On September 2, the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic celebrates Republic Day.

On this day, at the Second Congress of People's Deputies of all levels, five regions of Moldova of the Pridnestrovian Union Republic located on the left bank of the Dniester as part of the USSR, and later, after Moldova left the USSR, the independent Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) with its center in Tiraspol. At the same time, the city of Bendery and several adjacent right-bank villages also spoke out in favor of joining the PMR. The reason for this step was the statements of nationalist radicals in Chisinau about Moldova’s withdrawal from the USSR and the possibility of its joining Romania.

The Moldovan authorities did not agree with the decision of the Transnistrian deputies and tried to solve the problem by sending troops into the unrecognized republic. In April 1992, an armed conflict began in Transnistria, which lasted several months until mid-July. As a result, Chisinau lost control over the left-bank regions, and Transnistria became a territory virtually beyond the control of Chisinau.

Tiraspol has not received international recognition, but is actively seeking it. Moldova offers Pridnestrovians autonomy within a single state.

In Transnistria, all government bodies have been formed and are fully functioning: legislative (Supreme Council and local councils), executive (Cabinet of Ministers, consisting of ministers and heads of departments included in the structure of executive authorities, as well as heads of state administrations of cities and districts), judicial (Constitutional, Supreme,

Arbitration (economic), courts, city and district courts), as well as the Prosecutor's Office as an independent supervisory body and the Accounts Chamber.
Industrial production occupies a dominant place in the economy of the republic. Over 37 thousand people are employed in industry.

The share of industry in the structure of gross domestic product exceeds 30%. Payments from industrial enterprises account for over 60% of the total amount of payments to the budget and extra-budgetary funds.

The basis of the economy of Transnistria is large enterprises, such as the Moldavian Metallurgical Plant (MMZ), the Moldavian State District Power Plant, the Tirotex textile plant, the Quint cognac factory, the Sheriff company and others.

The leading place in the economy of the PMR is occupied by the electric power industry, ferrous metallurgy, light and food industries, mechanical engineering, metalworking, manufacturing building materials. Important Contribution Enterprises from the chemical, woodworking, furniture, printing, glass, and flour-grinding industries also contribute to the state's economy.

In the small business sector there are over 500 enterprises engaged in production activities.

The main types of products of industrial enterprises: electricity, rolled ferrous metals, foundry machines, electric machines and pumps, low-voltage equipment, cable products, electrical insulating materials, cement, fiberglass, furniture, cotton fabrics, shoes, clothing, wine, cognac and alcoholic beverages.

The republic's enterprises are export-oriented: about 90% of all products produced are supplied to the CIS countries and far abroad. Pridnestrovie mainly exports metal, textiles, electricity, food, and shoes.

Transnistria has high agroclimatic and biological soil potential. The share of agriculture is 5-6% in the structure of GDP.

The state reserve "Yagorlyk" is located on the territory of Transnistria. According to its status, it is a scientific reserve created in order to preserve the natural complex of the water area and coastal zone of the Yagorlyk backwater in its natural state, to create favorable conditions in this area for the reproduction of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and to study the natural course of natural processes.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

After the collapse of a huge country that occupied a sixth of the landmass, many independent states were formed, which immediately faced many difficulties. And some the world even refuses to recognize. This is Transnistria. It is inhabited by brave people who not only challenged the entire “civilized” humanity, but also withstood the pressure in return. However, the history of this not universally recognized state is very interesting. Its appearance on the world map is due not only to the will of the population, but also to previous events. It so happened that this territory became part of the Russian Empire from the eighteenth century. But let's delve a little deeper into the past.

How the territory was formed

The history of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is not particularly different from that of the neighboring lands. In ancient times, these places were sparsely populated. Mostly Slavic and Turkic tribes lived here. At one time the territory was part of Kievan Rus, then was included in the Galicia-Volyn principality. In the 14th century, the land passed to Since there were few inhabitants, the transition from one jurisdiction to another did not particularly affect the people. Only in the eighteenth century, after these places became part of the Russian Empire, changes began to occur. Taking care of border protection, the state encouraged migration of citizens to these places. The population has become multinational. Among its inhabitants there were Bulgarians and Russians, Germans and Greeks, and, of course, Moldovans. After the revolution, the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed in this territory. It was part of the Ukrainian SSR. And only in 1939, when Romania was forced to return part of the previously occupied territories to the union, the Moldavian SSR was formed, which included these lands. To understand the reasons why the population living in this territory did not want to remain part of the new Moldova, it is important to know its history.

Formation of the industrial complex

After the formation of the MSSR, the authorities began to send specialists from the union republics here. The current territory was mainly rebuilt by Ukrainians and Russians. For political reasons, it was here that the main industrial enterprises. By the time of its formation in its current form, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic provided 40% of total GDP and generated 90% of electricity. In addition, the 14th Allied Army was based here, and, naturally, the corresponding infrastructure was created. It turns out that the current Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic has concentrated on its territory almost the entire industrial potential of the country formed after the collapse of the USSR.

