Ural economic region

Introduction 3

1. Brief description of the Ural economic region 4

2. Population of the Ural economic region 7

3. Natural resource potential of the region 9

4. Development of industries National economy district 12

5. Ural economic region as a source economic development 18

The national revival took place over the course of a century. The Hungarians managed to achieve the so-called Austro-Hungarian settlement. After the end of World War II and the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Communist Republic was founded by the Soviet Union, which did not last long. There was a period of "White Terror" when right-wing groups fought against the Reds and the Jews. Before the Second World War and during the war, the Hungarians turned to Nazi Germany. After the war, the communists gained power and socialism began to grow in the country.

The end of communism ended peacefully at the end of the year. Hungary has limited natural resources, so the manufacturing industry is the backbone of its economy. While Hungary's economy has developed very favorably since the last century, the transition after the social upheaval was smooth as the private sector was already at work here. Even in the first decade, Hungary showed strong growth. This was followed by a decline, partly due to the political situation, and then in connection with the global economic crisis.

Conclusion 20

References 22

Introduction

The purpose of the work is to study the Ural economic region.

The Urals is a kind of economic region within Russia. The peculiarity of the region and its specialization are determined by the geographical location, natural resources, economy and population.

Hungarian cuisine is known for the use of pepper in various dishes - goulash, gallant, sausage sausage. Also popular are sweet dishes, various cakes, pancakes, pastries from the Dobos section.

• Hungarian music is as exceptional as the Hungarian language.
• World famous composers are Bela Bartok and Franz Liszt.
• From Hungary comes the beloved Rubik's Cube puzzle.

The population is about 10 million people, of which one-fifth lives in the capital. Initially, Slavs, Celts lived here, and the Romans came here.

The tasks of the work are:

Determination of a brief description of the area, indicating its composition and economic and geographical position

Study of the population of the Ural economic region

Consideration of the natural resource potential of the area

Determination of the most developed sectors of the national economy

And consideration of the development of the Ural economic region

Conclusion

The Ural region is located between the old industrial regions of the European part of Russia, Siberia and Kazakhstan - at the junction of the European and Asian parts of the Russian Federation. Such a "neighborly" position can be assessed as favorable for the functioning and development of the entire economic complex.

The territory of the region, due to its internal position between the western and eastern economic zones, which have different levels of economic development and different specializations, ensures transit links between them.

In the structure of the Ural economic region, the Sverdlovsk region occupies the largest share in terms of area, and occupies 23.6% of the entire territory of the region.

The Urals is one of the richest places in the world in terms of reserves and diversity of minerals. More than 13 thousand deposits have been discovered here, containing almost the entire periodic table.

The complex geological structure of the Urals determined the exceptional wealth and diversity of its resources, and the long processes of destruction of the Ural mountain system exposed these riches and made them more accessible for exploitation. The Urals is a treasure trove of metals and chemical raw materials. For its richness and diversity natural resources he has no equal in the world.

Oil fields are concentrated mainly in Bashkortostan, Perm and Orenburg regions and in Udmurtia, natural gas - in the Orenburg gas condensate field, which is the largest in the European part of the country.

In terms of forest cover, the Urals is second only to Siberia, the Far East and the north of the European part of Russia (2/3 of the forests are coniferous).

Coniferous forests predominate. The main part of the forest resources is located in the northern part of the Ural Economic Region - in the Sverdlovsk and Perm regions.

Among the basic industries, the leading role belongs to ferrous (18.8%), non-ferrous (7.3) metallurgy, mechanical engineering and metalworking (18.8%), as well as chemical and petrochemical industries (7.2%).

The agriculture of the Urals specializes in the production of livestock products, grain and potatoes.

The transport of the region plays an extremely important role, given the transit position of the Urals. The territory of the district is covered with a dense network of railways and roads, power lines and pipelines. Domestic and inter-district transportation is mostly carried out by rail.

Historically, the Urals for Russia is, of course, the locomotive of industrial development. And today the role of this region for the economy of the whole country continues to be extremely significant.

The existing industrial potential of the district is so rich that it must be one of the most rapidly developing regions of Russia.

Another advantage is that the Okrug's products are in full demand both on the domestic and global markets.
The Okrug should objectively remain the center of attraction for investments, both domestic and foreign.

List of used literature

Bobylev S.A., Khodzhaev A.Sh. Environmental economics. M.: INFRA-M - 2004. - 500 p.

Vavilova E.V. Economic geography and regional studies. M: Guards. -2003. -368s.

Gavrilov A.I. Regional economy and management: textbook. allowance for universities -M. : UNITI, 2002. - 240 p.

Gokhberg M. Ural Federal District // The Economist. - 2004. - N 2 .. - S. 55-70

Geological natural monuments of the Orenburg region / ed. A.A. Chibilev; Institute of the steppe; Ural. otd. RAS; Committee of Natural Resources for Orenburg. region. -Orenburg: Orenburg. book. publishing house, 2000. - 400s.

Zharikov VV Regional economy: Proc. allowance. Tambov: Tambov Publishing House. state tech. un-ta, 2003. - 96 p.

Zheltikov V.P., Kuznetsov N.G. Economical geography. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix. 2001. - 384 p.

Kistanov V.V. Regional economy of Russia: Proc. for universities / V.V. Kistanov, N.V. Kopylov. -M. : Finance and statistics, 2004. - 584 p.

Kruglov VV Legal and economic problems of protection of water objects in the Ural region // Ecological law. - 2004. - N 5. - S. 23-30

Regional economy: textbook. for universities / ed. T.G. Morozova.- 2nd ed., revised. and additional -M. : Unity, 2002. - 472 p.

Sverdlovsk region- the geographical center of Russia. //www.connect.ru

Solomin V.P. Oil complex of Russia. //Energy policy. 2003. - No. 5. - p.19

Ural economic region //www.mediatext.ru

Human resources of the Urals //www.regions.ru

• Compound : 1. Republic of Bashkortostan

• 2. Udmurt Republic 3. Kurgan region

• 4. Orenburg region 5. Perm region

• 6. Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug 7. Sverdlovsk Region

• 8. Chelyabinsk region

• Square : 824.0 thousand sq. km. (4.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation)

• Population : 20280249 people (13.9% of the total population of the Russian Federation)

General map of the Ural economic region.

Economic and geographical position.

• The Ural region is located between the old industrial regions of the European part of Russia, Siberia and Kazakhstan - at the junction of the European and Asian parts of the Russian Federation. Such a “neighborly” position can be assessed as favorable for the functioning and development of the entire economic complex.

• The territory of the region, due to its internal position between the western and eastern economic zones, which have different levels of economic development and different specializations, ensures transit links between them.

• The initial period of industrial development of the region dates back to the beginning of the 18th century, when its economic and geographical position was not yet favorable. In subsequent years, the district's EGP improved due to the development of transport and the construction of new roads.

• Transport routes pass through the Urals, crossing the entire territory of Russia from the western borders to the Pacific Ocean. From the east, the region receives raw materials and fuel, and manufacturing products from the west, and also exports its products to all economic regions of Russia.

Population.

The population of the Ural region is 20.4 million people (second place after the Central region). The average density is 25 people per square kilometer. The population is unevenly distributed: the minimum density is noted in the Komi-Permyat Autonomous Okrug - 5 people per 1 square kilometer, the maximum density is noted in the industrial regions of the Middle Urals. Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Perm regions and Bashkortostan stand out in terms of the number of inhabitants (these regions account for 76% of the population of the Urals).

• The ethnic composition of the region's population is heterogeneous. Russians and Ukrainians predominate, but Bashkirs and Udmurts form noticeable population groups in their republics. In addition to Russians, Komi and Komi-Permyaks live in the northwest.

• The result of the rapid economic development of the Urals is a high rate of urbanization. The share of citizens is 75%. A particularly high urbanization rate is noted in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions (87 and 81%, respectively).

• The largest cities of the Ural economic region: Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Perm.

The ratio of men and women.

Natural conditions and resources.

The geographical position of the Urals is very favorable: for the eastern regions it acts as a support base for their economic development, and with the western regions it is connected with the export of raw materials, but mainly with the ever-increasing mutual deliveries of finished industrial products. The Ural economic region is one of the main and most industrially developed regions of Russia. The basis of the industry of the Urals are industries that develop on the basis of the use of its local natural resources: iron, copper, aluminum, nickel ores, mining and chemical raw materials, forest resources.

The complex geological structure of the Urals determined the exceptional wealth and diversity of its resources, and the long processes of destruction of the Ural mountain system exposed these riches and made them more accessible for exploitation. The Urals is a treasure trove of metals and chemical raw materials. It is unparalleled in the world in terms of its richness and diversity of natural resources. About 1,000 minerals and more than 12,000 mineral deposits have been discovered here. The Urals ranks first in Russia in terms of reserves of bauxites, chromites, platinum, potassium, asbestos, magnesites and magnesian salts, the reserves of which range from 65 to 100% of the country's total reserves. Significant reserves of iron, copper and nickel-cobalt ores, oil, gas condensate, natural gas. There are manganese ores, coal, peat, graphite, various building materials. The Urals has significant reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials, which, due to the long industrial development of the Urals, have a fairly high degree of depletion.

Natural conditions and resources (continued).

The initial total oil resources of the region are 6.2 million tons, gas - 3.6 billion m3. There are more than 660 hydrocarbon deposits in the region, including 400 developed for oil, 58 for gas. Bashkortostan is characterized by the highest degree of reserves depletion (79.2%). The area is dominated by sour and sour oils.

In terms of explored gas reserves (2.3% of Russia), the Urals ranks sixth among other regions of the country. In total, about 100 fields containing gas have been discovered in the Urals, but the main gas resources are concentrated in the Orenburg gas condensate field, on the basis of which a large gas chemical complex has been formed. The free gas of the Ural deposits contains many associated components: hydrogen sulfide, ethane, propane, butane, condensate, helium, nitrogen, carbon dioxide. Gas processing is carried out at the Perm and Orenburg gas processing plants and the helium plant.

Although the balance reserves of the Urals coal are quite large (over 400 million tons of hard coal and more than 1600 million tons of brown coal), the reserves favorable for further use are practically exhausted. More than 46% of the total coal reserves are in Bashkortostan and the Orenburg region (South Ural basin). High-tech reserves include only 210 million tons of coal from the South Ural basin and 20 million tons from the Chelyabinsk basin. The remaining coal reserves of the region do not meet the required standards.

National economic complex.

• The modern Urals is one of the regions of Russia most saturated with heavy industry. This fact, as well as the low technical level of most industrial enterprises, determined the extremely high energy intensity of the region's gross regional product.

