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• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Resource potential of the territory: essence and types
• 1.1 Natural resource potential of Russia
• 1.2 Level of development of Russia’s natural resource potential
• Chapter 2. Natural resource potential of the Trans-Baikal Territory as a factor in the economic development of the region
• 2.1 Natural resource potential of the Trans-Baikal Territory and its impact on economic development
• 2.2 Government program Trans-Baikal Territory "Reproduction and use natural resources"and a comparative analysis of its implementation for 2015-2016
• Conclusion
• List of used literature

Introduction

Resource potential is one of the main components of the socio-economic development of the territory.

The economic development of society, the location of productive forces, and human life are to a large extent influenced by the natural-geographical environment, which represents the totality of natural conditions and resources.

Conditions and factors for the development of natural resources are considered as elements of the natural environment that are not directly involved in the process material production, however, without them the production process itself is impossible. Favorable or unfavorable conditions are reflected both on the economic side of the development of society and production, and on various aspects of the life of the population. Natural and economic conditions largely determine the life activity of the population; nature of work, life, recreation opportunities.

Relevance The work is due to the fact that in the conditions of the transition of the economy to market relations, the independent development and self-sufficiency of cities and regions through the rational use of the entire complex of resources of the territory: natural, industrial, labor, is becoming increasingly important.

Object research is the use of the natural resource potential of the Trans-Baikal Territory. Item research: mechanisms and methods for regulating the use of natural resource potential by the government of the Trans-Baikal Territory.

Target this course work is to consider the natural resource potential of the region, namely the Trans-Baikal Territory.

IN tasks my work includes:

- consider the concept of natural resource potential;

- determine the structure of the natural resource potential of the Trans-Baikal Territory;

- highlight the main conditions and factors for the development of natural resources;

- outline the path effective use natural resource potential.

The development of the region's productive forces is closely connected with the development of its rich raw material resources. For the livelihoods of the population, the rational use of land, water, hunting, fish and other natural resources is important.

Chapter 1. Resource potential of the territory: essence and types

1.1 Natural resource potential of Russia

Natural resource potential is a set of natural resources that are the basis for the economic development of a territory. This is a very important characteristic for each country and its regions, reflecting the distribution of natural resources and the provision of certain industries with them National economy, their influence on the formation of economic specialization and spatial organization of the territory. The value of natural resource potential is the sum of the potentials of individual types of resources. According to some data, Russia's natural resources are estimated at 3.8 times higher than in the United States and 4.5 times higher than in China. Abidulin V.N. Resources and environmental management / V.N. Abidulin.- M.: Prospekt, 2011.- 430 p.

Natural resources are components of the environment used in the process of social production to satisfy primarily the material needs of people.

Natural resources are classified:

· by natural genesis: mineral or fossil resources and biosphere resources, including land, water and biological resources;

· on the basis of exhaustibility: exhaustible, including renewable (land, water, biological) and non-renewable (mineral) resources, and inexhaustible (solar energy, flowing water energy, etc.);

· by method of use: resources of material production (industry, agriculture, etc.) and resources of the non-productive sphere (including recreational).

Russia's natural resources are distinguished by their significant size and diversity, insufficient knowledge, uneven distribution throughout the country with the greatest concentration in poorly populated areas with unfavorable natural conditions, and depletion of reserves in well-developed areas.

Mineral resources are the mineral resource base of industrial potential and ensure the economic and defense security of the country. The mineral resource base created in the country plays an important role in the mineral resource complex of the world. About 20 thousand mineral deposits have been discovered and explored in Russia, more than 1/3 of which have been put into industrial development.

Reserves of fuel and energy resources have been explored in almost all economic regions of the Russian Federation, but most of them are concentrated in the east of the country - in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Far East.

In terms of proven oil reserves, Russia is one of the leading oil-producing countries. It ranks first in the world in terms of explored iron ore reserves.

In terms of the volume of explored reserves of non-ferrous and rare metals, Russia occupies a prominent place in the world mineral resource potential. Our country stands out for its reserves of copper, lead, zinc, and nickel. Russia has large reserves of titanium ores, tin, tungsten and molybdenum, and there are reserves of aluminum raw materials (bauxite and nepheline). Glushkova V.G., Makar S.V. Environmental economics: Tutorial. M.: Gardarika, 2003.

Reserves of precious metals and diamonds are important for the country's economy. Russia has large reserves of gold, silver, platinum group metals and diamonds. Most of the deposits are located in the regions of Eastern Siberia and Far East.

Water resources are the usable surface and groundwater of any territory.

Russia's surface water resources include renewable water resources (river flow), the total volume of which is estimated at 4270 km 3, lakes (532 km 3), glaciers (110 km 3), and reservoirs (892 km 3). Every year, renewable river flow (1/10 of the world's water resources) is concentrated in the basins of the largest rivers: Lena, Yenisei, Ob, Amur, Volga.

Natural groundwater resources amount to approximately 790 km 3 /year and more than a third of them are concentrated in the largest artesian basins in the European part of the country - Moscow, North-West, etc.

Water resources are distributed unevenly throughout Russia. About 90% of the country's annual river flow falls on the basins of the Arctic and Pacific oceans, and only less than 8% - on the basins of the Caspian and Azov seas. At the same time, more than 80% of the Russian population lives in the Caspian-Azov region and the bulk of the economic infrastructure is concentrated.

Russia has large hydropower resources. Potential hydropower reserves in our country are estimated at 340 million kW of average annual capacity. Land resources are lands that are systematically used or suitable for use for economic purposes and differ in natural and historical characteristics. Vavilova E.V. Economic geography and regional studies: Textbook. - M.: Gardariki, 2014. - 148 p.

Russia has the world's largest land fund, a significant part of which is in a state close to natural. Its land fund is 1709 million hectares. There are 11.5 hectares per capita, which is almost 4 times the global figure (3 hectares). However, less than a third of Russia’s territory is located outside the space with extreme conditions, where 95% of the population lives and 93% of the economic infrastructure is concentrated, including all agricultural land, not counting reindeer pastures.

However, the condition of lands under economic activity is assessed as unsatisfactory - the processes of land degradation, which have pronounced regional specifics, are aggravated: from the degradation of reindeer pastures in the north, dehumification, depletion and erosion of soils in Central Russia to desertification in the south. The hydrological regime of watersheds continues to deteriorate, and the ability of natural complexes to self-regulate is reduced.

Biological resources are biological objects included in human economic activity as a subject of labor and a means of production.

Among biological resources, according to the type of economic use, forest, pasture, hunting, fish resources, etc. are distinguished.

Forest resources occupy a particularly important place among biological resources. Wood is a universal raw material from which more than 20 thousand types of products are produced.

Russia is the largest forest power, accounting for 1/5 of the world's timber reserves. According to available estimates, only 55% of the total forest area is of industrial interest, that is, it is profitable for industrial exploitation. However, the predominant part of this massif, located in the European North and along the Trans-Siberian Railway, has been significantly depleted as a result of intensive forest management over the last century.

The animal resources of the Russian Federation are diverse. However, due to its northern location, the fauna of Russia is relatively sparse in terms of the number of species. Our country stands out in the world for its reserves of game animals and commercial fish. Among the 20 species of fur-bearing animals that are constant objects of hunting, the first place in terms of economic importance is occupied by the sable, which lives only on the territory of Russia; in the tundra zone the main fur-bearing species is the arctic fox; muskrat, squirrel, pine marten, otter, and beaver are also hunted.

Among the fish resources of Russia, valuable species of freshwater reservoirs (sterlet, sturgeon, trout, whitefish) and a diverse ichthyofauna of the seas of the Far East (salmon, herring, saury, sea bass) stand out. An important fishery object is the Kamchatka crab. In recent years, these resources could provide the annual Russian catch at the level of 9-10 million tons. Abidulin V.N. Resources and environmental management / V.N. Abidulin.- M.: Prospekt, 2011.- 430 p.

Thus, the distribution of natural resources in Russia is characterized by a disproportion in their distribution between the western and eastern regions. Thus, the eastern regions of the country account for up to 90% of potential and 75% of proven energy reserves - peat, hydrocarbons, hydropower, more than 80% of surface runoff, 70% of wood.

The European part of the country as a whole is less endowed with resources, especially energy, and in the south - forest and water resources. But here are the main reserves of iron and bauxite ores, the majority of deposits of phosphate and potash raw materials, and the main areas of arable land.

In general, in Russia the natural resource potential consists almost equally of resources for industrial and agricultural use. Industrial resources significantly predominate only in the regions of Siberia and the Far East, where the basis of the potential is fuel and energy resources. In all other regions, agricultural resources are allocated in the potential structure. Only in the Ural-Volga region are both resources equally represented.

According to the density of resources per unit of territory, regions of the European part of the country are distinguished; according to the share of resources per capita, the eastern regions and the European North, i.e., sparsely populated areas of large areas, are distinguished.

Each region of the country has many types of natural resources, but in different proportions, which creates the basis for the integrated development of the region’s economy and strengthening ties with other regions for the mutual provision of missing types of resources.

In general, potential reserves, the diversity of natural resources in Russia and the nature of their distribution provide our country with the opportunity for the broad development of all sectors of the economy without exception and the comprehensive development of the economy of each economic region. Schumpeter I. Geography and Economics. - St. Petersburg, 2005

1.2 Level of development of Russia’s natural resource potential

From the above review it can be seen that, in general, Russia should be classified as a country extremely rich in natural resources. The question of how to manage them is especially relevant for us in view of the radical change in the economic system in general and environmental management in particular.

English thinker of the 18th century. J. Stewart expressed a very modern-sounding thought: “It seems, and indeed it is, that the original products of the earth, of which there are a limited quantity and which exist completely independently of man, are given by nature in exactly the same way as a young man is given a small amount of money with the aim of leading him onto the path of useful work and prosperity.”

Several years ago, the same idea was to some extent illustrated by a study from Stanford University devoted to a comparative analysis of the per capita GNP of countries with different shares of raw materials in exports. This study found that countries with a high share of such exports perform worse than countries with a low share of exports or no exports of raw materials at all.

It turns out that we need to curtail production, limiting it only to high technologies? But the fact of the matter is that this requires a fairly powerful material and technical base. Each developed country created such a base based on its capabilities, including natural ones. The current state of the US economy was formed, among other things, on the basis of the rich raw material potential of the country, which is still one of the largest producers of raw materials. Iron ore played an important role in the formation of Sweden's national wealth, in Great Britain - coal and non-ferrous metals, in Germany - coal and iron ore, in Canada - a diverse range of minerals and other natural resources.

Unlike us, these and some other countries used natural resources for construction new economy. Russia is there to patch up the holes of an inefficient economy and the militarization of the country. As a result, it was left without much of its rich resources and with an ailing economy. What to do next?

Almost everyone now advocates for the continued active use of natural resource potential: advocates of so-called “national security”, supporters of maximizing rental income in state budget revenues, and those proposing the use of natural resources as an initial impetus for economic development.

And even those who fight for reserving a sufficient amount of resources for future generations actually advocate their rather active, albeit orderly, use, since they preserve the modern model of the economy of natural resources for an indefinitely long term.