Official, but the formation of a new state

The incident happened when our previously huge country fell apart into fifteen parts. That is, this division was recognized by the UN, but not by the residents. Since Moldova was historically formed from two very different territories, its population was divided into “camps”. The center considered the territory integral. Only in Transnistria they had a different opinion. The MSSR Parliament adopted the “Declaration of Independence,” which repealed the law on the formation of a republic within the Union. But this same act seemed to free the territory of Transnistria from state ties with the new country, since it was included in the MSSR by a decision canceled by its parliament. In Tiraspol, they were not at a loss and proclaimed the PMR (the full name is the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic) on November 5, 1991, which in their understanding was historically quite logical.

Administrative - territorial division

The Republic of PMR is unitary and consists of seven administrative units. They include five districts and two cities subordinate to the republic. These are Bendery and Tiraspol. The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (photo above) has its own state symbols. The flag is a red banner with a green stripe in the middle. In the corner there is a crossed hammer and sickle. This territory contains eight cities and towns, one hundred and forty-three villages and four railway stations. Some settlements are under the administration of Moldova. In 2011, the population exceeded five hundred thousand people of thirty-five nationalities. The majority of the people (40%) consider themselves Moldovans, Ukrainians - 26%, Russians - 24%. The PMR government uses three state languages ​​that are understandable to representatives of the main nationalities. The main religion is Christianity, although other groups of believers are also active.

Geographical position

The Transnistrian Moldavian Republic (a map of it is in the article) is a fairly narrow strip of land sandwiched between Moldova and Ukraine. It has no access to the sea. The area of ​​this country is 4163 square kilometers. For reference: this is a tenth of the former MSSR.

The President of the PMR works in the capital of the country. All government structures are located there. The terrain here is flat, with occasional gullies. The land is represented mainly by black soil. The climate here is temperate continental, there is not enough precipitation, but agriculture this does not harm, since a large river flows through the territory - the Dniester. In addition, the republic also has mineral resources. The PMR develops glass sands, gravel and construction limestone deposits. There is ceramic clay here. In the forests located on the slopes of the Dniester, there are wild boar, roe deer, partridge, hare, otter, fox, and ermine. The rivers supply fish, and there are sturgeon in the reservoirs.

Conflict with Moldova

The self-proclaimed state was not recognized by the main part of the former MSSR, which, according to the UN definition, was its legal successor. They tried to resolve the conflict for quite a long time. The leadership of Moldova created a peace plan, according to which the PMR was supposed to form an “asymmetric federation” with it. In fact, the document rejected the independence of the territory, which was supposed to officially become part of Moldova, albeit with broad powers. Tiraspol rejected the proposal, since it was based on the principle of demilitarization, which was completely unacceptable to the population. There was a threat of a serious armed conflict.

Currently, security here is maintained by peacekeepers represented by Russian, Moldovan and local militaries. Despite constant negotiations under the auspices of the OSCE, it is not possible to reduce the tension of the conflict. The last surge was in the spring of 2014, when the local population turned to the President of Russia with a request to resolve the issue of the PMR’s accession to the Russian Federation. This event occurred after the Crimean spring. Inspired people believed that they too would have a chance to connect with their historical homeland. Back in 2006, ninety-seven percent of citizens spoke out not just for independence from Moldova, but also for further joining the Russian Federation. Seventy-eight percent of voters voted. But the “civilized community” recognized this referendum as undemocratic.

President of the PMR

The republic has its own Constitution, which determines the order and form of its existence. According to the basic law, the President of the PMR is elected by direct voting. Elections are held every five years. There are certain restrictions that apply to candidates. Only a citizen of the republic who has reached thirty-five years of age, more than ten of which lives in this country, can apply for this position. The current president of the PMR is Evgeniy Vasilievich Shevchuk. He has a predecessor who served in this post for twenty years. This one suffered many difficulties until life in the country improved. The last presidential elections took place in 2011.

Economy

Despite the fact that large industrial enterprises are located in the republic, they do not provide any income. Among the problems mentioned first of all is the status of the state. It is not recognized, which prevents the establishment economic ties and participate in large projects. The enterprises' products are sold in Ukraine and Russia. The latter provides the PMR with constant support. Thus, many sources point to the continuously growing debt of the unrecognized state for gas (400 percent of GDP). The currency of the PMR is the Transnistrian ruble. It began to be produced in 2005. There are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 rubles. There are also the Moldavian Republic, namely: 5, 10, 25 and 50 kopecks. Banking system, as in other countries, two-level. The first is a national institution, the second is commercial. The currency of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is quoted only on its territory. This is all due to the same unrecognized status of the state.

Tourist potential

The republic is trying to attract investors. A special program has been developed for this. This policy is facilitated by the convenient location and developed transport structure of the state. In addition, there are a number of settlements with a rich history. The main one is Kamenka, where many architectural monuments are located. Among them: churches, wine terraces and cellars. Residents are happy to show tourists the estate of Field Marshal P.H. Wittgenstein, part of which is preserved on the territory of the city. In the PMR (photo) there is a nature reserve - “Yagorlyk”. Currently, the possibilities of developing green tourism in the republic are being considered, for which there is sufficient potential. Visitors are recommended to be sure to see the Church of St. Paraskeva of Serbia, which is located in the village of Valya-Adynke, and the museum complex “Bendery Fortress”. Residents are rightfully proud of the Kolkotovaya Balka paleontological complex, which is a natural monument of world significance.

