Scientists have long found out that for high work efficiency, a person needs regular and proper rest. Without this, one should not expect great labor feats from an employee. But you can also relax in different ways: someone just lies on the couch and watches TV, while others take out their backpack and go on a hike. In the latter case, the world's recreational resources, or in other words, resources for recreation and tourism, are of great importance.

What is recreation?

It is believed that the term “recreation” came to us from Latin: recreation - “restoration”. There is such a word in Polish - recreatja, which means “rest”. It is worth noting that there is still no single and generally accepted scientific definition of this concept in the world.

We can say that recreation is the process of restoring a person’s vitality (physical, moral and mental) that was spent in the process of work. At its core, recreation can be tourist, medical, resort, health, sports, etc. Types are also distinguished according to time frames: short-term, long-term (with or without interruption from work), seasonal. Recreation can also be organized or unorganized (so-called wild recreation).

Basic Concepts

From the definition of the term “recreation” other important concepts can be derived: “tourist and recreational resources” and “recreational activities”. The second term means a special type of economic activity aimed at restoring human strength. Moreover, the word “economic” in combination with the word “activity” suggests the possibility of generating income.

The study of these and some other related concepts is carried out by such sciences as recreational science and recreational geography. Among the scientists of these disciplines one can find geographers, biologists, economists, and psychologists, because they were formed at the intersection of several fields of knowledge. In particular, it studies the features of the distribution of recreational resources and facilities across the territory of our planet, as well as individual countries. Recreational resources of the world and their study are also within the purview of this science. They will be discussed further.

Recreational World Resources

They began to worry scientists and researchers around the middle of the twentieth century. It was then that the first serious scientific developments in this area began to appear.

Recreational resources of the world are a complex of recreational objects (created by nature or man) that are suitable for the development of recreational activities on their basis.

What can be a recreational facility? Yes, anything, as long as the object has a recreational effect. It could be a waterfall, a mountain peak, a sanatorium, a city park, a museum or an old fortress.

The main properties of such resources include:

• attractiveness;
• geographical accessibility;
• significance;
• potential stock;
• method of use and others.

Classification

The world's recreational resources still do not have a unified classification. Each researcher has his own view on this issue. However, the following types of recreational resources can be distinguished:

1. Recreational and therapeutic (treatment).
2. Recreational and health (treatment, health improvement and resort holidays).
3. Recreational and sports (active recreation and tourism).
4. Recreational and educational (excursions, cruises and travel).

This classification seems to be the most successful and understandable. Although there are many others, according to which the world's recreational resources are divided into:

• natural (created by nature);
• natural-anthropogenic (created by nature and modified by man);
• historical and cultural (created by man);
• infrastructure;
• non-traditional.

The last group is very interesting, which combines the resources necessary for the development of unusual or extreme ones. These can be ancient cemeteries, dilapidated castles, underground catacombs, etc.

Recreational and medicinal resources of the world

They are intended to organize, first of all, human treatment. This can be both complex therapy of the whole organism and individual organs and systems.

Recreational and medicinal resources of the world include the following objects:

• healing mud;
• mountain resorts;
• sea ​​coasts;
• salt lakes, etc.

Recreational and health resources of the world

This group includes all resources on the basis of which treatment can be carried out, as well as the recovery of the body (for example, after major operations). Such resources include resorts and resort areas (sea, alpine, ski, forest, etc.).

Among the most popular resort areas in the world are the following:

• Hawaiian Islands;
• Seychelles;
• Canary Islands;
• Bali island;
• island of Cuba;
• (France);
• Golden Sands (Bulgaria), etc.

Recreational-sports and recreational-cognitive resources

Majestic mountain systems (Alps, Cordillera, Himalayas, Caucasus, Carpathians) attract a huge number of active tourists and extreme sports enthusiasts. After all, there are all the necessary recreational and sports resources here. You can go on a mountain hike or conquer one of the peaks. You can organize an extreme descent down a mountain river or go rock climbing. The mountains have a wide range of diverse recreational resources. There are also a huge number of ski resorts here.

Recreational and educational resources include many different objects: architectural, historical and cultural. These can be fortresses, palace complexes, museums and even entire cities. Thousands of tourists annually visit countries such as France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Austria, Switzerland and others.

The most famous museum in the world is, of course, the Louvre, which houses the richest collections of exhibits. Among them you can see ancient Assyrian bas-reliefs and Egyptian paintings.

Peterhof, located near St. Petersburg, is considered one of the largest and most elegant palace complexes in the world. A large number of tourists go to India to see the miracle of world architecture - or to Egypt to look at the famous Egyptian pyramids with their own eyes, or to Croatia to wander through the narrow streets of medieval Dubrovnik.

Recreational and tourism potential of Russia

Russia's recreational resources are very rich and diverse. Thus, the Black Sea, Azov, and Baltic coasts, as well as the Altai Mountains, have enormous potential for the development of resort tourism and therapeutic recreation.

Historical, cultural and educational recreational resources of Russia are also widely represented. In this regard, such regions of the country as the North-West, North Caucasus, Kaliningrad region, as well as the cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kostroma, Tver, Kazan have the greatest potential. In Kamchatka, Sakhalin Island and Lake Baikal, recreation can be successfully developed.

Finally

Thus, the world's recreational resources are very diverse and rich. These include ancient cities, amazing architectural structures, high mountains and rushing waterfalls, museums and castles covered in legends.

Natural recreational resources are a complex of physical, biological and energy-informational elements and forces of nature that are used in the process of restoration and development of a person’s physical and spiritual strength, his ability to work and health. Natural and recreational resources are objects and natural phenomena that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment. As can be seen from the definition, this type of resource is distinguished not by the characteristics of its origin, but by the nature of its use. Almost all natural resources have recreational and tourist potential, but the degree of its use varies and depends on recreational demand and the specialization of the region. The assessment of recreational resources is made on the basis of a factor-by-factor assessment of each of the components: relief, water bodies and soil and vegetation cover, bioclimate, hydromineral and unique natural medicinal resources, historical and cultural potential, etc., considered from the point of view of its use by a specific type of tourism.

Recreational tourism can be divided into several types:

Tourist and recreational type

Educational-tourist type

Natural recreational resources can be grouped by: origin; types of recreational use; exhaustion rates (quickly exhausted, slowly exhausted, inexhaustible); self-healing and cultivation capabilities (renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable); opportunities for economic replenishment (renewable, irreplaceable); the possibility of replacing some resources with others.

In recent years, attention to natural resources has been increasing from the point of view of their use for active recreation of the population and therapeutic, preventive and medical measures. The country's transition to market relations has raised in a new way the issues of exploitation of resort areas, as well as the development of the capabilities of components of the natural environment directly for medicinal purposes. There are areas in Russia where recreational activity is the determining industry in the structure of their social reproduction. It includes a network of recreational enterprises and organizations.

Disorderly tourism has already destroyed many unique corners of nature. Therefore, the process of recreation as a type of environmental management has to be managed. The conservation and development of specially protected natural areas (parks) is one of the priority areas of the state environmental and recreational policy of the Russian Federation. Specially protected natural areas are intended to preserve typical and unique natural landscapes, the diversity of flora and fauna, and the protection of natural and cultural heritage sites. Completely or partially withdrawn from economic use, they have a special protection regime, and on adjacent areas of land and water, protected zones or districts with a regulated regime of economic activity can be created. Specially protected natural areas are classified as objects of national heritage.

The main forms of natural and recreational resources are “green zones” around large cities, nature reserves, and national parks. These territories are especially susceptible to the influence of human society and require special attention and protection. Nature reserves are considered natural territories (or water areas) that are completely excluded from economic use for the protection and study of the natural complex as a whole. One of the main tasks of nature reserves is to preserve natural landscapes, typical or unique for a given territory. A more liberal form of protected areas is a reserve, where only certain types of economic activities are permanently or temporarily prohibited. Usually it is created to protect one or many species of animals or plants: collecting plants, hunting, fishing are prohibited for several years or for a certain season, different for different types of animals and plants. The next type of protected area is national parks. In world practice, the organization of such territories is widely used, where the tasks of nature conservation and controlled recreation, most often educational tourism, are combined in landscapes little touched by man. National parks usually contain unique natural and other objects. Some allow farming for local needs.

Currently, along with the territories under consideration, natural monuments have begun to be identified, which are understood as landmark areas of the territory or water area with a protected landscape (lake, floodplain, grove of rare trees, etc.) or a separate protected natural object (waterfall, cave, unique tree and etc.).

The problems of recreational resources are dealt with by recreational geography, which studies the geographical patterns of human activity outside of working hours: rest or recovery. Recreational resources are associated with such a type of human activity as tourism. In countries where tourism is especially highly developed, natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical attractions.

Recreation as a specific sphere of human activity and the corresponding infrastructure developed historically recently with the growth of social labor productivity and the development of transport, cheaper and faster travel, and social gains - the right to paid leave.

Tourism is one of the most effective ways to satisfy recreational needs. It combines not only recreation and health improvement, but also cultural and educational activities and communication (the latter is often expressed in the form of scientific conferences, special cultural programs, and business contacts). Excursion tourism with a pre-announced cultural program is widespread. Depending on the purpose of travel, tourism is divided into sports, amateur, social, business (fairs, congresses), religious, etc. Depending on the means of transportation, tourism is distinguished between water tourism, pedestrian tourism, railway tourism, horse tourism, ski tourism, bicycle tourism, motorcycle tourism, and auto tourism.

TRS includes:

• 1) a contingent of recreationists visiting this territory entirely for recreational purposes;
• 2) natural objects, a combination of natural conditions of the territory, favorable for various types of recreation and tourism;
• 3) a set of historical and cultural objects as a resource for educational tourism;
• 4) a system of recreational institutions proper, providing accommodation for recreationists, their treatment, recovery, and also organizing the provision of recreational services; sometimes this is mistakenly called tourism infrastructure, whereas in fact this is the main structure of the industry. And the infrastructure is:
• 5) institutions serving recreationists - public catering, trade, public transport, gas and auto repair stations, consumer services, cultural and entertainment institutions;
• 6) enterprises in economic sectors that fully or partially work to satisfy tourists’ demand for locally produced goods - agricultural products, food industry products, souvenir production, printing products, tourist recreational equipment, clothing;
• 7) cadres of employees of institutions related in whole or in part to serving recreational residents.

The geography of recreation and tourism conducts research at different levels. The problems of international tourism have been studied in some detail, mainly on the basis of statistical data on a national scale. At the same time, indicators such as the total number of tourists in the country, the ratio of domestic and inbound tourism, inbound and outbound tourism are analyzed. It is better to record the time spent at a vacation spot in person-days. Important indicators of the development of the industry in the country are considered: the share of tourism income in GNP, in the export of goods and services, the share in consumer spending of the population, tourism expenditure, the share of tourism in investment, in foreign exchange and tax receipts, in the number of employees, specific income from tourism per capita, the ratio of the number of tourists arriving per year or staying at one time and the local population. The data on the balance of residents coming to the country and leaving for vacation outside its borders is indicative. It is associated with the balance of income and expenses from tourism. In pre-revolutionary Russia, as in modern Russia, the negative balance under tourism in the balance of payments “eats up” the entire positive balance of the foreign trade balance.

Previously, recreational and geographical research was aimed at identifying new territories suitable for recreation, designing the development of a network of recreational institutions in them, designed to eliminate their acute shortage, and ensure standards for providing the population with services. Now the task is different - identifying and mobilizing territorial resources that can attract effective demand for recreational services, finding ways to expand the range of services provided in order to increase tourism income, and increase the number of jobs. This applies to districts with already established recreational specialization, and to such districts and cities where the development of incoming tourism, including compatriots, should help overcome the economic crisis. The demand for outbound tourism has also increased, which opens up a field of activity for geographers to serve institutions related to meeting this demand and training specialists.

Many geological and geomorphological monuments of Crimea are actively used as the main and complementary recreational resources. Among them are canyons and gorges, mountain peaks and passes, exotic rock remains, displaced limestone massifs (Yailin “rejections”), paleovolcanoes and prepared intrusive massifs, karst forms, paleontological, stratigraphic and other monuments. The problems of their rational use are currently very relevant.

The emergence of new types of recreational activities, increased transport and time accessibility and the level of tourist infrastructure of the territory, with uncontrolled and uneven use of monuments, a high degree of disorganization of the recreational flow, its seasonality, increase the anthropogenic load on them. On the other hand, the tourist potential of the objects in question is decreasing due to the deterioration of their ecological condition, often disruption of the natural appearance and unresolved problems of safety of visits. In this regard, these aspects of environmental management require detailed study and development of a set of optimization measures.