• Among the basic industries, the leading role belongs to ferrous (18.8%), non-ferrous (7.3%) metallurgy, mechanical engineering and metalworking (18.8%), as well as chemical and petrochemical industries (7.2%).

Metallurgy is the oldest branch of industry in the region, formed on the rich local deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The main ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Orsk, and Chelyabinsk. Almost all the main branches of non-ferrous metallurgy are represented in the region: copper (Krasnouralsk, Kyshtym, etc.), aluminum (Severouralsk, Kamensk-Uralsky) industry, as well as the smelting of nickel, magnesium, and zinc.

In terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering, the Urals ranks second in Russia after the central region. The mechanical engineering of the region has a complex structure, includes almost all sub-sectors and is distinguished by high metal resistance. Occupying about 5% of the territory and concentrating 13.9% of the country's population, the region smelts 46% of all-Russian pig iron, 48% of steel, produces 51% of steel pipes, 75% of soda ash, 37% of fertilizers, 19% of sulfuric acid. It secured a leading position in the production of blast-furnace equipment, rolling mills, machines for mining industries, and petrochemical products. The course towards the priority creation and acceleration of the development of heavy industry enterprises (and the largest in the industry) has led to the fact that the cost of fixed assets in the light and food industries is only 4.2% of their total value. The Urals was among the most lagging regions in terms of development social infrastructure. Social development is now becoming a serious limitation for the effective functioning of the economy in the region.

Fuel and energy complex.

Despite the presence of its own fuel and energy resources, the Urals is traditionally energy deficient. Ural produces 91 million tons of fuel equivalent. primary energy resources. The total consumption of primary energy in the Urals exceeds 160 million tons of fuel equivalent. The deficit of the district for all types of energy resources exceeds 70 million tons of fuel equivalent. In 1991–1999, the resources and consumption of coal decreased most rapidly in the region (by 2.9 and 1.8 times, respectively).

• The decline in gas production (by 35% in 1991-1999) led to the fact that Orenburg gas began to be displaced by West Siberian gas in the Orenburg-Western border main pipeline.

• On the basis of the multicomponent Orenburg field, the Orenburg gas chemical complex was created. Associated gas is processed at the Perm, Tuymazinsky and Shkapovsky gas processing plants.

• Just like the Volga region, the Urals is surplus in terms of the capacity of oil refineries. There are a group of Ufa refineries, Salavatnefteorgsintez JSC, Perm and Orsk refineries.

• The Ural region produces oil products in a volume that is 2 times higher than the domestic demand, including 3 times for diesel fuel.

• Electricity production in the Urals declined from 177.6 billion kWh in 1991 to 120.9 billion kWh in 1999. The structure of electricity consumption is dominated by industry (about 70%), in particular ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemistry and petrochemistry.

Thermal power plants with a total capacity of 28,000 MW form the basis of the region's electric power industry. The largest thermal power plants are Reftinskaya, Troitskaya, Iriklinskaya and Permskaya GRES. On the basis of the hydropower potential of the region, a large Votkinsk hydroelectric station was built. The Beloyarsk NPP operates on the territory of the region, where one BN-600 reactor operates.

Mining industry in the Urals Oil. Natural gas. Iron ores.

• 1. Black dots on the map - natural gas.

• 2. Gray dots on the map - oil.

• 3. Yellow dots on the map - iron ores.

Republic of Bashkortostan.

• The Republic of Bashkortostan is located in the Cis-Urals and on the slopes of the Southern Urals. The area is 43.6 thousand km2. Large cities: Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Oktyabrsky, Tuimazy, Ishimbay.

• Natural conditions for the life of the population are favorable. According to the structure of the surface, the western and eastern parts are distinguished, separated by the Belaya and Ufa rivers. The western part is predominantly flat; eastern - mountainous: in the north - the Ufa plateau, and in the south - the ridges of the Southern Urals.

• The climate is continental. Summers are hot, dry winds are frequent, winters are snowy and frosty. The growing season is 120–135 days.

• Large rivers - Belaya and Ufa. The forest cover of the territory is about 40%, coniferous forests dominate, and in the western part - broad-leaved forests, which are replaced by forest-steppe and steppe to the south.

Mineral resources of Bashkortostan are very diverse. Significant oil and gas reserves are located mainly in the western and northwestern parts of the republic. In the eastern mountainous part there are deposits of iron, manganese, copper, zinc ores, and gold. In the central lowland part, bauxites and table salt were found, in the southwest - deposits of brown coal. The republic has developed rail and road transport. Navigation is carried out along the rivers Belaya and Ufa. Developed pipeline transport. Bashkortostan ranks first in the Urals in terms of the length of oil and oil product pipelines.

The ecological situation in the republic is very acute and is mainly associated with industrial pollution and soil erosion. Zones of general pollution of the territory formed around the cities of Ufa (1400 km2), Sterlitamak (1900 km2); on the border with the Chelyabinsk region - a pollution spot with an area of ​​3070 km2. The difficult ecological situation in the republic is a brake on its further development. There is a high probability of man-made accidents in a number of regions and cities due to the oversaturation of environmentally hazardous industries in the oil, oil refining, petrochemical industries, as well as the passage of a large number of oil and gas pipelines through the territory of the republic.

Udmurt republic.

• The Udmurt Republic occupies the territory located between the rivers Vyatka and Kama. The area of ​​the republic is 42.1 thousand km2. Main cities: Izhevsk (capital), Votkinsk, Glazov, Sarapul.

• The surface is flat, more elevated in the north (up to 330 m). The climate is temperate continental. Winters are cold, summers are comparatively warm. The growing season lasts from late April to late September. Natural conditions for life are generally favorable. In the bowels there are reserves of peat, oil, significant water and energy resources of the Kama.

The republic has a developed transport infrastructure: the operational length of railway lines is 887 km; favorable configuration of the transport network. The main industrial centers are located on railways and paved roads. Up to 50% of domestic transportation is carried out by road. Water transport is developed (piers Sarapul, Kambarka). Gas pipelines pass through the territory of Udmurtia.

• The ecological situation in the republic is contrasting: in the northern regions it is moderately acute, associated with deforestation, in industrial zones it is very acute (industrial pollution of the atmosphere, water, soil, land disturbance). Zones of stable pollution of the territory formed around the cities of Izhevsk (550 km2) and Glazov (480 km2).

The population as of 01.01.2000 was 1629 thousand people, which is equal to 1.12% of the total population in Russian Federation. The share of the urban population is 69.4%, rural - 30.6%. 1.14% of the total working-age population of the country lives in the republic. Compared to 1991, the population of the republic has practically not changed. Average life expectancy during this period decreased by 1.89 years.

Kurgan region.

• The Kurgan Region is located in the southwest of the West Siberian Plain, in the basin of the middle reaches of the Tobol River. The distance from Kurgan to Moscow is 1973 km. The area of ​​the region is 71 thousand km2 (0.4% of the territory of the Russian Federation). Main cities: Kurgan, Shadrinsk.

• The surface is a flat plain (the southern part of the West Siberian Plain). The climate of the region is sharply continental. Winter is long and cold. The average temperature in January is -18°С, the summer is warm, droughts recur periodically, the average temperature in July is +19°С.

The main rivers - Tobol, Iset, Uy, Kurtamysh, Yurgamysh - are located in the western half of the region. In the east and south-west of the region there are lakes, the number of which reaches 2 thousand, of which 70–75% are fresh water, the rest are mineralized and have medicinal properties. The forest cover of the territory is 18%, increasing in the north to 30–40% and decreasing in the south to 5–9%. There are pine forests along the rivers. Of the minerals that the region has, numerous deposits of raw materials for the production of building materials- clay, sand, gypsum. In the south of the region there are deposits of iron ore (Glubochenskoe and Berezovskoe deposits), small reserves of peat.

• The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the Kurgan region. All major cities are located on it, but the vast majority of intra-regional traffic falls on the share of road transport.

• The ecological situation is moderately acute, mainly associated with soil erosion and salinization, the growth of ravines on arable land and soil degradation. Radioactive contamination of the Miass River was noted.

Orenburg region.

The Orenburg region is located in the south of the Ural economic region. Territory - 124 thousand km2. Main cities: Orenburg, Orsk, Novotroitsk, Mednogorsk, Buzuluk, Buguruslan, Guy. Most of the territory of the region is located in the foothills. The climate is sharply continental, the average temperature in January is from -14 to -18°С, in July - from +19 to +22°С. The amount of precipitation is 300–440 mm per year. The main river of the region is the Ural with its tributaries. Forests are found in separate islands in the north and northwest. The bowels are rich in minerals. Here are concentrated the richest deposits of iron and copper ores, magnesites, asbestos, oil, coal, natural gas, sodium chloride, various raw materials for the production of building materials.

There are over 2 thousand deposits and manifestations of 72 types of minerals on the territory of the region. The region occupies one of the leading places in the country in the extraction of copper, nickel-cobalt ore, rock salt. The Orenburg region is one of the most important gas producing and processing regions in the European part of the country. In terms of the scale of production of complex gas, it is second only to the Tyumen region. Transport infrastructure is developed in the Orenburg region. The operational length of public railways is 1.7 thousand km, the length of paved roads (including departmental ones) is 13.7 thousand km (70% of the total length). Pipelines have been laid on the territory of the region: Orenburg - the western border of Russia (gas), Bukhara - Ural with a branch to Orsk (gas), Emba - Orsk (oil), Ishimbay - Orsk (oil), Orenburg - Bashkortostan (condensate).

Perm region.

• The Perm region is located on the western slopes of the Northern and Middle Urals and the hilly plains adjacent to it from the west. The area of ​​the region is 16.06 thousand km2. The main cities: Perm, Berezniki, Solikamsk, Lysva, Chusovoy, Tchaikovsky, Krasnokamsk.

• The climate in the region is temperate continental. Winter is snowy, long, summer is moderately warm. Average temperatures in January are from -15 to -18°С, in July - from +16 to +18°С. Precipitation per year varies from 450 mm in the southwest to 800 mm in the northeast. The growing season is 145–165 days.

• The main river of the region is the Kama with its tributaries. The Perm region is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga, as well as mixed forests. Forests occupy over 60% of its territory.

• The region has deposits of oil, gas, potassium-magnesium salts, chromites, coal, etc.