The criterion of “national security,” if we discard xenophobic and chauvinistic shades, is dictated by the fear of dependence on the export of natural resources. The origins of this position lie in the decades-old psychology of scarcity, the eternal dependence of the recipient on the supplier. The desire to provide domestic production with everything necessary at any cost leads to the depletion of the economy, impoverishment of the population and, as a private consequence, to the accelerated depletion of natural resources. This path, it seems to us, has no prospects. Already the first years of the existence of the Russian deficit-free economy demonstrated the predominant dependence of production on effective demand and significantly reduced fears of dependence on exports. This is also confirmed by the long-term fierce struggle for markets for exporters of natural resources. Micro-macroeconomics: workshop / Ed. Yu.A. Ogibina. - St. Petersburg: Search, 2007. - 385 p.

When the task of preserving natural, primarily non-renewable, resources is posed, the question inevitably arises: for how many generations? Typically, the measures proposed by proponents of this approach can preserve existing resources for another 3 to 5 generations, that is, for approximately one century. In the absence of global cataclysms of any origin, the duration of the future existence of humanity should be measured in millennia, not centuries, and therefore it faces the problem not of saving resources for future generations, but of a constant change in the range and nature of resource use, that is, the model of environmental management. Such a task can be solved only by those who are constantly progressing in their intellectual and technical equipment, in the level of knowledge of the surrounding world, in the volume economic opportunities humanity.

History shows constantly changing technological structures that make it possible to involve new types of resources and abandon depleted ones. In addition, the cost-effective use of natural resources (both in one’s own economy and in international trade) increases the economic power of the state and allows for a more flexible and painless response to the depletion of a particular resource. It must be borne in mind that mineral resources, which are what we are primarily talking about in this context, are not a consumer good in themselves, but only a means for obtaining it. The richer the economy, the more diverse the ways of obtaining those final benefits that were originally produced using domestic mineral raw materials. The above considerations about future generations cannot be considered obvious and do not require additional justification when decisions are made to reduce mining activities.

In light of the above, the idea of ​​using natural resource potential as an initial impetus for future economic development, already on the basis of another driving force of a predominantly intellectual, scientific and technical nature, seems to be the most promising.

To implement such a policy, it is important not only to strengthen investment activity and, following it, the production of the most commercially efficient natural resources, but to link this activity with the emergence and development of new shoots in those sectors of the economy that will contribute to its structural restructuring and transition to a new technological way of life If we increase the production of natural resources in conditions of a stagnating or, even worse, declining economy, all the proceeds from the sale of raw materials and the entire effect from the use of these resources in the Russian economy will go to “patching holes” and will not transform the national economy. This confirms all previous experience of large-scale use of natural resources. In other words, the degree of activity in environmental management activities should be closely related to the state of the economy, with its ability to effectively use the funds received. Samuelson P. Economics in 2 vols. - M.: NPO, Algon, 2011.

To implement this approach, it is necessary to formulate economic policy in such a way as to maximize the effect from the production and use of natural resources, to make this effect manageable, applicable at the points most necessary for the national economy.

Chapter 2. Natural resource potential of the Trans-Baikal Territory as a factor in the economic development of the region

2.1 Natural resource potential of the Trans-Baikal Territory and its impact on economic development

Trans-Baikal Territory is one of the regions with a fairly high resource potential (mineral resources, water, forest and land).

Among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the economy of the Trans-Baikal Territory ranks 53rd. The volume of GRP of the Trans-Baikal Territory in 2016 amounted to 259.2 billion. In the structure of GRP, the largest share is occupied by transport and communications (over 35%), industry (over 20%), agriculture, hunting and forestry (9%), construction (7%). %).

The basic economic activities of industry are mining; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water; in manufacturing industries - metallurgical production, production of machinery and equipment and food production. Their total share in the overall structure of industrial production of the region is more than 90 percent.

The potential of Transbaikalia in the development of land resources is significant. The agro-industrial complex plays a leading role in the formation of the corresponding market. In crop production, priority is given to grain crops, which occupy the majority of sown areas. Livestock farming is represented by meat and dairy cattle breeding. It is noteworthy that the share, although insignificant, is occupied by reindeer husbandry and camel husbandry.

It should be noted that the region has an exceptionally favorable transport and geographical position. This fact contributes to the implementation of transit functions, the promotion of goods to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and the establishment of mutually beneficial cooperation with them. The constantly growing potential of China determines the border location of the Trans-Baikal Territory as the most advantageous among others.

The mineral resource base consists of proven reserves of ferrous, non-ferrous, precious and rare metals, fluorspar, hard and brown coal, semi-precious stones, mineral waters and raw materials for the production of building materials.

The depths of the region contain 94% of the explored uranium reserves of the Russian Federation, 36% of fluorspar, 37.2% of zirconium, 23.8% of copper, 30.5% of molybdenum, 22.7% of titanium, 14.4% - silver, 8.5% - lead, 7% - gold, there are also reserves of tungsten, tin, lithium, zinc and iron ores.

On the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory, 23 industrial coal deposits and several dozen coal occurrences with total reserves of 6.9 billion tons have been identified. The Apsatskoye and Chitkandinskoye coal deposits have high gas content. Total methane reserves in coal seams reach 63-65 billion cubic meters. m.

The predicted mineral resource potential is: titanium dioxide, nickel, cobalt, lead, antimony, mercury, germanium, synnyrites, fluorite, zeolites. In addition, there are a number of deposits of gemstone raw materials, perlites, graphite, refractory and refractory clays, magnesite, and there are prerequisites for identifying deposits of diamonds and platinum.

The total area of ​​the region's forest fund is 34,691 thousand hectares (9.33% of the total forest area in the Siberian Federal District), including the area occupied by coniferous species - 19,399 thousand hectares (10.2% of the area of ​​coniferous species in the Siberian Federal District ). The total standing timber stock is 2736 million m3 (8.21% share in the Siberian Federal District).

The global watershed between the basins of the Arctic and Pacific oceans passes through the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory. This is where water originates and is largely formed. three large water systems of Siberia and the Far East: the Amur, Lena and Baikal-Yenisei basins. The region accounts for the formation of more than 7% of the flow of the Lena basin and more than 5% of its catchment area; respectively, more than 7% and about 13% - Amur; about 18% and 10% - Baikal. The main rivers are Shilka and Argun (the sources of the Amur at the exit from the region), Khilok, Chikoy, Olekma, Vitim, Onon. Rivers, and to a lesser extent lakes, determine the water content of the region. They account for more than 80% of renewable water resources. Kolokneva M.V. Nature management/: V.M. Kolokneva. - M.: Yunost, 2005 -32 p.

The Trans-Baikal Territory belongs to the so-called third group - regions with a relatively low population density and a relatively low level of socio-economic development. The strategic direction of regional policy to support these regions is targeted government support and the combined use of elements of the resource, innovation and recreational components of Siberia. For the Trans-Baikal Territory, this is stimulating the coordinated implementation of infrastructure and raw materials projects on the basis of public-private partnership. Large areas will be of great importance for the regions of the third group. investment projects, the implementation of which will have a positive impact on the socio-economic development of the territory and increase its investment attractiveness. An effective measure for the development of regions of Siberia with a low level of socio-economic development in order to attract investment in the creation of modern production facilities will be the creation in such territories of zones with special conditions for conducting economic activities. Among them are territorial development zones and special economic zones.

One of competitive advantages socio-economic development of the Trans-Baikal Territory are: significant resource potential of the region (coal, uranium, electricity, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, gold, timber, land resources, etc.); availability of recreational resources for the development of specialized types of tourism.

Among the large operating organizations carrying out production activities, one can highlight: OJSC “Priargunsky Industrial Mining and Chemical Association” (uranium, coal); OJSC Razrez Kharanorsky, LLC Chitaugol (coal); OJSC Zhirekensky GOK (copper and molybdenum ores); LLC "Prospecting Artel "Kvarts" (tungsten ore); LLC "Rudnik Darasunsky", LLC "Rudnik Aprelkovo", LLC "Gazimur", OJSC "Ksenyevsky mine", OJSC "Ust-Kara mine", LLC ZK "Uryum" (gold), etc.

On the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory, the waters of three large water systems of Siberia and the Far East originate and are largely formed; Amur basin (accounting for 55% of the region's area), Lena (30.4%) and Baikal-Yenisei (13.3% of the region's area). The main rivers are the Shilka and the Argun.

Until 1965, the functions of management, state control of the use and protection of water resources were carried out by the Amur Basin Inspectorate. Over the course of thirty-nine years, the service involved in managing the use and protection of water resources in the Trans-Baikal Territory has undergone multiple reorganizations. The Water Resources Department for the Trans-Baikal Territory performs the functions assigned to the Amur Basin Water Management in the field of managing the use and protection of the water fund, providing public services and management of federal property in the field of water resources.

For water supply to cities, regional centers, and large industrial facilities, 71 groundwater deposits have been explored in the region, the operational reserves of which have been approved. There is unsatisfactory replenishment of groundwater resources. Borisov E. F. Mineral resources of Russia / E. F. Borisov. - M.: Prospekt, 2011. - 256 s.

natural resource Transbaikal

2.2 State program of the Trans-Baikal Territory “Reproduction and use of natural resources” and a comparative analysis of its implementation for 2015-2016

The most important goal of the state policy of the region in the field of environmental management is to ensure the rational and effective use of natural resource potential in order to meet the current and future needs of the economy, reproduction and protection of natural resources, and create conditions that provide favorable living conditions for the population.

The state program of the Trans-Baikal Territory “Reproduction and use of natural resources” provides for the implementation of measures for the reproduction and use of water resources, as well as preventing the negative impact of water, ensuring the operational reliability and safety of hydraulic structures, developing fisheries economic complex, as well as activities to promote industrial complex, to ensure the reproduction of the mineral resource base of the Trans-Baikal Territory, its rational use and protection of subsoil. The program is divided into four corresponding subroutines.

As part of the implementation of the Program, external risks of its implementation are identified, relevant for all subprograms of the Program, which are extremely difficult to influence.

The first is financial and economic risks that lead to insufficient funds, changes, revision of target values ​​of indicators, possible refusal to implement certain activities and even tasks, and, as a consequence, failure to meet the stated indicators for the implementation of the Program. Minimization methods: search alternative sources financial support, determination of priorities.

The second is natural risks associated with possible natural disasters in the region, which also lead to the impossibility of implementing measures. Methods of minimization: coordinated efforts to restore damage caused by natural disasters.

Third, technical risks that lead to the impossibility of implementing activities. Methods of minimization: coordinated activities to attract subcontractors to carry out activities.

Fourth - regulatory and legal risks. In connection with them, gaps and collisions arise in legal regulation, as well as changes in federal and regional legislation in the field of ecology, environmental management, water relations, industrial policy. Methods of minimization: tracking changes in the regulatory framework.

Fifth, there are macroeconomic risks that lead to failure to meet the stated program implementation targets. Methods of minimization: mechanisms of state support for industrial enterprises.

And sixth - financial risks related to insufficient funds for the implementation of the Program.