The problems of using recreational resources are widely covered in the scientific literature, but, in our opinion, not enough attention is paid to the issues of environmental and recreational efficiency directly to the processes of using the resource base. This also applies to the natural attractions of Crimea.

The above indicates the validity of the subject of the study and determines its goal - the study of the recreational use of geological and geomorphological monuments of the peninsula.

To study the problems of recreational environmental management, it is necessary, first of all, to find out the main factors and their indicators that have the most significant impact on the efficiency of this process.

Analysis of the scientific literature and our long-term observations in the Crimean Mountains allowed us to make the following generalizations in this aspect (Table 1).

Table 1.

Main factors of ecological and recreational efficiency of environmental management

Name of factors	Factor indicators
Recreational flow power	The power of the recreational flow in relation to the recreational potential of resources
Distribution of recreational flow	The number of recreational residents engaged in recreational activities outside of clearly defined maximums in the annual and daily dynamics of attendance, in relation to the total capacity of the recreational flow
Degree of organization of recreationists	Number of organized recreationists in relation to the total capacity of the recreational flow
Level of culture and environmental education of recreationists	The share of recreational residents who comply with behavioral norms within natural and natural-anthropogenic complexes, in relation to the total capacity of the recreational flow
Combination of recreational activities	The number of recreational residents combining recreational activities (increasing the recreational effect), in relation to the total capacity of the recreational flow
The nature of the impact of recreational activities on the environment	Share of recreational activities that do not have an uncompensated negative impact on the environment
Share of recreational activities with low (0.5-1.5 man-hours) specific recreational load
Organization of the recreational process	The share of effectively implemented recreational cycles in relation to the total number of recreational activities

It is obvious that with an increase in the quantitative significance of factors, the efficiency of recreational environmental management increases, which also applies to geological and geomorphological monuments.

The presented theoretical developments make it possible to more substantively assess the existing problems of recreational use of these objects in Crimea.

One of the problems is the uneven distribution of recreational load in both spatial and temporal aspects, as well as the excess of its permissible norms in certain areas.

In addition, in the structure of use of many objects there is a high proportion of recreational types that have an uncompensated negative impact on the environment.

Illustrative examples are picturesque sections of river valleys (v-shaped, gorges, canyons), used for various types of tourism and recreation.

Within their boundaries, at least 80% of the recreational load falls on the lower part of the slopes (no more than ten meters from the riverbed). During excursion use, sharp territorial differences in load are observed. Visitors spend most of their time in the area of ​​the most attractive objects (usually waterfalls). As a rule, the strip of territory around the object of inspection and the nearest subhorizontal surfaces on the slopes of the valley are subject to anthropogenic influences. Its width and degree of load depend on the intensity of recreational use. With a attendance of more than 30 thousand people during the recreational season, the dense network of trails immediately near the objects of inspection merges into a continuous space where the last stages of recreational digression are noted. When the attendance is less than 10 thousand people, the degraded strip of the territory narrows from several tens of meters to 10-15 m from the riverbed. Between sections of long stops, the recreational load is of a short-term linear nature (one or several longitudinal transit paths).

The predominant use of the territory for recreation and tourism with overnight accommodation changes not only the spatial distribution of the load, but also its magnitude. Compared to excursion activities, in this case the length of stay of individual visitors increases sharply, i.e. specific recreational load. As a result, attendance of up to 5 thousand people per year in certain cases leads to local degradation of landscape complexes. At the same time, attendance of more than 50 thousand people per year during excursion use in some study areas does not cause irreversible changes in the soil and vegetation cover. The maximum loads occur at the locations of tourist bivouacs. These are slightly inclined or subhorizontal local areas on the slopes of the valley, located at a distance of at least 5 m, but not more than 40-50 m from the riverbed. The path network most often has a complex configuration, where there are radial, transverse and longitudinal elements in relation to the parking area. At the same time, the approaches to the watercourse experience 2-5 times greater load than the more remote areas of the slopes.

In canyon-shaped and box-shaped areas, the territorial structure of recreational load described above is generally preserved, but its association with the elements of the river valley changes. Very steep to steep slopes contribute to the development of recreational activities mainly in the bottoms of such valleys. Therefore, the active use zone in this case is determined by the width of the bottom.

The presented factual material allows us to make the following generalizations:

1. Spatial differentiation and intensity of recreational load depend in a certain way on the geomorphology of river valleys and on the type of recreational use.
2. Depending on the form of recreation, load indicators for similar attendance may differ by 3-5 times, and in some cases by an order of magnitude.
3. All types of valleys with steep slopes are characterized by the localization of anthropogenic impact in a narrow (up to 30-50 m) riverbed zone. This active recreation zone accounts for at least 80% of the total load.

For a number of geological and geomorphological monuments, a large concentration of the flow of tourists and excursionists is relevant, not only in the annual (seasonality problem) and in the daily dynamics of recreational use. A large concentration of visitors in certain areas of the Grand Canyon of Crimea, the Kizil-Kobinsky tract, some “cave cities”, the Atlesh tract, Mount Ai-Petri and many other territories leads to psychophysiological discomfort of recreation, a decrease in the degree of its safety and a high one-time load on the landscape. The situation is aggravated by the relief features of geomorphological attractions with their difficult operating conditions.

Additionally, non-targeted recreational and other economic use leads to a decrease in the comfort of rest and a decrease in the recreational value of geological and geomorphological monuments. For example, the active development of equestrian tourism in recent years has sharply worsened the environmental condition of many famous attractions.

It should be noted that most territories, including geomorphological recreational resources, are very poorly prepared for tourist excursion activities and recreation. First of all, this concerns the lack of infrastructure elements in the territories adjacent to the monuments and a properly designed road and path network. These and other factors certainly reduce the recreational potential of monuments.

Thus, the studies have shown that the degree of efficiency of recreational use of geological and geomorphological monuments of Crimea is very low. Ultimately, this is reflected in a decrease in the quality of the resulting recreational effect and the recreational properties of objects. And in conclusion, it should be noted that such studies are a necessary condition for the development of a set of measures for the more rational use of monuments.

Sources and literature

1. Bagrov N.V., Bagrova L.A. New approaches to the use of the recreational potential of Crimea // Problems of ecology and recreation of the Azov-Black Sea region. - Simferopol: Tavrida, 1995. - P.212-218
2. Blaga N.N. Spatial distribution of recreational loads within various geomorphological types of river valleys (on the example of the territories of the Northern Territory of the Mountainous Crimea) / Reserves of Crimea. Part I. Geography. Reserved matter. Botany. Forestry. - Simferopol: KRA "Ecology and Peace", 2005. - pp. 23-26.
3. Elozina E.N. Efficiency of use of recreational resources (using the example of the Odessa region). Diss. ...cand. econ. Sci. 08.08.01.- Odessa, 1996.- 140 p.
4. Zhivitsky A.V. Scientific principles for assessing the socio-economic efficiency of recreational environmental management. Diss. ...cand. econ. Sci. 08.08.01.- Odessa, 1995.- 440 p.
5. Nudelman M.S. Socio-economic problems of recreational environmental management.- K.: Naukova Dumka, 1987.-132.- P. 4.
6. Rational use and protection of resort and recreational resources of Crimea: Abstract. report - K.: Naukova Dumka, 1982. - 138 p.
7. Recreational resources of the USSR: Problems of rational use / Rep. ed. IN AND. Kozlov et al. - M.: Nauka, 1990. - 168 p.

Recreational resources are: firstly, objects and natural phenomena that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment; secondly - cultural and historical attractions.

The first group includes: sea coasts, banks of rivers and lakes, mountains, forests, outlets of mineral springs and healing mud.

In these places, vacationers and tourists find the greatest diversity and picturesque natural landscapes, rich vegetation, healing climate, good opportunities for recreation, sports, hunting, fishing, etc.

The main forms of natural and recreational areas: green areas around large cities, nature reserves, national parks.

For your information: in the world there are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks, which together occupy an area of ​​over 4 million square meters. km or 2.7% of the earth's land.

In Africa:

· largest national parks: Serengeti, Kruger;

· reserves: Selous, Central Kalahari.

In North America:

· largest national parks: Yellowstone, Wood Buffalo, Kluane, Cumbres de Monterey;

· reserves: Death Valley, Noatak.

In South America:

· largest national parks: Manu, Iguazu;

· nature reserves: Islas Guitecas.

In Eurasia:

· largest national parks: Gauja, Low Tatras, Taman Negara, Meshchersky;

· nature reserves: Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Kostomuksha, Astrakhan.

The second group includes monuments of history, archaeology, architecture and art.

For your information: The Moscow Kremlin, Petrodvorets near St. Petersburg, Westminster in London, the Versailles palace and park complex near Paris, the Roman Colosseum, the Athenian Acropolis, the Egyptian pyramids, the Taj Mahal tomb in Agra (India), the largest museums in the world are visited by millions of people every year.

The richest recreational resources are found in countries where favorable natural conditions are combined with cultural and historical attractions. These are countries such as Italy, Spain, Greece, Egypt, Turkey, Israel, Tunisia, France, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, India, Mexico, Bulgaria, Thailand, etc.

End of work -

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Let's take, for example, South Africa - the Republic of South Africa.

State of South Africa.
Area - 1221 thousand square meters. km.

The capital is Pretoria.
Economic-geographical character

Drawing up a comparative description of two agricultural areas (at the teacher’s choice)
This question can be answered using the outline below.

Let's compare the southern regions of Canada and India.
The following may be offered for work: 1) countries exporting the main types of industrial and agricultural products (selectively): oil - UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Vienna

Recreational resources are resources of all types that can be used to meet the needs of the population for recreation and tourism. Based on recreational resources, it is possible to organize economic sectors specializing in recreational services.

Recreational resources include:

Natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, reservoirs, vegetation, fauna);
- cultural and historical attractions;
- economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.

Recreational resources are a set of elements of natural, natural-technical and socio-economic geosystems, which, with appropriate development of productive forces, can be used to organize a recreational economy. Recreational resources, in addition to natural objects, include any types of matter, energy, information that are the basis for the functioning, development, and stable existence of the recreational system. Recreational resources are one of the prerequisites for the formation of a separate sector of the economy - the recreational economy.

In the modern world, recreational resources, that is, the resources of natural territories, as areas for recreation, treatment and tourism, have acquired great importance. Of course, these resources cannot be called purely natural, since they also include objects of anthropogenic origin, primarily historical and architectural monuments (for example, the palace and park ensembles of Petrodvorets near St. Petersburg and Versailles near Paris, the Roman Colosseum, the Athenian Acropolis, Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China, etc.). But the basis of recreational resources is still made up of natural elements: sea coasts, river banks, forests, mountainous areas, etc.

The growing flow of people “to nature” (recreational explosion) is the result of the scientific and technological revolution, which, figuratively speaking, unloaded our muscles, strained our nerves and tore us away from nature. Every country in the world has one or another recreational resources. People are attracted not only by the beaches of the Mediterranean, Tropical Africa and the Hawaiian Islands, Crimea and Transcaucasia, but also by the mountains: the Andes and the Himalayas, the Pamirs and Tien Shan, the Alps and the Caucasus.

Classification of recreational resources in balneology:

1. Elementary resources: climate resources; components of the natural landscape (types of landscape, degree of landscape comfort, etc.); temporary (seasons of the year); spatial-territorial (geographic latitudes, solar radiation and ultraviolet radiation zones);
2. Hydrographic elemental resources: water; natural monuments - open reservoirs, springs, etc.;
3. Hydromineral elemental resources: medicinal mineral waters; healing mud; medicinal clays; other medicinal natural resources;
4. Forest elementary resources: state forest fund; natural reserve fund, etc.; urban forests (on the lands of urban settlements), forests - natural monuments, etc.;
5. Orographic elementary resources: mountainous areas; flat areas; rough terrain; health-improving areas and resorts;
6. Biological elementary resources:
a. biofauna;
b. bioflora;
7. Socio-cultural elementary resources: components of the cultural landscape (ethnicity, folk epic, folk cuisine, folk crafts, museums, art galleries, panoramas, cultural monuments of various forms of ownership, etc.); a range of recreational institutions (clubs, cultural centers, discos, restaurants, bars, nightclubs, casinos, bowling alleys, slot machine halls, etc.);
8. Road transport elementary resources:
a. air transport: availability of the nearest major airport, convenient schedule of arrivals and departures of aircraft;
b. railway transport: state of development of the railway network; convenient train arrival and departure schedules;
c. road transport: state of development and quality of the road network; availability and convenient operating hours of gas stations, service stations, food outlets and consumer services;
9. Basic labor resources (medical, technical and service personnel, provision of departmental housing and dormitories, home ownership; mortgage lending for the purchase of housing, etc.);
10. Communication elementary resources (state of development of communication services, radio, long-distance pay phone, multi-program television, relay stations: Internet, cell phone);
11. Basic healthcare resources: development of the municipal and private healthcare system to provide emergency qualified medical care; compulsory and voluntary health insurance services; the level of professional training of medical personnel of sanatorium and resort organizations, the required composition of medical specialists; availability of a license, etc.;
12. The level of development of basic resources of the banking system and its accessibility;
13. Energy elemental resources;
14. Basic service resources: hairdressing and beauty salons, cosmetology salons; clothing tailoring and repair shop; dry cleaning; laundry; shops, etc.;
15. Basic resources for sports leisure (gyms, sports halls, sauna with swimming pool, sports grounds, etc.).