Social sphere

The PMR government pays close attention to issues of education and health care. Nine years of training is compulsory. In total, one hundred and eighty-four schools (six are private) operate in the republic. Moreover, in thirty-three, teaching is conducted in the Moldovan language, in three - in Ukrainian, in the rest - in Russian. There are three state universities in the PMR, in addition, there are branches of Russian and Ukrainian higher educational institutions. For example, eleven thousand students study at the university (main university). Young people can get higher education and in Russia, where their certificate is recognized. Healthcare operates on the basis of government funding. According to statistics, there are one hundred and twenty health workers and one hundred beds for every ten thousand population. There are service centers individual categories citizens, including women in labor and women with children, disabled people of the Second World War.

Trade

The state exports its own products and raw materials. The latter includes cement, gravel, sand. Products of ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, electricity and textiles are also exported. Most of the goods are consumed by the Russian Federation and Ukraine. But there are also partners from foreign countries. These are Syria and Türkiye, Serbia and Romania, about a hundred countries in total. The PMR imports natural gas, raw materials for metallurgy, petroleum processing products. The republic does not produce enough components for mechanical engineering; they also have to be imported.

In addition, some food products are imported from abroad (mainly meat products). The main suppliers include enterprises of the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan, Moldova and Germany, Ukraine and Italy. The government is concerned that imports significantly exceed exports from the country. This is especially true for food. A program is being developed to develop our own capacities, natural conditions this is favored.

Military doctrine

The PMR has its own created solely to protect its territory from external aggression. The military doctrine of the republic is presented as purely defensive. Unfortunately, the army is going to repel the aggression of its closest neighbor - Moldova. The troops include ground, border, internal and air forces. In addition, volunteer Cossack formations were created. The President of the PMR commands the armed forces. The Republic declared itself a neutral state. It is not included in any blocks and does not plan to enter. The army is recruited on the basis of universal conscription, and the Cossack formations are recruited on a voluntary basis. In order to de-escalate tensions in the region, the PMR has repeatedly approached Moldova with a proposal to demarcate borders and begin disarmament. No understanding was reached on this issue. The Operational Group of Russian Forces is located on the territory of the republic. Its main goal is to protect old arsenals that still belonged to the Soviet Army.

Details Category: Eastern European countries Published 09.09.2013 13:17 Views: 11239

The Transnistrian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as a Soviet republic within the USSR at the II Extraordinary Congress of Deputies of all levels of Transnistria, held in Tiraspol on September 2, 1990.
On November 5, 1991, due to the collapse of the USSR, the PMSSR was renamed the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. In the Moldovan version, the name sounds like “Dniester Moldavian Republic”.

Transnistria borders Moldova and Ukraine. There is no access to the sea.

State structure

Form of government- presidential republic.
Head of State- President of the PMR.
Head of the government- Chairman of the Government.
Capital- Tiraspol.
Largest cities– Tiraspol, Bendery, Rybnitsa, Dubossary, Slobodzeya.
Official languages– Russian, Ukrainian, Moldavian (based on Cyrillic).
Territory– 4,163 km².
Population– 513,400 people. Moldovans make up 31.9% of the republic’s inhabitants, Russians – 30.3%, Ukrainians – 28.8%. In general, representatives of 35 nationalities live on the territory of Transnistria: Bulgarians, Belarusians, Armenians, Jews, Gagauz, Tatars, etc.
Currency– Transnistrian ruble.
Religion- The majority of the population professes Orthodoxy.
There are a few religious communities of Jews, Old Believers, Armenian Gregorians, and Catholics. Jehovah's Witnesses actively preach.
Economy– a significant part of the industry of the former MSSR is concentrated on the territory of Transnistria. The basis of the economy of the PMR is made up of large enterprises: the Moldavian Metallurgical Plant, the Moldavian State District Power Plant, the Tirotex textile plant, the Quint cognac plant, etc. Developed agriculture.

The main problems of the economy: mass emigration, an aging population, a negative foreign trade balance, high inflation, unrecognized status and dependence on neighbors. However, the index of economic development, material security, as well as the coefficient of social protection of the population of the PMR is higher than in the neighboring Republic of Moldova.
Administrative division- the main part of the republic, with the exception of the city of Bendery and part of the Slobodzeya region, lies on the left bank of the Dniester River. The territory of Transnistria is divided into 7 administrative units: 5 districts - Grigoriopol, Dubossary, Kamensky, Rybnitsky and Slobodzeya, as well as 2 cities of republican subordination: Bendery and Tiraspol.

There are 8 cities in the republic (Bendery, Grigoriopol, Dnestrovsk, Dubossary, Kamenka, Rybnitsa, Slobodzeya, Tiraspol), 8 villages (Glinoe, Karmanovo, Kolosovo, Krasnoye, Mayak, Novotiraspolsky, Pervomaisk, Solnechny), 143 villages, 4 railway stations (Kamenka , Kolbasna, Novosavitskaya, “Post-47”) and 1 church village of the Novo-Nyametsky Holy Ascension Monastery (village Kitskany).
Pridnestrovie controls mainly the left bank of the Dniester.
Armed forces- ground forces, air force, internal and border troops, as well as Cossack formations.
Sport– Transnistrian athletes at international tournaments usually compete under the flag of Moldova or Russia. The following sports are popular: cycling and equestrian, swimming, rowing and canoeing, boxing, track and field, weightlifting and powerlifting, archery, baseball, basketball, volleyball, rugby, judo, kickboxing, handball and football.