Natural landscapes are mostly poorly transformed. The ecological situation is heterogeneous, very acute in the industrial zone Perm - Berezniki - Solikamsk due to the high level of industrial pollution of the atmosphere and water, the creation of the Kama reservoir, forest degradation and accelerated erosion. Zones of general pollution of the territory were formed around the cities of Perm (5340 km2), Berezniki and Solikamsk (2240 ​​km2 - a single zone). In the south of the region there is a zone of radioactive contamination of the territory (consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant). As of January 1, 2000, the population of the region (excluding Komi-Permyatsk Autonomous Okrug) was 2806.1 thousand people, which is equal to 1.93% of the total population in the Russian Federation. The share of urban population - 78.0%, rural - 22.0%. 1.96% of the total working-age population of the country lives in the region. Compared to 1991, as a result of unfavorable demographic processes, the region's population has decreased by 89,000 people. Average life expectancy during this period decreased by 2.44 years.

Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug.

• Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug is a subject of the Russian Federation within the Perm Region. It is located in the Cis-Urals, in the upper reaches of the Kama.

• The area is 32.9 thousand km2. The center of the district is the city of Kudymkar.

• The relief is slightly hilly: in the north - the Northern Uvaly, in the west - the Verkhnekamskaya Upland (up to 280 m high), but most of the district is occupied by lowlands.

• The climate is continental with severe snowy winters and relatively short warm summers. Average temperatures in January are from -15 to -17°С, in July - from +17 to +19°С. Precipitation falls about 500 mm per year.

• The main river is the Kama with tributaries. The lakes are predominantly floodplain. There are many sphagnum bogs in the north. About 4/5 of the territory is covered with spruce and spruce-fir forests.

• Transport is extremely underdeveloped. There are no railroads. Extremely rare road network of poor quality.

• The ecological situation is satisfactory, however, there are problems associated mainly with deforestation and pollution of surface waters by enterprises of housing and communal services and the forestry and woodworking industries. Around the city of Kudymkar there is a zone of general pollution with an area of ​​160 km2.

The population of the district as of 01.01.2000 was 150.4 thousand people, which is equal to 0.1% of the total population in the Russian Federation. The share of the urban population is 26.0%, rural - 74.0%. The district is home to 0.1% of the total working-age population of the country. Since 1991, as a result of unfavorable demographic processes, the population of the district has decreased by 10 thousand people.

Sverdlovsk region.

• The Sverdlovsk region is located mainly on the eastern slopes of the Middle and Northern Urals, as well as in the adjacent territories of the West Siberian Lowland. The area of ​​the region is 194.8 thousand km2 (1.2% of the territory of the Russian Federation).

• In total there are 47 cities in the region. The largest of them are: the regional center Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Kamensk-Uralsky, Pervouralsk, Serov, Asbest. The Middle Urals is strongly flattened, the western foothills are more elevated (the average height is 300–500 m). The highest peak of the region is Mount Kozhakovsky Kamen (1569 m).

The climate is continental. Winter is cold and long. The average January temperature in the plains of the Trans-Urals ranges from -20°С in the north to -17°С in the southeast and -15°С in the south. Summer is moderately warm, hot in the southeast. The average July temperature is +16°C. Precipitation on the plains of the Trans-Urals falls annually from 500 mm in the north to 350–400 mm in the southeast. Most precipitation falls in the southwest and in the mountains (up to 500–600 mm or more).

• The main rivers are Tavda, Tura, Iset, Chusovaya and Ufa. Most of the region is located in the forest zone. Mostly conifers grow.

Minerals are diverse: iron and copper ores, bauxite, coal, asbestos, talc, marble, gold, platinum, precious and ornamental stones. The largest deposits: iron ores - Kachkanarskoe, Kytlymskoe, Visimskoe; copper ores - Krasnouralskoye, Kirovogradskoye; coal - Bogoslovskoye, Severo-Sosvinskoye, Bulanshi-Yelkinskoye; asbestos - Bazhenovskoye; talc - Shabrovskoe.

• The region has a developed railway network connecting it with the western and eastern regions of Russia and the CIS countries. The operational length of public railways is 3.6 thousand km.

• The ecological situation in the industrial zone Kamensk-Uralsky - Ekaterinburg - Nizhny Tagil is very acute, mainly due to high technogenic pollution of the environment. In the south of the region there is a zone of general pollution of the territory with an area of ​​39,400 km2, in the north - 200 km2.

Chelyabinsk region.

• The Chelyabinsk region is located on the eastern slopes of the Southern Urals and the adjacent territories of the Trans-Ural lowland.

• The distance from Chelyabinsk to Moscow is 1919 km. The territory of the region is 87.9 thousand km2 (0.5% of the territory of the Russian Federation). Main cities: Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Zlatoust, Miass, Kopeysk, Korkino, Troitsk.

• According to the nature of the surface, the territory of the region is divided into two parts: the western part with a ridge-hilly relief (average height 300–500 m) and the eastern flat part, which has numerous depressions, gentle ridges and depressions between ridges. The central part of the region is hilly. The highest peak of the region is Mount Nurgun (1406 m).

• The climate is continental. Winter is cold and long. The average temperature in January is from -15°С in the northwest to -18°С in the southeast, the summer is warm. The annual rainfall is from 600 mm in the mountains to 350 mm in the plains, with a maximum in summer.

• The main rivers are the Ural and the Miass. The area covered with forest is more than 1/4 of the entire territory of the region.

• The region has reserves of various minerals: coal, iron ores, magnesite, graphite, refractory clays.

• The operational length of public railways is 1.8 thousand km, the length of paved roads (including departmental ones) is 15.9 thousand km (72% of the total length). Transit oil and gas pipelines have been laid across the territory of the region, and air transport has been developed.

Lecture: Natural and economic zoning of Russia. Regions of Russia. Features of the geographical location, nature, population, economy and history of the development of large geographical regions: North and North-West of Russia, Central Russia, the Volga region, the South of the European part of the country, the Urals, Siberia and Far East

Natural economic regions

On the territory of Russia, natural and economic regions are distinguished, which are combined according to the similarity of the population, natural conditions, and economic specialization:

Northern,

Northwestern,

Central,

Volga,

South European,

Ural,

Siberian,

Far Eastern regions.

These areas are called geographical. There is a division of the territory into economic regions. Their boundaries are somewhat different. So the Central geographical region includes three economic regions: the Central, Volga-Vyatka and Central Black Earth regions. The geographical region of the Urals unites the Middle Urals and Southern Urals.

The Russian economy has sectoral and territorial specialization. Sectoral division is associated with sectors of the economy. Territorial division is carried out on the basis of the branch of specialization of the region. In addition, when identifying areas, a number of other factors are taken into account: historical, natural, economic. Historical factors determine the historical and geographical aspects of the settlement and development of the territory. For example, the Central District is characterized by earlier settlement and development of the territory; earlier than other districts, centers were formed here. industrial production. Natural factors determine the raw material base of the region, depending on the relief, geological structure, this or that territory has significant reserves of natural resources. For example, the West Siberian region, rich in oil and gas deposits, is located on a lowland where there was once a sea, which led to the formation of minerals. Economic factor determines the location of industrial interconnected enterprises that are focused on the production of certain products. There are 11 economic regions.

central Russia

The formation of this area is largely due to historical factors. The presence of large rivers, which were used as transport routes for communication with neighboring states, determined an advantageous economic and geographical position. In turn, central Russia is divided into four subdistricts: Northwestern, Northeastern, Eastern and Southern. The Northwestern subregion has historically developed as a border region. Ancient cities (Smolensk, Tver) were founded as fortresses. The region specializes in agriculture and tourism. For development Agriculture favorable climatic conditions. The cities of the region specialize in mechanical engineering. In Smolensk, mechanical engineering is represented by the electric power industry, instrument making, and aircraft building. There is also a textile and knitwear industry. There is also a unique cutting production. Passenger cars are produced in Tver. There is a textile and a large printing plant. The geographical position of the North-Eastern subregion is connected with the Volga. Yaroslavl is the largest multifunctional city, famous as a historical and cultural center. It was built one of the first automobile factories, which determined the specialization of the city. In the future, related industries began to develop: chemical, oil refining. Kostroma is one of the oldest cities with a developed textile industry. A thermal power plant was built near the city.

The eastern subdistrict is the center of the country's textile industry. Famous for folk crafts. The southern subregion was formed as a defensive line of Muscovite Rus. Tula arms factories have saved the country from invaders more than once. At present, Tula remains the center for the production of weapons. In Kaluga they produce transport, devices, radio electronics. Bryansk is a large transport hub of Russia, a center of transport engineering.

The Volga-Vyatka region was formed around the city of Nizhny Novgorod. It has a favorable geographical position, located at the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers. In the past, a large shopping center of international importance. Now it is a major center of automotive and defense engineering. There is a shipbuilding base here. A hydroelectric power plant and several thermal power plants have been built on the Volga, there is an oil refining, chemical and pulp and paper industry.

The Central Black Earth region is the breadbasket of the country. On fertile soils, crops are grown for export. In addition, metallurgical plants operate in the subarea on the basis of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, on the basis of which the aviation and agricultural industries are developed in the subarea. There are factories producing equipment for the mining and chemical industries, radio equipment, and electrical equipment. A resort based on mineral springs has been opened near Lipetsk. Building materials are produced in Belgorod.

Northwestern region

A small area with a favorable economic and geographical position. Even Peter I foresaw the flourishing of this area, so he moved the capital to St. Petersburg. From the very beginning, this city was built as a port city, having access to the sea and connecting Russia with the West. The second largest transport and industrial hub in Russia. The city has several hundred research institutes, the Russian Academy of Sciences, higher educational institutions. In industrial development, the leading role is played by mechanical engineering, shipbuilding plants that create ships, nuclear icebreakers and missile carriers. Optical-mechanical production produces optical instruments, cameras, periscopes. Radio electronics, chemical industry is located in Novgorod.

European North

In terms of natural and climatic conditions, natural resources and population density, this area resembles the Siberian region. The region developed as a fuel and energy base of the western part of the country. The area has reserves of coal, oil, gas, peat, shale. There are large reserves of forest resources on the territory. Access to the sea characterizes the profitability of the region's EGP.

The timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries are the main branches of the region's specialization, as well as a significant part of exports. Apatites of the Kola Peninsula serve as raw materials for phosphate plants, and concentrates are export products. Gas produced in Komi is supplied to St. Petersburg. There are also deposits of titanium and aluminum ores. In Cherepovets, there is a metallurgical complex operating on imported raw materials and scrap metal.

European South

The economic and geographical position of the region is determined by access to the Azov and Black Seas.

