Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor Vladimir Ivanovich Nekrasov Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor Maria Sergeevna Ishmanova

Leading organization– State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Ural Academy of Public Service”

The defense will take place: June 10, 2008 at 13.00 at a meeting of the dissertation council DM.212.275.04 at the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Udmurt State University" at the address: 426034, Izhevsk, st. Universitetskaya, 1, bldg. 4, room. 444.

The dissertation can be found in the library of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Udmurt State University", with the abstract on the official website of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "UdSU" http://v4.udsu.ru/science/abstract

Scientific secretary of the dissertation council, candidate of economic sciences, professor A.S. Baskin

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

Relevance research topics. It is a historical fact that in most regions of Russia the industrial sector of the economy is a system-forming element economic system region.

Globalization processes, which significantly complicate economic activities at the levels of countries, regions and specific enterprises, as well as the need to take into account not only economic, but also social, environmental and institutional aspects in both strategic and everyday economic activities, require consideration of organizational aspects of functioning along with other industrial sector of the regional economy and its constituent enterprises, taking into account the strategic directions of development of the region.

In this sense, it is advisable to consider the industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system, i.e. an association of people pursuing a common goal and acting on the basis of certain procedures and rules.

At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. The theory of organizations and related scientific directions have received significant development: management theory, active systems theory, hierarchical game theory, contract theory, feasibility theory, etc. Within the framework of these scientific directions, the theory of management of organizational systems was formed - a section of management theory that studies the mechanisms of functioning of organizational systems. The main method of this research is mathematical modeling (system analysis, game theory, decision theory, operations research) of management decision-making procedures.

The works of foreign and domestic researchers describe the features of organizations and the processes of their functioning, give characteristics of their structure, and formulate tasks management, classifications of management problems are given. The concepts of management systems, models of decision-making by organizational entities, the composition and content of general scientific methods for studying organizational systems are described.

Issues of planning and stimulating the activities of organizations are considered.

However, almost all developments in this direction are associated with research at the microeconomic level.

At the same time on regional level for such organizational systems as the industrial sector of the regional economy, there are no theoretical and methodological developments in terms of improving the management of their development. The relevance and growing practical significance of this problem predetermined the choice of topic, subject, object and main directions of the dissertation research.

The area of ​​research meets the requirements of the passport of the Higher Attestation Commission specialties:

Specialty 08.00.05 – Economics and management of the national economy (economics, organization and management of enterprises, industries, complexes - industry) – 15.1. Development of new and adaptation of existing methods, mechanisms and tools for the functioning of the economy, organization and management economic entities industry; 15.2. Formation of mechanisms for sustainable economic development of industrial sectors, complexes, enterprises.

Specialty 08.00.05 - Economics and management of the national economy (regional economics) – 5.16. Regional economic management at the national, regional and municipal levels, functions and management mechanism; development, methodological justification, analysis, evaluation of the effectiveness of organizational charts and management mechanisms;

5.18. Development of problems of functioning and development of enterprises, industries and complexes in the regions; rational use of the natural resource base.

Degree of development of the problem. The study of the theory and practice of industrial development, including at the regional level, in market conditions in Russia began in the 90s, during the implementation of market and democratic reforms.

Yu.P. is actively working in this area. Alekseev, E.G. Animitsa, S.S. Artobolevsky, I.O. Botkin, O.I. Botkin, V.Yu. Budaway, S.D. Valentey, A.G. Granberg, G.B. Kleiner, D.S. Lvov, A.M. Makarov, A.S. Marshalova, T.G. Morozova, V.I. Nekrasov, A.N. Pytkin, A.I. Tatarkin, O.A. Romanova, V.F. Ukolov, A.N. Shvetsov, R.I. Shniper et al.

Theoretical and methodological problems of the functioning of organizations in market economy presented in the studies of I. Adizes, L. Greiner, E. Downes, P. Drucker, R. Kaplan and D. Norton, F. Liden, M. Porter, and many others.

In the field of organization theory and management theory, it is necessary to highlight the works of B.Z. Milner, A.I. Prigogine, proceedings of the Institute of Management Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

A generalization of the experience of domestic and foreign research, to one degree or another related to improving the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system, showed the need for further study of problems in both theoretical and practical aspects.

Purpose The research is to develop theoretical principles and practical recommendations for improving the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system operating in market conditions.