What is the main conflict between Moldova and Transnistria?

Transnistrian conflict

This is a conflict between Moldova and the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic, which claim control over a number of territories adjacent to the Dniester River (Transnistria).
The conflict began in Soviet time, in 1989, after Moldova declared independence. In 1988-1989 In the wake of perestroika, numerous nationalist organizations appeared in Moldova, speaking under anti-Soviet and anti-Russian slogans. At the end of 1988, the formation began Popular Front Moldova. Unionists are becoming more active, under the slogan “One language – one people!” calls to join Romania. Since 1991, two central Moldovan newspapers began to be published with the epigraph “Suntem români şi punctum!” “We are Romanians – that’s it!” on the first page, which is a statement by the Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu.

In the spring and summer, an armed confrontation began, which led to casualties on both sides. Russian troops under the command of a general Alexandra Lebed intervened in the conflict to protect civilians and stop the bloodshed. After this, hostilities ceased and were never resumed. Having entered the stage of peaceful settlement, the Transnistrian conflict remains one of the most difficult problems in the region to this day.

Security in the conflict zone is currently provided by the Joint Peacekeeping Forces of Russia, Moldova, Transnistria and military observers from Ukraine.
The status of Transnistria has been discussed many times, but no agreement has yet been reached. The Moldovan side is in favor of the withdrawal of Russian troops from the region. Relations between the parties to the conflict remain tense.

Referendum on independence of Transnistria

It was held on September 17, 2006 on the territory of Transnistria. Two questions were put to the referendum: “Do you think it is possible to maintain the course towards international recognition of Pridnestrovie and joining Russia?” and “Do you think it is possible for Transnistria to become part of Moldova?” For the independence of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and its subsequent free accession to Russian Federation 97% of Transnistrian citizens who took part in the referendum spoke out. 2.3% of voters voted against integration with the Russian Federation. But Moldova, the OSCE, the European Union and a number of others international organizations declared the referendum illegal and undemocratic.
Transnistria has its own television, radio and press.

State symbols

Flag– the flag of Transnistria is an exact copy of the flag of the Moldavian SSR. Adopted September 2, 1991
It is a rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 1:2, double-sided red. In the middle of the panel on each side, along its entire length, there is a green stripe.
In the left corner of the upper part of the red stripe there is the main element of the coat of arms - a golden sickle and hammer with a red five-pointed star framed by a golden border.

Coat of arms– is an image of a crossed hammer and sickle, symbolizing the unity of workers and peasants, in the rays of the sun rising over the Dniester, framed around the circumference by a garland of ears and cobs of corn, fruits, grapes and vines, leaves intertwined with a red ribbon with inscriptions on the sash three languages:
on the right side - “Transnistrian Moldavian Republic”;
on the left side - “Pridnistrovian Moldavian Republic”;
in the middle part - “Republic of Moldovenasca Nistreane”.
In the upper part, between the converging ends of the garland, there is a five-pointed red star with golden edges. Images of the hammer and sickle, the sun and its rays are golden in color, the ears are dark orange, the ears of corn are light orange, and its leaves are dark yellow. The fruit is orange with a pink tint, the middle bunch of grapes is blue, and the side ones are amber. A stylized ribbon of the Dniester is blue with a white wavy line in the middle along its entire length. The drawing outline of the elements is brown.

Culture of Transnistria

Folk music and dance ensemble "Vatra"

Creative team of the city of Tiraspol. Vatra translated from Moldavian means “hearth”.
The ensemble was organized in 1995. The ensemble consists of more than 30 people, talented young people who love and understand the importance of preserving the national culture of their native land. The repertoire includes dances and music of Moldavian, Russian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian and other folklore.

Ensemble "Viorica"

Pridnestrovian State Dance and Folk Music Ensemble.
“Viorica” in Moldavian means the name of a forest flower, a charming violin and the name of a girl.
It was founded back in 1945 in Tiraspol by folk dance lovers. In 1993, “Viorica” was awarded the title of the state performing group of folk music and dance of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. The orchestra includes traditional Moldovan folk instruments: violin, accordion, dulcimer, double bass, trumpet, nai, fluer, kaval, ocarina. Among the musicians there are performers of rare virtuosity, endowed with an innate sense of national sound color and mastering the specific manner of playing characteristic of Moldavian lautars.

State Symphony Orchestra of Transnistria

One of the largest musical groups in Transnistria. The team consists of 65 musicians and technical workers. Gives up to 40 concerts annually. Holds joint concerts with world-class musicians.
Chief conductor - Grigory Moseyko.