In economic terms, several complexes are distinguished: agro-industrial, machine-building and fuel and energy. Favorable climatic conditions and fertile soils contribute to the development of the agro-industrial complex. In addition to grain, industrial crops, plants of a subtropical climate are grown here: tea, citrus fruits, pomegranates. Winter wheat, corn, rice are grown from cereals. There are also livestock complexes. The industry is focused on the processing of agricultural products. Metal-intensive industries are represented by the Atommash plant in Volgodonsk. Electric locomotives are produced in Novocherkassk. The need for agricultural machinery contributed to the development of agricultural engineering (harvesters, equipment for the food industry). Oil and gas reserves in the foothills provide the region with fuel and energy resources. The area is the main recreational resource of the country; 80% of medical and resort facilities are located here.

Volga region

The Volga region stretches for 1500 km. along the Volga river. The territory of the region is elongated in the meridional direction, like the Urals. The natural resources of the Volga region are quite diverse. Agro-climatic, gas, oil, salt deposits and fish resources stand out in particular. Industry in the area began to develop in Soviet times. Automotive, aircraft, bearing production enterprises were moved here. Now the branch of specialization of the region is science-intensive engineering, production is located in Kazan, Samara, Saratov. In the same cities, the production of aerospace equipment is located. The share of the Volga region in the automotive industry is 80% cars and 20% trucks. Tractors, oil and chemical equipment are produced in the Volga region. Oil refineries in Nizhnekamsk and Samara operate on their own and imported oil. The fuel and energy complex operates on its own raw materials. Volga hydroelectric power plants provide electricity to the European part of the country. Agriculture of the region provides 20% of grain, a third of tomatoes and watermelons.

Ural

The Ural region specializes in the production of structural materials and mechanical engineering. One of the oldest industries is metallurgical, working on its own resources. The forest resources of the region ensured the functioning of the chemical-forest complex. The district produces mineral fertilizers, soda, coke, products of the wood chemical industry. Ural military products have been known since the Great Patriotic War: artillery pieces, tanks. Part of the territory of the Urals is closed due to the production of missiles and nuclear weapons in them. The Urals ranks third after the Volga region in terms of agricultural production. The branch of agricultural specialization is the cultivation of spring wheat. Orenburg downy shawls are known all over the world, as it is here that a special breed of goats is grown.

Western Siberia

The West Siberian region belongs to the Eastern macroregion, located behind the Ural Mountains. It is this region that provides 70% of oil, 92% of gas to the country. Oil and gas fields occupy 2 million square meters. km. Reserves of brown and hard coal account for 30% of the total in the country. In Siberia, iron ore deposits stretched along the Yenisei. Wetlands provide peat and bog phosphate reserves. Ferrous metallurgy is concentrated in Novokuznetsk, non-ferrous in Novosibirsk. Metals are used in mechanical engineering, machine tool building, and instrument making. Agricultural machines are produced in Novosibirsk. Enterprises defense industry located in Omsk, Novosibirsk and Tomsk. The energy industry runs on coal from Kuzbass, as well as on natural gas. Agricultural production is represented by farming (growing spring wheat) and meat and dairy cattle breeding. The population is unevenly distributed throughout the region. The southern part is a strip of the main settlement, in the north the population density is low, and the outflow of the population to the south continues.

Eastern Siberia

The East Siberian region occupies ¼ of the country, but the population density is low (9 million people). Remoteness from the central regions makes inter-district communications difficult. Remoteness from the oceans determines the dominance of the continental climate. Difficulties delivers and terrain. Most of the region is occupied by mountains and plateaus. The economy has a heterogeneous structure. The region is rich in various natural resources, but with harsh climatic conditions that increase production costs and contribute to the rise in the cost of living for the population. Eastern Siberia is rich in energy, ore, forest and water resources.

The wealth of energy resources is provided by the full-flowing rivers of Siberia: the Yenisei and the Lena with their tributaries. The coal basins provide 45% of the country's coal production. In the Kansko-Achinsk basin, coal is mined in an open way. Oil and gas fields have been discovered. Deposits of non-ferrous and valuable metals are located in Norilsk, the Irkutsk region, in Transbaikalia, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Mining industry and electric power industry are the main branches of specialization of the region. Non-ferrous and chemical plants in Bratsk, Sayanogorsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Angarsk operate on cheap energy. There are wood processing plants in Bratsk and Krasnoyarsk. Norilsk is distinguished by the presence of a wide variety of industries, including the production of copper, nickel and cobalt. Agriculture is developed in more favorable southern regions. The central and northern part of the district is specialized in sheep and deer breeding.

Far East

The geography of the region determines the contrast in climatic conditions, on which the development of the economic complex depends. In the north of the region, natural conditions are extremely difficult; in the south, plants of a subtropical climate are grown. The northern part is sparsely populated (focal settlement) and poorly developed industrially. The monsoon climate of the southern regions is favorable for the development of agriculture and human life. The Far Eastern Territory is rich in various natural resources, which were formed in the folded Pacific metallogenic belt. There are large deposits of non-ferrous and rare metals, Yakutian diamonds, and gold. The region owns large reserves of tin and tungsten in Yakutia, Magadan region, in the central part of the Sikhote-Alin ridge. The Lena coal basin is the largest in the Far East, but due to natural conditions, only 5% of coal is extracted. Sakhalin, the shelf of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the Lena-Vilyui basin contain oil and gas fields. The legendary Ussuri taiga is rich in forest resources, as well as unique species of plants and animals, many of which are under state protection. Hydroelectric power plants provide the region with electricity. The port of Vladivostok is the main base of the Pacific Fleet, an industrial and scientific center. At present, much attention is paid to the development of the Far East.

Abstract of a lesson in geography using ICT

Ustinova Tatyana Nikolaevna - teacher of geography, GBOU KSHI No. 1 First Moscow Cadet Corps

Subject: Ural economic region. Composition, EGP, natural resource potential.

The purpose of the lesson:

educational: to acquaint students with the composition of the Ural region, assess its economic and geographical position (EGP), describe the natural conditions and resources of the region.

developing: to continue work on the formation of the ability to work with various sources of geographic information.

nurturing: to promote the development of cognitive interest, creative activity of students.

Lesson type : combined

Equipment: textbook, atlases, computer, projector, presentation "Ural economic region", collection "Mineral Resources", handout (text with geographical errors, cards "Define the economic region by description", contour maps "Economic zoning"), contours of economic regions, socio-economic map of the Ural region (wall), magnetic map "Administrative-territorial division of Russia",

1. Organizational stage.

II. homework check step.

Frontal oral survey + work with the map

What two large economic zones (macro-regions) are usually distinguished in the economic zoning of Russia? Show them on the map. (Western (European Russia) and Eastern (Asian Russia)).

Into how many economic regions is the territory of Russia divided according to the “state planning division” of 1961? (11 (8 economic regions in the Western zone and 3 - in Eastern).

Find out by outline

What areas of the Western Economic Zone did we get acquainted with? By contours, try to recognize the economic region and name its main features. (Northern, Central, Volga-Vyatka, North-Western, Volga, Central Chernobyl, North Caucasian).

Frontal written survey

Determine from the description which economic region it is. What number indicates this area on the contour map?

1. This area is called the "natural amphitheatre", "health resort", "breadbasket" of the country. It stands out among other regions by the maximum number of republics in its composition. Very profitable EGP. The area is characterized by political instability. (North Caucasian)
2. The area has no access to state borders, poor in minerals, well provided with water resources. The role of the district in economic complex countries are determined by mechanical engineering, the chemical industry, and the timber complex. ( Volga-Vyatka)
3. Diverse, rich resource base. An ice-free port is located in the north-west of the district. Lack of labor resources. The most promising area for the construction of tidal power plants. ( Northern)
4. In the 18th century, the area was a "wild field". It is distinguished by highly developed agriculture with a processing industry and ferrous metallurgy. (Central Black Earth)
5. The smallest district in terms of the number of subjects of the Federation. One of the regions is a free economic zone. Not rich in natural resources. Specializes in multi-industry engineering. ( Northwestern)
6. In Soviet times, the area was called "the locomotive of industrialization." It has a strong scientific base and is poor in natural resources. Branches of specialization: precision and science-intensive engineering, chemical industry and textile industry. ( Central)
7. "Automotive shop of the country". A large gas condensate field has been discovered in the south of the region. Before the Great Patriotic War, there was a republic of Germans. Acute environmental problems associated with pollution of the water basin. ( Volga)

III. The stage of assimilation of new knowledge and skills.

Using the epigraph slide 1 , try to determine which economic region we are starting to get acquainted with today.

He smelled of forests and flowers
And bitter factory smoke!
S. Schipachev

Explanation

Today in the lesson we are starting to study the Ural Economic Region (UER). Slide 2. What is Ural? Slide 3. Today we will get acquainted with its composition, assess the economic and geographical position and natural resource potential. The area of ​​the district is 824 thousand square meters. km.

Working with the map

Using the map in the atlas, determine which subjects of the Russian Federation make up the CER. (Two Republics: Bashkiria (Ufa) and Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Perm Territory (since January 1, 2006, as a result of a referendum, the Perm Region merged with the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug), 4 regions: Sverdlovsk Region (Yekaterinburg), Chelyabinsk (Chelyabinsk), Kurgan (Kurgan) and Orenburgskaya (Orenburg)). slide 4

- Using the magnetic map "Administrative-territorial division of Russia", mark the subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the Ural Economic Region.

Write down the composition of the district in your workbook

(The Ural economic region is located at the junction of the European and Asian parts of Russia. It borders on the Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Volga, West Siberian economic regions. In the south it borders on Kazakhstan (close good-neighbourly relations, but the flow of drugs is a big problem). The Urals are land the region, but along the Ural, Kama, Volga and canals has access to the Caspian, Azov and Black Seas.From the east, the region receives raw materials and fuel, and the products of manufacturing products from the west, and also exports its products to all economic regions of Russia thanks to developed transport network (transit railways, roads, oil and gas pipelines)).

Using the contours of the RER, schematically sketch in the workbooks the features of the EGP of the region.

Conversation

Compare the EGP of the Urals and the Volga region. What common? What are the differences?

Explanation

Natural conditions and resources, as well as geographical location, greatly influence the development of the region. Let's evaluate natural conditions. slide 6. Natural conditions are unfavorable. The mountain belt of the Urals influenced the climate of the region, which changes in three directions: from north to south, from west to east, and from the foothills to their peaks. In the north - permafrost, in the south - fertile soils. The Cis-Urals receives more precipitation than the Trans-Urals. Thus, the Cis-Urals and the south of the Urals have more favorable conditions.

Working with maps in the atlas + table

Using the maps in the atlas, fill in the table in the workbooks "Natural conditions of the Ural region". Slide 7.