The set goal required solving a number of interrelated tasks, namely:

Research and generalize the theoretical and methodological foundations of the industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system;

Determine the key areas for improving the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy;

Highlight the features of the mechanisms for planning, stimulating and managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy;

To substantiate the organizational and economic prerequisites for improving the management system for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy;

Develop a model of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy;

The object of the study is the industrial sector of the regional economy. As an example, a subject of the Russian Federation is considered - the Perm Territory, which corresponds to the Russian specifics of the functioning of industry in market conditions.

Subject of research are organizational and economic relations in the industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system operating in market conditions.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are scientific works and developments of domestic and foreign authors in the field of managing the development of industry and regional economics.

Basic research methods. Methodological basis Research is organizational-structural modeling and comparative analysis method, general scientific methods of management and organization, expert assessments, methods of forecasting and planning.

The information base for the dissertation research was data from statistical bodies, information from legislative and executive authorities of the Perm Territory, federal authorities, and industrial enterprises. The dissertation reflects the results of research work carried out by the author and with his participation.

Scientific novelty dissertation research is to develop scientific and methodological approaches and methodological recommendations for improving management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy. In the process of research, the following theoretical and practical results were obtained, which determine scientific novelty and are the subject of protection:

The concept of “industrial sector of the regional economy” has been clarified as an organizational system that unites groups of industrial enterprises and industries, a characteristic feature of which is their territorial affiliation with a subject of the Federation and, together with the authorities, develop and implement industrial policy in order to increase the competitiveness and sustainable development of enterprises and the regional economy in in general;

The features of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy are identified, which actively influence the improvement of planning mechanisms, incentives and management methods in a competitive environment;

The conceptual aspects of modeling the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy are substantiated;

A model of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy has been developed;

Practical significance The research is determined by the need for theoretical and methodological justification and development of methodological recommendations for improving management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, both in individual regions of Russia, and to ensure methodological and managerial unity in the development of the industrial sector of the economy in the regions and the Russian Federation as a whole.

The dissertation materials can be used for training and retraining of specialists from legislative and executive authorities of the region, specialists and practitioners in the industrial sector of the regional economy.

The results of the work can be used for teaching in higher education educational institutions courses in industrial economics, regional economics, state and municipal management.

Approbation of the study. Basic provisions, conclusions and recommendations formulated in the dissertation work were presented for discussion at theoretical seminars and conferences at the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ekaterinburg, 2005-2007).

The theoretical and methodological results of the study are reflected in the scientific developments of the Perm branch of the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, including in the scientific direction “Regional industrial policy and economic security regions" within the framework of the research work "Development of the theory and methodology of structural modernization of industry in the region" - 2007 - Resolution of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences dated February 28, 2003 No. 61.

Methodological and practical recommendations of the dissertation work were used in the development of concepts and projects of regional target programs for the development of industry, timber and construction complexes of the Perm Territory, draft laws of the Perm Territory “On science and scientific and technical policy of the Perm Territory”, “On innovative activities in the Perm Territory” regarding issues of formation and implementation of regional industrial policy, sustainable development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

Theoretical, methodological and applied results of the study are used when delivering a course of lectures on the disciplines “Industrial Economics” and “Regional Economics” in special advanced training programs for government officials and industrial enterprises at the Perm Academic Training Center.

Publications. The results of scientific research are reflected in publications with a total volume of 14.28 pp. (personal contribution of the author 9.26 p.p.).

Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and appendices. Contains 158 pages of main text, includes 10 figures, 11 tables, appendices, and a bibliography of 135 titles.

In the first chapter“Theoretical and methodological foundations of the industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system” reveals the theoretical aspects of organizational systems and provides a classification of tasks for managing the development of the region, reflects the role and place of the industrial sector of the regional economy as a regional organizational system, and shows the key directions for improving the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

In the second chapter“Features of the management system for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy” examines the current level of planning and stimulation of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, highlights the features of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, and identifies the organizational and economic prerequisites for improving the management system for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

In the third chapter“Improving the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy” presents conceptual aspects of modeling the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, a model of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is developed, and methodological recommendations are proposed for improving the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

In custody The conclusions obtained during the research process are summarized.

