/b>Family income is the totality of income from various sources that the family receives in cash or in kind. Depending on the frequency of receipt, family income is divided into four categories: income from current activities, income from assets, social and other income.

The size of family income is one of the most important characteristics of the standard of living of the population. At the same time, the level of income, as well as the volume and structure of consumption, serve as an indicator of a person’s social status and position in society.

First income group - income from current activities - contains all the income that the family earns in the process of using its labor at the main and additional places of work or from the family business (wages at the main and additional places of work, as well as income from farming and business activities).

Second income group- income from assets, these include the income that the family receives from renting out property, income from investments in the financial market, interest on deposits, etc. In order to receive such income, the family or its individual members must have the appropriate assets , act as sources of such income: real estate, vehicles, deposits in banks and non-banking financial institutions, investments in securities and other market assets, copyrights or certificates, patents for inventions, etc., are transferred to other economic entities for temporary use .

Third income group- social income (joint pensions, subsidies, benefits, scholarships and other social benefits). Citizens receive such income in cash to meet their own needs that arise in connection with certain events or circumstances (for example, illness, unemployment, loss of ability to work, retirement, housing conditions, education, the birth of a child and other family circumstances). In most cases, their volumes are too small to ensure a normal standard of living on these incomes.

Such income is received by those family members who belong to certain social categories: students, pensioners, disabled people, parents of large families, war and labor veterans, combatants and others.

Feature fourth income group- other income - is that they, as a rule, are one-time or random in nature and in most cases do not significantly affect the family budget. Although in some cases their influence can be significant (receiving an inheritance, significant royalties or winning the lottery, etc.). We include in the group money borrowed, loans received from banks and other financial institutions (financial companies, credit unions), borrowed funds and other material assets from relatives, friends, acquaintances; negative balance on the card account (as a result of purchasing goods in an amount exceeding the balance). At the time such funds are received, they should be classified as family income, but upon repayment of such debts and interest on them, they are classified as family expenses.

According to the order of receipt, family incomes are divided into two groups: permanent (repeating) and disposable(non-repeating). The family receives permanent income regularly at regular intervals (wages, income from business, pensions, scholarships, subsidies, interest on deposits, income from subsidiary farming (including sales of agricultural products), dividends on shares. Accordingly, one-time income must have a unique or random in nature (prizes, inheritance, royalties, gifts, financial assistance, lottery winnings, etc.).

Family budget expenses: family expenses; husband's personal expenses; wife's personal expenses; expenses for children. The family budget is the totality of the monetary and material assets of all family members.

Forming a family budget and spending its funds is somewhat more complicated than in the case of a personal budget. The family budget differs from the personal budget in that the family budget is formed from the income of two family members and is spent in four main directions, while the personal budget is formed from the income of one person and is spent in only one direction for the needs of this person.

Nominal and real income. Saving. Nominal income characterizes the level of monetary income, regardless of taxation and prices, and real income characterizes nominal income, taking into account changes in the level of inflation, retail prices, and tariffs. The consumer price index affects the purchasing power of the population's nominal income:

where Др - real income;

Dn - nominal income;

IC - consumer price index.

Nominal and real incomes, as well as the size and dynamics of basic incomes of individual population groups, such as wages, pensions or scholarships, provide the first idea of ​​the standard of living of the population.

Savings are the amount of cash income that is not used for current consumption and is intended to meet future needs.

Consumption and savings largely determine trends in economic dynamics and are one of the main factors influencing the reproduction cycle.

The consumption and saving functions are directly related to the marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to save.

The marginal propensity to consume reflects how the maximum share of an increase in income affects the increase in consumer spending, which is calculated by the formula:

where PSP is the marginal propensity to consume;

AC - increase in consumer spending (consumption);

AD - income increase.

The marginal propensity to save characterizes the maximum amount of additional income allocated to savings.

where MSS is the marginal propensity to save;

AZ - increase in savings.

The marginal propensity to consume shows the main trends in changes in the amount of consumer spending as income increases. The marginal propensity to save shows trends in the amount of savings. The marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to save always add up to one.

The main factor influencing the volume of consumption and the volume of saving is income. As income increases, both the share of consumption and the share of saving increases. At the same time, the share of consumer spending tends to decline.

Test questions and assignments

• 1. What role does economics play in modern society?
• 2. What is the meaning of economic policy?
• 3. What is the determining factor in the behavior of economic entities in various spheres of the national economy?
• 4. What is production, and what factors determine it?
• 5. What economic systems do you know, what is their essence?
• 6. Define modern economics and describe its main models.
• 7. What is entrepreneurship?
• 8. What is money and what is its role in the economy?
• 9. What is labor, and what is its role in a market economy?