The total amount of funding for the Program is 4,094,930.0 thousand rubles, including: funds from the regional budget - 886,651.7 thousand rubles, of which by year: 2014 - 3,077.6 thousand rubles;

2015 - 7,863.7 thousand rubles;

2016 - 6,750.5 thousand rubles;

2017 - 198,603.5 thousand rubles.

From this it is clear that in 2017 it is planned to increase spending on the program from the regional budget.

In 2015, 52.64147 million rubles were spent on the implementation of the Program. The main activities of the Program were partially implemented or not implemented. The main reasons for non-fulfillment of activities were: reduction in funding for individual activities.

In 2016, 56.3106 million rubles were spent on the implementation of the Program. Some of the main activities were partially implemented or not implemented. This is also due to a decrease in funding and climatic conditions.

From the above, we can conclude that the implementation of the State Program of the Trans-Baikal Territory “Reproduction and Use of Natural Resources” is subject to multiple risks. And only well-coordinated work on all stages of this Program will help achieve its successful implementation.

Conclusion

Natural resources are the natural base on which the economy of the region develops. The main criteria for including certain elements of nature in the composition of resources include the technical feasibility and economic feasibility of their use, as well as a certain level of knowledge. Until now, minerals serve as the basis of modern production, ensuring the scientific and technological progress of society.

The economy of the region largely depends on the results of economic activities of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises. The development of industry, in turn, depends on the natural resource potential of the region, which is quite high and diverse in the Trans-Baikal Territory. But, nevertheless, the development of the region’s economy remains at a low level. This is due to insufficient funding and the region’s remoteness from the developed center of Russia. The problem of attracting investment is also acute. This is also due to the remoteness of the region and its climatic features.

It is also worth noting the implementation of the state program of the Trans-Baikal Territory “Reproduction and use of natural resources”. The program is not running in full. This is due to insufficient funding and the climatic conditions of the region. This can also be attributed to the fact that the work to implement the program is not being fully coordinated, and risk factors are not taken into account. For the successful implementation of the program, the coordinated work of all government bodies and their interaction with organizations involved in the extraction and sale of the region’s natural resources is necessary.

List of used literature

1. State program of the Trans-Baikal Territory “Reproduction and use of natural resources”

2. Abidulin V.N. Resources and environmental management / V.N. Abidulin.- M.: Prospekt, 2011.- 430 p.

3. Agapova T.A., Seregina S.F. Macroeconomics: Textbook. - M.: DIS, 2010. - 415 p.

4. Borisov E. F., Geography and natural resources / E. F. Borisov. - M.: Prospekt, 2015. - 320 p.

5. Borisov E. F. Economic theory/ E.F. Borisov. - M.: Higher Education, 2012. - 391 p.

6. Borisov E. F. Mineral resources of Russia / E. F. Borisov. - M.: Prospekt, 2011. - 256 s.

7. Bystrova O. L. Guidelines to complete course work on “Economic Theory” for full-time students of specialty 080502 “Economics and Enterprise Management” [Text] / O. L. Bystrova. - Chita: ZabIZhT, 2015.- 14 p.

8. Vavilova E.V. Economic geography and regional studies: Textbook. - M.: Gardariki, 2014. - 148 p.

9. Glushkova V.G., Makar S.V. Economics of environmental management: Textbook. M.: Gardarika, 2003.

10. Galbraith J.K. Economic theory and the goals of society. - M., 2014. - 406 p.

11. Dolan E.J., Lindsay D.B. Macroeconomics. St. Petersburg: Literature Plus, 2009. - 405 p.

12. Dornbusch R., Fischer S. Macroeconomics. - M.: Moscow State University; 2007. - 783 p.

13. Ivashchenko A. A. Commodity exchange. - M.: Education, 2006.

14. Kolokneva M.V. Nature management/: V.M. Kolokneva. - M.: Yunost, 2005 -32 p.

15. Kotler F. Fundamentals of Marketing. - M.: Kub, 2006

16. Economics course / Ed. B.A. Reisberg. - M.: Infra, 2013. - 716 p.

17. Lagutenko B.T. Handbook of economic geography of Russia. M.: Yurist, 2001.

18. Micro-macroeconomics: workshop / Ed. Yu.A. Ogibina. - St. Petersburg: Search, 2007. - 385 p.

19. Mankiw N. Gregory. Macroeconomics. - M.: MSU, 2011. - 735 p.

20. Mankiw N. Gregory. Principles of Economics. - St. Petersburg: 2009. - 782 p.

21. Nureyev R.M. Fundamentals of economic theory: Microeconomics. - M.: Higher School, 2006.

22. Salikhov B.V. Economic theory: A textbook for university students in the field of Economics and Economics. specialist. M.: Dashkov and K. 2015. - 706 p.

23. Samuelson P. Economics in 2 vols. - M.: NPO, Algon, 2011.

24. Schumpeter I. Geography and economics. - St. Petersburg, 2005

25. Official website of the Government of the Trans-Baikal Territory. - [electronic resource]: access mode: URL: http://www.zabaikalsky region.rf/

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The role of the resource potential of the Donetsk economic region in the economy of Ukraine. Natural conditions of the region, its climate and relief. State of mineral, water, land, forest and recreational resources. Prospects for rational environmental management.

The presence of natural resources is the main condition for the location of productive forces in a given territory. Natural resource potential is determined by the totality of all types of natural resources that are currently known and the use of which in the foreseeable future is possible according to technical criteria. Natural resource potential characterizes the country’s natural resources that are already involved in economic turnover, as well as those available for development with given technologies and socio-economic relations.

The composition, magnitude of potential, and significance of individual types of resources change over time, so their assessment is always historically relative. With the development of large sources of natural resources, large industrial centers arise, economic complexes and economic regions are formed. The natural resource potential of a region influences its market specialization and place in the territorial division of labor. Location, production conditions and the nature of the use of natural resources influence the content and pace of regional development.

All natural resources have two main characteristics - origin (natural) and use (economic). In accordance with them, their double classification has developed.

Natural classification reflects the belonging of resources to certain elements of nature. It includes:

• 1) mineral (mineral resources);
• 2) climatic (agroclimatic);
• 3) land (soil);
• 4) aquatic;
• 5) vegetable;
• 6) animals.

Mineral resources are of particular importance. Based on the nature of their use, mineral resources are divided into three groups: fuel and energy (oil, natural gas, coal, peat, oil shale); metal ores - ores of ferrous, non-ferrous, rare and precious metals; non-metallic (non-metallic), including apatites, phosphorites, various salts, mica, graphite, asbestos, construction raw materials.

The sign of origin is complemented by the sign of exhaustibility and renewability of resources, which is important from the standpoint of nature conservation, the possibility of restoring and increasing the supply, and determining the strategy for using resources. Based on these characteristics, the following are distinguished:

• - exhaustible, including renewable (vegetation, nutrient reserves in the soil, water reserves in rivers and lakes, annual and underground flow, flora and fauna) and non-renewable (mineral resources, groundwater, soil layer);
• - inexhaustible renewable (energy of the sun, wind, flowing water, ocean, tides, ocean water reserves, space resources, etc.).

At the core economic classification natural resources are based on their primary use in sectors of the country's economic complex. Resources are allocated based on these criteria:

• 1) material production, including industry (fuel, metals, water, wood, fish) and agriculture (soil, irrigation water, feed plants, game animals);
• 2) non-productive sphere, including direct consumption (drinking water, wild plants and game animals) and indirect (for example, the use of green spaces and reservoirs for recreation).

According to the degree of exploration, reserves of mineral resources (minerals) are divided into the following main categories, characterized by varying degrees of exploration: A, B, C1, C2 and D. Reserves in category A have been explored with the greatest detail, B and C1 - with relatively less detail, C2 - preliminary estimated, D - estimated. Industrial categories of minerals include studied and explored reserves prepared for exploitation. The total mineral reserves of a region, basin, republic or country as a whole (that is, all reserves studied or explored, as well as forecast) are combined into general geological reserves.

According to their economic importance, mineral reserves are divided into two groups: (from the point of view of economic feasibility of use) mineral resources (mineral resources) are distinguished:

• a) balance (standard) - these are those reserves, the use of which, given existing technological capabilities, is economically feasible at the present time and which satisfy industrial requirements both in terms of the quality of raw materials and mining technical operating conditions;
• b) off-balance sheet (substandard) - these are those reserves whose use is currently not economically feasible due to the low thickness of deposits, low content of valuable components, particularly difficult operating conditions, the need to use very complex processing processes, but which in the future may be the object of industrial development.

As productive forces develop, territories are involved in economic use or long-term exploitation, resources from one category can move to another.

The West Siberian, East Siberian, Volga and Far Eastern economic regions have the greatest natural resource potential in the country, and the North-Western, Central and Volga-Vyatka economic regions have the least. The Ural, Northern, Central Black Earth and North Caucasus economic regions are among the average ones in terms of natural resource potential.

The world's predicted geological reserves of mineral fuel exceed 12.5 trillion tons. At the current level of extraction, these resources should be enough for 1000 years. These reserves consist of coal (up to 60%), oil and gas (about 27%), as well as shale and peat.

Coal. Among fuel and energy resources, the largest reserves in the world are in coal. The world's proven reserves of hard and brown coal are over 5 trillion tons, and reliable reserves are about 1.8 trillion tons.

Coal resources have been explored in 75 countries around the world. The largest coal deposits are concentrated in the USA (445 billion tons), China (272), Russia (200), South Africa (130), Germany (100), Australia (90), Great Britain (50), Canada (50), India (29 ) and Poland (25 billion tons).

In general, the world's coal resources are abundant, and their supply is much greater than other types of fuel. At the current level of global coal production (4.5 billion tons per year), the currently explored reserves may last for about 400 years.

Oil. Most of the oil fields are dispersed across six regions of the world and are confined to inland territories and continental margins: 1) Persian Gulf - North Africa; 2) Gulf of Mexico - Caribbean Sea (including coastal areas of Mexico, USA, Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad); 3) the islands of the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea; 4) Western Siberia; 5) northern Alaska; 6) North Sea (mainly Norwegian and British sectors); 7) Sakhalin Island with adjacent areas of the shelf.

World oil reserves amount to more than 132.7 billion tons. Of these, 74% are in Asia, including the Middle East (more than 66%). The largest oil reserves are found in: Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iraq, UAE, Kuwait, Iran, and Venezuela.

The volume of world oil production is about 3.1 billion tons, i.e. almost 8.5 million tons per day. Production is carried out by 95 countries, with more than 77% of crude oil production coming from 15 of them, including Saudi Arabia (12.8%), USA (10.4%), Russia (9.7%), Iran (5.8%). %), Mexico (4.8%), China (4.7%), Norway (4.4%), Venezuela (4.3%), Great Britain (4.1%), United Arab Emirates (3.4 %), Kuwait (3.3%), Nigeria (3.2%), Canada (2.8%), Indonesia (2.4%), Iraq (1.0%).

The supply of proven oil reserves to the world economy at the current level of production (about 3 billion tons per year) is 45 years. At the same time, OPEC member countries can maintain the current volume of oil production for 85 years, including Saudi Arabia for about 90 years, Kuwait and the UAE for about 140 years. At the same time, in the USA this figure does not exceed 10-12 years. In Russia, the availability of proven oil reserves is 23 years.