BASIC POINTS SUBMITTED FOR DEFENSE

1. The concept of “industrial sector of the regional economy” has been clarified as an organizational system that unites groups of industrial enterprises and industries, a characteristic feature of which is territorial affiliation with a constituent entity of the Federation and, together with authorities, develop and implement industrial policy in order to increase the competitiveness and sustainable development of enterprises and the economy the region as a whole.

The industrial sector is a determining component of the development of the regional economy and acts today and in the near future as a guarantor of the sustainable socio-economic development of the country. This, in turn, requires the development of an effective system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy and its constituent industrial enterprises and industries, which will make it possible to formulate current directions of industrial policy and increase the potential for industrial development of the regions.

In modern conditions, authorities, and especially at the level of the constituent entities of the Federation, are taking certain steps to solve the problems of coordination and organization of industrial production. In many regions and republics, unions and associations of industrialists have been created, which in their activities determine the goals and priorities of industrial policy and solve other priority tasks for the functioning of enterprises.

The study showed that in scientific works, considering the terms “developed industrial production", "industrially developed region", "regional industry" the emphasis is placed on the structure of industry and the mechanisms of their adaptation to changes in the external and internal environment. Based on this, the author believes that the industrial sector of the regional economy should be considered as an organizational system, which makes it possible to comprehensively characterize its level.

The very concept of “organizational system” includes the term “organization”, which is used to designate a property, process and object, and the term “system”, which adds a functioning mechanism - a set of rules, laws and procedures governing the interaction of participants in the organizational system, and a management mechanism - a set of procedures for making management decisions.

An analysis of the results of work in this area carried out by the author shows the feasibility of applying this approach to the industrial sector of the regional economy, namely, its following provisions:

participants in the organizational system are the governing body, teams and/or individual performers (agents);

the set of procedures and rules that determine the interaction of participants in the organizational system is the mechanism of its functioning; an integral part of the functioning mechanism is the management system (mechanism) - a set of procedures for making management decisions;

management decision - choosing the best action according to the selected criterion from a variety of possible alternatives; the management system determines the behavior of the organization’s participants, their adoption and execution of management decisions;

management of an organizational system - influencing the managed system in order to ensure the behavior required of it;

The functioning of the organizational system consists of the following stages:

- decision-making by the center on the action plan;

- implementation of the plan by the center and agents;

- summing up, stimulating agents.

The dissertation clarifies the main difference between an organizational system and a technical one – the presence of active goal-directed behavior among agents. The meaning of activity is that each agent has its own goals, to achieve which it can choose appropriate strategies.

To clarify the substantive essence of the definition of the industrial sector of the regional economy, the following parameters are considered in the work:

composition of the industrial sector of the regional economy; structure of the industrial sector of the regional economy; strategies of participants in the industrial sector of the regional economy; target functions of participants in the industrial sector of the regional economy; awareness of participants in the industrial sector of the regional economy. These parameters are linked to management mechanisms: management of composition, structure, strategies, target functions, awareness. The development of the industrial sector of the regional economy and its improvement is also inextricably linked with a constructive industrial policy.

Analysis of the theoretical foundations, views of various specialists on the essence of the industrial sector of the regional economy and the author’s own research made it possible to clarify the definition of the concept of the industrial sector of the economy. In the dissertation work, the industrial sector of the regional economy is understood as an organizational system that unites groups of industrial enterprises and industries, a characteristic feature of which is their territorial affiliation with a subject of the Federation and, together with the authorities, develop and implement industrial policy in order to increase the competitiveness and sustainable development of the economy of enterprises and the region in in general.

2. The features of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy are identified, which actively influence the improvement of planning mechanisms, incentives and management methods in a competitive environment.

The dissertation work pays close attention to the analysis of such components of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy as the planning mechanism, incentive system, management methods, due to the fact that they determine the ability of industrial enterprises and sectors and the regional economy as a whole to achieve strategic, tactical and operational goals and challenges in a competitive environment. Comparative analysis functioning of industrial enterprises and industries of the Perm region allows us to highlight the main directions for managing the development of the industrial sector of the region:

formation of an organizational and economic mechanism that ensures effective interaction between government bodies and the industrial sector;

identifying priority directions and strategies in the development of the industrial sector and increasing its competitiveness;

promoting the development of intraregional, interregional connections and international cooperation;

support for the development of medium and small businesses in the field of material production and services;

organization of training of highly qualified managers - professional managers of industrial enterprises, etc.