Did you know that lack of money today leads to poverty in the future? An increasing number of people are complaining about high prices and tariffs, low wages, and some are completely perplexed about where their finances are going. At the same time, few people can plan their correct family budget without wasting money. And there are few people who competently manage the family budget. Most people don't even know why they need to do this. Why do you need to keep financial records? First of all, for the purpose of keeping my head in order.

There is a belief that there is enough money only when there is a large amount of it in the family. But that's not true. The greater the wealth, the higher the expenses. Rich is not the one who earns a lot, but the one who spends less.

Money will be found only if both income and expenses are clearly planned. After all, every person has many holes through which money disappears. To receive a salary, you need to work for a whole month, but you can spend it in just a few short days or even hours. But if you analyze your spending for at least one month, it turns out that the money is spent ineffectively. In the article, I demonstrated from my own experience that you can save money on any budget; all you need to do is know where your family’s money is spent, and then optimize your spending.

Correct family budget

What is the correct family budget and what should you spend on first? First you need to determine what it is for, and then work on yourself a little. I wrote how to do this in the article. For several months, try to record your expenses and income every day. If you take this seriously, the result will not be long in coming. Accounting can be kept in a regular notebook, in an Excel spreadsheet (you can get an Excel spreadsheet for a month absolutely free through the subscription form on the sidebar of this blog), or in a special program that can be downloaded in the article Below are the main items of income and expenses for a proper family budget .

Expenditure items of the family budget:

Obligatory payments	Expenses that cannot be canceled: utility bills (gas, water fees, electricity, solid waste removal fees, major repair fees, telephone fees, Internet fees, fees for kindergarten, school, etc.
Payments on loans and borrowings	Payments on loans, credit cards, loans, debts
Food	Purchasing food and drinks. Here you can enter the entire amount of the check, or individual products, which of course will take more time.
Periodic payments	Nanny services, housekeepers, insurance, etc.
Transport	Travel and one-time tickets for public transport, taxi travel, furniture transportation, delivery, etc.
Clothes and shoes	Purchase of clothes and shoes, repair costs, tailoring of clothes and shoes
Household needs	Soap, toothpaste, shampoos, cosmetics, perfumes, detergents and cleaning products, purchase of kitchen utensils
Health and beauty	Medicines, paid treatment, paid tests, massage, cosmetics and perfumes, visits to hairdressers, beauty salons, etc.
Taxes	Payment of taxes
Sport	Payment for subscriptions or one-time visits to the pool, gym, courts, ski resorts, beaches, skating rinks, payment for the services of trainers, equipment rental, purchase of home exercise equipment, skis, sleds, bicycles, skates, etc.
Hobby	Hobby expenses (fishing, hunting, knitting, sewing, etc.)
Entertainment and leisure	Visiting bars, clubs, cafes, discos, cinemas, etc.
Pets	Costs for keeping animals and birds: treatment, food, exhibitions, matings, etc.
Personal needs of family members	Expenses for personal needs of family members, for example, pocket money for children
Repair	Costs for repairs and services of craftsmen (paint, wallpaper, glue, baseboards, varnishes, etc.), etc.
Dacha, garden	Costs for maintaining a plot and cottage, a house in the village: membership fees and fees, seeds, seedlings, utilities, fertilizers, tools and equipment, etc.
Automobile	Expenses for: petrol, garage and parking rental insurance fines registration costs spare parts and repairs washing, etc.
Holidays and gifts	Expenses related to purchasing gifts and celebrating holidays
Project expenses	For example, the costs of running a personal blog (hosting, domain, freelance services, etc.)

Family budget income items:

If you take budgeting seriously, it will help you put your finances in order and make your family budget correct.

So, you have detailed all the expected expenses. In this case, it is necessary to take into account all the holidays of the month: be it the birthday of a family member or friend, Easter, and so on. We estimate in advance the amount of money that should be spent on this event. Calculate all your expected expenses for the month, then plan your expected income. If the amounts differ not in favor of income, adjustments must be made. Now you need to do this monthly layout for the whole year; to do this, it is enough to copy the monthly budget form I propose the required number of times.