Comparison Traits	Cis-Urals	Ural	Zauralye
Relief
Climate
Soils
Inland waters
natural areas
Conclusion

Conversation

Of the natural resources of the Urals, what resources brought him world fame? ( mineral). Slide 8

Explanation

The Urals is a vast mountainous country stretching for almost two thousand kilometers. The Ural Mountains are the only ones on Earth that divide the whole continent into two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. Scientists say that today we see the remains of the once highest mountains on the planet.

The sun, wind, water and ice have destroyed these majestic mountains for millions of years. Everything that was once hidden at great depths is now practically on the surface.

The minerals of the Urals are distinguished by their richness and diversity of species. Huge deposits of most metals, valuable deposits of precious stones and inexhaustible reserves of mineral raw materials have been found here. In terms of the diversity of mineral resources, UER is unrivaled among the economic regions of Russia. There are 15 thousand mineral deposits here.The Ural economic region has both ore, fuel, and non-metallic minerals. In terms of reserves of certain types of mineral resources (copper ores, asbestos, potassium salts), the Urals occupies a leading position in the world.

The main wealth of the region is ferrous and non-ferrous ores. The Urals has long been the largest mining and metallurgical base of the country. Slide 9

And what is the distribution of minerals? (with geological structure).

Working with the map + collection of minerals

So, let's turn to the map. What part of the region is dominated by ore raw materials? (In the eastern foothills and the Trans-Urals (Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk regions))

Explanation

slide 10. In terms of iron ore production, the Urals is second only to the Central Chernozem Economic Region. Nevertheless, the region's needs for iron ores are met by its own production only by 3/5. More than 2 thousand iron ore deposits are known in the Urals, 29 are being exploited.

Currently, the development of low-grade ores of the Kachkanar and Bakal groups of deposits is underway. Only due to the fact that ores are multicomponent and also contain vanadium and titanium, their extraction is profitable. Two thirds of the iron ore reserves of the Urals are contained in the Kachkanar deposit.

Slide 11. Copper ores: Sverdlovsk region (Krasnouralsk, Revda), Chelyabinsk region (Karabash), Orenburg region (Mednogorsk).

What are the main types of fuel resources? Slide 12. ( oil, coal, gas).

Where are the oil fields located? (Perm Territory, Udmurtia, Bashkiria, Orenburg Region).

Explanation

The largest gas condensate field in the European part of the country is located in the Orenburg region. Small reserves of coal are located in the Kizelovsky (hard coal), Chelyabinsk (lignite - Kopeysk) basins.

slide 13. The Urals has large reserves of potash and table salts. The Iletsk salt deposit in the Orenburg region should also be noted. slide 14.

The Urals are also rich in noble metals (gold, silver, platinum).

Conversation

And what wealth of the Urals does the writer Bazhov tell about in his stories? (about precious and ornamental stones).

These are minerals. Academician Fersman called the Urals "the pearl of the mineral kingdom", "a mineralogical paradise". More than 5 thousand minerals have been found here. In the Ilmensky Reserve on an area of ​​303 sq. km. 5% of all minerals of the Earth are concentrated! Here they are, the minerals that glorified the Urals! slide 15.

Student's message with a presentation about the minerals of the Urals. Slides 16-20.

Work with the textbook + diagram

We continue to characterize the resources of the Urals. Using the text of the textbook, determine what other resources the Ural region is rich in. Make a scheme "Natural resource potential of the Ural region."

(40% of the district is occupied by forests. Most of them perform recreational and sanitary functions. In the north - forests for industrial use (Perm Territory, Sverdlovsk Region, Bashkiria, Udmurtia).

Recreational resources. The unique beauty of the Ural Mountains attracts tourists from all over the country. In the Urals, there are many areas of health and sports tourism, recreation areas and sanatorium treatment. On the territory of the district there are the most important centers of educational tourism, historical and architectural monuments: Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Solikamsk, Izhevsk. There are interesting objects of nature here (I show illustrations): the world-famous Kungur ice cave, 5.6 km long, consisting of 58 ice grottoes and about 60 lakes; Kapova Cave (Republic of Bashkiria) - wall paintings of an Upper Paleo-human depicting a mammoth, a horse and a rhinoceros were found in it; Chusovaya river- one of the most beautiful rivers in Russia.

The structure of land is dominated by cultivated land and pastures. Soils are depleted in some places due to a large anthropogenic impact. The most fertile soils are located in the south of the region (steppe zone). Agro-climatic resources allow farming in the warm season).

problem question

But the development of agriculture is strongly influenced by one of the most acute problems in the Urals - the lack of water. At first glance, a paradox! Take a look at the map of the area - what an abundance of rivers. There are 69 thousand of them in the Urals!

So what's the problem? (water resources are unevenly distributed, the western slope is best supplied with water. Rivers originate in the mountains, are shallow in the upper reaches. Large consumption of water by industrial enterprises (especially metallurgical and chemical)).

- What solution can you suggest for this problem? (The water problem is solved by creating ponds and reservoirs: now there are more than 300 large artificial reservoirs in the region. Large drainage systems have already been built from the Ufa River to Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk. It is planned to transfer water from the Tavda River to the latter).

Summarizing.

Many resources have been intensively exploited for almost 300 years. Therefore, it is not surprising that they were greatly depleted, but the conclusion about the impoverishment of the Urals is premature. Oddly enough, the geological region is poorly understood - its bowels have been explored to a depth of only 600-800 meters. There is where to turn around and in breadth: in the north and in the south.

IV. The stage of primary verification of understanding of the studied.

Text with geographic errors

Let's consolidate our knowledge. You need to be extremely careful and find errors in this text:

Ural economic region

The Ural economic region has a not very profitable EGP: it is located on west European part of Russia, in the south it borders on Kyrgyzstan. Proximity to the raw material bases of the Asian part of the country. The UER consists of two republics (Udmurtia and Kalmykia ), five regions (Sverdlovsk, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan) andKomi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug). The natural conditions of the Urals as a wholevery favorable, poor natural resources, except water.

V. Stage of information about homework.

§ 56, complete tasks on the Ural contour map.

The structure of the modern Ural Federal District includes the following regions: Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions, as well as the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. The total area of ​​the district is about 1790 thousand km2. The capital of the federal district is the center of the Sverdlovsk region, Yekaterinburg.

The Ural Federal District has a very favorable economic and geographical position. Located in the central part of the country between the economically developed western part of Russia and the eastern territories rich in natural resources, the Urals plays the role of a transit macro-region. Close proximity to the markets for finished products allows you to reduce the cost of logistics of goods and services. The favorable economic and geographical position of the Urals enhances its role in the interregional geographical division of labor.

The study of the historical and geographical features of the development and settlement of the territory of the Urals is dictated by the need to identify cultural, historical, socio-economic and natural prerequisites and factors that contributed to the formation of the modern economic complex of the Urals as an old industrial region. To understand the term "old industrial region" it is necessary to analyze the theory of deindustrialization and postindustrial society by D. Bell. It states that the economic development of society goes through three main stages: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. In a pre-industrial society, the main industries are extractive industries, agriculture, fishing, forestry and mining. The industrial society is dominated by processing industries - mechanical engineering, light and food industries. In the post-industrial stage, the main sectors that will be the basis of economic development are the branches of non-material production: science, education, trade, finance, insurance, health care. The leading role in the post-industrial society is acquired by the service sector, science and education, corporations give way to universities, and businessmen give way to scientists and professional specialists.

The old-industrial regions include those regions in which the backbone industries, due to fluctuations in demand and under the influence of scientific and technological progress, stagnate, are unprofitable or have ceased to exist. As a result of this kind of territory, they move from the rank of highly developed to depressive. But, as a rule, at present, negative processes in the industry associated with scientific and technological progress affect only small areas, since modern production is diversified. As an old industrial region, the Urals is characterized by a high level of industrial development with an established stable structure of the production complex. Traditionally, the Urals specializes in the fuel and energy complex, mining and metallurgical industry, mechanical engineering, defense industry, basic chemistry and petrochemistry industries.

We will consider the stages of economic development and settlement of the territory of the Urals within the framework of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods. The pre-revolutionary period is analyzed from the end of the 16th century, that is, from the moment the Russian colonization of the Urals began, until the October Socialist Revolution of 1917. The Soviet period covers the time period from 1917 to 1989.

As a methodological basis for the allocation of chronological periods, a formational approach is adopted. Within its framework, the idea of ​​socio-economic formations that successively replace each other is clearly distinguished: the primitive communal system, the slave-owning system, feudalism, socialism, communism. Consequently, the pre-revolutionary period corresponds to the feudal and capitalist formation, and the Soviet period corresponds to the socialist formation.

The development of the first settlements in the Urals began with the arrival of the first Russian settlers. The location of the Urals on the border of Europe and Asia was of great importance for the further development of Siberia and the Far East. The middle position of the Urals between the European and Asian parts of Russia determined its role as an intermediary in economic relations between them. The deepest development of the Urals began with the arrival in the XVI-XVIII centuries. the first Russian explorers mainly from the north-west and west of Russia. The objective necessity of mastering such a vast territory as the Urals was explained by the peculiarities of the ethno-geopolitical position of the Russian state. It is located inland, away from the main world sea routes, and the internal dynamism of the Russian nation contributed to the involvement in the economic circulation of the richest natural resources of undeveloped or sparsely populated territories.

The further advancement of settlers deep into the Urals required the construction of fortified settlements that would serve as control over the territory. For this purpose, on the eastern slope of the Urals, along the route of the first Russian settlers, the towns of Lozvinsk (founded in 1589) and Pelym (founded in 1593) were built and fortified, which also performed the function of collecting road tax - yasak. The construction of these first two towns can be considered a turning point in the development of the entire Urals.

Simultaneously with the construction of fortified towns in the middle parts of the Trans-Urals and the Urals, further development of trade relations is taking place, which requires the construction of a new, shorter land road. In 1595, a decree was issued on the creation of a direct road from Solikamsk to the upper reaches of the river. Tours, and Artemy Babinov, the “Solikamsk” townsman, managed to do this. In official correspondence, this road was called the Solikamsko-Verkhotursky tract, and among the people it was known as the Babinovsky road.