It should be noted that at the present stage, management of the development of the industrial complex of the regional economy is determined by a number of regulations adopted at the level of the federal center and the subject of the Federation, which is important for organizing effective state support for industrial enterprises, complexes and industries.

The author considers the following features of managing the development of the industrial sector at the level of the federal center:

macroeconomic regulation with methods of indirect influence based on the strategic objectives of sustainable socio-economic development of Russia;

direct regulation with the widespread use of a legal approach mechanism focused on elements of state control.

In this connection, the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is influenced by the tools of legal, economic and organizational methods of both direct and indirect regulation and control over the activities of industrial enterprises and industries.

At the level of the subject of the Federation, interaction between government authorities and participants in the industrial sector is also built on direct and indirect regulation. At this level, the dissertation work identifies the following features of managing the development of the industrial sector:

justification for the choice of priority development of industrial enterprises and industries;

formation of a new structure and directions of competitive industrial production;

providing the industrial complex with regional government support;

ensuring a favorable business climate for the functioning of the industrial sector;

monitoring the effective use of available natural, labor and financial resources;

development and improvement of regional market infrastructure.

Taking into account the identified features of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, according to the author, allows us to develop a set of priority measures to improve planning mechanisms, incentives and methods of enterprise management in a competitive environment. Each direction absorbs certain functions and solves its own specific problems.

The planning mechanism must be built on a reasoned regulatory framework that corresponds to the organizational and technical conditions for the production of competitive products and ensure the reliability of planning, assessment and analysis of the need for material, labor and financial resources. This means an inevitable strengthening of the role of planning in the development of the industrial sector.

The mechanism for stimulating the activities of industrial enterprises to increase the competitiveness of their products, labor productivity, reduce production costs, and improve economic results in the dissertation is considered from the point of view of the application of contract theory, which allows the choice of a motivation system to encourage employees to perform effectively.

The need to integrate the essential aspects of industrial, scientific and technical, investment, production, marketing, environmental, financial and other types of policies, specifying and specifically refracting general approaches to the management strategy of an industrial enterprise determines the search for effective management methods and functions.

From the point of view of the theory of management of organizational systems, the industrial sector of the regional economy, in which there are several management bodies located at one or several levels of the hierarchy, corresponds to the type of systems with distributed control (DC) or distributed decision-making systems (DSMS). In the case of the industrial sector of the regional economy, the task of analyzing the DSPR is to describe a set of equilibrium states and/or strategies of its participants in one sense or another, the task of synthesis is to search for interaction procedures (functioning mechanisms) of decision makers (DMs), allowing them to make consistent decisions effective management decisions. This raises three difficulties.

Firstly, to determine the effectiveness of a particular decision, it is necessary to have a model of behavior of the controlled subject depending on this decision (control).

Secondly, all participants in the system under consideration have the property of activity. That is, the ability to make decisions independently - choose states, communicate information, etc., in accordance with one’s own interests. Consequently, both the model of the controlled subject and the decision-maker’s interaction procedures must take this activity into account.

Thirdly, the decision-making system, in addition to the property of distribution, in relation to the industrial sector of the regional economy can be characterized by a complex multi-level structure. There are both “horizontal” distribution in decision making (characterized by the presence of several decision-making subjects located at the same level of the hierarchy) and “vertical” distribution in decision-making (characterized by the presence of several hierarchy levels at which decision-making subjects are located) ).

The main problem in managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is that during the reforms in the regions there was no system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy. Like any organizational system, the industrial sector of the economy, according to the property of recursiveness, is a subsystem of the regional economy and itself consists of subsystems. Due to the current situation, the author sees the key direction for improving management of the development of the industrial sector of the economy in the development and implementation of an effective model of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

3. The conceptual aspects of modeling the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy are substantiated.

As the study shows, the conceptual aspects of modeling the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy are determined, first of all, by the characteristics of the management object.

The dissertation examines the industrial sector of the economy of the Perm region. Its composition and structure, as an object of management, reflect the distribution of the number of organizations by type of economic activity (Table 1) and the structure of goods own production(Table 2).