There is an opinion that planning a proper family budget means limiting yourself in everything, that it is torture, because you have to deny yourself a lot. So this is complete nonsense. Accounting for finances, first of all, of course, helps to put money in order. Today, a clear distribution of money in the family is as necessary as washing your face in the morning or brushing your teeth. This will quickly become a habit. Managing a family budget is a very interesting business. You can quickly get the result of your work; ours is an example of this.

As I already mentioned, you can take into account your finances in different ways. To do this, you will need a typical notebook or computer program, for example, the home accounting program Housekeeper. If you had to start a notebook, you need to divide the sheet into three columns: income, expenses and total. The first two will reflect processes with money, and the third is needed to compare the numbers on paper with the number of bills in your pocket. They should be the same.

Daily accounting of personal finances will not take very much time. The main thing that is necessary in the initial periods is to take into account all your cash receipts and expenses, constantly writing them down in a notebook or entering them into a computer.

Data for accounting for the family budget is best collected over a period of two to three months. The information obtained over a short period will not be able to provide the necessary understanding of the jointly received income and expenses. It follows from this that it is important to teach yourself to conduct such analysis for a long time. If it doesn't work out, you can start again at any time. The hardest part will be keeping track of expenses. Money spent on significant purchases is easy to remember, but small expenses are quickly forgotten. Therefore, it is necessary to record all financial sources, using all available material for this. This could be a check, a notebook, a telephone. No need to be lazy. Very quickly, controlling your family budget can help improve your life. They'll start soon too.

We started keeping a budget, what to do next?

Information on expenses and income for several months has accumulated; it’s time to proceed to the next stage - optimizing expenses and savings, forming an airbag (an example can be downloaded from the link) and investments. More on this in the following materials.

The proposed method of accounting for the family budget has a number of advantages:

• Examination. It is clear to see where the money was spent. Questions about salary turnover cease to arise.
• Understood choice. After just a couple of months, you can really see how much the costs are. There is a desire for adjustments. In this way, unnecessary costs are eliminated and debts disappear. It is possible to calculate everything in advance.
• Planning purchases becomes much easier. If you want to buy something significant or go on a trip, it will be possible to do this, because the budget is constantly under control.
• Very convenient when leaving work. It’s easier to determine how much more time it will take to start looking for a job.
• Disciplines. Both in terms of expenses and in terms of life.

Good luck to you and the right family budget!

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A family is a state in miniature: it has a head, an adviser, “ subsidized population", income and expense items. Planning, distribution and sequestration ( familiar words?) family budget is an important task. How to save and save without going on a starvation diet? — Create a table for recording funds received by the family and review the structure of payments.

• Money– one of the greatest instruments created by man. They can buy freedom, experience, entertainment and everything that makes life more comfortable. But they can be squandered, spent in an unknown direction and senselessly squandered.

Legendary American actor of the early twentieth century Will Rogers said:

“Too many people spend money on things they don’t need to impress people they don’t like.”

Has your income been less than your expenses over the past few months? Yes? Then you are not alone, but in a big company. The problem is that this is not a very good company. Debts, loans, penalties and late payments are growing like a snowball... it's time to jump out of the sinking boat!

Why do you need to keep a family budget?

“Money is just a tool. They will take you where you want, but will not replace you as a driver,” Russian-born writer who emigrated to the States, Ayn Rand learned from her own experience the need to plan and budget her own finances.

Unconvincing? Here three good reasons start planning your family budget:

1. Calculating a family budget will help you figure out long-term goals and work in a given direction. If you drift aimlessly, throwing money at every attractive item, how will you be able to save and go on a long-awaited vacation, buy a car or make a down payment on a mortgage?
2. Family budget expenses table sheds light on spontaneous spending and forces you to reconsider your purchasing habits. Do you really need 50 pairs of black high heels? Planning a family budget forces you to set priorities and refocus on achieving your goals.
3. Illness, divorce or job loss can lead to a serious financial crisis. Emergencies happen at the most inopportune times. This is why everyone needs an emergency fund. The structure of the family budget necessarily includes the column “ saving“- a financial cushion that will help you stay afloat for three to six months.

How to properly distribute the family budget

A few rules of thumb for family budget planning that we will present here can serve as a rough guide for making decisions. Everyone's situation is different and constantly changing, but the basic principles are a good starting point.

Rule 50/20/30

Elizabeth and Amelia Warren, authors of the book " All Your Worth: The Ultimate Lifetime Money Plan" (in translation " Your Whole Wealth: A Master Money Plan for Life") describe a simple but effective way to create a budget.