Natural gas. Proven reserves of this type of fuel have grown over the past 15 years from 100 to 144 trillion m3. The increase is explained both by the discovery of a number of new deposits (in particular, in Russia - in Western and Eastern Siberia, on the shelf of the Barents Sea), and by the transfer of part of the geological reserves to the explored category.

The largest proven reserves of natural gas are concentrated in Russia (39.2%), Western Asia (32%), they are also in North Africa (6.9%), Latin America (5.1%), North America (4.9 %), Western Europe (3.8%). Recently, significant reserves have been discovered in Central Asia. At the beginning of 1998, natural gas reserves were, billion m3: Russia - 47,600; Iran -- 21200; USA -- 4654; Algeria - 3424; Turkmenistan - 2650; Norway -- 3800; Kazakhstan -- 1670; Netherlands -- 1668; Libya - 1212; UK -- 574.

The supply of natural gas at the current level of its production (2.2 trillion m3 per year) is 71 years. In terms of fuel equivalent, gas reserves are close to proven oil reserves (270 billion tons).

Metal ores. Iron ore reserves are important for the production of ferrous metals. The world's predicted iron ore resources reach approximately 600 billion tons, and proven reserves reach 260 billion tons. The world's largest iron ore deposits are located in Brazil, Australia, Canada, Russia, China, the USA, India, and Sweden. Iron ore production in the world is 0.9-1.0 billion tons per year. The resource supply of the world economy with this type of raw material is approximately 250 years.

Of the raw materials for the production of non-ferrous metals, bauxite is in first place. Their forecast reserves amount to 50 billion tons, including explored reserves of 20 billion tons. The largest bauxite deposits are concentrated in Australia, Guinea, Brazil, Venezuela, and Jamaica. Bauxite production reaches 80 million tons per year, so current reserves should last for 250 years. In Russia, bauxite reserves are relatively small.

Geological reserves of copper ore are estimated at 860 million tons, of which explored reserves are 450 million tons (in India, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Congo, USA, Russia, Canada). At the current production volume - 8 million tons per year - the explored reserves of copper ore will last approximately 55 years.

The largest reserves of bauxite (the main raw material of the aluminum industry) are located in Guinea (42% of world reserves), Australia (18.5%), Brazil (6.3%), Jamaica (4.7%), Cameroon (3.8%) and India (2.8%). In terms of production scale (42.6 million tons), Australia ranks first.

Non-metallic minerals. Another important mineral resource, table salt, is obtained from rock salt deposits and by evaporating salt lake water and sea water. The world's resources of table salt are practically inexhaustible. Almost every country has either rock salt deposits or salt water evaporation plants. A colossal source of table salt is the World Ocean itself. The first place in the production of table salt is occupied by the USA (21%), followed by China (14%), Canada and Germany (6% each). Significant salt mining occurs in France, Great Britain, Australia and Poland.

Diamonds- the most famous of gems - play an important role in industry due to their exceptionally high hardness. Industrial diamonds are used as abrasives. World diamond production is 107.9 million carats (200 mg); including 91.2 million carats (84.5%) of industrial diamonds and 16.7 million carats (15.5%) of jewelry diamonds. In Australia and Congo, the share of jewelry diamonds is only 4-5%, in Russia - about 20%, in Botswana - 24-25%, South Africa - more than 35%, in Angola and the Central African Republic - 50-60%, in Namibia - 100 %.

Land resources. Of the total surface area of ​​the Earth (510 million km2), land accounts for 149 million km2, and the rest is occupied by seas and oceans. The total area of ​​the world land fund (land area minus the ice deserts of the Arctic and Antarctic) is 134 million km 2.

In the structure of the world land fund, 11% is cultivable land (arable land, orchards, vineyards); 23% - for meadows and pastures; 30% - for forests; 3% - for anthropogenic landscapes (settlements, industrial zones, transport lines); 33% - for unproductive lands (deserts, swamps and extreme areas with low temperatures or in the mountains). The share of cultivated lands in the total land fund is, %: in India - 57.1; Poland - 46.9; Italy - 40.3; France - 35.3; Germany - 33.9; USA -- 19.6; China -- 10.3; Russia - 7.8; Australia - 6; Canada -- 4.9; Egypt - 2.8. In these countries, as in the world as a whole, there are very few reserves left for agricultural development: forests and unproductive lands. In addition, in many countries, agricultural land is rapidly being reduced, as it is allocated for construction, etc. It must be said that in recent decades there has been an expansion of agricultural land due to the development of virgin lands in Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Canada..

Water resources. The total water reserves on Earth are 1386 million km 3, but 96.5% of the planet’s water resources come from the salty waters of the World Ocean and 1% from salty groundwater. Fresh water accounts for only 2.5% of the total volume of the hydrosphere, and if we exclude from the calculation polar ice, which is still practically unused, then only 0.3% of the total amount of water on earth remains at the disposal of humanity. World water consumption increased from 1,100 km 3 in 1950 to 3,300 in 1980 and 4,100 km 3 in 1990. In recent years, as a result of resource conservation measures, the growth of water consumption in the world has slowed, and total water withdrawal in 2000 is expected to be 4,780 km 3 . In the USA alone, about 550 km 3 of fresh water is used annually, and in Russia - approximately 100 km 3.

The level of use of water resources for the needs of industry, agriculture and everyday life is,% of the total volume of water resources: in Egypt - 97.1; Israel - 84.4; Ukraine - 40; Italy - 33.7; Germany - 27.1; Poland - 21.9; USA - 18.9; Turkey - 17.3; Russia - 2.7.

Forest resources. World forest resources are characterized, first of all, by indicators of forest cover, forest area and standing timber stock.

The forest area indicator reflects the size of the territory covered by forests, including per capita. Forest cover shows the ratio of forest area to the total territory of the country. Standing wood reserves are usually determined by multiplying the average amount of wood (in cubic meters) per 1 m2 by the area occupied by forests.

Forested areas around the world reach 40.1 million km2 (including forests most suitable for exploitation, accounting for 25-28 million km2), Russia - 8.1, Brazil - 3.2, Canada - 2.6, USA - 2.0 million km 2. But over the past 200 years, the area of ​​forests on earth has been reduced by about half. Forest area decreased by 13% from 1960 to 1990, with tropical forests in Asia hit the hardest. The forests of the Asian part of Russia, Canada, the Amazon and Congo river basins have remained relatively untouched. The total reserves of standing timber in all forests of the world are 340–370 billion m 3 . Russia ranks first in the world in terms of timber reserves (23% of world reserves).

The natural resource potential of the world economy is diverse. It includes energy, land, soil, water, forestry, biological, mineral, climate and recreation. Natural resources yavl. required condition for economic development. Scientific achievements those. progress lead to the fact that the impact of the natural resource factor on the economies of developed countries is noticeably weakening. In recent decades, countries have developed rapidly without the necessary... minerals (Japan, South Korea, Singapore). But other things being equal, the presence of rich and diverse natural resources gives countries additional resources. advantages. Most often, natural resources are identified with mineral resources (oil, coal, natural gas, potassium salts, etc.). World forecast geological reserves of mineral fuel exceed 12.5 million tons. At the current level of extraction, these resources should be enough for 1000 years. These reserves consist of coal (up to 60%), oil and gas (27%), as well as shale and peat, etc. Among the fuel and energy resources, the most. reserves in the world account for coal, the world's proven reserves of hard and brown coal amount to. more than 5 trillion. tons Reliable – about 1.8 trillion. tons Coal resources have been explored in 75 countries around the world. The largest coal deposits are concentrated in the USA, China, Russia, South Africa and Germany. The reserves may last for about 400 years.

Oil. Proven oil reserves distributed: Saud. Arabia - 26.6%, Iraq - 11%, UAE - 9.4%, Kuwait - 9.3, Iran - 9.1, Venezuela - 6.8, Russia - 4.8, China - 2.4 and the USA – 2.4. The provision of the world economy with proven oil reserves at present. the production level will be about 45 years. At the same time, OPEC member countries can maintain the current volume of oil production for 85 years, in the USA - 10-12 years, in Russia - 23 years. During the second half of the 20th century, gigantic oil fields were discovered in the Persian countries. Gulf, North Africa, West. Siberia, Alaska, the Arctic Ocean and the Caspian Sea. Under modern With the extraction technique, approximately 30–35% of the oil lying in the subsoil is extracted to the surface. Explored reserves of natural resources gas for last 15 years increased from 100 to 144 trillion. meters per cube. The increase is explained by the discovery of new deposits. The largest reserves of natural resources. gas in Russia - 39.2%, Western. Asia - 32%, in the North. Africa - 6.9%, Latin America and North America, Western. Europe. Provision of natural gas at modern production level - 71 years.

Hydropower. potential does not apply to min. resources. World economic hydropower. potential reaches 9.7 - 9.8 trillion. kilowatt hours and is used at 21%. The degree of development of hydropower potential is especially high in the West. and Center. Europe - 70%, in the North. America and Russia – 38% and 20%.

Metallic ore. The world's predicted iron ore resources reach approximately 600 billion tons, and proven reserves amount to 260 billion tons. The world's largest deposits are in Brazil, Australia, Canada, Russia, China, USA, India, Sweden. Extraction of iron ores in the world comp. 0.9 – 1 billion tons per year. The resource supply of the world economy with this type of raw material is approximately 250 years old; among the raw materials for the production of non-ferrous metals, bauxite is in first place. The largest deposits are in Australia, Guinea, Brazil, Venezuela, and Jamaica. Bauxite production reaches 80 million tons per year. So current reserves should last about 250 years. In Russia, bauxite reserves are relatively small. Geological reserves of copper ore are estimated at 860 million tons. Of these, 450 million tons have been explored. – India, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Congo, USA, Russia, Canada.

Land resources. In the structure of the world earth. fund 11% - for cultivated lands, 23% - meadows, pastures, 30% - forests, 3% - anthropogenic landscapes - us. points and industrial zones. 33% - unproductive lands - deserts, swamps. Agricultural land, i.e. land used for food production. Naib. The sizes of arable land include the USA, India, Russia, China, and Canada. Share of cultivated land in total land. fund: India - 57.1%, Poland - 46.9, USA - 19.6, Russia - 7.8%. In many countries, agricultural land is rapidly shrinking because... allocated for construction. The world is experiencing land deterioration or degradation - erosion, waterlogging, salinization, desertification.

Water resources. World water consumption has increased since 1950. In the United States, about 550 km3 of fresh water is used annually. In Russia – 100 km cubed. Rivers remain the main sources of fresh water. The volume of global water consumption has approached ¼ of the planet's water resources. The main consumer of water in the world is. agriculture – 69%, industry – 7.1%, utilities – 6%. In Russia – industry – 55%, agriculture – 20%, comm. households – 19%. In global agriculture, the trend towards increasing demand for water continues.

Forest resources: forests occupy 40.1 million square kilometers. RF – 8.1, Brazil – 3.2, USA – 2. Last. For 200 years, the forest area has halved.