Sights of Transnistria

Kamensky sanatorium "Dniester"

Climatobalneological resort and sanatorium complex on the left bank of the Dniester River in the city of Kamenka. Grandson of a famous commander, hero Patriotic War 1812 P. H. Wittgenstein, Prince Fyodor Lvovich Wittgenstein invited builders from Austria, who in 1890 erected almost in the center of the new park two-story building kurgauz (room for recreation and cultural and entertainment events). Many sick people came to Kamenka for treatment during the swimming and especially the grape season. Kamensky resort was seasonal (summer and autumn). Grape therapy, fashionable at that time, was carried out in late August - November and was combined with treatment with kumis and kefir, as well as with electrotherapy.
During the First World War, a hospital for wounded soldiers was opened in the Kurhaus building. After the October Revolution, the Kamensk resort fell into disrepair. Now the sanatorium operates year-round, has a capacity of 450 beds, and accepts adults and children for treatment and recreation.

Memorial of Glory (Tiraspol)

The main historical and memorial complex of the city of Tiraspol, the capital of Transnistria. Opened in 1972
Participants are buried here Civil War, the Great Patriotic War, as well as participants in the defense of Transnistria from the aggression of the Republic of Moldova in 1992.

Monument to Suvorov (Tiraspol)

Equestrian monument to A.V. Suvorov in Tiraspol is considered one of the best monuments to the commander in the territory of the former USSR.
Installed in 1979. Sculptors: Vladimir and Valentin Artamonov, architects Y. Druzhinin and Y. Chistyakov.
Located on a slight hill on Suvorov Square - the main square of the Transnistrian capital.
A.V. Suvorov is considered the founder of Tiraspol, since it was on his instructions that the Sredinnaya fortress was founded in 1792 on the left bank of the Dniester as part of the organization of the Dniester line; the city of Tiraspol was founded at the Sredinnaya earthen fortress (since 1795).

Memorial to those killed during the Great Patriotic War in Rybnitsa

A 24-meter-high memorial was built in 1975 (designed by V. Mednek). Two paired reinforced concrete pylons are lined with white marble; at the foot, the names of the liberators of the city and region are carved on 12 granite slabs. In the prisoner of war camp, the Nazis destroyed 2,700 Soviet soldiers, in May-June 1943, about 3,000 Ukrainians from Rybnytsia were evicted near Ochakov, about 3,000 people died of typhus in the Jewish ghetto and 3,650 fell on the fronts - these are the losses of a small Transnistrian city in the Great Patriotic War war.

St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral (Rybnitsa)

The largest cathedral in Transnistria and Moldova. It took about 15 years to build and was opened on November 21, 2006. The bells are placed on the third tier, in the center there is a large “Blagovest” bell weighing 100 pounds, around it there are 10 more bells, the smallest of which weighs only 4 kg.

Nature reserve "Saharna"

The Saharna Nature Reserve is located on the right bank of the Dniester and includes a gorge 5 km long and 170 meters deep, many springs and a forest dominated by oak, hornbeam, and acacia with an area of ​​670 hectares. The Saharna stream forms 22 waterfalls along its path, the largest of which falls from a height of four meters. The steep slopes are cut by ravines, and in the early morning the gorge is shrouded in fog and, as legend says, a person can disappear in it forever...
There is also a cave monastery of the 13th century. and the active monastery of the Holy Trinity. This monastery is one of the largest pilgrimage centers in Moldova. The relics of the saint, Venerable Macarius, are kept here.

On one of the rocks there is a mark left, according to legend, by the Mother of God. Legend says that a luminous image of the Mother of God appeared to the governor of the monastery, Bartholomew, on one of the rocks. Having reached this rock, the monks discovered a footprint in the stone, a sign that they perceived as a divine message and evidence of the “divine purity” of this place. Later, a new wooden church was erected closer to the gorge and the Holy Trinity Monastery was founded (1777). Then, on the site of the wooden church, a stone church was built in the old Moldavian style, richly decorated with wall frescoes. Currently, the monastery is open to visitors every day.
There is also an important archaeological site with remains of the Iron Age and a Geto-Dacian fortress on a high cape.

Assumption rock monastery in Tsypovo

Carved into a giant cliff, this is the most significant of the rock complexes, located 20 km south of Rybnitsa on the right bank of the Dniester. The middle part of the monastery was carved in the Middle Ages and had a system of protective passages; a narrow path over the abyss led to small cells, protecting the inhabitants from dashing strangers. The caves were cut down from trees growing nearby, and when the trees were cut down, entry into the caves was possible only by rope ladders, which were raised up in case of danger.
Founded in the 6th century. Here in the 15th century. Gospodar Stefan III the Great married his wife Maria Voykitsa.
Since 1776 there has been a period of prosperity and expansion of the monastery. At the beginning of the Soviet period, the monastery was closed, but already in 1974 the ruins were taken under state protection, and in 1994 church services were resumed here.
There is a legend that the mythological poet Orpheus lived his last years in the rocks near Tsipov.
Not far from the village there is a gorge in the Tsipova landscape reserve, where in the 4th-3rd centuries. BC e. there was an earthen fortress of the Getae. Its towers on the cape have survived to this day.