Natural recreational resources

Natural recreational resources are a complex of physical, biological and energy-informational elements and forces of nature that are used in the process of restoration and development of a person’s physical and spiritual strength, his ability to work and health. Almost all natural resources have recreational and tourist potential, but the degree of its use varies and depends on recreational demand and the specialization of the region.

According to classifications accepted in environmental economics, based on the dual nature of the concept of “natural resources”, reflecting their natural origin, on the one hand, and economic significance, on the other, natural recreational resources can be grouped into:

Origin;
- types of recreational use;
- exhaustion rates (quickly exhausted, slowly exhausted, inexhaustible);
- possibilities of self-healing and cultivation (renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable);
- opportunities for economic replenishment (renewable, irreplaceable);
- the possibility of replacing some resources with others.

In recent years, attention to natural resources has been increasing from the point of view of their use for active recreation of the population and therapeutic, preventive and medical measures. The country's transition to market relations has raised in a new way the issues of exploitation of resort areas, as well as the development of the capabilities of components of the natural environment directly for medicinal purposes.

All natural recreational resources - physical, biological and energy-informational, organically interconnected and inextricably linked by flows of matter and energy, form complex recreational resources, or resources of natural-territorial recreational complexes, which are divided into natural-continental and natural-aquatic.

Types of natural recreational resources

Among recreational and tourism resources, the role and importance of natural recreational resources is especially great.

They are divided into:

1) climatic;
2) geomorphological;
3) hydrological;
4) hydromineral;
5) soil-vegetable;
6) faunal.

A special place among them is occupied by landscape and natural resources, which are complex recreational resources.

Climatic recreational resources.

Climatic recreational resources are meteorological elements or their combinations that have medical and biological properties and are used in the process of recreation.

This type of recreational resources is fundamental. Certain types of climate contribute to an effective increase in the physical and spiritual strength of a person, both on their own and in combination with other natural resources that can be classified as recreational in a given region. In this sense, climatic recreational resources may have a regional aspect.

The impact of climate on the human body is called bioclimate. In accordance with this, bioclimatic parameters differ from ordinary meteorological characteristics, since they represent the complex impact of the meteorological characteristics of air masses on the human body: temperature, wind speed, humidity, pressure.

To assess the bioclimate, all bioclimatic parameters are considered according to the degree of favorableness of their effect on the human body. At the same time, unfavorable factors that place an increased burden on the adaptive systems of the human body are called irritating. Meteorological conditions leading to less pronounced tension of adaptive mechanisms in the human body are called training conditions. In general, they are relatively favorable, and for most people who do not suffer from serious illnesses, they are useful conditions that have a training effect. Gentle climatic conditions are favorable for all people without exception, including weakened patients on medical holidays in a sanatorium or resort.

Categorization of medical and climatic conditions provides scientifically based criteria for recommendations to the population when developing new territories, choosing a place of residence, planning and designing the profile of resort areas, organizing the sanatorium-resort process, increasing the efficiency of sanatorium-resort treatment and organizing recreational activities.

The thermal regime is characterized by the duration of the periods: frost-free, favorable for summer recreation; favorable for winter recreation; bathing period; as well as a person’s sense of heat during the cold and winter periods to provide warmth during the warm period.

A period favorable for winter recreation is established when the average daily temperature reaches -5°C, but not lower than -25°C, and all types of winter recreation are possible. The period favorable for summer recreation is determined by the number of days with an average daily temperature above +15°C, and all types of summer recreation become possible.

The duration of the swimming season is determined by the number of days with water temperatures above +17 °C. In Russia, the duration of the swimming season varies from 30 to 120 days a year. Humidity mode. In bioclimate, two main characteristics of humidity are taken into account: relative and absolute. For recreational purposes, relative humidity during the daytime is important. In winter, relative humidity is high almost everywhere, its diurnal variation is not pronounced, “wet” days with a humidity of about 70% predominate. During the warm period, nighttime humidity values ​​are quite high: 70–80%. On some “dry” days, the humidity during the day drops to 30% or less. The most often “dry” days are observed in May. In general, a relative humidity of 40–60% is favorable for human health. Prolonged humidity below 30% has a drying effect on the skin. However, there is a certain contingent of patients suffering from nephritis, for whom treatment in a dry climate is vital.

Absolute humidity is associated with such an uncomfortable phenomenon as stuffiness. It is observed in the warm season, when the moisture content is very high. Stuffiness is especially difficult to tolerate if it is accompanied by thermal overheating - hygrothermal discomfort develops; it negatively affects those suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular system and bronchial asthma. In the summer months, intense stuffiness is typical for the Black Sea and Caspian coasts of the Caucasus. Precipitation regime. In winter, the duration of the snow cover determines the suitability of the territory for ski tourism. In summer, it is not so much the amount of precipitation itself that plays a role, but the frequency of rainy weather, which interferes with tourist activities. A day is considered rainy when more than 3 mm of precipitation falls (during the daytime), however, this is a relative value.

Geomorphological recreational resources are a combination of elements, forms and types of relief that have different genesis, age and evolution, have scientific, medical-biological and psychological-aesthetic value and are used to meet people's recreational needs.

The involvement of geomorphological resources in the process of recreational activities can be different in nature:

1) as an element of attractiveness can be perceived visually;
2) as a base for the placement of recreational facilities, it can be used without their direct consumption, as a result of which geomorphological recreational resources are exposed to impact, change and degradation.

The conditions for recreational activities are largely determined by the features of the relief. The nature of the relief (the degree of its vertical and horizontal dissection, the steepness and exposure of the slopes, the intensity of manifestation of modern relief-forming processes) affects many types of recreational activities, determines the aesthetic properties of landscapes, solar lighting conditions, and construction possibilities. Each type of relief corresponds to a certain type of recreational specialization. For therapeutic and recreational recreation, both functionally and aesthetically, rough terrain is most favorable, but with minor excesses. Therefore, as a rule, medical and health institutions are located either in flat areas, or in foothill (200–400 m) and tukogornaya (400–1000 m) areas.

For health purposes, large hilly or ridge topography is most favorable; Slightly hilly and undulating terrain is relatively favorable; a smooth flat surface is unfavorable, because from the point of view of aesthetics of landscape perception, monotonous relief is uninteresting and also functionally of little use.

Areas prone to landslides and erosion are unfavorable. This circumstance must be taken into account when constructing recreational facilities.

Recreational resources of Russia

Objects and phenomena of nature, as well as human activity, that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment are called recreational resources.

The recreational potential of Russia is great. Natural recreational resources (seas, rivers, lakes, mineral waters, picturesque landscapes, etc.) are very diverse. But climatic conditions, environmental problems, and underdeveloped infrastructure significantly reduce the possibility of their full use. At the same time, large territories in Russia are virtually untouched by civilization. The demand for such territories around the world is constantly growing.

Monuments of Russian history and culture suffered greatly in the 20th century. Their restoration requires large financial investments.

The largest recreational regions of Russia are the North Caucasus, Central and North-West.

The North Caucasus region is, first of all, the sanatorium and resort complexes of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk) and the Black Sea coast (Anapa, Gelendzhik, Sochi), as well as Dombay, Arkhyz, Teberda, etc. The region has favorable natural conditions for summer recreation, mountaineering, skiing, treatment. For example, Anapa is the sunniest place on the Black Sea coast (the average annual number of sunny days is 317), a children's resort of all-Russian importance. Sochi - the largest resort in Russia - stretches along the sea coast for 150 km. Pyatigorsk is called a unique natural museum of mineral waters, as it has over 40 mineral springs.

The central region is especially attractive for its numerous historical and cultural monuments. A unique complex of cultural and historical objects - the “Golden Ring of Russia”.

In particular, Sergiev Posad (known since 1340) has been the center of Russian Orthodoxy for many years, Rostov is famous for the Kremlin complex, bells, enamel, Suzdal is a city-museum of world significance, Vladimir has been the most important city of the Russian principalities for more than 150 years.

There are many ancient Russian cities in the area (Smolensk, Murom, Tula, Ryazan, Kolomna, Dmitrov, etc.), Russian monasteries that played a big role in the defense of the country, education, and the development of new lands (Nilova Pustyn, Serafimo-Diveevsky, Optina Pustyn , Voskresensky New Jerusalem, Savvino-Storozhevsky, Bryansky Svensky, Pafnutyev Borovsky, etc.). Here are the fields of Russian glory - Kulikovo and Borodino, centers of wonderful folk art crafts - Zhostovo, Gzhel, Fedoskino, Khokhloma, Palekh, etc., places associated with the work of cultural figures, art, science - Bolshoye Boddino, Polenovo, Yasnaya Polyana , Konstantinovo, Abramtsevo and many others.

The North-Western region is, first of all, St. Petersburg and its surroundings - the famous palace and park complexes (Lomonosov, Gatchina, Pushkin, Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets). No less interesting are Pskov, Pushkin Places (Pskov region), Veliky Novgorod, Valaam and Kizhi, Solovetsky Islands, Pskov-Pechersky, Alexander-Svirsky and Tikhvin Mother of God monasteries, monuments of Veliky Ustyug, Kargopol and much more.

Of course, Russia's recreational resources are not limited to the three named areas. No less attractive are the Urals with its unique caves (Divya, Kapova, Kungurskaya), rivers, centers of artistic crafts, Altai (Teletskoye Lake, Chuisky tract, etc.), Baikal, Kamchatka, Primorsky Territory, Yenisei and much more.

The World Heritage Center (part of UNESCO) maintains the List of World Heritage Sites.

Russia is represented in this document by the following cultural and historical monuments:

Moscow Kremlin and Red Square.
The historical center of St. Petersburg and the palace and park ensembles of its surroundings.
Kizhi churchyard.
Historical monuments of Veliky Novgorod and its environs.
Cultural and historical complex of the Solovetsky Islands.
White stone monuments of Vladimir-Suzdal land.
Ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye.
Pechora-Ilychsky Nature Reserve and Yugyd Va National Natural Park.

Recreational resources of the Caucasus

Geographical position

The Caucasus is located in the southwest of Russia. From the east it borders with the waters of the Caspian Sea, in the west – with the waters of the Black Sea, in the south the border passes with Georgia and Azerbaijan, and in the north with Ukraine, the Central Black Earth and Volga regions. The Caucasus region includes three recreational regions: the Caucasus-Black Sea, North Caucasus, Mountain Caucasus and two areas, Azov and Caspian. Administratively, the Caucasus includes the Krasnodar and Stavropol territories, the Rostov region, the republics: Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia-Alania, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan.

Natural complexes

According to the relief, the territory of the region is divided into flat northern, high-mountainous southern, foothill-elevated central and stepped coastal western and eastern.

The sea beaches of the Black Sea and Caspian coasts stretch for almost 900 km. The beaches of the Black Sea coast, where the pebble type predominates, are intensively used (with the exception of the extensive sandy beaches of Anapa). The sandy beaches of the Caspian Sea are still mostly a reserve resort “virgin land”. Due to the lack of beaches, a system of hydraulic structures has been created that protect natural beaches (this problem is especially acute for the Black Sea coast) and allows the construction of artificial beaches and the creation of artificial swimming pools.

According to the relief conditions, the North Caucasus region is divided into two parts: the southwestern (near Kislovodsk) mid-mountain part, dissected by deep valleys and gorges, and the north-eastern - submountain-plain with a group of mountains - laccoliths. The latter are partially covered with forests and represent a good natural base for organizing paths and short-range tourism routes.

The relief of the Mountainous Caucasus region allows for hiking routes and mountaineering climbs of all categories of difficulty. Among the peaks of the Caucasus there are nine peaks of the sixth category of difficulty, the criteria of which are the technical complexity of the ascent and the length of the traverse and about 30 peaks exceeding 4000 m. This allows for a wide variety of ascents in the region - from initial ones associated with training young climbers, to complex ones, corresponding the highest requirements.