Nature resources are distributed unevenly: only 20-25 countries have more than 5% of the world's reserves of some kind. one type of raw material. Only a few of the largest countries in the world - Russia, the USA, Canada, China, South Africa, Australia - possess the majority of its species. No country has reserves of everything necessary for modern life. economy of types of mineral raw materials and cannot do without their imports. EU member countries import 70-80% of the required. mineral raw materials. Japan - 90-95%, USA - 15-20%. In Russia, the raw material base is estimated at 15% of the world's resources.

Key terms and concepts

Natural resource potential Natural conditions Natural resources Classifications of natural resources Land resources Mineral resources (minerals ) Biological resources Water and hydropower resources Recreational resources

Grade natural resource potential of any country includes consideration of natural resources and conditions. Often it is the natural factor that determines the characteristics of human settlement and the location of economic facilities. At the same time, natural resources are directly used in economic activities, in production material goods, and natural conditions influence the lives and activities of people indirectly (for example, through an increase in production costs associated with overcoming their negative impact).

TO natural conditions include the geological structure of the territory, relief, climate, swampiness, etc. The geological structure determines the shape of the relief. Russia is dominated by inland plains and plateaus with altitudes up to 1000 m; mountains are located in the southern and eastern parts of the country. In general, the surface structure of Russia can be assessed as favorable for economic activity and human life. But the topography of the country also has negative features. Thus, the absence of significant mountain ranges in the north predetermines the possibility of cold Arctic air penetrating into the interior of the country. Mountains in the Far East prevent warm monsoon air masses from the Pacific Ocean from penetrating into the interior of the continent. Mountain areas are characterized by increased seismicity, which significantly complicates economic activity. The flat terrain makes it possible to flood vast areas when creating reservoirs, etc.

Climate - This is a long-term weather pattern. Russia extends across several climatic zones: arctic, subarctic, temperate and subtropical. But territories with a subtropical climate - the most favorable for human life and economic activity - occupy less than 0.1% of the country's area and are located only on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Most of the country is characterized by arctic, subarctic and continental climate types, characterized by harsh and long winters, which significantly complicates socio-economic development - in total, this is almost 70% of the territory of the Russian Federation. Regions with a temperate continental (in the west of the country) and monsoon (in the east) climate (about 30% of the country's area) can be considered relatively favorable for people's lives and economic development.

Climatic conditions seriously complicate the development of agriculture. Approximately 1/3 of the territory of the Russian Federation is located in the cold zone, where open ground farming is impossible. The general heat deficit in Russia reduces crop productivity by 3–5 times compared to the world average. The specialization and efficiency of agriculture are largely determined by natural zoning. Within Russia, the following natural zones are distinguished: tundra and forest-tundra, forests (taiga and mixed forests), steppes and forest-steppes, deserts and semi-deserts. Altitudinal zones are common in mountainous areas. The most favorable for agricultural activities (by the nature of soil fertility, climate, water regime of the territory) are the steppe and forest-steppe zones.

Almost 2/3 of Russia's territory belongs to the so-called zone of the North and unfavorable for living. Most of it is covered by permafrost. Accordingly, only a third of the country’s territory can be classified as economically efficient, i.e. located outside spaces with extreme natural conditions and favorable for life. It is here that over 9/10 of the population and the entire economic infrastructure are concentrated. The best living conditions for people are found in the Central, Northwestern (southwestern part), Volga (western part), Southern (western part), North Caucasian (plain and foothill regions) federal districts.

Natural resources– these are components of nature that are directly involved (or can be used) in material production or non-productive activities. The main features of Russia's natural resources are: 1) large reserves, diversity of species composition, high quality; 2) the ability to provide not only the needs of the country, but also to be the main source of foreign exchange earnings for it; 3) uneven distribution throughout the country (see also paragraph 5.1, appendix 5).

The differences in the distribution of natural resources between the European and Asian parts of the country are especially strong. The eastern regions contain the bulk of fuel, energy and forest resources, as well as non-ferrous and precious metal ores. The European part (including the Urals) contains the main reserves of iron and aluminum ores, phosphate and potash raw materials. Moreover, in general, natural resource reserves in the western part of the country are significantly less than in its eastern part.

There are several classifications of natural resources based on the characteristics of their origin, economic significance, specific economic use: 1) natural (genetic) classification; 2) environmental classification; 3) economic classification. The use of various classifications makes it possible to identify the patterns of formation of groups of resources and their genetic characteristics, the possibilities of economic use, and draw conclusions about the directions of their rational use and protection.

Natural classification is a classification of resources depending on their genesis (origin). In this case, resources are allocated:

• land (including soil);
• aquatic (the World Ocean and land waters);
• mineral (mineral resources);
• biological (plant and animal origin);
• agroclimatic (solar heat, precipitation);
• energy of natural processes (solar radiation, internal energy of the Earth, wind energy, etc.).

Environmental classification natural resources is based on the signs of exhaustibility and renewability of their reserves (Fig. 8.1).

Economic classification includes the division of resources into the following types:

• real (possible to use at present) and potential (estimated only on the basis of theoretical calculations - forecast reserves);
• multi-purpose use (water, air) and industrial (fuel and energy, metal ore, forestry, chemical, agricultural, recreational);
• having strategic importance (trade in which should be limited, since it leads to undermining the defense power of the state), export importance and resources of the domestic market.

Land resources are necessary for the resettlement of the population and the placement of economic facilities. In addition, they act as a means of production, primarily in agriculture and forestry. Russia is the largest country in the world by area, its land fund is 1707.5 million hectares. The Land Code of the Russian Federation distinguishes the following main categories of land: 1) agricultural; 2) populated areas; 3) industrial use; 4) protected areas; 5) forest fund; 6) water fund; 7) state reserve. Almost 2/3 of the country's area (65%) is occupied by forest lands.

Rice. 8.1.

Fertility, or biological productivity, is the main characteristic of land for use in agriculture. That is why agricultural land, which occupies about 400 million hectares, or slightly less than 1/4 of the country’s land fund, requires special attention, and includes arable land with an area of ​​about 130 million hectares. Leading in territory size among modern states, Russia ranks third in the world in terms of arable land area after the USA and India. At the same time, in terms of the provision of arable land per capita (0.8 hectares), Russia is one of the first places in the world. In Russia, the main areas of arable land are located in the Southern, Central, Volga and Siberian federal districts, where there are the most fertile soils, primarily chernozems. The main problems of land use in the country are the insufficiently efficient use of land, especially for agricultural purposes, allocated for production and in populated areas; soil erosion (destruction), covering more than half of the arable land area; desertification and soil salinization, characteristic of the south of the European part of Russia.

Mineral resources Russia occupies a leading place in the world in terms of reserves. About 20 thousand deposits of various minerals have been discovered and explored in Russia, over 1/3 of which have been put into commercial operation. The total value of explored reserves of mineral raw materials alone is estimated at approximately $30 trillion, of which 70% are fuel and energy resources, 14% are metal ores.

In the depths of Russia, which occupies 11.5% of the world's land area, 64% of the world's reserves of apatite, 37 - tin, 35 - gas, 32 - iron, 31 - nickel, 16 - zinc, 26 - diamonds, 16 - potassium salts, 13 - oil, 12% - coal, there are significant (in absolute and relative terms) reserves of potassium salts, rare and non-ferrous metal ores. But despite significant reserves of mineral resources, there is a shortage of certain types of mineral raw materials - manganese, chromium, uranium, titanium, zirconium, high-quality bauxite and some others.

According to the degree of geological exploration, mineral reserves are divided into explored (categories A + B + C ) – studied in detail and prepared for exploitation (they are also called industrial reserves), pre-priced (category C2) and forecast (category R for solid minerals and D – for oil and gas). In total, the reserves of all these categories amount to mineral resource potential of the territory (country, region).

According to economic significance, reserves are divided into balance sheet (the extraction of which is cost-effective) and off-balance sheet (unsuitable at the time of assessment for development due to mining conditions or environmental considerations, or the extraction of which is not economically feasible due to low technical and economic indicators, but may become economically effective with an increase in product prices or with technical progress that reduces production costs).

The largest balance reserves of mineral resources are found in the vast regions of the Asian part of Russia - the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Tyumen region (together with the autonomous okrugs), and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. But reserves of some types of mineral raw materials - iron ores (Kursk magnetic anomaly in the Belgorod and Kursk regions), apatites (Murmansk region), potassium salts (Perm Territory) - are largely concentrated in the European part of the country. With large absolute reserves, security Russian economy the individual most valuable mineral resources are not so great. According to existing estimates, for example, at the current rate of oil production in Russia, its proven reserves will only last for 20 years.

Biological resources These are the resources of flora and fauna. Of particular importance among them are forest resources. Among all countries, Russia ranks first in terms of forest area - over 750 million hectares, constituting 1/5 of the total forested area in the world. Accordingly, Russia also leads in forest reserves - about 20% of the world's total (83 billion m3). In the forestry industry, coniferous trees are the most valued. Russia contains half of the world's coniferous forest reserves. But although Russia’s forest resources are large and of high quality, the productivity (growth) of Russian forests is lower than in foreign countries. Thus, the growth of wood per 1 hectare of forest in Russia is almost three times less than in the USA, and approximately two times less than in Finland.

The uneven distribution of forest resources is very large: 43% of their quantity is in the Siberian Federal District (SFO), 27% in the Far East, i.e. more than 2/3 of the resources are located in the eastern part of the country, while the main consumers of forest products are concentrated in the European part of Russia and European countries. As a result, the Asian part of Russia, as well as the European North (with the exception of the tundra and forest-tundra territories) are abundant in forests - resources exceed needs, while the regions of the Southern, North Caucasus and southern parts of the Central Federal Districts experience a shortage of forest resources. Non-timber forest resources are still very poorly used in Russia. In the whole country, less than 20% of edible mushrooms, less than 10% of wild berries, and a small amount of wild medicinal herbs are collected.

It is necessary to evaluate forest resources from the standpoint of their enormous ecological significance: 1 hectare of forest annually absorbs 4.5-6.0 tons of carbon dioxide, 30-50 tons of nylon and releases 3-5 tons of oxygen. The forest traps oxides, cement dust, lead, fluorine, sulfuric anhydride, etc. The soil-protective and water-protective, as well as recreational value of forests is great. In Russia, for a long time, the forested area, especially with high-quality tree stands, has been declining, and only in recent years has there been a tendency for it to slowly increase. The volume of work on conservation and restoration of forests continues to decline; it noticeably lags behind the scale of logging. All this negatively affects the state of the forest potential of the country and its individual regions.

Water resources countries according to the Water Code of the Russian Federation include: 1) rivers, lakes, reservoirs, other surface, including artificial, reservoirs and water sources, as well as waters of canals and ponds; 2) groundwater and glaciers; 3) territorial sea waters (12 nautical miles from the coast). Surface waters, especially rivers, fresh lakes and reservoirs, are especially important. The reserves of such water resources are measured by the annual river flow. The total volume of river flow on the territory of the Russian Federation is 4270 km3 per year, which is 1/10 of the total flow of all rivers in the world. According to this indicator, Russia ranks second after Brazil.