Bendery fortress

Architectural monument of the 16th century. The fortress was built according to the design of the Turkish architect Sinan, following the model of Western European bastion-type fortresses. Construction began in 1538 after the city became part of Ottoman Empire. It was surrounded by a high earthen rampart and a deep ditch, which was never filled with water. The fortress was divided into upper, lower parts and a citadel. total area– about 20 hectares. The advantageous strategic position on the elevated bank of the Dniester near its confluence with the Black Sea made the city one of the strongholds in the Turkish struggle against Russia. The Bendery fortress was called “a strong castle on Ottoman lands.”
The fortress was reconstructed many times and was abolished in 1897.

In November 2012, the Museum of Medieval Torture Instruments was opened on the territory of the fortress. People were imprisoned in the tower for looting, robbery, theft, and there was the necessary set of shackles and handcuffs. More sophisticated tools of interrogation were added to them: the interrogation chair, the vigil or the cradle of Judas, the iron shoe, torture with a pear, a knee crusher, piercing goats, the “iron lady”.

Transfiguration Cathedral (Bendery)

Orthodox church of the Tiraspol and Dubossary diocese of the Moldavian Church (ROC). An architectural monument of the early 19th century.

Dubossary HPP

The hydroelectric power station was built in 1951-1954, as a result of which the Dubossary reservoir was formed. The purpose of the hydroelectric complex is complex: energy supply, irrigation, fishing and water supply.

Reserve "Yagorlyk"

A state reserve located in the Dubossary district in the lower reaches of the Yagorlyk River, flooded as a result of the construction of the Dubossary hydroelectric power station. Founded in 1988 to preserve unique, endemic communities and plant species, protect ichthyofauna and other groups of biota of the Middle Dniester basin. In the Goyana Bay of the reserve, 180 species of zooplankton, 29 species of rare fish, 714 species of vascular plants, of which 49 species are rare and endangered, 23 species of mammals, of which 1 species (ermine) is endangered, 86 species of birds, of which 3 species are rare, have been identified. 95 taxa of invertebrate animals, etc.

Story:

On August 2, 1940, at the VII session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Law on the formation of the union Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted.

After the creation of the MSSR, numerous immigrants from Russia and Ukraine went to the territory of the modern Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, helping to create local industry. Most of the industrial enterprises of the Moldavian SSR (now the Republic of Moldova) were initially concentrated in the territory of Transnistria, since the economy of the rest of Moldova (Bessarabia) during its stay as part of Romania (1918-1940) was mainly agricultural in nature and was the most backward of all provinces Romania, and industrial enterprises were mainly engaged in processing agricultural products (the share of food industry products in 1937 was 92.4%).

The new geopolitical situation did not last long - already in 1941, Germany and its allies attacked the USSR, and Romania had the opportunity to regain the territories annexed a year ago Soviet Union. In addition to Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, which became part of Great Romania, the entire region between the Southern Bug and Dniester rivers (including the cities of Balta, Odessa and the right bank part of Nikolaev), which was called Transnistria (“Transnistria”), came under the control of the Romanian administration.

In 1944, with the entry of the Red Army into the Balkans, the borders returned to the situation that existed at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

In 1956, the 14th Army was stationed in the Moldavian SSR (including on the territory of Transnistria). She remained here after the collapse of the USSR, guarding weapons and ammunition depots - reserves created in case of hostilities in the South-Eastern theater of military operations in Europe. In 1984, the army headquarters was transferred from Chisinau to Tiraspol.

In 1990, before the collapse of the USSR, industrial facilities on the territory of the modern Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic provided 40% of Moldova's GDP and produced 90% of electricity, since in the village. The Moldavian State District Power Plant was built in Dnestrovsk, which was supposed to produce electricity for export to the CMEA countries.

The Transnistrian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as a Soviet republic within the USSR at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Deputies of all levels of Transnistria, held in Tiraspol on September 2, 1990.

On December 22, 1990, USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev signed a decree “On measures to normalize the situation in the SSR Moldova”, in the 4th paragraph of which it was decided “to consider... the decisions of the Second Congress of Soviet Deputies to have no legal force different levels from some settlements of Transnistria dated September 2, 1990 on the proclamation ... of the Moldavian Transnistrian Soviet Socialist Republic."

On August 27, 1991, the Parliament of the SSR of Moldova adopted Law No. 691 “On the Declaration of Independence,” which declared the law of August 2, 1940 “On the Formation of the Union Moldavian SSR” null and void, according to which the MASSR became part of the Moldavian SSR, emphasizing that “without asking the population of Bessarabia, the north of Bukovina and the Hertsa region, forcibly captured on June 28, 1940, as well as the population of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Transnistria), formed on October 12, 1924, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, in violation of its constitutional powers, adopted a law on August 2, 1940 “On the formation of the Union Moldavian SSR.” Often, supporters of the PMR’s sovereignty claim that by their decision, the Moldavian deputies outlawed the only legal document regulating the presence of Pridnestrovie within Moldova. However, since UN member states recognize the independence of Moldova precisely in the context of the collapse of the USSR, and not in accordance with the 1991 law, thus considering it a successor state of the Moldavian SSR, the PMR’s arguments are not considered within the UN. Despite this, the law of August 27, 1991 was not repealed in Moldova itself and continues to be in effect.