Distribution of the number of organizations in the Perm Territory by type of economic activity (as of January 1), including the industrial sector of the regional economy:

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 306 368 Structure of goods of own production, including the industrial sector of the economy:

extraction of fuel and energy minerals 18.2 14.9 16, extraction of minerals, except fuel and energy production of food products, including drinks, and tobacco wood processing and production of wood products 2.3 2.5 1, pulp and paper production; publishing and printing activities production of coke, petroleum products and nuclear materials 5.7 20.7 24, production of other non-metallic mineral products metallurgical production and production of fabricated metal products production of machinery and equipment production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 14.8 16.5 13, of which:

production, transmission and distribution of electricity 9.9 11.6 9, production, transmission and distribution of steam and hot water (thermal energy) Share of the industrial sector of the economy of the Perm Territory in the structure of gross value added (Table 3) in relation to the average for the Russian Federation The Federation shows that the Perm Territory is predominantly an industrial region, so it is advisable to talk about improving the development of the industrial sector of the region’s economy.

Structure of gross value added in 2005

Russian Federation from the sum of the subjects The essence of the model of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the economy is determined by the goals and objectives of the development of the region and, accordingly, its industrial sector. As a rule, they are specified in the regional industrial policy adopted by the authorities and implemented in regional target programs for industrial development.

The dissertation notes that the development of regional management systems such as an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy requires a description of management objects, identification of the main (significant) factors characterizing the socio-economic situation in the region, assessment of these factors, creation of mechanisms for the development and implementation of regional programs development. Solving such problems faces difficulties predetermined by the peculiarities of the control object. A number of such features are considered in domestic scientific research. In relation to the industrial sector of the regional economy, the author identifies the following:

1) difficulties in describing processes in a strictly formalized form;

2) the complexity of the indicators included in the structure of the management object;

3) hierarchical structure of the control object;

4) multiple control options;

5) lack of reliable initial information.

One of the main tasks in developing an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is to assess the state of the industrial sector of the regional economy, both existing and desired. To manage its development, we must first assess where we are and where we want to go. Recently, an approach based on the use of a goal tree has become widespread for constructing generalized assessments of objects of various types.

In the field of industrial policy, public authorities are forced to experiment in search of acceptable and effective forms of direct and indirect regulation, creatively mastering world experience, taking into account the changing situation and determining factors. A reliable guide for developers of concepts and programs for industrial development are the methodological foundations of systems design. System methodology involves determining the following elements of the system: goals (priorities), tasks, subject, object, stages (strategic, tactical), methods, tools (means), forms, relations of coordination and subordination, mechanism (model). In this case, it is of fundamental importance to take into account the sociocultural and historical context of the measures being designed.

In accordance with the theory of management of organizational systems, in the model of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, it is necessary to use the following management mechanisms (Fig. 1):

- management of the composition of the industrial sector of the regional economy;

- management of the structure of the industrial sector of the regional economy;

- institutional management (management of restrictions and norms of activity);

- motivational management (management of preferences and interests);

Information management (management of information that participants have at the time of decision-making, management of the sequence of obtaining information and determination of strategies by participants on this basis).

Rice. 1. Management mechanisms of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

Based on the procedural components inherent in any activity, the author identifies the types, components and four main functions of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy (Table 4).

Types, components and main functions of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy Project management (project phases) Conceptual aspects of modeling the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, along with the organizational and economic prerequisites discussed in the dissertation for improving the management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, serve sufficient grounds for developing a model of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

4. A model of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy has been developed.

Like any management (regulation) system, the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy should be based on subsystems of monitoring, diagnostics, adjustment, have productivity criteria, and certain relationships that ensure its coordination with the functional forms of state economic policy. From a managerial position, the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy can be represented as consisting of the following blocks:

- development of goals and priorities;

- resource support for selected priorities;

- implementation of control functions;

Institutional and legal support (creation and operation of institutional structures, development and adoption of normative documents).

At the same time, the development of goals and priorities for the development of the industrial sector of the region’s economy should be linked to the goals and priorities for the development of the region as a whole, other sectors of the economy and spheres of life in the region.

In the same way, the task of providing resources for the selected priorities must be balanced.

Since the development priorities of the industrial sector of the regional economy should be considered from the point of view of sustainable development, control in the management system for the development of the industrial complex of the regional economy should take into account the requirements for the balance of social, economic, environmental and institutional components of the region's development.