Russia has enormous water resources, but they are distributed extremely unevenly throughout the country - almost 2/3 of the surface river flow occurs in the regions of Siberia and the Far East, where the lowest concentration of productive forces and population density are observed. Only a third of fresh water resources are concentrated in the European part of the country. The deepest rivers in Russia are listed in Table. 8.1.

Table 8.1

Water resources of Russia

Of great importance for the country is its provision of hydropower resources. The magnitude of the hydropower potential of rivers depends on the flow rate and the height of the water fall; therefore, rivers with a noticeable difference in height between the source and the mouth have the greatest hydropower resources. In terms of hydro potential, Russia ranks second in the world after China.

Russia's hydropower potential resources amount to about 2.5 trillion kWh of electricity per year, of which economic - 36%, and used - 8%. All large river basins in the country are characterized by similar ratios of potential, economic and used hydro resources. Following the location of rivers, hydropower resources are distributed unevenly across the country. 90% of the country's hydropower potential is concentrated east of the Urals. Of the total potential size of hydropower resources in Russia, the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) accounts for more than 50%, and the Southern Federal District (SFD) – only about 2%.

Recreational resources– these are objects and phenomena of natural and anthropogenic origin that have valuable medical-biological, psychological-aesthetic, sociocultural or scientific-cognitive properties, used for the purpose of complete recreation of the population, treatment, and tourism.

The involvement of recreational resources of a particular area in economic use is influenced by the following main factors:

• climatic conditions;
• availability of water areas, their quality and comfort for use;
• the presence of mineral springs, medicinal mud and other resources for recreational and medicinal purposes;
• picturesqueness of natural landscapes and their aesthetic qualities;
• ecological state of the natural environment;
• saturation of the territory with objects of natural and cultural heritage;
• transport accessibility.

The use of recreational resources is complicated by a number of circumstances: 1) insufficient level of development of transport, health resort and tourist infrastructure; 2) the unfavorable state of the environment in many areas potentially suitable for recreational activities; 3) low quality of provided tourist and recreational services, etc.

The climatic conditions of Russia also limit the possibilities of using recreational resources. Even in the Krasnodar Territory on the Black Sea coast, the duration of the swimming season does not exceed four months, and on the Caspian Sea it is 2–3 months.

At the same time, balneological resources in the areas where some medicinal mineral springs emerge have long been famous in Russia. Due to this, the North Caucasus (the cities of Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk), Central Russia (Tula region, Tver region and in it Kashin, Krainka), North-West (Novgorod region - Staraya Russa, Republic of Karelia - Martialnye) have developed resort complexes due to this water) etc.

Various sports and mountain tourism and recreational resources are still poorly developed in Russia. Important areas not only internally, but also international tourism provided that the necessary infrastructure is created, the North Caucasus, the mountainous regions of Altai, the environs of Lake Baikal, the Kamchatka Peninsula and many other territories of the country can become.

• The material in this paragraph is presented in more detail in the book: Regional Economics. Natural resource and environmental foundations: textbook, manual / coll. auto; under general ed. V. G. Gushkova, Yu. A. Simagina. 2nd ed. M.: KnoRus, 2013.

The country's natural resources combined with natural conditions(i.e., objects and natural phenomena that, at a given level of development of productive forces, are essential for the activities of human society, but do not directly participate in the material production and non-production activities of people) are the basis of material production and life activity of the population.

Natural resources- these are objects and natural phenomena that, at a given level of development of productive forces, are used or can be used to meet the needs of human society in the form of direct participation in material activity, that is, they are objects of consumption and means of production (objects of labor and means of labor).

According to economic classification, natural resources are divided into material production resources, including industry (fuel, metals, water, wood, fish) and agriculture (soil, irrigation water, feed plants, game animals); non-production resources, including direct consumption (drinking water, wild plants and game animals) and indirect (for example, the use of green spaces and reservoirs for recreation).

Natural resources are also classified according to the principle of exhaustibility: exhaustible, including renewable (vegetation, soil, water, fauna) and non-renewable (mineral resources); inexhaustible(energy of the sun, wind, flowing water, etc.).

Based on their origin and natural properties, the following natural resources are distinguished: mineral raw materials (minerals); land; forest; aquatic; biological(resources of flora and fauna); atmospheric air resources; recreational(territories that have the potential to be used for organizing various types of recreation); climatic(solar heat and light, precipitation); energy resources of natural processes(radiation from the sun, internal heat of the earth, wind, etc.).

According to the etymology and practice of using the word under potential the totality of the following components should be understood: the forces that are used (i.e., the potential achieved); forces that are not currently used, but can be quickly drawn into the system (promising potential No. 1); forces that can be technically involved in the system at the existing level of development (promising potential No. 2).

However natural resource potential A number of economists consider it as an object of comprehensive regional research from three positions. First is associated with scientific research aimed at identifying the use of an integral parameter reflecting the degree of efficiency of environmental management, and it is proposed to use natural resource rent in this capacity. Second the position is of much greater value and consists in using the doctrine of geosystems in regional studies, in particular in assessing the natural resource potential of the region. Its consideration from the position of geosystems consists of three stages: assessment of the natural potential of the region; assessment of the natural resource potential and social factors of the region (technically feasible and economically feasible part of the potential); introduction of organizational and management principles into the system. Third the position asserts that only within the framework of territorial combinations of natural resources and natural conditions can the true value of the region's potential be established and expressed as national wealth. This is the position we will follow.

Thus, the quantity, quality and combination of resources determine the natural resource potential of the region - the most important factor in the distribution of the population and economic activity.

Let us define the difference between the fundamental concepts of “mineral raw materials” and “mineral resources”. In practice, these two concepts are often confused, and today's students must firmly focus on the sections of areas of interest: minerals are the object of work of geologist, mineral raw materials - of miners. And also regarding the concept of “resources”. It is interpreted in different ways, sometimes in the broadest sense. In relation to many natural objects, this is justified, but as for minerals, the term “forecast resources” is firmly rooted here, and, apparently, one should not deviate from it.

Mineral raw materials (minerals) According to the nature of use, it is divided into three groups: fuel and energy(oil, natural gas, coal, peat, oil shale); metal ore(ores of ferrous, non-ferrous, rare and precious metals); non-metallic(non-metallic - apatites, phosphorites, various salts, mica, graphite, asbestos, construction raw materials).

Currently, about 20 thousand mineral deposits have been discovered and explored in the country. According to their economic importance, mineral reserves are divided into two groups: balance sheet(conditioned) and off-balance sheet(substandard), the use of which is not economically feasible due to the low thickness of the deposits and low content of valuable components, but which can be further subject to industrial development.

The gross potential value of the explored balance (i.e., economically viable, which meets industrial requirements for the quality of raw materials and mining technical operating conditions) reserves of the country’s main types of minerals in the late 1990s. was estimated at almost $30 billion, and the forecast resource was $150 trillion. The Russian Federation has the world's largest proven reserves of apatite (64.5 % global), natural gas (35.4%), iron ores (32%), nickel (31%), brown coal (29%), tin (27%), zinc (16%), uranium (14%), oil (13%), lead (12%), copper (11%), one of the world's largest reserves of gold, diamonds, platinum, etc.

Compared to the world's proven reserves, Russia has significant reserves of oil (over 10%) and gas (approximately 1/3). Their main deposits are located in West Siberian, Volga-Ural, Timan-Pechora oil and gas provinces, as well as in the North Caucasus and the Far East.

Within the West Siberian Lowland, 300 oil and gas fields have been discovered. The most significant oil fields are located in the Tyumen region, in the Sredneobsky oil region, where Samotlor, Ust-Balykskoye, Megionskoye, Nizhnevartovskoye, Sosninsko-Sovetskoye, Surgutskoye, Aleksandrovskoye, Fedorovskoye, etc. are distinguished. The second oil region of Western Siberia is the Shaimsko-Krasnoleninsky, which is located 500 km north of Tyumen, where the largest deposits are Shaimskoye and Krasnoleninskoye.

Western Siberian oil reserves are characterized by a number of favorable indicators: relatively shallow occurrence of productive strata (up to 3 thousand m); high concentration of reserves; relatively uncomplicated conditions for drilling wells, their high flow rate. The oil is of high quality. It is light, low-sulfur, characterized by a high yield of light fractions and the content of associated gas, which is a valuable chemical raw material. In terms of proven reserves, oil production in Western Siberia ranks first in the country.

The country's main natural gas reserves are also located in Western Siberia. Of these, more than half are located in the Tyumen North, mainly in three gas-bearing regions. The largest gas fields - Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye, Nadymskoye, Tazovskoye - were discovered in the Tazovo-Purpeyskaya gas-bearing region in the north of the Tyumen region in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The Yamburgskoye and Ivankovskoye natural gas fields are very promising.

The Berezovsky gas-bearing region, located near the Urals, includes Punginskoye, Igrimskoye, Pokhromskoye and other gas fields. In the third gas-bearing region - Vasyugan, which is located in the Tomsk region, the largest fields are Myldzhinskoye, Luginetskoye, Ust-Silginskoye. In recent years, oil and natural gas resources located in the north of Western Siberia have been developed. Thus, the development of the large Russian oil and gas field has begun.

The Volga-Ural oil and gas province occupies a vast territory between the Volga and the Urals and includes the territories of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, the Udmurt Republic, as well as Saratov, Volgograd, Samara, Astrakhan, the southern part of the Orenburg region, and the Perm Territory. The largest oil fields are Romashkinskoye, Almetyevskoye in Tatarstan, Shkapovskoye, Tuymazinskoye, Ishimbayevskoye in Bashkortostan, Mukhanovskoye in the Samara region, Yarinskoye in the Perm Territory, etc. The great advantage of these fields is the relatively shallow occurrence of industrial oil-bearing horizons - from 1.5 to 2. 5 thousand m. The oil of the province is characterized by high sulfur content. At the same time, it contains a significant amount of light carbohydrates. Compared to West Siberian oil, it contains more paraffin, asphaltenes and resins, which complicates its processing and reduces the quality of the product. The cost of its production is low, since oil is produced mainly by the flowing method.

There are large reserves of natural gas in the Urals. In the Orenburg region, the Orenburg gas condensate field has been put into commercial development with a processing capacity of 45 billion m 3 . The favorable geographical location of the deposit near the country's large industrial centers in the Urals and Volga region contributed to the creation of an industrial complex on its basis. A large gas condensate field is being developed in the Astrakhan region.

The Orenburg and Astrakhan gas condensate fields contain a lot of hydrogen sulfide; their development requires the use of environmentally friendly technology.

The Timan-Pechora oil and gas province occupies a vast territory of the Komi Republic and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Arkhangelsk Region. Most of the explored and predicted reserves of this province are located in relatively shallow (800-3300 m) and well-studied geological complexes. More than 70 oil, gas and gas condensate fields have been discovered here. Oil from northern fields is light (with the exception of oil from the Usinsk field), low-sulfur, paraffinic with a high content of gasoline fractions. The largest oil fields are: Usinskoye, Vozeiskoye, Yaregskoye, Ukhtinskoye, Pashninskoye, Kharyaginskoye, Shapkinskoye, etc. Gas reserves are located mainly on the territory of the Komi Republic. Large gas fields are Vuktylskoye, Vasilkovskoye, Voy-Vozhskoye, Dzhebolskoye.