Thus, an increasing number of new territories were drawn into the sphere of influence of the Slavic population. Not taking into account the fact that the Russian settlers tried to maintain stable and good-neighbourly relations with the local population, the increasingly intensive trade turnover required the construction of a fortified settlement, with which it would be possible to secure transport links along the new road. The new settlement would have to perform not only military-strategic, but also administrative and commercial functions. In 1598, the governor of Cherdyn, Sarych Shestakovich, built a new customs town, Verkhoturye, on the site of the native town of Neromkur, which acquired an outstanding importance in the life of the Trans-Urals. The road passing through Verkhoturye became the main "sovereign", since it was forbidden to travel by roads for fiscal purposes. Consequently, the main flow of the Yamskaya chase went through Verkhoturye. Two years after the founding of Verkhoturye, in the middle of the way between Verkhoturye and Tyumen, on the river. Ture, in 1600, the city of Turinsk arises - the second in time of occurrence in the Middle Urals.

Further development of the Trans-Urals in the middle of the 17th - 18th centuries led to the growth of numerous peasant settlements and monastic estates on the rivers Tura, Neiva, Tagil, Iset. The developing agricultural region was protected by lines of built towns - fortresses. In this period, the Russian settlement of Siberia and the Urals of the 17th - 18th centuries is a settlement with fortified wooden walls, with a commercial fishing and industrial profile, with state, religious, private services and buildings.

A radical change in the development of the Urals occurs in the 18th century and is associated with the beginning of the reign of Peter I. In this historical period, a mining industry arises in the Urals, the development of which had a huge impact on the settlements, changing their functional structure, layout and socio-professional composition of the population. At the end of the 17th century, most of the ironworks in Russia were concentrated in two regions - Tula-Kashirsky and Olonets. At the same time, the quality of the produced Russian iron was unsatisfactory, and the volume of its output was insufficient for the needs of the domestic market. These circumstances required an increase in the production of metal and an improvement in its quality. The growth of domestic demand for iron was facilitated by the Great Northern War, in which Russia fought for access to the Baltic Sea. Therefore, the construction of metallurgical plants in the Urals was intended, first of all, to provide the army with high-quality metal for armaments.

Accordingly, the functional structure of the settlements began to gradually transform from agricultural to industrial (mining) and commercial. Those settlements that arose in an earlier period and whose functions did not undergo transformation turned out to be incapable of further positive development. In this regard, the example of Verkhoturye is indicative, the main function of which (military-administrative) turned out to be unclaimed in the changed economic conditions.

The location of the first metallurgical manufactories in the Middle Urals at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century was subject to the following requirements: the proximity of iron ore deposits; the presence of a river capable of setting in motion factory mechanisms (there were a large number of small rivers in the Urals); sufficient amount of forest as a source of fuel; the proximity of navigable rivers for the transportation of factory products and the possibility of supplying the population. Therefore, the first mining settlements arose around large deposits of ore minerals, on the basis of which the first metallurgical plants were created.

The prevailing part of the numerous factory and administrative-trade settlements was formed in the middle Urals and Trans-Urals in the first third of the 18th century, forming a kind of semicircle, inside which, especially on its eastern side, all the factories were located. The nature of the location of the first metallurgical plants - Nevyansky (1701), Kamensky (1701), Alapaevsky (1704), Uktussky (1704), Vyisky (1722), Nizhny Tagil (1725), Yekaterinburg ( 1723), formed inside the semicircle of settlements-fortresses (Solikamsk, Verkhoturye, Kungur, Ufa, Irbit, Tyumen, Turinsk, Cherdyn) clearly characterizes this.

By the end of the 18th century, a peculiar type of territorial organization of the mining and metallurgical industry was formed in the Urals, characterized by a clear multi-level organization. On the first level there was a metallurgical plant, to which mines and land and forest lands (factory dachas) were attached. If a group of dachas belonged to one owner, a factory district was allocated - a production and economic unit, which included groups of factories.

Most factories were immediately built in the form of large manufactories. The specifics of the technique and technology of metallurgical production of that period, which consisted in the relative complexity of factory devices and the limited possibilities of water energy, predetermined the emergence of a kind of division of labor: internal - within the plant (between workshops) and external - between plants. While maintaining the original unity of the production process (although it could not be continuous in the conditions of manufactory production), this led to the complication of production relations and, accordingly, to the complex structure of the production complex. This feature led to the fact that each such manufactory began to represent a historically established complex of metallurgical enterprises - the main (blast-furnace) and auxiliary (iron-making) enterprises, which were closely interconnected and had a single raw material, transport, and often energy system. The nature of industrial relations led to the strengthening of inter-settlement economic and industrial ties.

A typical example of this kind were the Nizhny Tagil factories. At the beginning of the XIX century. this included two blast furnaces (Nizhne-Tagilsky and Verkhne-Saldinsky), six ironworks (two Laisky, Chernoistochinsky, Visimo-Utkinsky, Visimo-Shaitansky and Nizhne-Saldinsky), as well as the Vyisky copper smelter, interconnected by factory paths. Together with the raw material base (mines and forests located on the territory of the factory "dachas"), they constituted a single territorial and production complex of the district factory economy.

Period XVII - XVIII centuries. became the most decisive for the development of the Urals. During this period, a general pattern was formed for the location of settlements on the territory of the Urals, which arose on the basis of a spatial combination of ore and coal mining, semi-finished products and finished products. Of great importance for the further development of the Middle Urals was the movement to the south of the Siberian Highway and its crossing section through the Urals to Yekaterinburg (on the Iset River). Therefore, many settlements that found themselves aloof from the transport routes under construction fell into decay.

The next stage in the development of the Urals is associated with the development of capitalist relations. During its highest development in the XVIII century. Ural plants produced most of the iron and copper in the country. At the end of the XVIII century. The Central Urals mining industry entered a period of stagnation that lasted for more than 100 years. The crisis of the mining industry, in our opinion, was due mainly to the extensive nature of the development of the territory when locating metallurgical industries, the predominant use of serf labor and the imperfection of management. Therefore, the remaining elements of the feudal system hindered the further industrial development of the Urals, which led to losses in the competitive struggle with the industrial South of Russia.

The district system, which had shown its effectiveness in the feudal period, turned out to be incapable of further industrial-capitalist transformation. The normal functioning of the district system was possible only under the conditions of serfdom, as well as the monopoly position of the Ural breeders. Economic preferences ensured optimal management of the entire production system, which made it possible to clearly respond to changing economic conditions. The "self-sufficiency" of the Ural mining system contributed to its technological stability, but had a negative impact on the development of market mechanisms for management.

The crisis in which the district system found itself was primarily reflected in the mining villages and industrial settlements, which were in close socio-economic dependence on metallurgical plants. In settlements, there was no growth in the economic structure, the core of which was the mining industry, while at the same time there was insufficient development of the so-called "urban" functions related to servicing the population. As a result, the rate of emergence of mining settlements slows down; new urban settlements did not arise until the abolition of serfdom (1861).

During the 19th century there is a growth of large administrative and industrial centers (in particular, Yekaterinburg). This was due to the beginning of large-scale railway construction and the concentration of industry in areas rich in iron ore (the eastern slopes of the Ural Range and its axial zone). Other settlements, especially those that housed ironworks of an auxiliary type (conversion), gradually fell into decay (for example, Visimo-Shaitansk, Laya).

After the abolition of serfdom, the Urals lost in the competition for the right to supply metal to the domestic market of the country. As a result, the pace of development of urban settlements in the Middle Urals is slowing down. At that time, the main part of the urban population was concentrated in the mining part of the Middle Urals and on the plains of the Trans-Urals.

Thus, in the pre-revolutionary period, most of the settlements arose in the mining zone, and their core was a factory, a pond and a dam. In the mining settlements, one-story buildings prevailed, and the largest buildings were administrative buildings or churches.

The beginning of the Soviet period in the development of the Urals took place in extremely contradictory conditions. The October Revolution of 1917 led to a sharp and inconsistent change in the vector of the country's socio-economic development with a simultaneous transition to a fundamentally different type of management - planned. There was a profound gap in the formed mechanisms of urbanization and in the established traditions of urban life in the Urals. Urbanization processes began to transform on an industrial basis. The emphasis of the state economic policy on the industrialization of the country and the creation of a second ore and metallurgical base in the Urals determined the priority development of heavy industries. Since then, "socialist industrialization" and urbanization have been inextricably linked in the process of the historical development of Soviet society. Therefore, the role of the state in the development of urbanization processes since the 1930s. intensified, which led to a rapid growth of the urban population.

In the existing historical conditions, this process turned out to be hypertrophied and compressed in time. This happened under the influence of two groups of factors - external, which stemmed from the objective situation of the country, and internal, introduced by the political system - the command-administrative management system, limiting control and disposal of resources from the center, the forced nature of development with limited and austerity resources. The development of settlements was closely linked with the development of the economy on the basis of five-year plans, which were an integral part of the long-term master plans for the development of the country's economy.

A large number of diverse mineral resources and the established traditions of the mining industry predetermined the further specialization of the economy of the Middle Urals in heavy industries: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, processing and harvesting of wood, chemical industry, mechanical engineering, production of building materials, etc.

The industrialization of the country led to the gradual formation of a new socio-professional structure of society. Social groups of workers and employees appeared. The construction of new enterprises required labor, which was not enough during the first five-year plans. The main source of replenishment of the working class was the peasantry. The labor reserves released from agriculture gradually moved to cities and urban-type settlements.

In connection with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the USSR, the plan for the development of the national economy, scheduled for the third five-year plan, was not completed. The entire industry of the Urals restructured its work to meet military needs. The bulk of the evacuated enterprises and the arriving population were located in cities. In the post-war period, the tendency to further concentration of industrial production in the already established industrial centers and centers persisted. The process of the emergence of new settlements practically stops, their number is gradually stabilizing, since their quantitative growth has turned into a qualitative one. Social infrastructure is being developed in cities and towns, housing, schools, kindergartens, hospitals, etc. are being built.

Stabilization of the number of settlements since the mid-1970s. occurred primarily for economic reasons. The focus on increasing production indicators practiced in Soviet economic planning in five year plans although seemingly positive, however, it led to the accumulation of resource-factor contradictions in the economy. Due to the limited labor and natural resources, the extensive growth of settlements has reached its limit. The available resources could not provide a growth factor. Therefore, there was a gradual decline in the volume of production at industrial enterprises.

This was especially evident in the field of mining enterprises. An increase in production plans, in particular, in the volume of extraction of mineral raw materials, led to a faster depletion of the resource base. At the same time, there was a need for the development of other deposits, renovation and reconstruction production assets industry. In addition, the industrial development of other territories began in the country, financial and labor resources were redistributed. The underestimation of the economic situation in foreign sales markets in the long term led to the fact that opportunities for diversification or reorientation were lost economic sphere settlements at the present stage.