On November 5, 1991, due to the collapse of the USSR, the PMSSR was renamed the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. In the Moldovan version, the name sounds like “Dniester Moldavian Republic”, which can be assessed as claims to both banks of the Dniester, that is, to the whole of Moldova.

Over the past years, Moldovan and Transnistrian authorities have made several attempts to improve relations. The parties were almost able to reach an agreement in 2003 on the basis of a settlement plan proposed by Dmitry Kozak, who at that time held the post of deputy head of the presidential administration of the Russian Federation. According to this plan, Moldova was to become an “asymmetric federation”, and the PMR and Gagauzia would receive special status and the ability to block bills undesirable for the autonomies. Moldova pledged to maintain neutrality and demobilize the army, as well as provide Russia with the right to station Russian troops on the territory of Transnistria for a period of 20 years as “guarantors” of the conflict resolution. Literally at the last moment, under pressure from the OSCE and student protests, Moldovan President Vladimir Voronin refused to sign the agreement, saying that it gives unilateral benefits to the PMR and has a hidden goal - recognition of the independence of Transnistria. Negotiations resumed only in 2005 as part of regional organization GUUAM based on proposals presented by Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko. According to the new plan, by August 2005 the Parliament of Moldova was supposed to pass a law on the special status of Transnistria, according to which the region should have a flag, coat of arms and three state languages ​​- Russian, Ukrainian and Moldavian. If Moldova ceases to be an independent state, Transnistria will be able to secede from it. In December 2005, the PMR, under the control of international observers, was supposed to hold early parliamentary elections, and Moldova pledged to recognize their results. Then Moldova and the PMR, with the participation of Russia, Ukraine and the OSCE, had to differentiate powers between the parties within the framework of the law on the status of Transnistria. Moldova was then supposed to sign international treaty, obliging it to implement the law on Transnistria. The guarantors were to be Russia, Ukraine, the OSCE and, possibly, the EU and the USA.

The “Yushchenko Plan” allowed for direct communication between representatives of the international community and the PMR without the participation of Moldova. The document did not contain demands for the withdrawal of the Russian military contingent from the territory of the PMR, which Moldova insists on.

On July 22, 2005, the Parliament of Moldova approved the bill “on the status of Transnistria.” According to this document, Russian peacekeepers must leave the region by December 31, 2006, and the territory of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is part of Moldova with autonomy rights. The status of Transnistria is defined as “an administrative-territorial entity in the form of a republic within the Republic of Moldova.” The region should enter the single economic, customs and currency space of Moldova, but will receive its own constitution and government formed by the Supreme Council of Transnistria - legislative body who will be elected by popular vote. Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergei Lavrov noted that “it seems that Moldova has set a course for the economic strangulation of Transnistria”

In May 2006, consultations were held between the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the presidents of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and Abkhazia.

In June 2006, PMR President Igor Smirnov said that the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is ready to take Moldova’s place in the CIS if it leaves the Commonwealth.

In June 2006, the heads of the PMR, Abkhazia and South Ossetia at a summit in Sukhumi, in addition to the Commonwealth of Unrecognized States (CIS-2), concluded a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance and signed a Declaration on the Establishment of a Community for Democracy and the Rights of Peoples, which involves not only economic and political cooperation between the republics, but also the creation of collective peacekeeping armed forces, who will be able to replace Russian peacekeepers and jointly repel possible military actions of “small metropolises” and attempts to resolve the situation by military means.

In June 2006, the Russian President and Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the fate of unrecognized states should be determined by the will of their population based on the right to self-determination.

On September 17, 2006, a referendum was held on the territory of the PMR, which asked two questions: “Do you think it is possible to maintain the course towards international recognition of Transnistria and joining Russia?” and “Do you think it is possible for Transnistria to become part of Moldova?” Moldova, the OSCE, the European Union and a number of other international organizations declared the referendum illegal and undemocratic.

97% of Transnistrian citizens who took part in the referendum spoke for the independence of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) and its subsequent free accession to the Russian Federation (RF). 2.3% of voters voted against integration with the Russian Federation.

3.4% of citizens of Transnistria spoke in favor of abandoning the course of independence of the PMR and the subsequent entry of the republic into Moldova, and 94.6% of referendum participants spoke against such integration. 2% of voters could not make a choice.

According to official data from the Central Election Commission of Transnistria, 78.6% of citizens who had the right to vote, or about 306 thousand out of 389 thousand people, took part in the referendum on September 17, 2006.

Recognized countries:

Flag:

Map:

Territory:

Demography:

The population is 513,400 people (as of 01/01/2012). In 1990, the population of Transnistria was 730,000 inhabitants. Thus, the natural increase was about −1.58% per year. Until 1992, there was a constant trend towards population growth, but from this year a constant decline in the number of residents began. The working-age population is predominantly male.

According to the 2004 PMR census, Moldovans make up 31.9% of the republic’s inhabitants. 30.3% of the population are Russians, 28.8% are Ukrainians, Bulgarians (2%), Belarusians and others also live. In general, residents of 35 nationalities live on the territory of Transnistria, including Armenians, Jews, Gagauz, Tatars, etc.