The oil and gas-bearing regions of the North Caucasus occupy the territory of the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, the Republics of Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adygea, Kabardino-Balkarian and Chechen Republics. There are two oil and gas bearing regions in the North Caucasus: Dagestan and Grozny. Grozny is located in the river basin. Terek. The main oil and gas fields are Malgobekskoye, Goragorskoye, Gudermesskoye. The Dagestan region stretches in a wide strip from the coast of the Caspian Sea in a westerly direction to Mineralnye Vody, and in the southern part its borders run along the foothills of the Greater Caucasus and cover the territory of North Ossetia, the Chechen Republic, Ingushetia, and Dagestan. The most important oil and gas fields in Dagestan are Makhachkala, Achisu, Izberbash. A large gas field in the republic is Dagestan Lights.

The Stavropol and Krasnodar oil and gas regions are located within the Northwestern Caucasus. In the Stavropol Territory, large gas fields are the North-Stavropol and Pelagiadinskoye, in the Krasnodar Territory - Leningradskoye, Maikopskoye and Berezanskoye.

The oil and gas-bearing regions of Eastern Siberia administratively cover the territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region. The largest oil field in Eastern Siberia is Markovskoye.

In the Far East, the largest oil fields are located on Sakhalin (Erri, South Okha, etc.). In the river basin Vilyui, on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), 10 gas condensate fields have been discovered, of which Ust-Vilyuiskoye, Sredne-Vilyuiskoye, and Mastakhskoye are being developed.

In the near future, work is planned to bring new oil and gas fields of the Yamal Peninsula, Western Siberia and Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk Region) into economic circulation and to develop oil and gas fields located on the continental shelf, 70% of the territory of which is promising in oil and gas terms . The development of promising deposits will require attracting foreign capital. Thus, in Western Siberia, the American company Amoco will participate in the exploitation of the Priobskoye field. A Russian-American enterprise operates on the basis of the Ardalinskoye field in the Timan-Pechora province.

The prospects for joint development of deposits in the shelf zone of Sakhalin Island with the involvement of Japanese and American capital are favorable.

Russia ranks first in the world in terms of proven coal reserves. Its territory contains 23% of the world's coal reserves of various types: anthracite, brown and coking. Anthracites and brown coals serve as energy fuels and raw materials for the chemical industry. Coking coals are used as process fuel in the ferrous metallurgy.

Coal resources are distributed unevenly across the country. The eastern regions account for 95%, and the European part - 5% of the country's total reserves. An important indicator of the economic assessment of coal basins is the cost of production. It depends on the mining method, which can be mine or quarry (open), the structure and thickness of the seam, the capacity of the quarry, the quality of coal, the presence of a consumer or the transportation distance. The lowest cost of coal mining is in Eastern Siberia, the highest is in the regions of the European North.

The importance of the coal basin in the regional economy depends on the quantity and quality of resources, the degree of their preparedness for industrial exploitation, the size of production, and the characteristics of the transport and geographical location. The basins of the eastern regions of Russia are ahead of the European part in terms of technical and economic indicators, which is explained by the method of coal mining in these coal basins. Coals from the Kansk-Achinsk, Kuznetsk, South Yakutsk, and Irkutsk basins are mined using the open-pit method.

In addition to coal bases of national importance, individual regions also have coal resources. Yes, in Central economic region there is a brown coal basin near Moscow; in the North Caucasus - the Eastern part of the Donetsk basin (Rostov region); in the Urals - Kizelovsky, Chelyabinsk, South Ural basins; in Eastern Siberia - Irkutsk, Minusinsk, Uleghem, Tunguska; in the Far East - Bureinsky, Suchansky, Raichikhinsky, Lena basins. Coals are available on Sakhalin Island.

The largest reserves are the Tunguska (2299 billion tons) and Lensky (1647 billion tons) coal basins. But they are significantly removed from developed areas.

Iron ore resources of Russia are represented by brown, red (or hematite ores), magnetic iron ores (or magnetite ores), etc. Their qualitative characteristics are different. There are reserves of both poor iron ores, in which the iron content ranges from 25-40%, and rich ones with an iron content of up to 68 %. Iron ore resources are unevenly distributed throughout Russia. The bulk of iron ore reserves are located in the European part of the country. The largest explored reserves are concentrated in the Central Black Earth, Ural, West Siberian and East Siberian economic regions.

In the European part of the country, the largest iron ore basin is the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA). It is located on the territory of the Belgorod, Kursk and partly Voronezh regions of the Central Chernozem region, as well as the Oryol region of the Central region. The basin covers an area of ​​about 180 thousand km 2. Industrial mining of iron ore is carried out in the Belgorod and Kursk regions, where the bulk of rich ore reserves are located (Yakovlevskoye, Mikhailovskoye, Lebedinskoye and Stoilenskoye deposits). KMA ores are characterized by a multicomponent composition. Roof and overburden rocks are represented by mineral construction raw materials, auxiliary materials for metallurgical production, bauxite and certain types of mining chemical raw materials. The hydrogeological operating conditions of the basin are complex, since the ores are covered by a thick layer of heavily watered sedimentary rocks. Ore is mined using underground and open-pit methods.

The iron ore resources of the Urals have now been significantly depleted. Thus, the resources of the deposits of the Magnitnaya and Blagodat mountains have been exhausted. Therefore, at present, part of the ore raw materials comes to the Urals from other regions of the country.

In Western Siberia, the most important iron ore deposits are located in Gornaya Shoria (Kemerovo Region) and Gorny Altai (Altai Territory).

The Angara-Pitsky basin is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The average iron content in ore reaches 40 %. The ores are mostly refractory and difficult to process. The largest fields in the basin are Nizhne-Angarskoye and Ishimskoye.

The Angara-Ilim basin in the Irkutsk region includes two large fields - Korshunovskoye and Rudnogorskoye. The ores have a high content of magnesium oxide and calcium oxide, which allows them to be classified as self-melting and easily enriched. They are developed mainly by open-pit mining.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are also such large iron ore deposits as Abakanskoye, Teyskoye, Irbinskoye, Kranokamenskoye. There are a number of deposits in the Irkutsk and Chita regions.

In the Far East, iron ore deposits have been discovered in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, in the Amur Region, Primorsky Territory, and in the Republic of Sakha. The main part of them (80 %) located in the south of Yakutia in the South Aldan and Charo-Tokinsky iron ore regions. Magnetite ores with an iron content of 41-53% and easily enriched ferruginous quartzites with an iron content of 28 occur here. %. They are developed mainly by open-pit mining.

Russia has large reserves non-ferrous metal ores. Their distinctive feature is the extremely low percentage of metal they contain. Therefore, the ores of almost all non-ferrous metals are enriched. The main reserves are located in the Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East and other regions of the country.

Copper ore deposits. Copper is the most important non-ferrous metal. It is characterized by a low metal content in the ore (1~2%) and often occurs in combination with zinc, lead, gold, and silver. Large deposits of copper ore have been explored in the Urals, Eastern Siberia, and the North Caucasus. In the Urals, the largest deposits - Degtyarskoye, Krasnouralskoye, Kirovogradskoye, Revdinskoye - are located in the Sverdlovsk region. In the Chelyabinsk region there is the Karabashskoye field, in the Orenburg region there are the Gaiskoye and Blavinskoye fields. There are copper deposits in Eastern Siberia, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory: Norilskoye, Talnakhskoye, Oktyabrskoye. The unique Udokan deposit is located in the Chita region, and the Urupskoye and Khudesskoye deposits (Stavropol Territory) are located in the North Caucasus.

Deposits of polymetallic ores. Polymetallic lead-zinc ores of Russia are concentrated in Western Siberia (Salair group), Eastern Siberia (Nerchinsk group, Gorevskoye deposit in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the Republic of Tuva) in the Far East (Tetyukha group).

Deposits of nickel and cobalt. The main deposits of nickel ores are located in the Mupman (Kaula), Orenburg (Buruktal) and Chelyabinsk (Cheremshanskoe) regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory (Norilsk, Talnakh). The bulk of cobalt produced in the country is carried out by processing complex ores.

Tin deposits. The main location area is the Far East. The largest deposits are in the areas of the Lesser Khingan and Sikhote-Alin ridges, Southern Primorye and the river basin. Yana.

Deposits of light metals. Aluminum plays a leading role in industrial production. To obtain it, three main types of raw materials are used - bauxite, nepheline and alunite.

Bauxite are a sedimentary rock that contains alumina, silicon and ferrous oxide. The alumina content in bauxite ranges from 40-70%. Bauxite deposits have been explored in the Urals (in the Sverdlovsk region - Severouralskoye, in the Chelyabinsk region - South Uralskoye), in the North-West (in the Leningrad region - Tikhvinskoye), in the North (in the Arkhangelsk region - Severo-Onezhskoye), as well as in Western Siberia (in the Kemerovo region), Eastern Siberia (in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Republic of Buryatia).

Nephelines found in many areas of the country. Their richest deposits are located in the Murmansk region (Khibinskoye), in Western Siberia (Kemerovo region - Kiya-Sheltyrskoye field), in a number of areas of Eastern Siberia - in the Irkutsk region and in the Republic of Buryatia.

Alunite deposits are being developed in Western Siberia.

Deposits of precious metals. The main gold deposits are found in bedrock in the form of quartz-gold-bearing rocks and placers. They are located in the Far East (in the Republic of Sakha and the Magadan region), in Eastern Siberia (in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk region), as well as in the Urals, Western Siberia and the North of the European part.

Non-metallic minerals are represented by deposits of phosphorites, apatites, potassium and rock salts, limestones, marls, clays, sandstones, sulfur, as well as graphite, asbestos, mica, marble, quartz, and fluorspar.

Phosphorites and apatites are the feedstock from which phosphate fertilizers are produced. The largest apatite deposit, Khibinskoye, is located on the Kola Peninsula near the city of Kirovsk. The balance reserves of this deposit are estimated at 2.7 billion tons. The apatite ores mined here are supplied as raw materials to the country's main superphosphate plants, and also serve as a raw material base for the production of alumina, as they contain a large amount of nepheline. The main deposits of phosphorites are located in the European part of the country, in the Kirov (Vyatsko-Kama deposit), Moscow (Egoryevskoye), Kursk (Kursko-Shchigrovskoye), Bryansk (Popinskoye) and Leningrad (Kingiseppskoye deposit) regions. There are also separate deposits of phosphorites in Bashkortostan and Chuvashia.

Potassium salts serve as the starting material for the production of potash fertilizers. The largest deposit of potassium salts - Verkhnekamskoye - is located in the Urals in the Perm region, where the bulk of all reserves of potassium salts in Russia is contained. Their balance reserves are estimated at 21.7 billion tons.

To obtain sulfuric acid, sulfur and sulfur pyrites are used. Significant reserves of sulfur and native sulfur are located in the Samara region, as well as in the North Caucasus (Republic of Dagestan) and the Far East (Khabarovsk Territory). The main area for deposits and mining of sulfur pyrites is the Urals.