Climatic conditions allow for effective climate therapy and contribute to a long season of recreational recreation. The longest comfortable period of recreational recreation in the Black Sea subtropics. The temperature of sea water during this period, as a rule, does not fall below 18-19°.

The climate of the mountainous regions in winter is conducive to the organization of alpine skiing (the duration of stable snow cover at an altitude of 2000 m is up to 5 months). The development of skiing is facilitated by a long (four to five months, in the highlands - up to seven months) occurrence of snow cover and its height (50-100 cm), as well as an abundance of sunny days in calm weather. But such areas are quite clearly localized, which limits the possibilities when choosing a territory for the mass development of skiing. The wide distribution of avalanche-prone areas causes big problems.

In general, the climate of the region is warm, moderate continental. Average temperatures in January are -4°, average temperatures in July are +22°. The duration of the period with an average daily air temperature above 5° is 220 days. The number of days with strong wind (more than 15 m/sec) is 50. Precipitation is 450-600 mm per year (including 250-350 mm in summer).

In summer, the population experiences an excess of biologically active ultraviolet radiation, as well as the influence of uncomfortable hot weather. Therefore, the Caucasus itself acts as a powerful center for the formation of recreational needs.

The rivers are typically mountainous, with high flow speed; they began to be used for water slalom. A network of recreational reservoirs (swimming, boating) with a total area of ​​105 hectares has been created near the resort towns. There are two gondola-type cable cars.

The main natural wealth of the area is mineral springs. They have long been used to treat a variety of diseases. At the resorts of Caucasian Mineral Waters, 130 springs were identified, of which more than 90 are being developed. The total flow rate is from 10 million liters of water per day. Mineral waters of the Caucasus are represented by the following main types: 1) carbon dioxide, 2) nitrogen alkaline thermal waters of various ionic compositions (mainly sodium), 3) nitrogen, nitrogen-methane and methane.

Pyatigorsk ranks first among resorts in terms of the number of sources and variety of types of mineral water. According to the chemical composition in Pyatigorsk, there are five types of mineral waters: 1) carbonic hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbonate-sulfate-chloride-calcium-sodium hot, warm and cold waters used for bathing and drinking; 2) carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide-free drinking warm and cold water; 3) carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide-free ferruginous drinking water;. 4) radon waters used for both bathing and drinking; 5) carbonic hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium drinking waters.

The springs of Kislovodsk are cold, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbonate-sulfate-calcium, relatively homogeneous in composition, differ in sulfate content and are used for baths and drinking treatment.

In Essentuki, all the springs are cold, but differ in chemical composition: 1) carbon dioxide hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium drinking water (No. 4 and 17); 2) carbon dioxide-hydrogen sulfide hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium, used for baths (No. 1 and 2); 3) hydrogen sulfide and hydrocarbonate-sulfate-sodium-potassium baths; (Gaazo-Ponamarevsky source); 4) sulfate-hydrocarbonate-calcium-sodium drinking and external (No. 20).

The waters of Zheleznovodsk differ little from one another in chemical composition, but their temperature varies from 16 to 55°. They belong to the type of hydrocarbonate-sulfate-sodium-calcium waters and are used for drinking and bathing (sources No. 1, “Slavyansky”, “Smirnovsky”).

At the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the healing silt mud of Lake Tambukan is widely used. The lake is located 11 km from Pyatigorsk, its water is highly saturated with sodium salts (up to 60 g per 1 liter), potassium, magnesium, and contains compounds of chlorine, sulfur and other elements.

The vegetation in the centers of sanatorium treatment and recreational recreation is mainly artificial plantings, among which there are many exotic plants. In areas of mountain sports recreation, in places adjacent to seaside resorts, there are natural forests: beech, pine, fir, spruce-fir and spruce.

The northern territory of the region is dominated by plowed spaces of the steppe belt. The plantings of parks and squares are very diverse. Forests and parks occupy 7% of the territory; they are of great importance for the formation of mineral springs and are widely used as recreational facilities. Resort parks are an excellent example of man-made landscapes with multifunctional use: for measured walks, for housing the main general resort institutions (mineral baths, pump rooms, museums, etc.).

The Caucasus specializes in organizing sanatorium-resort treatment, recreational seaside recreation, mountain sports and excursion-educational recreation.

On the basis of mineral springs in the foothills of the North Caucasus, the sanatorium and resort association Caucasian Mineral Waters was formed.

Healthy recreation is carried out through boarding houses, houses and recreation centers. On their basis, two largest recreational associations were formed in the Black Sea-Caucasus region - Greater Sochi and Gelendzhik-Tuapse.

Sports recreation is carried out using tourist centers and mountaineering camps. Of the 125 tourist routes, 88 can be defined as sports (78 mountain tourist routes and 10 ski routes). The Mountainous Caucasus region stands out for its greatest sports and recreational specialization.

Excursion and educational recreation is carried out on tourist routes using tourist centers located in the cultural, historical and industrial centers of the Caucasus.

The contingent of vacationers varies depending on the specialization of the areas. If in Dombay - a famous mountain sports center of the Caucasus - the leading group of vacationers are young people aged 16-24 years (about 51%), then in Kislovodsk - a medical-sanatorium type system - people over 40 years old make up about 50%. At the famous children's resort of Anapa, the leading group is vacationers aged 30-39 years (more than 45%), among whom parents with children predominate. The group of holidaymakers aged 25-39 stands out in Sochi, where family holidays are also typical.

The length of stay of vacationers in different functional areas is not the same. The most typical groups are those whose vacation lasts from 12 to 30 days, which corresponds to the length of stay in rest homes, camp sites and sanatoriums. Stays of more than 30 days were recorded at children's resorts and resorts in Kislovodsk and Essentuki. Cities with a predominance of recreational recreation are characterized by a high proportion of the group of vacationers with a stay of less than 20 days (Sochi -53%, Tuapse -54%).

Cultural and historical monuments belong to different eras and are characterized by a wide variety of styles, due to the ancient culture of the peoples of the Caucasus.

Objects of excursions in the Caucasus are also memorials of the heroic defense of the Caucasus (Malaya Zemlya, Novorossiysk - the hero city), well-preserved areas of folk crafts, numerous literary, memorial and historical and cultural museums.

In recent years, in areas of resorts and tourism sites, the souvenir industry has developed, handicrafts are being restored; Factories have been built producing tourist equipment and equipment for recreational enterprises. It has its own construction base and a building materials industry that allows for the development of resorts.

Caucasus-Black Sea region

The region covers the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from Anapa to Batumi. This is one of the most developed recreational areas of the country: it has the highest total capacity of recreational enterprises in the country.

Enterprises in the region are focused on serving the population from other regions of the country, including those from the most distant regions - Siberia and the Far East.

The all-Russian specialization of the region can be defined as medical and recreational.

The region stretches along the coast and represents an almost continuous strip of resort towns and resort villages (Anapa, Tuapse, Sochi, etc.), connected by an electrified railway, highways and cruises of pleasure boats and motor ships. The region receives about 7 million people per year, and the load is rapidly increasing.

The climate of the Black Sea coast is divided into two types: “northern” (from Anapa to Tuapse) and “southern” (from Tuapse to Adler. The first is continental with clear, dry, hot summers and rainy, relatively cold winters with strong winds (Bora). The second. – subtropical with humid summers and warm winters. Average temperature in January: -4 to +5, July: +22…+24.

There are large resort formations in the region at the level of microdistricts. Among them, the leading positions are occupied by Greater Sochi, Anapa and Gelendzhik.

Anapa is located at the junction of the spurs of the Caucasus, the plain and the Black Sea coast. The main resort street of Anapa is Pionersky Prospekt, which stretches along the sea for 5 km. All the main health resorts are located on both sides. The beaches are mostly sandy, 1/5 are pebble. The depth of the sea increases very gradually, but the sea is polluted. Swimming season is from May to September-October.

Tourist attractions: Abrau-Durso - high mountains, a mountain lake and the first sparkling wine factory in Russia. Anapa Dolphinarium in the village of Bolshoi Utrish - performances with the participation of dolphins and fur seals. "Wines of Anapa" - winery named after Lenin (with tasting). Therapeutic “Mud Volcanoes” on the Taman Peninsula, 75 km from Anapa. Archaeological Museum Gorgippia. “Russian Gate” is the remains of a Turkish fortress built in 1783. Museum of Local Lore. Park of the 30th anniversary of the Victory. Aquarium. Exhibition "Animal World". Yacht Club. Diving center "Aqua-Globus".

Two recreational areas near Anapa: the Sukko Valley and the village of Vityazevo.

The Gelendzhik resort area stretches for 102 km and includes seaside climatic resorts: Kabardinka, Gelendzhik, Divnomorskoe, Dzhanhot, Praskoveevka, Beta, Arkhipo-Osipovka.

Tourist attractions: dolmens on the Zhane River, on the Mikhailovsky Pass, the Parus rock, the Emerald waterfall on the Zhane River, Bigius waterfalls, the Tsarsky mound. "Captain Vrungel" - theme park. Water park "Golden Bay" is the largest in Russia. Pitsunda pine boron.

Issues of recreational development of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus often rest on the insufficient equipment of resort complexes with engineering and technical structures (transport network, utilities, water supply, wastewater treatment facilities), the need for shore protection work, and insufficient labor resources.

On the territory of the region, therapeutic and health-improving cycles of recreational activities are implemented with the greatest efficiency. The first of them is characterized by an even distribution of vacationers throughout the year, the second has a clearly defined seasonal outbreak - its characteristic swimming season (water temperature 18° or more) usually lasts from mid-May to the end of October. During the swimming season, sharp drops in water temperature (up to 15° per day) caused by blowing winds can be observed. In the same season, the excitement usually does not exceed 2-2.5 points. Along the entire coast, winter is considered very mild, and in this respect the region has no analogues in Russia. Unlike other southern coastal regions, the Caucasus-Black Sea region is characterized by a significantly higher amount of precipitation.

The main recreational resources of the region are the sea and beaches. At the same time, their high development is currently characteristic only of the territory of resort cities - Greater Sochi, Anapa, Tuapse and the villages adjacent to them. A significant part of the Black Sea coast has not yet been developed.

The region has large reserves of balneological resources. Among the mineral springs, the most intensively used are Matsesta waters - hydrogen sulfide sodium chloride waters of various mineralization and with varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, containing lithium, nitrogen and a small amount of carbon dioxide.

Therapeutic mud resources are concentrated in the northern part of the region. For the purposes of resort treatment in Anapa and Gelendzhik, silt and silt-clay therapeutic mud from the lake is used. Chemburgsky and imported mud from the lake. Golubnitsky.

The Tuapse resort microdistrict stretches along the Black Sea coast for 60 km.

One of the largest recreational connections in Russia - Greater Sochi consists of six large recreational complexes (Lazarevskoye, Dagomys, Sochi, Matsesta, Khosta, Adler). They differ in the level of development and recreational functions performed. At the same time, this is a holistic entity, a single TRS. Adler is home to one of the largest airports in Russia, serving all the resorts of Greater Sochi.

Currently, Greater Sochi stretches for more than 140 km along the coastline. On its territory there are more than 50 sanatoriums, about 40 boarding houses and holiday homes, numerous recreation centers and pioneer camps.

This largest health complex in the country annually welcomes about 3 million vacationers and more than 300 thousand people coming for treatment, in addition, over 2.5 million excursionists and sports tourists over 100 thousand people. Many athletes (football players, cyclists, track and field athletes, etc.) undergo pre-season training here. It is a prominent cultural center of the country and hosts film festivals every year.

At the same time, Greater Sochi is a short-term vacation spot for residents of the Krasnodar Territory, especially cities located far from the sea (Krasnodar, Maykop, Armavir, Kropotkin, etc.).

A large recreational and economic complex has formed and continues to develop here, which already employs over 90% of the working population. Moreover, there are more than 28 thousand medical personnel in Greater Sochi alone. The bulk of the temporary population consists of vacationers who arrived without vouchers (about 70%). It is typical that of the total number of vacationers, about 60% arrive by plane and only 38% by rail. The role of motor transport is insignificant (2%).

The most important natural resources used in Greater Sochi are climate, sea with beaches and mineral waters. Particularly difficult problems arise in connection with the use of beaches. Currently, there are 22 city beaches in Sochi, designed to simultaneously accommodate 4.4 thousand people. However, in fact, their one-time workload reaches 9.5 thousand people. In recent years, work has been underway to create artificial beaches; More than 6 km of artificial beaches have been created in the area between Tuapse and Adler. Within individual areas, the beach area is distributed unevenly: Lazarevskoye accounts for 20%, Dagomys - 2.2, Central Sochi - 32.3, Khosta - 1.5, Adler - 44%.