Instead of breaking down a family's expenses into 20 different categories, they recommend dividing the budget structure into three main components:

• 50% of income should cover basic expenses, such as paying housing, taxes and buying groceries;
• 30% – optional expenses: entertainment, going to a cafe, cinema, etc.;
• 20% goes to pay off loans and debts, and is also set aside as a reserve.

80/20 rule

Step 2: determine the income and expenses of the family budget

It's time to look at the structure of the family budget. Start by making a list of all sources of income: wages, alimony, pensions, part-time jobs and other options for bringing money into the family.

Expenses include everything you spend money on.

Divide your expenses into fixed and variable payments. Fill in the fields for variable and fixed expenses in the table for maintaining a family budget, based on your own experience. Detailed instructions for working with the excel file are in the next chapter.

When distributing the budget, it is necessary to take into account the size of the family, living conditions and the desires of all members of the “unit of society”. A short list of categories is already included in the example table. Consider the categories of expenses that will be needed to further detail the structure.

Income structure

As a rule, the income column includes:

• salary of the head of the family (indicated “husband”);
• salary of the general adviser (“wife”);
• interest on deposits;
• pension;
• social benefits;
• part-time jobs (private lessons, for example).

Expense column

Expenses are divided into constant, that is, unchangeable: fixed tax payments; home, car and health insurance; constant amounts for Internet and TV. This also includes those 10–20% that need to be set aside for unforeseen cases and “rainy days.”

Variable expenses column:

• products;
• medical service;
• spending on a car;
• cloth;
• payment for gas, electricity, water;
• personal expenses of spouses (entered and planned separately);
• seasonal spending on gifts;
• contributions to school and kindergarten;
• entertainment;
• expenses for children.

Depending on your desire, you can supplement, specify the list or shorten it by enlarging and combining expense items.

Step 3: Track your spending throughout the month

It is unlikely that you will be able to draw up a family budget table right away; you need to find out where the money goes and in what proportions. This will take one to two months. In a ready-made excel spreadsheet that you can download for free, start adding expenses, gradually adjusting the categories " for yourself».

Below you will find detailed explanations for this document, since this Excel includes several interrelated tables.

• The purpose of this step is to get a clear picture of your financial situation, clearly see the cost structure and, at the next stage, adjust the budget.

Step 4: Separate Needs from Wants

When people start recording their spending, they discover that a lot of money " flies away"for completely unnecessary things. Impulse, unplanned expenses seriously hit your pocket if your income level is not so high that a couple or two thousand go unnoticed.

Refuse to purchase until you are sure that the item is absolutely necessary for you. Wait a few weeks. If it turns out that you really cannot live without the desired item, then it is indeed a necessary expenditure.

A little advice: Put your credit and debit cards aside. Use cash to learn how to save. It is psychologically easier to part with virtual amounts than to count out pieces of paper.

How to properly plan a family budget in a table

Now you know what is really happening with your money.

Look at the categories of expenses you want to cut and make your own plan using a free excel spreadsheet.

Many people don't like the word " budget”, because they believe that these are restrictions, deprivations and lack of entertainment. Relax, a personalized spending plan will allow you to live within your means, avoid stress and sleep better rather than worrying about how to get out of debt.

“An annual income of £20 and an annual expenditure of £19.06 leads to happiness. An income of 20 pounds and an expense of 20.6 leads to suffering,” Charles Dickens’ brilliant note reveals the basic law of planning.

Enter your prepared family budget into the table

You have set goals, determined income and expenses, decided how much you will save monthly for emergencies andlearned the difference between needs and wants. Take another look at the budget sheet in the spreadsheet and fill in the blank columns.

A budget is not a static figure fixed once and for all. If necessary, you can always adjust it. For example, you planned to spend 15 thousand monthly on groceries, but after a couple of months you noticed that you only spend 14 thousand. Make additions to the table - redirect the saved amount to the “savings” column.

How to plan a budget with irregular income

Not everyone has a permanent job with regular paychecks. This doesn't mean you can't create a budget; but this means you have to plan in more detail.

• One strategy is to calculate the average income over the past few years and focus on this figure.
• Second way- determine a stable salary from your own income - what you will live on, and save the excess into an insurance account. In lean months, the account balance will decrease by exactly the missing amount. But your “salary” will remain the same.
• Third planning option– maintain two budget tables in parallel: for “ good" And " bad» months. It's a little more complicated, but nothing is impossible. The danger that awaits you along this path: people spend and take out loans, waiting for income from the best months. If the “black streak” drags on a little, the credit funnel will eat up both current and future income.

Below you will find solutions on how to distribute the family budget according to the table.