Religion:

The bulk of the population professes Orthodoxy.

Among the Protestant Christians there are those officially registered in the PMR: Pentecostals, Baptists, Salvation Army, Seventh-day Adventists, Charismatics.

Jehovah's Witnesses actively preach.

There are a few religious communities of Jews, Old Believers, Armenian-Gregorians, Roman Catholics, Greek Catholics (Uniates), Buddhists, and Muslims.

Languages:

Russian, Ukrainian, Moldavian (based on Cyrillic graphics)

Armed forces:

The armed forces of the PMR include ground forces, air forces, internal and border troops, as well as Cossack formations. The regular units consist of about seven thousand people. There are a thousand people in the voluntary Cossack detachments. The reservists or people's militia number about 80 thousand people. The army consists of four motorized rifle, one artillery brigade, one anti-aircraft artillery brigade, an aviation detachment, special units and one Cossack regiment. The Ministry of Internal Affairs has a separate special-purpose brigade “Dniester”, and the Ministry of State Security has a special battalion “Delta”. The armament consists mainly of outdated equipment - more than a hundred BTR-60 and BTR-70, more than a hundred different artillery systems and mortars, including Grad multiple rocket launchers.

Transnistria, full official name Transnistrian Moldavian Republic(PMR) is located in southeastern Europe. Geographically, the republic is represented by the left bank of the Dniester River and the city of Bendery and parts of the Slobodzeya district, located on the right bank of the river. It borders on the west with Moldova, on the east with Ukraine (Odessa and Vinnitsa regions). The total length of the border is 816 km, including 411 km with Moldova and 405 km with Ukraine.

Territory of the PMR- 4163 sq. km. The length from northwest to southeast is 202 km, from west to east – 40 km.

H population density of the republic as of July 1, 2011 amounted to 516 thousand people. At the same time, in urban populated areas 356 thousand people live, and rural residents - 160 thousand people.

National composition

The majority of the population of Transnistria, according to the 2004 census, are Russians (31%), Moldovans (32%) and Ukrainians (29%). In general, residents of 35 nationalities live on the territory of Transnistria: Bulgarians, Belarusians, Gagauz, Jews, Germans and others.

official languages- Russian, Moldavian, Ukrainian.

Currency unit— Transnistrian ruble

Religion
The bulk of the population professes Orthodoxy; there are religious communities of Old Believers, Catholics, and Jews.

Administrative-territorial structure

The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is a unitary state. The territory of Transnistria is divided into 7 administrative units: 5 districts - Grigoriopol, Dubossary, Kamensky, Rybnitsky and Slobodzeya, as well as 2 cities of republican subordination - Bendery and Tiraspol.

Capital- the city of Tiraspol. It is located 100 km from Odessa and 70 km from Chisinau.

In total, there are 8 cities in Transnistria (Bendery, Grigoriopol, Dnestrovsk, Dubossary, Kamenka, Rybnitsa, Slobodzeya, Tiraspol), 8 urban-type settlements (Glinoe, Karmanovo, Kolosovo, Krasnoe, Mayak, Novotiraspolsky, Pervomaisk, Solnechny), 143 villages.

Education PMR

The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is an independent sovereign state formed on the basis of the free expression of the will of the people during referendums and citizens’ assemblies. Proclaimed on September 2, 1990 at the Second Congress of People's Deputies of all levels. This day is a public holiday - Republic Day.

The form of government is a presidential republic

The republic has all the attributes of sovereign statehood: a President elected by direct secret ballot for a period of 5 years, a representative body (the Supreme Council), its own judicial, law enforcement and defense systems, state symbols - flag, coat of arms, anthem.

Referendum on independence of Transnistria

On September 17, 2006, a referendum was held on the territory of the PMR, which asked two questions: “Do you think it is possible to maintain the course towards international recognition of Transnistria and joining Russia?” and “Do you think it is possible for Transnistria to become part of Moldova?” Moldova, OSCE, European Union and a number of other international organizations declared the referendum illegal and undemocratic in advance. 97% of Transnistrian citizens who took part in the referendum spoke for the independence of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) and its subsequent free accession to the Russian Federation (RF). 2.3% of voters voted against integration with the Russian Federation. 3.4% of citizens of Transnistria spoke in favor of abandoning the course of independence of the PMR and the subsequent entry of the republic into Moldova, and 94.6% of referendum participants spoke against such integration. 2% of voters could not make a choice. According to official data from the Central Election Commission of Transnistria, 78.6% of citizens who had the right to vote, or about 306 thousand out of 389 thousand people, took part in the referendum on September 17, 2006.

Economy

A significant part of the industry of the former MSSR is concentrated on the territory of Transnistria. In 1990, before the collapse of the USSR, Transnistria provided 40% of Moldova's GDP and produced 90% of electricity.

The PMR is an industrial-agrarian state. The leading place in the economy is occupied by: ferrous metallurgy, light industry, mechanical engineering, furniture and woodworking industries. The wide range of products of the republic's enterprises is characterized by high quality and is well known in many countries of Europe, America, the Middle and Far East, CIS countries.

The main problems of the region's economy today are its unrecognized status, mass migration, aging population, negative foreign trade balance, and high inflation.