Tourist attractions: Riviera and Arboretum parks, Zmeykovsky waterfalls, Promitea rock, monkey nursery, Krasnaya Polyana, Vorontsov caves, trout farm, yew box grove, Mount Akhun, rafting on the Mzymta River, dolphinarium.

North Caucasus region

It arose on the basis of mineral water deposits, combined with a comfortable moderately warm mid-mountain climate. The structure of recreational enterprises is dominated by sanatoriums (84% of places). The basis of the area is a constellation of resort towns with a major transport hub, Mineralnye Vody.

This is one of the largest therapeutic recreational compounds in Russia, including the resort cities of Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk and the city of Mineralnye Vody.

The Caucasian Mineral Waters resort performs numerous functions. This is the largest medical complex with high treatment efficiency (over 99% of those treated in resort sanatoriums were discharged with improved health); excursion tourism center, where 21 all-Russian routes pass; a short-term recreation area and one of the cultural centers of Stavropol. It should be noted that each resort of the Caucasian Mineral Waters has remarkable excursion sites.

There is an intensive exchange of excursions between city resorts. The most attractive in terms of excursion are Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk.

Organization of treatment is the main branch of the district's economy, which employs more than 60% of the total working population of the cities.

The Pyatigorsk resort specializes in the treatment of the digestive system, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, as well as nervous, gynecological, and skin diseases. The Kislovodsk resort specializes in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In Essentuki and Zheleznovodsk, diseases of the digestive system are treated mainly.

Over 1.5 million people arrive in this area every year. Of these, more than 400 thousand people receive a full range of services through vouchers, more than 200 thousand people are treated through course packages, and there are another 500 thousand people who stay in hotels, rent rooms from the local population, eat in canteens and have the opportunity to drink mineral water , carry out climate therapy, use health paths, etc. In addition, more than 450 thousand tourists come annually, staying in resort cities for two to three days, while the average stay of those being treated at resorts is more than 20 days.

To provide resorts with mineral water, in addition to drilling sites, a system of mineral water pipelines is being created that supplies water to resort towns from remote sources. In 1974, four main mineral water pipelines with a total length of 100 km were in operation.

Gorno-Caucasian region

The main type of enterprises are tourist centers (65% of the final fund of the region), connected with each other and neighboring Caucasian regions by a system of tourist routes.

The main ski centers of the country are concentrated in the area (25% of the country's rope tows, pendulum and chairlifts), the bulk of the mountaineering camps (70% of the all-Russian number of places), and a large number of tourist centers (15% of the all-Russian places). Thus, skiing and mountain tourism determine the all-Russian specialization of this recreational area. It is assumed that the priority of these types of recreational activities will continue in the future.

In addition to the Dombay-Arkhyz microdistrict, it is planned to create five more mountain tourist microdistricts: the Elbrus region, the highland part of Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia and two complexes in Dagestan.

In the future, the Mountainous Caucasus, apparently, can be considered as a place of educational tourism. The area has unique architectural and cultural monuments. Among them are Byzantine temples of the 10th-11th centuries. in the Teberda region, monuments of folk architecture in Dagestan, etc.

A system of recreational facilities has been formed in the Gorno-Caucasus region. Among them, the leading ones are Dombayskaya Polyana, Arkhyz and Elbrus.

Dombayskaya Polyana is a territorial-recreational system of a mountain-tourist type. It is used as an all-Russian center for mountain sports tourism; all-Russian alpine skiing center, operating from January to April; All-Russian mountaineering center; excursion center for the population of the North Caucasus and those receiving treatment at the resorts of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody (maximum distance 6-7 hours); a Sunday resting place for residents of Kabardino-Balkaria, Stavropol and Krasnodar territories (maximum distance 4-5 hours).

The length of stay in Dombayskaya Polyana during transit routes does not exceed 4-6 days. Dombay is partially used as a center for radial routes (Chukhursky and Sofrudzhinsky waterfalls, Alibek glacier, etc. - about 15 radial routes in total).

In Dombay there are conditions for organizing mountain tourist routes of all categories of difficulty. There are more than 10 peaks here, allowing you to climb the fifth category of difficulty, and mountain passes located at an altitude of about 3000 thousand m and differing in difficulty categories from 1A to 3A.

In Dombay there are hotels, a tourist center and a village for service personnel. A well-maintained highway connects Dombay with the Teberda resort and Northern Shelter. There is a chairlift with a length of about 1.7 km.

Arkhyz is an emerging territorial-recreational system of a mountain-tourist type.

Arkhyz is used as a center of all-Russian tourist significance (3 all-Russian, 4 regional and 10 category routes for amateur tourists pass through it); all-Russian alpine skiing center; excursion center for the population of the North Caucasus and the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters; weekend recreation area for residents of the Stavropol Territory and nearby areas.

The duration of stay in Arkhyz for tourists on planned routes does not exceed 6-7 days. Some of the routes are built in such a way that Arkhyz is the center of radial access to the valleys of Kizgych, Sofia, Baritnaya Balka, the Sofia Lakes, the Sofia Glacier and other places. The underdevelopment of the material and technical base, the relatively large distance from the main Nevinnomyssk-Teberda highway and the lack of asphalt pavement on a 20 km section of the road lead to the fact that the flow of vacationers here is 4 times less than in Dombay.

Alpine lakes, of which there are about 80 in Arkhyz, are of particular aesthetic value; 25% of the entire territory of Arkhyz is occupied by forests: deciduous (25%), fir (40%) and pine (30%).

Many excursion objects are unique. These are the Alan settlement in Nizhny Arkhyz and burial grounds in the upper reaches of the Krivoy gully, the Northern Temple of the 10th-11th centuries, an 800-year-old fir tree in the Kizgych valley, bison.

Now there are five permanent buildings and a camp camp tent city, a three-story building, wooden and slate houses of the camp site. In addition, there are several departmental recreation centers that operate only in the summer. In Nizhny Arkhyz, a children's tourist base is located in the capital stone buildings of the former monastery. Tourist bases in Arkhyz have their own liquid fuel power plants and public utilities system.

Azov district

This young recreational area for health purposes occupies the northeastern and eastern coasts of the Azov Sea. The proximity to large industrial centers predetermined the area's orientation towards organizing medical and recreational recreation for the population. The youth of the region and its proximity to the traditional medical and recreational areas of the country determined the relatively low proportion of sanatoriums, holiday homes and tourist establishments. The number of resorts of republican significance here is small; recreation institutions of local significance predominate. More than 900 thousand people vacation in the region every year.

In general, among the western coastal regions of the south of the European part of Russia, the Azov region is distinguished by the least development. This determines its position as a kind of “reserve” area to ensure the organization of recreation not only in the industrial areas gravitating towards it, but also in a number of inland areas of the European territory of Russia. However, its development is associated with significant costs for carrying out reclamation works for recreational purposes (watering and afforestation).

The coast is also the main place for short-term recreation for the urban population. The geography of short-term holiday destinations is rapidly expanding. Thus, the coast of the Taganrog Bay plays the role of a suburban area for Taganrog, Azov and Yeisk; Temryuk Bay and the eastern coast - for Krasnodar.

Several resorts have developed in the area - Yeysk, Primorsko-Akhtarsk. However, they are still poorly developed. It can be assumed that some of them will move to a higher rank in the near future.

It is possible that as a result of further development of the coast, individual resort areas will merge into a single resort strip.

The capacity of resort areas along the Azov coast of the Krasnodar Territory of Russia is 550 thousand places. The profile of the resorts available here is medical and recreational. Territories unfavorable for medical and health purposes are reserved for nature reserves and sanctuaries (flood-marsh lowlands of the Kuban Azov region).

The leading ones are therapeutic and health-improving complexes of classes. At the resorts, diseases of the circulatory system, digestive and respiratory organs, nervous system, etc. are treated.

A group of amateur vacationers are attracted here not only by good beaches and warm sea, but also by early vegetables and fruits. The number of amateur vacationers is about 350 thousand people. Their maximum arrival coincides with the maximum (July - August) arrival of organized vacationers.

Eight all-Russian routes (of which four are family routes) and six main local routes pass through the district with a total capacity of about 30 thousand people per year. The number of people served by excursions is about 2 million. The topics of the excursions are related to the history of culture, the past and present of cities, the Great Patriotic War, archaeological monuments and natural attractions.

The duration of the period with an average daily temperature above 15° is five months. The swimming season lasts more than four months.

Numerous spits with good beaches have a length of several tens of kilometers with a relatively small width (from 0.5 to 1.5-2 km). In general, the length of the Azov coast is about 1500 km.

There are also large reserves of mud and brine, where their thickness reaches 0.5-0.6 m or more. Geological reserves of mud range from several tens to hundreds of thousands of cubic meters, but several times less is used. The resorts have mastered silt (sodium chloride, hydrocarbonate, sodium bicarbonate-chloride, etc.) mud. Some of the mud deposits are used by the local population or transported for resort mud treatments to other parts of the country. There are more than 15 deposits of mineral waters, including thermal ones; Sodium chloride and calcium-sodium predominate with mineralization from 2 to 35 g/l or more and a total flow rate of more than 40 l/sec.

The Sea of ​​Azov is distinguished by the richness and diversity of fish species. The floodplains of the Kuban are distinguished by their unusual nature (near Primorsko-Akhtarsk there are unique thickets of Indian lotus, which attract many tourists).

A significant obstacle to further recreational development of the area is the problem of water supply. The region belongs to an arid zone with a shortage of water sources, especially for drinking purposes.

Expansion of the recreational network is possible only with the implementation of significant engineering and technical measures. Thus, to combat abrasion-landslide processes, as a result of which the quality of beaches deteriorates and the area of ​​beaches is reduced, it is necessary to carry out bank protection works and construct beach storage structures. In addition to the creation of technical structures, measures such as banning the massive intake of sand from beaches and spits in areas of landslides and landslides are also necessary.

The Caspian coastal area is one of the most promising for the development of swimming and beach activities in combination with mountain sports and therapeutic activities due to its natural conditions and convenient territorial location in relation to areas with high recreational demand. The development of the Caspian coast for recreation requires, as for many other areas of zone I, great efforts. This, in turn, raises the question of searching for new forms of managing the design of the area as a whole.

Tourist and recreational resources

Recreation (Polish rekreacja - rest, from Latin recreatio - restoration):

1) holidays, vacations, school breaks (obsolete).
2) Recreation room (outdated).
3) Rest, restoration of human strength expended in the process of labor.

In this meaning, the term “Recreation” has been used since the 60s. 20th century in the literature on physiological, medical, socio-economic, architectural, construction and other problems of organizing recreation for the population. In cases where rest is combined with treatment, for example in sanatoriums, recreation without clear boundaries merges with restoration of health and treatment. Recreation is characterized by the amount of time within which restoration of strength occurs, and by activities consciously or instinctively aimed at this restoration.

Recreational resources are understood as a set of natural and man-made objects suitable for creating a tourism product. As a rule, recreational resources determine the formation of tourism business in a particular region. These resources have the following main properties: attractiveness (attractiveness), climatic conditions, accessibility, degree of knowledge, excursion significance, socio-demographic characteristics, potential reserve, method of use, etc., these resources are used for recreational, tourist, sports and educational purposes.

The main types of recreational resources include:

1) the coasts of warm seas;
2) banks of rivers, lakes and reservoirs;
3) forests and meadows;
4) foothills and mountainous countries;
5) cities - capitals. Cultural and historical recreational centers;
6) resort cities or resort areas;
7) religious and religious complexes and individual buildings located within and outside populated areas; ancient cities, fortifications (cave cities, fortresses, etc.), catacombs.

Monuments of world cultural heritage - the most valuable objects of nature, history and culture, protected by UNESCO - play an important role as tourist and recreational resources.

Recreational resources can be divided into natural and socio-economic (socio-cultural).

Natural tourism resources are classified:

By belonging to certain components of the natural environment (climatic, water, forest, etc.);
by functional purpose (health, educational);
by exhaustibility (exhaustible: objects of hunting, fishing and inexhaustible: sun, sea water);
by renewability (renewable: plants, animals and non-renewable: medicinal mud, cultural monuments).

Socio-economic resources include:

Cultural and historical objects (monuments and memorable places, museums, architectural ensembles);
cultural and historical phenomena (ethnographic, religious);
economic (financial, infrastructural, labor).

Natural and recreational resources

Natural and recreational resources are objects and natural phenomena that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment. As can be seen from the definition, this type of resource is distinguished not by the characteristics of its origin, but by the nature of its use. The main forms of such resources are “green zones” around large cities, nature reserves, and national parks. These territories are especially susceptible to the influence of human society and require special attention and protection. Nature reserves are considered natural territories (or water areas) that are completely excluded from economic use for the protection and study of the natural complex as a whole. One of the main tasks of nature reserves is to preserve natural landscapes, typical or unique for a given territory. A more liberal form of protected areas is a reserve, where only certain types of economic activities are permanently or temporarily prohibited.