Rulemaking activities and institutional development for the industrial sector of the region’s economy are also an integral part of regional system management, since, first of all, the state authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the region are entrusted with the functions of rule-making in the interests of the region.

In accordance with current Russian legislation, responsibility for the development of the region is assigned to the state authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

In addition, the structure of public authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation must take into account that, as stated, for example, in the Charter of the Perm Territory, “The public authorities of the Perm Territory interact with the population for the purpose of sustainable development of the Perm Territory, the well-being and prosperity of its population, and the preservation of a favorable environment.” environment." That is, in the structure of government bodies there must be, at a minimum, blocks: social, economic, environmental and institutional, which may include divisions responsible for the development of the most significant sectors of the social sphere, economics, ecology and institutional development, and other spheres of life in the region . Since budget management of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is traditionally highlighted in the regional management system, it is advisable to separately consider the budget block within the framework of the development of the regional financial system.

This approach makes it possible to organize the targeted activities of government departments based on a system of balanced indicators that reflect the balance of social, economic/financial, environmental and institutional components of the region’s development.

The definition of the most significant areas of the region’s life and corresponding indicators is given in the strategy for sustainable development of the region, in the territorial planning scheme and in the comprehensive development program.

Thus, for a historically established industrial and/or industrial development-oriented region, the center for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy should be the division of the “Economy” block of the regional government authorities.

Russian practice in recent years shows that in the center for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, it is advisable to distinguish divisions in the following areas:

1) development of goals and priorities; institutional and legal support;

2) resource support for selected priorities; implementation of control functions.

In this case, the division of the second direction is functionally subordinate to the first. In practice, such units are usually called ministries and agencies.

Based on the foregoing, the author proposes the following positioning of the organizational system (center) for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, presented in Figure 2. At the regional government level, ministries coordinate activities and balance the social, economic and financial (regional financial system), environmental and institutional components development of the region in the system of balanced indicators of sustainable development of the region of the regional information and analytical system.

development of the industrial sector within the framework of the management system Fig. 2. Positioning of the organizational management system The working body of the ministry is the collegium (coordination council), which allows coordinating the work of agencies for the interaction of economic sectors in the region.

Based on a number of research works carried out with the participation of the author, it is proposed to allocate divisions (departments) within the industrial agency for technological modernization, environmental modernization, training and retraining of personnel, and improvement of organizational and economic mechanisms for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy ( Fig. 3). These divisions solve the problems of territorial marketing in their areas within the framework of the regional information and analytical system. The collection of data by division is carried out by the division for analysis and monitoring of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

Government of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation for economic development Department of technological modernization of industry Department of environmental modernization of industry Department of training and retraining of industrial personnel Department of improving organizational and economic mechanisms for managing industrial development Fig. 3. Model of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy. The agency's industrial divisions correspond to similar blocks of the regional target program for industrial development. They carry out contractual work on government contracts within the framework of the program, monitor the implementation of program activities and development indicators of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

The author proposes to implement the functioning of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy on the basis of a regional information and analytical system (“electronic government”). The development of a regional information-analytical system involves the development of a structured system of indicators in a certain way, which reflects the strategy for the sustainable development of the region, the territorial planning scheme and the parameters of a comprehensive development program for the region. The regional target program for industrial development, as an integral part of a comprehensive regional development program, a set of program activities, planning its implementation, evaluation of results and monitoring the implementation of program activities is also reflected in the regional information and analytical system. Decisions on the implementation of the program and program activities are also prepared here.

The component of the regional information and analytical system in terms of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is shown in Figure 4.

The author associates the improvement of management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy with the introduction of a model of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

The implementation of the model is possible through the development of new regional regulations and amendments to existing regional legislation.

As a rule, constituent entities of the Russian Federation have adopted laws on industrial policy or similar ones. On their basis, industrial policy is developed and adopted.

The President/Governor of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation determines the main directions for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, ensuring increased competitiveness of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

On this basis, the government of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation approves priority directions for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, ensuring the solution of the problems of sustainable development of industry and the region.

The Ministry of Economic Development of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, on behalf of the president/governor and the government of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, organizes the development of the main and priority directions for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy (industrial policy). Direct work Fig. 4. The development management component of the industrial sector of the economy of the regional information and analytical system for the preparation of a draft industrial policy is carried out by the industrial development agency.