Salt supplies are located in the Urals (Verkhnekamskoye deposits in the Perm region, Iletskoye in the Orenburg region), in the Lower Volga region (Baskunchakskoye and Eltonskoye), in Eastern Siberia (Usolskoye in the Irkutsk region), in the Far East (Olekminskoye in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Mica deposits are found in the north - in the Republic of Karelia and the Murmansk region, in the Urals, in the northern regions of Siberia, as well as in the Far East (Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Basic industrial asbestos reserves located in the Urals. The most important deposits are Bazhenovskoye ( Sverdlovsk region) and Kiembaevskoe (Orenburg region). The unique Molodezhnoe asbestos deposit is located in the Republic of Buryatia.

Diamonds- a mineral consisting of pure crystalline carbon, formed in igneous rocks, kimberlites. The largest diamond deposits are concentrated in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - in the middle part of the Lena and Vilyui river basin, along the upper reaches of the river. Aldan and river basins Aldan and Olenek. There are diamond reserves in the river basin. Vishers in the Perm region.

As you know, the Soviet Union was the only country in the world that was fully provided with proven reserves of all types of minerals without exception. However, after the collapse of the USSR, its legal successor - the Russian Federation - lost sources of obtaining a number of scarce types of mineral raw materials (alloying and rare metals, etc.) and fell into the category of states with reserves of a limited number of minerals, i.e., became one of those countries that like China, USA, Canada, Australia, Brazil, India and South Africa.

Land resources(land) is an important part of the natural environment, characterized by space, relief, soil cover, vegetation, subsoil, water, various landscape features, land resources are the main means of production in agriculture and forestry, as well as the necessary spatial basis for the settlement of residents and placement of economic facilities they need.

Land resources are assessed based on quantitative characteristics ( total area lands) and quality (chernozems, sands, clays, loams, etc.), as well as the degree of involvement in economic turnover and the intensity of their use.

The following are distinguished: land types:

• a) lands under settlements - are used most intensively, occupied by elements of the infrastructure of the production and social sphere in settlements;
• b) lands under regional infrastructure elements - under railways, intercity highways, under power lines, overpasses, etc.;
• c) agricultural land - fields, vegetable gardens, pastures, etc.;
• d) lands used in forestry, hunting, and water management;
• d) unused lands.

The main task of regional management is to ensure the most efficient use of all types of lands, their involvement in normal market turnover, maintaining the quality characteristics of lands, and ensuring compliance with land legislation.

The structure of the country's land fund is as follows: forest areas, tree and shrub vegetation - 44% and 1%, respectively; reindeer and horse pastures - 19%; agricultural land - 13%, of which arable land - 7.5%. The ratio between other types of land is as follows: swamps - 6%, under water - 4, buildings, roads, streets, etc. - 1, disturbed lands - 1 and other lands - 11%.

Currently, Russia has a huge reserve of agricultural land (approximately 132 million hectares), which is of the greatest value as the main agricultural resource. It accounts for 10% of the world's arable land and 55% of the world's black soil reserves. In addition, the cultivated area in Russia can be quickly increased, since the area has been reduced by 45 million hectares since the 90s. last century. And this is the area of ​​the entire arable land of Canada or twice the area of ​​arable land in France.

Today, only two regions of the world have the opportunity to increase the area of ​​arable land and, accordingly, significantly and inexpensively increase the volume of agricultural products - these are the CIS countries and Africa. At the same time, in other regions of the world these opportunities have been exhausted: Europe, Australia and North America have completely exhausted their land resources, and in South America any expansion of areas is associated with the cutting down of invaluable forests and significant costs.

However, the provision of arable land in Russia remains one of the highest in the world and corresponds to 0.89 hectares per person. (in the USA - 0.75 hectares, in China - 0.08 hectares).

Forest resources include forests of all types: forests of the forest fund, urban forests, forests on water fund lands, forests on agricultural lands. Rational use of forest resources involves their protection, protection, reproduction, preservation of the biological diversity of forest ecosystems, increasing the resource potential of forests based on their multi-purpose use. These areas are the main tasks of the functioning of the economic sector called “forestry”. Other industries also operate based on the use of forest resources - hunting, health resort industry, etc.

Forest resources are large and of high quality. In terms of their costs and the size of the forested area (771 million hectares), our country occupies a leading place in the world. Forests cover more than 40 % the entire territory of Russia, and the total industrial wood reserves reach 30 billion m 3. The main forest resources are located in the eastern regions of the country, which account for 79% of the reserves. 21% of forest resources are concentrated in the European part.

The most forested areas are Western Siberia (Tyumen region), Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk region and Irkutsk region), Far East (Sakha Republic and Khabarovsk region), European North, Ural (Sverdlovsk region and Udmurt Republic), as well as the Volga-Vyatka region ( Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions).

About 1,500 species of trees and shrubs grow in the forests of Russia. The main forest-forming species are coniferous, accounting for 82%, soft-leaved species - 16%, and hard-leaved species - 2%. Coniferous forests of the North of the European part of the country, Siberia and the Far East have valuable timber. The most common species in Russia are larch, pine, spruce and Siberian pine. Forests are also a source of fur. Russia is the world's main supplier of furs. Game animals are squirrel, muskrat, sable, ermine, marten, fox, arctic fox, weasel, mink, etc. Russian forests regulate the gas composition of atmospheric air, are rich in berries, mushrooms and valuable wild medicinal plants, their soil-protective, water-protective and anti-erosion significance is great. For every inhabitant of the planet there are 0.9 hectares of forests, in Russia - 5.2 hectares (in Canada - 10.5 hectares).

Water resources They are irreplaceable, have no administrative boundaries and are in constant motion in the atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Russia's water resources in relation to the total volume of river flow of all rivers on the globe are approximately 10%. The total volume of annually renewable water resources in Russia is estimated at 4270 km 3 /year, which is taken as the starting point for assessing the country’s water supply.

The distribution of river flow resources across the territory of Russia is uneven and unfavorable with regard to the location of the main consumers of water - the population, industry and agriculture. Most of the river flow is formed in the sparsely populated northern and northeastern regions of the country and flows mainly into the basins of the Arctic and Pacific oceans.

Russia has enormous hydropower resources. Their reserves are estimated at 340 million kW. In terms of total hydro potential, which is estimated at 2,500 billion kW (of which it is technically possible to use up to 1,670 billion kW), Russia ranks second in the world after China. Hydropower resources are unevenly distributed. Most of them are in the Far East (53% of hydropower reserves) and Eastern Siberia (26% of total hydropower potential). Moreover, the main hydropower reserves are concentrated in the basins of the Lena, Ob, Angara, Yenisei, Irtysh and Amur rivers. The Lena ranks first among Russian rivers in terms of hydropower reserves. The rivers of the North Caucasus are rich in hydropower resources. A significant part of the country's technically possible hydropower resources is located in the Volga and Central regions of the Russian Federation, where the hydropower reserves of the Volga basin are especially large.

The country's rivers are of great importance for the development of inter-district and intra-farm relations. Russia has the most extensive river network in the world, which creates very favorable conditions for the development of river transport. The length of Russia's navigable river routes exceeds 400 thousand km.

In recent years, the tense environmental situation on the territory of the Russian Federation has not decreased significantly, despite the fact that throughout the country the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere and contaminated wastewater into surface water bodies has slightly decreased. More than 40 % subjects of the Russian Federation are characterized by problems of air pollution in cities and industrial centers, neutralization and disposal of industrial waste, rational safety; on 30% of the territory there are acute issues of surface water pollution, pollution and depletion of groundwater; The tasks of preserving soil and land fertility are relevant for the entire territory of the Russian Federation. In certain regions of the Russian Federation, the problem of preserving biological diversity and flora and fauna resources has become more acute.

In a number of regions, anthropogenic loads have long exceeded established standards. A critical situation has arisen in which significant changes in landscapes occur, depletion and loss of natural resources occur, and the living conditions of the population deteriorate significantly. These regions include the largest urban agglomerations - Moscow and St. Petersburg, industrial centers of Central Russia, industrial and mining centers of the Far North, Siberia and the Far East, the Middle Volga region, the Northern Caspian region, the Middle and Southern Urals. They also have a noticeable negative impact on the ecological state of neighboring regions. At the same time, in the territories where the main population of the Russian Federation is concentrated, specific indicators of environmental damage per unit area and unit of gross domestic product are increased.

It should be noted that in large cities the main contribution to the volume of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere comes from motor transport, for example, in Moscow - 88%, in St. Petersburg - 71%.

At the same time, the vast territories of the Russian Federation still have great natural resource potential and natural conditions little changed by humans: in the European part, these are primarily the northeastern territories, in the Asian part, almost the entire north of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, as well as regions of Western Siberia. Preserving their natural state is one of the priorities.

The principles and provisions of the long-term environmental policy of the Russian Federation were formulated in such fundamental documents as “The Concept of the Russian Federation’s Transition to Sustainable Development”, “State Strategy sustainable development Russian Federation”, action plans of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection.

Environmental policy must be compatible with economic policy and provide it with the results of environmental and economic accounting and assessment of natural resources; stimulate effective economic, financial, as well as institutional mechanisms of management and market formation in order to make the transition to the principles of resource conservation beneficial for business entities; stimulate environmentally oriented and economically effective management enterprises (using relevant regulations and standards, for example, environmental auditing, international environmental standards).

Thus, environmental policy should also be compatible with social policy, contribute to improving public health, creating environmentally friendly living conditions, developing environmental consciousness and education, strengthening environmental factors in shaping the structure of consumption and demand, public participation in decision-making related to the natural environment environment.

Today, irrational losses of natural resources of the Russian Federation continue on a large scale. Thus, no more than 50% of oil is extracted from the subsoil; annual losses of gas extracted along with oil account for 1/5 of its total production. The degree of extraction of minerals during their extraction is as follows: potassium salts - 40%, chrome ores - 76%, coking coal - 84%, coal - 88%, phosphate ores - 91-92%.

With the development of scientific and technological progress, the role of natural resources in the life of society does not weaken. First of all, due to the growing needs of the population and production, ever larger masses of primary raw materials are extracted from nature.

Our task is to skillfully use the natural gift given to us from above for a breakthrough and technological improvement of the state. As for the prospects for the country’s natural complex, they are currently extremely low. There was a thoughtless destruction of the country's land management and geological services. Their material base has been undermined, many regional organizations have collapsed, others have been thoughtlessly reoriented, and as a result, the level of human resources has decreased. Thus, dependence on raw materials, a primitive export structure, and high inflation are only prerequisites that allow us to talk about the most important problem - instability.

The significance of certain elements of nature for social production does not remain unchanged. If in the 18th century. The natural basis of the economy consisted of cultivated lands and forests, then in the 19th century. Coal and iron ore took first place. By the middle of the 20th century. The role of oil, natural gas, and non-ferrous metals has increased immeasurably. Currently, fresh water resources, untouched landscapes suitable for recreation, plots of land for new construction and agriculture, and resources of atomic raw materials and rare metals are becoming increasingly valuable.

As an analysis of the commodity markets of Russian regions has shown, their further development is associated with the strengthening economic potential the country as a whole.