Usually it is created to protect one or many species of animals or plants: collecting plants, hunting, fishing are prohibited for several years or for a certain season, different for different types of animals and plants. The next type of protected area is national parks. In world practice, it is widely used to organize such territories where, in slightly disturbed landscapes, the tasks of nature conservation and controlled recreation, most often educational tourism, are combined. National parks usually contain unique natural and other objects. Some allow farming for local needs. The world's first Yellowstone National Park was created in the USA in 1872. The largest national parks by area are located in Greenland and Bostwana. Canada, Mongolia and Alaska. In total, there are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks in the world. They occupy an area of ​​over 4 million km, or 2.7% of the earth's land.

Currently, along with the territories under consideration, natural monuments have begun to be identified, which are understood as landmark areas of the territory or water area with a protected landscape (lake, floodplain, grove of rare trees, etc.) or a separate protected natural object (waterfall, cave, unique tree and etc.).

Cultural and historical recreational resources

In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources, which represent the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for organizing cultural and educational types of recreational activities; on this basis, they optimize recreational activities as a whole, performing quite serious educational functions. The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the directions of excursion routes.

Among cultural and historical objects, the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are distinguished by the greatest attractiveness and, on this basis, serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of educational and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into 5 main types: history, archaeology, urban planning and architecture, art, and documentary monuments.

Historical monuments

These may include buildings, structures, memorable places and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of outstanding people of the state.

Archeological monuments

These are fortifications, mounds, remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, areas of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.

Monuments of urban planning and architecture

The following objects are most characteristic of them: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, neighborhoods, squares, streets, remains of ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements, buildings of civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related ones works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied art, landscape art, suburban landscapes.

Art monuments

These include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied art and other types of art.

Documentary monuments

These are acts of government and administrative bodies, other written and graphic documents, film, photo and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, recordings of folklore and music, and rare printed publications.

The cultural and historical prerequisites of the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original enterprises of industry, agriculture, transport, theaters, scientific and educational institutions, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, ethnographic and folklore sights, handicrafts, folk customs, holiday rituals, etc.

All objects used in educational and cultural recreation are divided into 2 groups - movable and immovable.

The first group consists of monuments of art, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be easily moved. The consumption of recreational resources by this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.

The information content of cultural and historical objects for recreational purposes can be measured by the amount of necessary and sufficient time for their inspection. You can choose 2 classification criteria: the degree of organization of the object to be shown and the location of the tourists in relation to the object of inspection.

According to the degree of organization, objects are divided into specially organized and unorganized for display. Organized objects require more inspection time, since they are the purpose of the inspection and form the basis of the excursion. Unorganized objects serve as a general plan accompanying the excursion, a background that is covered at one glance without a detailed examination.

According to the location of the tourists, objects are divided into interior (internal inspection of the object) and exterior (external inspection of the object).

Thus, recreational resources are considered as one of the factors in the development of tourism and the basis for planning the production of a tourism product.

Since recreational resources are distributed extremely unevenly on the planet, an increasing number of people go on trips for recreational purposes and motives. These recreational trips (therapeutic, health-improving, educational, sports) became the basis for the development of recreational tourism. Recreational aspects are always present in business types of tourism (business tourism, congress tourism, shopping tourism).

Types of recreational resources

As mentioned above, the following types of recreational resources are distinguished: resort, health, sports and excursion and tourism.

Let us dwell in more detail on the excursion and tourist type of recreational resources.

Man's love for travel dates back to ancient times. The ancient Greeks and Romans traveled to experience nature and culture. Outstanding philosophers Aristotle, Democritus and others, in their treatises on education, pointed out the need to “visit nature”, to know it through direct communication. Trips of the Greeks in the 6th century. BC. to Ancient Egypt with its rich history and splendid architectural structures were a frequent occurrence. Heading to Olympia for the Olympic Games, the Greeks observed the life of their country.

In the Middle Ages, during the heyday of Christianity and Islam, another large category of travelers appeared - pilgrims, wanderers to holy places.

Representatives of the Renaissance M. Montel, T. More, F. Rabelais saw travel as a means of physical education for youth. Teachers of Western Europe in the 18th century. considered travel as a way to develop the necessary skills and abilities. J. -J. Rousseau saw hiking as a means of patriotic education and health promotion.

At the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. In European countries, when studying individual subjects, teachers began to use walking walks and trips to places rich in various attractions when working with students. This simplest form of travel is called excursions.

In Russia, the emergence and development of tourism is closely connected with local history. The beginning of local history dates back to the era of Peter the Great's reforms. The decree of Peter I ordered that all interesting finds be reported directly to the tsar and those who discovered them be rewarded for searching for antiquity in their region. Later decrees of Peter I ordered the civil and church authorities to review, rewrite and deliver “previous letters of grant and other curious original letters” to the Senate and Synod. Thus, the national significance of local monuments of the past was recognized.

Since 1936, tourism has been transferred to the jurisdiction of trade union organizations. The councils for tourism and excursions, created in 1969, carried out a number of important measures to improve the structure of amateur tourism. A wide network of tourist clubs is being created, subordinate to the councils for tourism and excursions, as well as a network of organizational, methodological, training and consulting centers for amateur tourism. Tourist clubs have a staff of instructors and senior instructors-methodologists.

In 1976, until the 1990s, tourism federations were created under the councils for tourism and excursions - governing public bodies in amateur tourism.

Despite all the economic difficulties in the country, sports and health tourism has passed the critical point of its decline and a positive trend has emerged in its development. This became possible thanks to organizational, methodological and financial support from state committees for physical culture and tourism at all levels, as well as the initiative of the leaders of federations and sports tourism clubs. The most important reason for the beginning of the rise of the tourism industry is the desire of socially vulnerable segments of the population to solve the problem of their recreation and healthy lifestyle in a cheap and effective way.

The Ministry of Emergency Situations is showing great interest in the tourist movement as a source of personnel and the area of ​​application of the latest equipment for action in extreme situations. Many of its staff are masters of sports and sports tourism instructors. In preparing the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Areas,” joint activities began between the Department for Coordination of Tourism Development of the State Committee of the Russian Tourism Federation and the federal forestry services to study issues of tourism development in national parks.

Tourism - (French tourisme, from tour - walk trip), travel in free time; one of the types of active recreation. It is carried out, as a rule, through tourist organizations along tourist routes (in the form of organized or amateur tourism). It is one of the most effective means of satisfying the recreational needs of the population, as it combines health improvement, knowledge, communication, etc. Travel within one's country is united by the concept of domestic (national) tourism, and outside it - foreign (international) tourism. Widespread sightseeing tourism. Depending on the purpose of travel, tourism is divided into educational, sports, suburban, amateur, tourism with social purposes, business (fairs, congresses), religious, etc. In international statistics, it is generally accepted to consider tourist trips to resorts and summer cottages, as well as mass short-term trips of teams, individual groups and individuals to special recreation areas. Depending on the means of transportation and the use of certain types of transport, they distinguish: water, pedestrian, ski, horseback, railway, bicycle, motorcycle, auto and air tourism; form of mountain tourism - mountaineering.

Various types of tourism are classified according to the degree of difficulty (graduate hikes), age, social status, types of events, involvement in a particular department, organizational forms, etc.

Planned tourism is now turning into an economic industry. Those who wish to buy vouchers through excursion bureaus or numerous travel agencies to travel by any type of transport in Russia and abroad. Nowadays, traveling abroad has become easier. The method of transportation in this case can be passive (by plane, train, bus, river and ocean transport, etc.) and active, when a person as part of a group travels on foot, skiing, kayaking. A positive factor of planned tourism is that you don’t have to think about food, equipment, or transportation. However, it also has negative sides. The group is formed from strangers who may turn out to be psychologically incompatible, which often ruins the entire trip or hike. And the cost of travel packages is not affordable for everyone.

In amateur tourism, groups are often formed from familiar people. They choose their own travel dates and hiking area.

Weekend hikes (WHT) can be one-day without overnight stays, two-day with overnight stays in populated areas or tents. As a rule, they represent a walk or excursion into nature, to historical sights and monuments.

The economic efficiency of tourism is largely determined by the classification of its forms. The classification of forms of tourism should be understood as their grouping according to homogeneous characteristics, depending on certain practical goals.

Each form of tourism is characterized by the unique needs of tourists and involves a corresponding set of services that satisfy these needs.

In the production and service process of tourism there are:

Forms of tourism;
- types of tourism;
- varieties of forms of tourism.

People's need for tourism is caused by various motives. Motive as an incentive is associated in tourism with the specific needs of a certain group of people.

The main motives of tourism are:

Rest, leisure, entertainment;
- desire for knowledge;
- sports;
- treatment;
- pilgrimage;
- guest (including visiting relatives);
- business (congress).

The motives for tourism depend on many factors. These include: a specific feature of various groups of people, the level of the tourism industry of the host country (region), advertising of a new tourism product, reviews of a previously sold tourism product.

Classification of trips by means of transportation and location. The most accessible and common are hiking trips. Participants walk the entire route. Basically, taiga or foothill areas with vegetation are chosen for these hikes. Many hiking trails cross wetlands. An example would be routes in the Nizhnevartovsk region. Overcoming the swamp areas in the eastern part of the Nizhnevartovsk region places high demands on the physical and moral preparation of tourists. Ski trips are also possible. Water trips can be carried out on kayaks, rafts, catamarans. They also require a lot of preliminary preparation. Bicycle and motor vehicle trips are frequent. The routes can be combined, when participants first, for example, hike and then raft.

Classification of trips depending on their purpose. When preparing for a hike, it is important to set the right goal. A group united by one goal is more reliable. Most often, hikes are carried out for sporting purposes. Participants strive to improve their skills and perform a sports category. Special requirements have been developed for such trips. Students of physical education departments, completing the tourism curriculum, go on a hike for educational purposes. The trek complements the educational material in the form of lectures and seminars and provides an opportunity for students to acquire the necessary skills and abilities. Weekend hikes often have an educational purpose and introduce participants to the attractions of the area. Hundreds of hikes are carried out to visit places of military and labor glory. (Tourism) Hikes are often undertaken for research purposes. Students of geographical and natural geography faculties can also go on such a hike to achieve their educational goals. Many mineral areas are open on tourist routes. Increasingly, hikes began to be carried out to study the ecology of the area.

Cultural and recreational resources

Cultural and historical recreational resources: essence, classification and stages of assessment.

In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources, which represent the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for organizing cultural and educational types of recreational activities, optimize recreational activities as a whole, performing quite serious educational functions. The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the directions of excursion routes.

Cultural and historical objects are divided into material and spiritual. Material ones cover the totality of the means of production and other material values ​​of society at each historical stage of its development, and spiritual ones - the totality of society’s achievements in education, science, art, literature, in the organization of state and public life, in work and everyday life.

In fact, not all heritage of the past belongs to cultural and historical resources. These include only those cultural and historical objects that have been studied and assessed by scientific methods as having social significance and can be used, given the existing technical and material capabilities, to satisfy the recreational needs of a certain number of people for a certain time.

Among cultural and historical objects, the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are distinguished by the greatest attractiveness and, on this basis, serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of educational and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into five main types: history, archaeology, urban planning and architecture, art, and documentary monuments.

Historical monuments. These may include buildings, structures, memorable places and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of outstanding people of the state.

Archaeological monuments. These are fortifications, mounds, remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, areas of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.

Monuments of urban planning and architecture. The following objects are most characteristic of them: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, neighborhoods, squares, streets, remains of ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements, buildings of civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related ones works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied art, landscape art, suburban landscapes.

Monuments of art. These include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied art and other types of art.

Documentary monuments. These are acts of government and administrative bodies, other written and graphic documents, films, photographs and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, recordings of folklore and music, rare printed publications.

The cultural and historical prerequisites of the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original enterprises of industry, agriculture, transport, theaters, scientific and educational institutions, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, ethnographic and folklore sights, handicrafts, folk customs, holiday rituals, etc.

All objects used in educational and cultural recreation are divided into two groups - movable and immovable.

The first group consists of monuments of art, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be moved. The consumption of recreational resources by this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.

The second group includes monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other structures, including those monuments of art that form an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.

Analysis of a huge number of heterogeneous objects that make up cultural and historical recreational resources, from the perspective of the recreational sector of the economy, should include their accounting, characteristics and typology. When recording and characterizing cultural and historical objects, it is necessary to indicate the name of the object, its location, markings, owner, literary and other sources on the object, a location diagram and give a brief description of the object.