Industrial policy, upon the recommendation of the president/governor, is adopted by the legislative body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Based on the adopted industrial policy, a regional target program for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy (industry) is being developed. The program is being developed by the Industrial Development Agency, attracting competent organizations and specialists on a competitive basis.

To implement industrial policy, its main and priority directions, including through the regional target program for industrial development, the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy uses the following management mechanisms:

1) management of the composition of the industrial sector of the regional economy is carried out based on the historical situation in the industrial sector of the economy itself, based on the composition of the natural, technological, financial, human, intellectual and other resources of the region. The change in the composition of enterprises in the industrial sector of the economy occurs in accordance with the strategy of sustainable development of the region, the territorial planning scheme, and a comprehensive development program through the implementation of a set of measures of the regional target program for industrial development;

2) similarly, management of the structure of the industrial sector of the regional economy is carried out based on the historically established structure of the industrial sector of the economy, based on the structure of the natural, technological, financial, human, intellectual and other resources of the region. The change in the structure of the industrial sector of the economy occurs in accordance with the strategy of sustainable development of the region, the territorial planning scheme, and a comprehensive development program through the implementation of a set of measures of the regional target program for industrial development;

3) in accordance with the strategy of sustainable development of the region, the territorial planning scheme, the comprehensive development program, the regional target program for industrial development sets the target functions for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, on the basis of which enterprises adjust their own development strategies;

4) motivational management is carried out by providing regional tax benefits, rental benefits, budget guarantees and financing, and other preferences to those enterprises that adjust their activities in the interests of sustainable development of the region and take part in program activities of the regional target program for industrial development;

5) to improve the efficiency of managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, information management methods are used that provide reliable information sufficient to obtain the required results.

The formation of an organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is facilitated by the self-organization of enterprises in the forms of regional chambers of commerce and industry, unions of industrialists and entrepreneurs, industry associations and associations, associations and associations by type of economic activity, the organizational forms of which begin to move towards self-regulatory organizations in connection with the adoption Federal Law dated December 1, 2007 No. 315FZ “On self-regulatory organizations" There is noticeable activity in creating holding structures in industry and regional industrial clusters.

Planning the implementation of a regional target program for industrial development within the framework of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy is based on the following mechanisms:

- mechanisms of active examination;

- competitive mechanisms;

- internal price mechanisms.

The listed mechanisms are most applicable in the process of forming and evaluating a set of measures for a regional target program for industrial development.

It is advisable to coordinate internal prices within the framework of tripartite commissions existing in almost every region consisting of employers - trade unions - government bodies. Within the framework of tripartite commissions, it is possible to conclude agreements on tariffs, rents, etc., as well as in general on the implementation of program activities of the target program for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy.

The model of the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy and the methodological recommendations for its implementation developed in the dissertation are aimed at improving the management system for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy, contributing to increased competitiveness and sustainable development of the economy of industrial sectors, complexes, enterprises and the region as a whole.

THE RESEARCH RESULTS ARE REFLECTED IN THE FOLLOWING

PUBLICATIONS:

1. Nikiforova T.E. The industrial sector of the regional economy as an organizational system: theoretical and methodological foundations. Preprint. – Perm: Publishing house NIUMS, 2006. – 2.32 pp.

2. Nikiforova T.E. Introduction of environmental management in the activities of bakery industry enterprises in the city of Perm. Theory and practice of ecological modernization of the economy of territorial entities: Collection of scientific papers. Issue V / Ed. A.N. Pytkina.

Perm branch of the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Perm: Publishing house NIUMS, 2006. - 0.28 pp.

3. Pytkin A.N., Nikiforova T.E. Features of mechanisms for planning, stimulating and managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy. Preprint. – Perm: Publishing house NIUMS, 2007. – 4.15 pp.

(author 2.77 pp.) 4. Atamanova E.A., Nikiforova T.E. Organizational and economic aspects of improving the management system for the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy. Preprint. – Perm: Publishing house NIUMS, 2008. – 3.16 pp. (author 1.58 pp.) 5. Misharin Yu.V., Nikiforova T.E. Modeling the organizational system for managing the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy. Preprint. – Perm: Publishing house NIUMS, 2008. – 4.12 pp. (author 2, pp.) 6. Nikiforova T.E. Conceptual aspects of improving management of the development of the industrial sector of the regional economy // News of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after.

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