The historical and geographical analysis of the formation of the socio-economic image of the Ural region showed that it has gone through several stages of its development. The main economic and geographical features of the region are due to more than three hundred years of industrial development.

7. Ural region: economic and geographical resource science

The development of territorial socio-economic systems and society is associated with the use of natural resources and energy, which are those natural benefits that are already being used or can be used by man in the foreseeable future. Therefore, in the block of geographical and regional sciences, a separate scientific discipline has been formed - economic and geographical resource science, which deals with the problems of studying the territorial distribution of natural resources, their structure and territorial combinations, economic assessment and rational use. Thus, by natural resources we understand the components of the natural environment that a person uses in his economic activity.

Large territorial differences in combinations of natural resources have a significant impact on the development of productive forces. First of all, the development of production is influenced by the presence of mineral and raw materials and fuel and energy resources and water. Enterprises involved in the processing of mineral resources are located in areas with an advantageous transport and geographical position (this reduces the time of delivery of products to consumers), or within transport accessibility to sources of raw materials. Non-ferrous metallurgy is a more energy-intensive production, and, as a rule, tends to areas where it is more rational to transport fuel and energy, or to those where there is an excess of them. Aluminum production requires a large amount of electricity per unit of output. Therefore, a large number of aluminum production is located in areas abundant with sources of inexpensive electricity, primarily hydroelectric power plants. Ferrous metallurgy enterprises gravitate towards large transport arteries or sources of raw materials.

Chemical industries (production of sulfuric acid, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, rubber, etc.), due to the difficulty of transporting products, are located near consumer enterprises, oil pipelines, developed oil fields and seaports.

One of the main limiting factors in the location of industry is water resources. They are valued in terms of stocks, quality and seasonal fluctuations in quantity and quality. Particularly water-intensive industries are the chemical industry, ferrous metallurgy, the pulp and paper industry, and hydropower. Unfortunately, every year the reserves of usable clean fresh water are decreasing, which is especially important for the food industry. This circumstance forces enterprises to change the properties of water through post-treatment, but this causes additional costs. In this regard, much attention is paid to the choice of water supply sources, and environmental requirements for the quality of treatment facilities are increasing. The richness of reserves and the diversity of natural resources create additional competitive advantages for the development of industry.

The main characteristic of natural resources is the possibility of their use at a given level of development of the productive forces to meet the needs of society and industry. To include certain elements of nature in the category of natural resources, criteria are applied for the economic feasibility of use and the availability of consumer needs, as well as the technical possibility of involving them in economic circulation.

In the process of production activities, natural resources are processed into products with desired properties that the consumer needs. Those resources that have undergone changes in the course of production processes and are subject to subsequent processing are transferred to the category of raw materials (for example, mined ore). The other part of natural resources, which is quantified and suitable for use at the level of development of productive forces achieved, is reserves.

The main types of natural resources can be classified according to the following criteria:

1.by origin– mineral resources, biological resources (vegetable and animal), land, climatic, water resources;

2. by way of use– industrial and agricultural production, non-production sphere;

3.by the degree of reserves and the possibility of renewal- exhaustible, including renewable (biological, land, water, etc.) and non-renewable (mineral), practically inexhaustible (solar energy, geothermal and hydropower).

In addition to the classification of natural resources, their quantitative and qualitative assessment is carried out, and the study of their territorial combinations (TSPR) in the regions as a factor in the development of commercial production clusters. The overall assessment of the natural resources of the region is formed from private assessments of individual types of resources, which makes it possible to determine their totality - natural resource potential (NRP).

The natural resource potential serves as the basis for natural resource zoning, in which natural resource regions are singled out. They are territories, each of which, within certain boundaries, differs from its neighboring territories by the size and structure of its natural resource potential. The resulting assessment of the PDP serves as the basis for studying the structure and degree of application of this potential in a given territory. The difference between the total value of the PRP and that part of it that is used in economic activity reflects the further opportunities for the exploitation of the natural resources of the territory. One of the main components of the PDP assessment is the economic assessment of natural resources. Since the Middle Urals is characterized by a high level of development of the mining industry, we will dwell on the assessment of mineral resources in more detail. Mineral raw materials are obtained by developing mineral deposits, in which a useful substance is contained in an amount that economically justifies its extraction. All deposits are evaluated from a geological, technical and economic point of view.

The geological assessment of the deposit shows the quantity and quality of the mineral, conditions, depth, form of occurrence (layer, vein or stock) and other necessary information about it. Of primary importance is the quantity (reserve) of the mineral in the deposit. Reserves are divided into balance and off-balance. The former include such reserves in which the minerals in terms of their size, quality and conditions of occurrence meet the requirements of consumers (industrial enterprises) and the requirements for extraction. All other reserves that do not meet these requirements are transferred to off-balance sheet. The transfer of off-balance reserves to the category of balance reserves occurs, as a rule, after the depletion of the latter.

Today in the Sverdlovsk region there is no large-scale industrial development of iron and copper ore deposits with a low content of useful substance (for iron ores - less than 10-12%, for copper - less than 2-3%). With the exhaustion of rich deposits, such deposits will be in demand, so they can be classified as off-balance. Off-balance deposits also include those deposits whose development was stopped 10-15 years ago due to economic inefficiency at that time, although the ore body was not fully depleted. Examples are the Levikhinsky copper ore deposit and the Bulanash coal mine. It should be noted that these mines have been flooded several times, so the reactivation will require other mining technologies, such as in-situ leaching or oxidation. Therefore, with the improvement of equipment and technology of development, off-balance reserves can move into the category of balance ones.

Another element of the geological assessment of deposits is their division into four categories according to the degree of exploration: A, B, C and C2.

Category A includes those reserves that are already ready for development; as a result of the preparation of mine workings, the quality of the mineral is satisfactory, and the technologies for its processing and use have been worked out.

Category C includes those reserves that are determined on the basis of data from a rare network of drilling research wells. The quality of the mineral is determined by individual samples.

The technical assessment of mineral deposits is designed to determine the technical parameters for the development of identified reserves, the scale of production and the life of the deposit. Also, the method of extraction (open pit or underground), the volume of overburden work, mine sinking plans, technical indicators of mineral processing, etc. are determined.

Economic evaluation mineral deposits shows the importance of a mineral for the economy and the feasibility of its extraction and development as a source of a certain type of mineral raw materials. Based on the economic assessment, criteria for the quality of mineral raw materials are established, the reserves of the deposit are determined, the sequence of involvement in the development of its parts is assigned, etc. The main evaluation criterion is the difference between the price of the final product obtained from the mineral raw materials of the deposit and the costs of its production. The economic evaluation of mineral deposits contributes to the rationalization of nature management, and due to this, production efficiency increases.

At all stages of the use of a natural substance (or a group of substances), its transformations and territorial movements take place within the social link of the general circulation of a given substance (or substances) on Earth. This process is called the resource cycle. The following resource cycles are distinguished: energy resources and energy, metal ore resources and metals, non-metallic fossil raw materials, forest resources and timber, land resources and agricultural raw materials. There are planetary territorial structure resource cycles and regional-local structures of different taxonomic levels. One of the most important criteria for the rationality of the functioning and development of resource cycles is the provision of full-fledged properties and qualities of the environment necessary for a person.

But for the development of industry, it is not only a general assessment of the PDP and resource cycles that is important, but an assessment of the private potentials of the territory, which have a great influence on the industrial specialization of the regions and the possibility of resettlement of the population: geographical location, relief, mineral reserves, climate, water, land and biological resources. resources. Therefore, we will consider each potential separately in relation to the Urals Federal District, which, stretching from north to south for more than a thousand kilometers, has an extremely diverse natural resource potential. Features of the geographical location were discussed above. In this case, we note that a favorable economic and geographical position serves as an additional stimulating factor for the development of the regional economy.

The relief of the territory of the Ural Federal District is made up of the Ural Mountains located in the west, the vast West Siberian Plain is located to the east. . Its length is more than 2000 km, and its width is from 40 to 150 km. The Ural mountainous country consists of the main watershed range and several side ranges.

The Ural Federal District has the richest reserves of various mineral resources, which have a huge impact on the industrial specialization of the region and the level of its development. The main share of mineral reserves is fuel resources (oil, natural gas, coal, oil shale, peat) and deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals (manganese, iron, silver, copper, zinc, gold, lead, nickel). In the group of fuel resources of the Ural Federal District, hydrocarbon resources are of great importance. About 65-70% of Russian oil reserves and 85-90% of natural gas reserves are concentrated here.

The main deposits of iron ores and ores of non-ferrous methods are concentrated within the Ural Mountains. There are no deposits of rich iron ore left in the Urals, so the region's needs for iron ore are not fully satisfied by its own production. For more than 40 years, the development of low-grade ores of the Kachkanarskoye and Bakalskoye deposits, which contain 3/4 of the reserves of the Ural iron ores, has been carried out. These ores contain 15-17% iron and 0.14-0.17% vanadium. The extraction of these ores is profitable due to their complex composition.

Reserves of copper ores are concentrated along the meridional axis of the Ural Mountains, which includes the Krasnouralskoye, Kirovgradskoye, Degtyarskoye, Levikhinskoye deposits. Copper is also found as an associated component of iron ore deposits. The Satka magnesite deposit in the Chelyabinsk region, where the Magnezit plant operates, is unique.

Significant reserves of aluminum raw materials (bauxites) are concentrated in the North Ural bauxite-bearing basin (Krasnaya Shapochka, Severnoye, Sosvinskoye and other deposits), which was discovered in 1931. The content of aluminum oxide Al 2 O 3 in ore reaches 52-53%. Due to the depletion of the upper layers of deposits in development, the share of deeper horizons being developed by the underground method is increasing.

Climatic conditions on the territory of the Ural Federal District are very diverse, while a significant part of it is characterized by extreme natural and climatic conditions. For example, the northern part of the Tyumen region belongs to the regions of the Far North. There are various natural zones on the territory of the district: the arctic tundra in the Far North is replaced to the south by tundra and forest tundra, then by taiga, forest-steppe and steppe in the south.

Most of the district's rivers belong to the basins of the Arctic Ocean (R. Pechora, Usa, Tobol, Iset, Tura) and the Caspian Sea (R. Chusovaya, Ural). The Urals is the land of lakes. There are more than three thousand of them on the territory of the Chelyabinsk region. Groundwater is also of great importance. At the same time, water resources are distributed unevenly, which leads to their insufficiency. First of all, this applies to the industrial regions of the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions.