After we have decided on the main goals, let's try to distribute the family budget for the month, indicate current income and expenses in the table, in order to manage funds wisely, to be able to save for main goals, without missing out on current and everyday needs.

Open the second sheet " Budget"and fill in the fields of monthly income, annual income, and the program will calculate the results itself, example:

In columns " variable expenses" And " fixed costs» Enter estimated numbers. Add new items where " other", in place of unnecessary names, enter your own:

Now go to the tab of the month from which you decided to start saving and planning family expenses. On the left you will find columns in which you need to record the date of purchase, select a category from the drop-down list and make a note.

• Additional notes are very convenient to refresh your memory if necessary and clarify exactly what the money was spent on.

Simply delete the data entered in the table as an example and enter your own:

To account for expenses and income by month, we suggest looking at the table on the third sheet in our Excel " This year", this table is filled in automatically based on your expenses and income, sums up and gives an idea of ​​your progress:

And on the right there will be a separate table that will automatically summarize all expenses for the year:

Nothing complicated. Even if you have never tried to master working with Excel tables, selecting the desired cell and entering the numbers is all that is required.

Poll: How old are you?

The student must know: the essence of the family budget, the rules for maintaining a family budget, the structure of family income and expenses, family budget planning, the essence of insurance, compulsory and voluntary insurance.

Key words and terms: family budget; family income and expenses; family budget deficit; sources of family budget accumulation; family balance; insurance; personal insurance; medical insurance; insurance risks.

Sources of family income, main types of family expenses

The essence of the family budget

Family budget- these are the income and expenses of the family for a certain period of time (month, year). A family budget allows you to control money in the family and distribute it correctly.

The importance of the family budget both for the family (as the first unit of society) and for the state is that organizing the accounting of monetary income and expenses in the family allows you to control and distribute financial resources.

For the existence of a family budget it is formally necessary:

• 1) the presence of the family itself;
• 2) the presence of some form of accounting for income and expenses.

Budgeting strategies in different families can greatly

vary. In some families it is customary to keep track of expenses, while in others it is not. In our country, according to statistics, the majority of the population does not keep any records.

Large purchases (household, audio and video equipment) in the majority of Russian families are planned in advance (69%), spontaneous purchases are made by 14%. The facts are clear - in approximately every seventh Russian family it is not customary to plan large expenses in advance. It is interesting that this indicator does not depend on the level of family income: families with both low and high incomes are equally prone to spontaneous large expenses (Fig. 2.1).

Any family receives income from various sources and spends it on consumer expenses. The income received is spent on meeting the needs of people - on those benefits that are necessary to ensure the livelihoods of people and the existence of their families. As a result, income turns into expenses.

Income- this is money or material benefits received by individuals or legal entities when they perform any

Rice. 2.1.

actions related to receiving remuneration or profit for the efficiency of business activities (Fig. 2.2). Where do Russians get funds for large purchases? More often:

• saving money - 30%,
• buy goods on credit - 26%,
• spend on the purchase the amount they currently have - 14%,
• other options (take a loan from a bank, borrow from friends, etc.) are rare.

Rice. 2.2.

Family expenses- these are the expenses (costs) for the consumption of material or spiritual benefits of a person.

Russians regularly keep records and calculate expenses in less than half of Russian families (43% - this is accepted, 50% - not accepted). And this does not depend on the level of family income (Fig. 2.3).

Rice. 2.3.

In most cases, Russians believe that maintaining a family budget and regularly tracking expenses helps to significantly save money (54% agree with this). But nevertheless, even among those who agree with this, 28% do not keep track of expenses (Figure 2.4). Why? Either there is no real need, or there is no corresponding financial culture.

Rice. 2.4.

Statistics show that those who keep records of family finances, compared to those who do not, have the opportunity to reduce family expenses and increase income.

Most Russians begin to maintain a family budget and record their expenses out of necessity, due to some circumstances, and not because of a conscious approach to financial planning. It is generally not customary for half of the population to take into account their expenses. This indicates a lack of financial literacy and financial planning skills among the majority of the population.

Tutorial. Section 2. Family budget

The second section provides general provisions on the family budget, sources of income and basic expenses, forms of savings and types of insurance. It examines the motives and rules of rational behavior, consumer rights and the mechanism for their protection, and raises issues of the formation of consumer culture.