The next, more important stage in the assessment of cultural and historical objects is their typology according to recreational significance. The basis of the typology is the informational essence of cultural and historical objects: uniqueness, typicality among objects of a given type, cognitive and educational significance, attractiveness (external attractiveness).

The information content of cultural and historical objects for recreational purposes can be measured by the amount of necessary and sufficient time for their inspection. To determine the time of inspection of an object, it is necessary to classify the object on a basis that would reflect the duration of the inspection. You can choose 2 classification criteria: the degree of organization of the object to be shown and the location of the tourists in relation to the object of inspection.

According to the degree of organization, objects are divided into specially organized and unorganized for display. Organized objects require more time for inspection, since they are the purpose of the inspection and form the basis of the excursion. Unorganized objects serve as a general plan accompanying the excursion, a background that is covered at one glance without a detailed examination.

According to the location of the tourists, objects are divided into interior (internal inspection of the object) and exterior (external inspection of the object). The total time for inspecting exterior objects is always longer than the time for inspecting interior objects (perhaps with the exception of museums and some other repositories of historical values).

Monuments of history and culture and their varieties

Monuments of religious architecture. Monuments of religious architecture are the most ancient that have survived to our time. These are churches and monasteries of various denominations (religions): Orthodox churches, Catholic cathedrals, Lutheran churches, Jewish synagogues, Buddhist pagodas, Muslim mosques.

Now, during the revival of religiosity, pilgrimages are becoming very relevant. Travel to religious complexes can be carried out by different groups for different purposes. There are several forms of such travel.

Excursion trips - acquaintance with monasteries as objects of Russian culture, with their artistic merits.

A religious tour is an excursion of believers who visit holy places, worship local saints, and can take part in divine services. At the same time, tourists are introduced to the history of the monastery, to the clergy who glorified the monastery with their deeds, to the architecture and other artistic merits of this cultural complex.

Pilgrimage is a journey of believers to holy places, caused by the idea that in such places prayer is more effective. Religious people, making a pilgrimage to holy places, stay there for several days, during which they live in a monastery, where they venerate the holy relics, perform divine services with the monks, eat in the monastery refectory, and help the monks with housework or construction work.

When visiting holy places, preserving the historical landscape plays a huge role. For this purpose, it is planned to organize recreational natural and historical monastery parks, including the territories of monasteries and surrounding areas.

Traditional forms of farming should be revived in the monastery park: practicing ecologically clean agriculture, harvesting mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants, cooking according to ancient recipes of monastic cuisine, developing folk crafts and making souvenirs. For children, it is planned to organize Sunday schools and art workshops for the production of iconostases, tiles, icon frames, icon painting, gold embroidery, etc.

Monuments of secular architecture. Monuments of secular architecture include urban development - civil and industrial, as well as country palace and park ensembles. Of the most ancient buildings, the kremlins and boyars' chambers have survived to this day. Urban architecture is usually represented by palace buildings, administrative buildings (public places, shopping arcades, noble and merchant meetings, houses of governors), buildings of theaters, libraries, universities and hospitals, which were often built with funds from patrons of the arts according to the designs of famous architects. Since the formation of the Yamsk road race for royalty, postal stations and travel palaces have been revived, which are now part of the city limits or stand along old roads. Industrial architecture includes factory buildings, mines, quarries and other structures. Country architecture is represented by estates and palace and park ensembles, such as, for example, Petrodvorets and Pavlovsk in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, Arkhangelskoye and others in the Moscow region.

Archaeological sites. Archaeological sites include villages, burial mounds, rock paintings, earthworks, ancient quarries, mines, as well as the remains of ancient civilizations and excavations from the earliest periods. Archaeological sites are of interest to specialists - historians and archaeologists. Tourists are mainly attracted by rock paintings, inspection of exposed archaeological layers, as well as archaeological exhibitions.

Ethnographic monuments. The ethnographic heritage involved in tourist routes is represented by two types. These are either museum exhibitions in local history museums, museums of folk life and wooden architecture, or existing settlements that have preserved the features of traditional forms of management, cultural life and rituals inherent in the area.

Museum exhibitions contain collections of folk costumes, items of peasant life and folk art, characteristic of the population of certain regions. They introduce tourists to the historical past.

Over the course of historical development, each locality develops its own special architectural style, associated with the national and natural characteristics of the region. Samples of folk architecture are presented in museums of wooden architecture. They have samples of residential buildings, economic services (mills, barns, etc.) and religious buildings. The exhibits are brought here from various parts of the region, and in the museum they are located in natural conditions close to real ones. Wooden architecture, in addition, is represented by individual objects in cities and villages.

Interesting ethnographic material is provided by the places of settlement of small peoples. There you can get acquainted with a unique culture, various forms of housing (chums, wigwams, huts and others), rituals, and traditions.

Ethnographic monuments are classified as cultural heritage according to the following criteria: uniqueness and originality of ethnocultural and sociocultural conditions; compact residence of small peoples and old-timers, where traditional ways of life, customs and forms of environmental management are most fully preserved.

Folk crafts. Folk crafts historically belong to the most ancient forms of art. Their roots lie in peasant life and folk crafts. Some types of artistic crafts originated in church art and in noble landowner culture. Hand-patterned knitting, weaving and embroidery originate in peasant life. Blacksmithing, carpentry, wood carving, printed fabrics, and many types of pottery are associated with village crafts. Over time, emerging in individual villages, these crafts, spreading throughout entire regions, turned into crafts.

Those types of folk crafts that were in demand among privileged customers arose in the cities: Kholmogory bone carving, Veliky Ustyug blackened silver. Particularly exquisite types of embroidery developed in the landowners' workshops - white satin stitch or Nizhny Novgorod guipures.

Crafts were traditionally represented in monasteries: blacksmithing, carpentry, carpentry - in the men's monasteries, icon painting and jewelry making, in the women's they practiced artistic embroidery, created embroidered icons, shrouds, air (veils), etc.

The role of folk crafts in the cultural potential of tourism is extremely great. Folk art centers are not only objects of educational tourism, but also the basis of the souvenir industry.

Recreational resources of the world

Recreational resources are divided into natural-recreational and cultural-historical. Natural recreational areas include sea and lake coasts, mountainous areas, territories with a comfortable temperature regime, they are used for the following types of tourism: beach (Côte d'Azur of France, Italian Riviera, Golden Sands of Bulgaria, islands of the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, Oceania), winter ( Alps, Scandinavian mountains, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Cordillera), ecological (visiting national parks and undeveloped territories).

Resources of the World Ocean. From the second half of the 20th century. Considerable attention is paid to the development of the resources of the World Ocean. The ocean is rich in biological, mineral and energy resources. More than 70 chemical elements are dissolved in seawater, which is why it is called “liquid ore.” Using the latest technologies, some of them are already being removed from water, in particular bromine, iodine, magnesium, table salt, etc.

The biological resources of the World Ocean are marine organisms that are used by humans. There are 180 thousand species of animals and 20 thousand species of plants in the Ocean. Fish, marine invertebrates (oysters, crabs), marine mammals (whales, walruses, seals) and seaweed are of economic importance. So far they provide only 2% of humanity's food needs. The most productive zone is the shelf zone.

The mineral resources of the World Ocean are very diverse. Now oil, natural gas, coal, iron ores, diamonds, gold, amber, etc. are extracted on the ocean shelf. The development of the ocean floor began. Large reserves of iron-manganese raw materials were discovered here, significantly exceeding their reserves on land. In addition to the main components, ocean deposits contain more than 20 useful elements: nickel, cobalt, copper, titanium, molybdenum, etc. Technologies for extracting iron-manganese ores from the ocean floor have already been developed in the USA, Japan, Germany and other countries.

The energy resources of the World Ocean are inexhaustible and diverse. Tidal energy is already used in France, CILLA, Russia, Japan. A significant reserve is the energy of waves, sea currents, and water temperature differences.

Nowadays, the problem of economical use of the riches of the World Ocean and the protection of its resources arises. The world community is especially concerned about oil pollution in the ocean. After all, only 1 g of oil is enough to destroy life in 1 m3 of water. To preserve the nature of the World Ocean, international agreements are concluded on the protection of waters from pollution, rules for the use of biological resources, and the prohibition of testing weapons of mass destruction in the Ocean. Great hopes are placed on the future use of truly inexhaustible resources: solar energy, wind, internal heat of the Earth, and space.

Assessment of recreational resources

A recreational assessment of the landscape is carried out on the basis of a factor-by-factor assessment of each of the landscape components (relief, water bodies and soil and vegetation cover) from the point of view of its use in specific types of recreation and tourism.

Assessment of relief for therapeutic and recreational recreation. For these purposes, both functionally and aesthetically, rough terrain is most favorable, but with minor excesses. Therefore, as a rule, medical and health institutions are built either in flat areas, or in foothill (200-400 m) and low-mountain (400-1000 m) areas, and in exceptional cases - in the lower middle mountain zone (1000-1500 m). If there are special natural conditions, therefore, when assessing the territory, it is necessary to indicate the absolute heights of the area.

The degree of relief dissection is determined by three parameters: the depth of dissection (relative elevation, m), the density of dissection (the distance, km, through which the relief shape changes from convex to concave, and vice versa) and the steepness of the slopes (in degrees).

For health purposes, large hilly or ridged terrain is considered the most favorable, while slightly hilly and undulating terrain is relatively favorable. A smooth, flat surface is not suitable, since from an aesthetic point of view of landscape perception, a monotonous relief is uninteresting and, moreover, functionally unfavorable.

The characteristics of the relief are especially important when laying paths.

Health path is a route for dosed walking, prescribed to vacationers in sanatoriums for the purpose of training the cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system and respiratory system.

The starting points of the path courses are located near the dormitory buildings, the routes are laid over rough terrain in the form of steps, where horizontal sections alternate with ascents. The higher the category of difficulty of the route, the greater its length, the shorter the length of horizontal sections, the steeper the height of the climb and slopes. Pathways are marked every 100 meters. They must have a cinder coating (drainage made of sand and gravel, covered with crushed sand on top). The use of asphalt is contraindicated, as it is carcinogenic.

Areas prone to landslides and erosion are considered unfavorable. This circumstance must be taken into account when constructing recreational facilities. In such cases, it is necessary to conduct engineering-geological surveys: with the study of geological and hydrological conditions.

Terrain assessment for sport hiking. Category hikes (difficulty categories 1-6) are carried out on flat, foothill and mountainous areas throughout almost the entire territory of Russia. Categories of routes are determined by the height of the terrain, the steepness of the slopes, the length of the distance and the presence of obstacles on the route. On the plains, obstacles are considered to be swamps with hummocks located at a distance of less than 1 - 1.5 m from each other, forest bush thickets, steep river banks and ravine slopes with a steepness of 25-40°. When assessing mountain areas, it is necessary to take into account the microclimatic characteristics of the slopes and the degree of their resistance to recreational loads.

Assessment of relief for caving tourism. Speleotourism resources are caves formed as a result of karst deposits.

A karst landscape occurs when easily soluble (karst) rocks occur at the surface or close to the surface, mainly limestone, dolomite, gypsum, less often chalk and rock salt, and is characterized by the presence of closed funnels, “blind beams” and river valleys, caves, lakes, rivers and powerful keys.

Caves can be aboveground or underground. If the caves extend horizontally and have access to the surface, then they can be used as an object for excursion display after appropriate equipment and lighting. Such, for example, are the famous Caucasian caves of Novoafonskaya, the icy Kungur cave in the Urals. Here, tourists are shown all sorts of bizarre sinter forms in the form of stalactites and stalagmites made of gypsum and ice, as well as underground rivers and lakes. For sports tourism, hard-to-reach caves are used, the underground terrain of which can only be overcome with the help of special devices. The largest number of caves in Russia are located in the Urals (over 500). There are also caves in the mountains of Siberia (Sayan), the Crimea and Volyn are rich in caves.

Aesthetic assessment of the landscape. Tourist routes and institutions are usually developed where there are rich natural resources. It is the unique natural landscape or unique historical monument that especially attracts tourists.

At present, the task is not to give an absolute assessment of the aesthetic qualities of the landscape. The assessment, as a rule, has an applied focus (mainly for recreational purposes), and is based on a comparison of natural areas in terms of attractiveness. However, the question of reality and the need for assessment remains open now. The beauty of nature is objective and independent of anyone’s tastes, therefore, it can evoke the same sensations in different subjects. Therefore, attempts to unify systems and evaluation criteria seem quite correct. At the same time, aesthetics is considered as the degree of emotional attractiveness of a particular territory.