Topic 2.1. Sources of family income, main types of family expenses. Savings of the population. Insurance

1. Family budget: sources of income and main types of expenses.

2. Savings of the population.

3. Insurance.

After studying this topic you will be able to:

· Reveal the contents of the family budget, sources of income and main types of expenses;

· Describe the various forms of savings and types of insurance;

· Analyze statistical data characterizing the structure of income and expenses, cash savings of the Russian population;

· Draw up a personal and family budget, determine ways to save money;

· Understand the need to create a culture of rational behavior in the financial market.

Family budget: sources of income and main types of expenses.

The basis of the financial base of any family is budget, representing a list (balance) of cash income, expenses and savings for a certain period.

The level of income of the population is the most important indicator of the well-being of society, a determining factor in relation to the social opportunities of the population: recreation, education, maintaining health. The level of consumption of the population also directly depends on the level of income. This was first noticed by the German statistician E. Engel (1821-1896). Analyzing statistical data from different years and different countries, he noted that the lower the income, the more of it is spent on food and nutrition deteriorates, i.e. the larger part of it falls on physical maintenance and the less remains for spiritual development.

Analysis of the structure of income and expenses of the population of Russia for the period 1970-2010. clearly shows how the transformation of a command-administrative economy into a mixed economic system occurs. In the income structure, the share of income from business activities and property increases, expenses for the purchase of foreign currency appear, etc.

Income of the population– the amount of money and material goods received or produced by households over a certain period of time. Cash income of the population includes wages, income from business activities, pensions, scholarships, various benefits, income from property in the form of interest, dividends, rent, funds from the sale of securities, real estate, agricultural products, various products, as well as income from various services provided externally. Indirect family income includes government expenses for the maintenance of schools, medical institutions, housing construction, etc.

There are primary incomes, which include income received from ownership of factors of production, and disposable income of the population - the result of redistribution processes. The latter are calculated by adding social transfers to primary income and subtracting mandatory payments and fees. The resulting amount of funds is available to the population, families and individual citizens, i.e. may be used at their own discretion.

Social transfers is the transfer of resources in cash and in kind by government and non-profit organizations to the population free of charge. These include pensions, scholarships, benefits, other social assistance, as well as free services, primarily in the field of education and health care.

The amount of income of the population is significantly influenced by the size of wages, since labor is the most important among all economic resources used in the production of goods and services. This is explained by the fact that: firstly, almost every able-bodied member of society is a subject of the labor market, secondly, wages make up the bulk of the income of the vast majority of families in any country, thirdly, issues of employment, unemployment, and wage levels become the subject of political and economic struggle, public policy.

Wage how the price of labor is formed under the influence of demand for labor services and their supply (essentially, it is not labor itself that is sold, which is inseparable from the person himself, who is not an object of purchase and sale in the modern world, but labor services).

There are nominal and real wages. Nominal wages expressed in the money that workers receive for their work. Real wage is a set of goods and services that can be purchased with money received, taking into account their purchasing power.

The dynamics of retail prices and taxes, the degree of saturation of the consumer market with goods also affect the level and dynamics of income of the population, since indicators of nominal and real income are used.

Nominal income is the amount of money received by individuals during a certain period, and real income– the quantity of goods and services that can be purchased for the amount of nominal income at the existing level of taxes and prices during a certain period, i.e. This disposable income adjusted for consumer price index.

The Consumer Price Index is the change in the cost of basic consumer goods and services over a given period, expressed as a percentage.

Taxes– these are mandatory payments levied from individuals (population) and legal entities for state income. There are:

· direct taxes, which are levied directly on the income or property of the population. The personal income tax rate in Russia is 13% for any amount of income;

· indirect taxes, which are included in the price of goods and services. These include value added taxes, excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol products.

Disposable income can be used for personal consumption and savings.

Population expenses- these are the costs of purchasing goods and paying for services, mandatory payments and contributions paid by the population, for the increase in household savings in deposits, the acquisition of government and other securities, the purchase of real estate, and the purchase of foreign currency.

First, the growth of household incomes leads to the fact that costs for food (i.e., the main agricultural products) begin to lag behind the costs for industrial products. It is obvious that people's nutritional needs are limited by their biological nature, while the needs for industrial goods are more varied and do not have obvious physical limits. Subsequently, the growth of household incomes leads to the fact that costs for services begin to grow faster than the demand for industrial goods.

Family expenses can be fixed (for example, paying for utilities) and variable (expenses for food, clothing), planned in advance and unexpected.

If family expenses and income are equal, the budget is called balanced. If expected expenses exceed expected revenues, there is budget deficit. If income exceeds expenses, they speak of budget execution with surplus.