Landscape is not only the background against which the journey takes place, but also an important component that plays an independent role in recreation.

The picturesqueness of the area is determined by the combination of two or three landscape components (rough terrain, water body, vegetation cover), the alternation of open and closed spaces (forest, arable land, meadow, swamp), the presence of panoramic views (cliffs, cliffs, open reservoirs) and the coloristic diversity of the landscape .

It is very good when all three components of the landscape are combined, for example, a river in the wooded Carpathians, landscapes of Baikal or the Ural lakes, Lena “cheeks” (steep, forest-framed cliffs above the wide Lena). But usually it is enough to have two components, for example, a relief of a characteristic shape (hills, valleys, foothills, mountains) and rich vegetation cover, forest cover and water supply, or dissection and water supply.

There are cases, albeit isolated ones, when only one component of the landscape is enough to form a unique landscape, for example, stone seas on high mountain plateaus. Such territories are of extreme interest for viewing, but are unsuitable for the construction of recreational facilities.

Landscape aesthetics can be improved through human intervention. Thus, experienced landscape architects of the past created unique landscape parks that made up palace and park ensembles in the estates of nobles of the Russian imperial court. In man-made landscapes, the picturesqueness of the landscape was achieved by laying alleys, clearing clearings, planting trees of various species taking into account color combinations, and building hydroparks in the form of cascades of ponds, waterfalls and canals.

Forest recreational resources

In the structure of natural resource potential, the forest area is 10.8 million hectares, of which 9.4 million hectares are forested lands with a total wood reserve of 1.74 billion m3, including 250 million m3 of ripe and overripe wood. In addition to their economic value, forests play an extremely important role in the reproduction of oxygen, as well as for preserving the environment and improving the health of the population. The forests of Ukraine perform water protection, protective, sanitary, hygienic and health-improving functions. At the same time, the forest is a source of wood, building materials, raw materials for woodworking, furniture, pulp and paper and other industries.

On average, 14% of the territory of Ukraine is covered with forest, including 30-40% in the west and north, more than 40% in the Carpathians, 26.7% in Polesie, 10% in Crimea, and 4% in the Steppe. 75% of forest areas have a highly productive forest stand. The annual growth of wood is 30 million m3. Coniferous reserves - 54% of wood, including pine - 35% (Polesie). Hardwood reserves are up to 40% (oak - 22%, beech - 13, hornbeam - 2%). Among the deciduous trees, birch, aspen, alder, linden, and poplar predominate. The role of forests in the procurement of berries, mushrooms, fruits, and medicinal herbs is great.

Recreational resources

In almost all regions of Ukraine, sanatorium and resort resources dominate among recreational ones. The south of Ukraine (Odessa, Kherson, Nikolaev, Donetsk regions and Crimea) is world famous for its sanatorium and resort conditions. The southern coast of Crimea is unique in its capabilities. In addition to climatic resources, this area is rich in mud resources for organizing medical institutions.

Important for recreational resources is the Carpathian region with its favorable conditions for organizing both summer and winter recreation. In Svalyava, Sinyava, Ust-Chernaya and other areas there are mineral waters. The Lviv region is especially rich in them (Truskavets, Morshyn, Skhidnytsia, Bolshoi Lyubin, Nemirov). There are healing muds in the village. Chernoe Ivano-Frankivsk and village. Konopkivka, Ternopil region. On the border of the Ternopil and Khmelnytsky regions, powerful reserves of mineral waters of the “Naftusya” type (Satanov, Gusyatin) were discovered.

General problems of protection and rational use of natural resources

The current ecological and economic situation is due to long-term ignorance of the objective laws of the relationship between society and nature and the processes of reproduction of the natural resource potential of our country. The structural orientation of the economy to the needs of the former Soviet economy led to the formation of a powerful resource-extractive complex, environmentally hazardous and capital-intensive. Changes in landscapes, the cycle of substances in nature, expensive reclamation and liquidation of the consequences of mining activities - this is an incomplete list of the “scars” we have left on the surface of the earth.

Geological exploration is carried out throughout Ukraine. The scale of industrial development requires a stable supply of mineral resources. The search for new deposits of fuel and various ores is due to a decrease in their production in long-developed areas, and in many cases, due to the depletion of deposits. Therefore, the implementation of the concept of resource conservation in the development of the country’s economy is relevant today. Resource saving is to ensure the growth of useful production results with stability of material costs. Solving regional environmental problems and ensuring effective environmental management and resource conservation require bringing the volumes of production and use of Ukraine's natural resources to an optimal state, which requires transformation of the structure of production of means and objects of labor. This, on the one hand, will make it possible to reduce the production of iron ore and coal, and on the other hand, it will provide a tangible social effect. Perhaps the most difficult thing now is the formation of active investment activity in the development and development of resource-saving, low-waste and waste-free technologies for the use of raw materials.

Resource conservation in sectors of the economy is manifested in the implementation of a set of priority sectoral and intersectoral measures. They must ensure an increase in the final result, a reduction in the costs of natural raw materials through the introduction of scientific and technological progress, and a reduction in losses of raw materials during extraction, storage, transportation and use. It is necessary to make maximum use of secondary, associated and by-product resources, to attract additional sources of raw materials, primarily local ones, as well as substitutes and new types of materials.

Alternative sources of meeting the needs of the economy for natural resources are their integrated use, as well as the widespread introduction of resource storage technologies.

The integrated use of mineral and fuel resources makes it possible to increase the amount of industrial raw materials. The scale of extraction and processing of raw materials and fuel reaches such volumes that even a relatively insignificant content of certain components in them is of great economic importance. For example, in non-ferrous metallurgy, along with copper, valuable components are extracted from copper ore and based on them, more than 20 additional types of products are produced. The cost of copper is much lower than the components that are extracted from ore during its smelting.

In the case of complex use of raw materials in non-ferrous metallurgy, it is possible to obtain almost 40 elements in the form of high-purity metals and organize industrial production of many necessary types of products. Thus, the introduction of the most advanced technologies made it possible to expand the production of cement and soda products in the aluminum industry.

The integrated use of waste from the electrical power industry, where low-grade coal is used, is relevant. Thus, a power plant with a capacity of 2-2.5 million kW, which consumes coal with an ash content of 20%, annually produces almost 100 million m3 of ash, the storage of which requires an area of ​​150 hectares. It is economically feasible and technically possible to add ash and slag to solutions in the production of asphalt concrete, as well as for the production of bricks, cement, and useful fillers.

An equally important area of ​​saving natural resources is the introduction of resource-storage equipment and technologies. A reduction in material and energy intensity of production is equivalent to an increase in the production of industrial products with the same amount of raw materials and fuel used.

Along with the integrated use of natural resources and the introduction of resource-storage technologies, an important area of ​​resource conservation is the involvement of secondary resources in production, which allows minimizing the use of primary natural raw materials.

Secondary resources are divided into secondary material and energy. By secondary material resources we mean production and consumption waste (in particular household waste), which is used in the economy due to the current state of development of science and technology. Recycling of valuable economic substances or resources, due to imperfect technology, going to waste, is called recycling. Therefore, only that part of the waste that can be collected is included in this category. Only after its formation, primary processing and assessment of suitability for use, secondary resources are converted into secondary raw materials.

The depletion of a number of highly profitable deposits of metal ores and the problem of environmental protection have led to the beginning of the use of secondary resources, which reduces not only the energy costs for their extraction and processing, but also industrial emissions into the atmosphere and hydrosphere. It is known that each ton of metal smelted from scrap costs 20 times less than from iron ore. At the same time, emissions into the atmosphere are reduced by 86%, into the hydrosphere by 76%, and the amount of waste by 97%. When smelting aluminum from scrap, electricity is consumed 23 times, and fuel - 7.4 times less. Complete utilization and recycling of ferrous metallurgy waste can provide savings equal to the cost of iron ore mined in Ukraine.

The introduction of new technologies and the use of recycled materials in the paper industry will not only increase the output and range of products, but also preserve hundreds of thousands of hectares of forests. It should be noted that the yield of paper from 1 m3 of wood in Ukraine is 5-7 times lower than in highly developed market economy countries.

Secondary energy resources include gaseous, liquid or solid mixtures - waste from technological processes, the temperature of which is higher than the ambient temperature (warm water from equipment cooling systems, steam, ventilation air). they can be used to supply heat to homes, heat greenhouses, and the like.

In general, almost 2 billion tons of various wastes are generated annually in the country, 2/3 of which are overburden, mine and other rocks. The processing of agricultural raw materials alone produces 450 million tons of waste annually.

The consequences of the environmental crisis in Ukraine need to be clarified, first of all, with the causes and factors of its occurrence.

The range of anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment is wide, and its analysis allows us to state that the main reasons for the state of the environment that threatens living and livelihoods are the following:

Extremely outdated production technology and physical and moral deterioration of equipment;
- high energy intensity, material intensity, water intensity and labor intensity of production. According to these indicators, Ukrainian industry and agriculture are 2-4 times inferior to the best world standards;
- an irrational territorial structure of production location, the disadvantages of which are the excessive concentration of industrial facilities in large cities and industrialized regions - Donbass, the Dnieper region, the Carpathian region, and the insufficient development of industry in the central, northern and western regions;
- environmentally imperfect structure of industrial production with an extremely high concentration of environmentally hazardous industries - enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, ferrous metallurgy, chemical, and mining industries;
- low agrotechnical level of agricultural production, excessive use of chemicals for soil cultivation, increasing fertility, and pest control;
- a scientifically based hydromelioration system - drainage in Polesie and irrigation in the steppe zone, which in the first case led to a change in the water regime of the territories, degradation of soil cover and living conditions, and in the second - to the development of processes of planar soil loss and their salinization;
- little attention was paid to the construction and effective operation of environmental protection systems, the introduction of general and local treatment facilities, recycling, cyclic and sequential water supply systems, low- and non-waste technologies, which occurred against the backdrop of a low, from an environmental point of view, level of operation of existing environmental facilities;
- currently there are no effective legal and economic mechanisms for environmental regulation of environmental management, and those that exist do not stimulate the development of environmentally friendly technologies for the production of so-called “green” (environmentally safe) types of products and environmental systems;
- today the environmental management system itself is imperfect, it is too cumbersome, is carried out primarily on a sectoral rather than territorial basis and has the nature of monitoring compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation.

One of the most important problems today is the protection of the air basin, the main polluters of which are transport, energy and chemical enterprises. Cases of emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, dust, various oxides and radionuclides into the atmosphere have become more frequent. The issue of protecting the atmosphere is especially acute in industrial areas, centers of the metallurgical and chemical industries.

The protection of water resources is extremely important. Sources of pollution of inland waters with untreated wastewater are primarily industrial and municipal enterprises and agriculture. Water bodies are especially polluted by mineral fertilizers and pesticides. The increase in water consumption causes its shortage, and therefore the problem of providing the population with clean fresh water is one of the most acute. The most important environmental sites include the Danube, Tisa, Dnieper, Dniester, Southern Bug, Black and Azov Seas.

An integral part of the problem of environmental protection is the protection of land resources. For the development of agricultural production, the rational use of land, the restoration of its fertility, and the maximum reduction in the withdrawal of agricultural land for industrial, housing and transport construction are of exceptional importance. The reclamation of exhausted quarries plays a special role in stabilizing the agricultural land fund.

The primary problem is the protection of flora, especially forests. The importance of forests for human life is difficult to overestimate, therefore the most important task is to regulate forest use and maintain forest productivity. For this purpose, reforestation measures are being carried out. To preserve species of unique nature, national parks are created (Karpatsky, Shatsky, etc.).

The problem of protecting the animal world is caused by a decrease in stocks of valuable species of fish, fur-bearing animals, and wild animals that do not harm humans. In this regard, the relevant authorities are entrusted with the responsibility of monitoring and regulating hunting and fishing rules. Relevant decisions of legislative bodies have been adopted.

The growing scale of mining of mineral resources raises the problem of subsoil protection. It is necessary to provide for the rational use of subsoil and reduce the loss of useful components during extraction and processing. To do this, it is necessary to introduce the integrated use of mineral raw materials, widely apply modern effective technologies for the extraction and processing of low-grade ores* and waste disposal.

The aggravation of these problems gives rise to the need to resolve the issue of further coexistence of man and nature based on the rational use of natural resources. Rational environmental management is understood as such a form when it allows one to foresee the consequences of the functioning of the “man-nature” system. Its level is determined by the efficiency of use of natural resources and the state of the environment. Rational management of natural resources requires a strong connection between scientific and technical progress and the implementation of measures aimed at minimizing the negative anthropogenic impact on the environment and environmental intensification of production activities.