The land resources of the district are represented by tundra soils containing up to 5% of humus (tundra gley, tundra podburs, etc.). Permafrost and permafrost landforms associated with it, as well as swamps and lakes, are widespread in the forest-tundra. Soddy-podzolic soils are represented in the taiga zone. In the forest-steppe and steppe, gray forest soils and leached and podzolized chernozems are common, containing 2-16% humus. Agricultural land is concentrated in the Kurgan and southern parts of the Tyumen regions. These regions have the best conditions for agriculture. In the northern regions, animal husbandry is more common, since agricultural land is represented mainly by pastures and hayfields.

Biological resources are mainly represented by large forests. The taiga zone is an object of world importance, performing the function of the "green lungs" of the planet. The type of prevailing vegetation is associated with the latitudinal change of natural zones. Pine, cedar, larch, fir, spruce (coniferous forests) predominate in the north; in the south, in the forest-steppe - birches, aspens; in the swamps - alder, birch, willow.

8. Labor resources and labor potential of the Ural region

The population is the object of study of many sciences - socio-economic geography, regional economics, population geography, geo-urban studies, demography, etc. This suggests that demographic processes are an almost ideal object for studying the processes of dynamics in the economy and society.

An integrated approach to the study of the population is implemented by demography, which is the science of general and particular patterns of population reproduction. Within the framework of socio-economic geography, the geography of population and settlement has been successfully developing for a long period. At the intersection of geography and demography, geodemography arose, which, in our opinion, is a science that studies the totality of relationships between historically and regionally defined demographic processes and structures with the settlement system, territorial production system, social infrastructure, and lifestyle of the population. The main conceptual categories of geodemography are population and demographic situation. The population is the totality of people living in a certain territory, which is most often defined by the boundaries of a settlement (settlement). The demographic situation is understood as a certain state of the population in relation to the geographical, historical and economic conditions in which it is located.

For a general description of the demographic situation, two main attributive features of the population are sufficient: its quantitative composition (aggregate) and territorial affiliation. For a deeper analysis of data on these parameters, it is clearly not enough, since it is more advantageous to analyze the demographic situation within the country, its regions and settlements to compare the population size, the ratio of sex, age, socio-professional and ethno-confessional groups, the direction of migration, etc. In addition to ascertaining the quantitative parameters of the population, it is very important to determine those causes and factors of change that affect the self-preservation of the population and the replacement of generations in different ways.

The main demographic indicators characterizing the population are the structure of the population, the size of the population, the dynamics of natural and mechanical growth, the ethno-confessional structure and the size of the labor force. In the geography of the population, a wider set of characteristics of the characteristics of the population is used:

1. Demographic: gender, age, civil status (legal and civil status), marital status.

2. Economic: profession, qualifications, attitude to work (economically active or passive), seniority, sources of livelihood.

3. Cultural: nationality, mother tongue, religion, education, living in a city or village.

4. Social: official position, citizenship, participation in political organizations, class affiliation.

5. Biological: race, blood type, height, weight and other anthropological characteristics.

6. Geographic: place of residence and place of birth, etc.

The structure of the population is a differentiation of individuals according to various characteristics, on the basis of which typological groups are formed, the main feature of which is plurality. The main ones are the age and sex structure, as well as the marriage and family structure of the population. The distribution of people who form the population according to the values ​​of one attribute is the composition of the population. It can be represented by two or more gradations of a characteristic (groups), for example, the distribution of the population by sex.

Age and sex structure is the distribution of the population by sex and age. The marriage and family structure of the population includes two opposite processes - marriage and divorce. These demographic structures have a direct impact on the processes of natural (birth and death) and mechanical (migration) population growth, as well as on the quality of labor resources. The size of labor resources of the territory is determined by the number of people of working age.

The population is greatly affected by the processes of natural and mechanical growth. The absolute population is the number of people living in a given area at a given time. It is calculated based on the results of population censuses or current population statistics. Natural increase is calculated as the difference between the number of births and deaths. Mechanical growth is calculated similarly, according to the number of arrivals and departures. Changes in population over a certain period are determined by the magnitude of natural and mechanical growth. The negative value of these values ​​indicates a population decline.

For each administrative-territorial unit, two groups of the population are defined: permanent and present. Permanent population is more of a legal category, since it takes into account the population for which this settlement is the place of usual residence. This is determined by the fact of registration in a particular residential area. The actual population is a spatial category, since it is a collection of people who are at a certain moment in the territory of a settlement or region. At present, the ethno-confessional structure, which is the distribution of the population according to national and religious characteristics, is of great importance for our country.

Russia, and especially the Urals Federal District, is gradually turning into a center of labor migration of the population. This is facilitated by the gradual growth of the economy, which needs a labor force, as well as the emerging improvement in migration policy. These processes lead both to an increase in the transit of cultures and to the realization that the involvement of migrants as a labor force should not lead to interethnic conflicts with the indigenous population. This is possible only in the case when there is a distribution of visitors to those sectors of the economy that are most in need of labor. Currently it is industry and construction. Therefore, in Russia, as a multinational country, ethno-unifying processes will intensify: consolidation and assimilation.

Turning to the characteristics of the demographic situation in the Urals Federal District, it should be noted that it is subject to the all-Russian depopulation trends. This was reflected in an increase in the proportion of the population of older ages, an excess of women over men, a decrease in the number of children in the total population, and a decrease in the overall structure of the economically employed population of qualified technical specialists. The demographic situation in the Urals Federal District was formed under the influence of several factors - a cycle of waves of migration movement from the West to the Urals, natural increase, etc. Therefore, the nature of the demographic situation in each region is individual. Since the Urals is one of the most highly urbanized regions, the demographic situation is subject to patterns inherent in urban settlements, and not rural ones.

The population of the Urals Federal District, in accordance with depopulation trends, continues to decline and currently amounts to more than 12 million people. The natural increase has a negative value and is more than -5%. Population decline is typical for the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan and Tyumen regions. In the Tyumen North, in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, the situation is reversed. These regions have a positive population growth, which is largely determined by the dominance of the young age structure, when the population is in reproductive age.

The Ural Federal District is characterized to a certain extent by multinationality. Russians make up the majority of the population (both in cities and rural areas). Also significant specific gravity Bashkir and Tatar population. Sufficiently large groups are Ukrainians and Germans, who for the most part were forcibly resettled in the Urals, by deportation during the Stalinist period. In the Tyumen region, in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous small peoples North of Russia - Khanty, Mansi, Nenets and Selkups. The main problem is the preservation of the foundations of their economic existence, since many territories traditionally used for reindeer pastures have degraded as a result of the activities of the oil and gas complex. This requires the adoption of mutually beneficial decisions both for the representatives of these peoples themselves and for the authorities.

In confessional terms, the believing population of the Ural Federal District professes two major world religions - Christianity (mainly Orthodoxy, although there are quite influential Catholic and Protestant communities in large regional centers) and Islam. Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians are Orthodox, Tatars and Bashkirs profess Islam.

The basis of the labor resources of the federal district is the population of working age, which is distinguished by high professional training. Due to the high share of industry in the volume of production, the majority of the population in the region is employed in it, but due to the market transformation of society, the employment structure has changed. A new socio-professional group of entrepreneurs has appeared, the number of people employed in industry and construction has decreased (at present there are not enough workers), the share of people employed in the service sector, trade and transport has increased.

Complex processes of conversion of enterprises of the military-industrial complex led to a reduction in demand for technical specialists, which led to an increase in hidden unemployment and mass layoffs. To a greater extent, this affected the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, where the concentration of military-industrial complex enterprises is very high.

In the Urals Federal District, intra-regional differentiation in terms of unemployment is clearly expressed. The highest unemployment rate is noted in the Kurgan region, which is characterized by specialization in mechanical engineering and metalworking, and the lowest - in the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs.

The main and determining factor in the demand for labor is the dynamics of the functioning of industry. At the same time, the disproportion between supply and demand in the labor market is clearly expressed. Demand for workers in industry and construction remains, but there is an excess of female labor in the labor market, as well as graduates of educational institutions without professional experience who have received vocational training in low-demand specialties. The level of female employment is higher in large and large cities, which have a diverse social and industrial infrastructure. Here, women's labor is more in demand in the service sector due to its rapid development.

The all-regional settlement system of the Urals was formed over a long period of more than three hundred years, so its modern specificity is a reflection of the historical features of the settlement and economic development of the region. Initially developing on an industrial basis, at the present stage the regional system of settlement is characterized by an increased proportion of urban settlements. This is due to the earlier course of urbanization processes in the Urals compared to other regions of the country. Therefore, the existing territorial and urban structure of the region is the most mature. The calculations performed show that there are on average 1.1 urban settlements per 10 thousand km2 of the Ural Federal District, incl. 0.44 cities. In the Middle Urals, these figures are several times higher than the general district ones and amount to 7.4 and 2.4, respectively, which confirms the highly urbanized nature of the regional settlement system.

The Urals, as an old industrial region, is characterized by the presence of several formed territorial-group systems of settlement of various functional-hierarchical ranks. The lowest level of them is the so-called "grassroots" settlement systems, usually formed on the basis of municipal districts, urban districts and their centers. Under favorable conditions (the presence of a system-forming center of the potential for full involvement in the sphere of its influence of settlements-"satellites" and more remote territories, and a well-developed transport system), "grassroots" settlement systems are transformed into local settlement systems (LSR). They include hierarchically mutually subordinate settlements, which are united by inter-settlement socio-economic and technical-industrial relationships. Each LSR has the following territorial features:

1. Territorial unity and a developed transport network linking together settlements;

2. Industrial-technological and social-labor relationships with the backbone city and individual settlements;

3. The presence within the group of administrative and cultural and domestic ties that create conditions for the socio-cultural development of the system;

4. Joint use of objects of various kinds of infrastructure (transport, industrial, social, etc.).

In the course of further development, concentrating the socio-economic potential, LSR can transform into larger clusters of urban settlements - urban agglomerations. They are compact spatial groupings of urban and rural settlements, which are united with each other and the "core" city by industrial, labor, cultural, community and recreational relationships. As a rule, local settlement systems occupy a larger territory than urban agglomerations and are characterized by less intensity of interconnections with settlement systems remote from the “core” city.

The primary unit in settlement systems is a settlement (settlement) - a permanently or seasonally inhabited place of human settlement, characterized by spatial limitation and territorial commonality. Settlements can have different spatial forms, size, functional purpose, administrative status, occupation of residents and technical level.

The settlement is not only a place of resettlement of people, but also the territory for the placement of social infrastructure facilities, enterprises and institutions of the industrial and non-industrial sphere.

In modern Russian regulations(Administrative Code, Housing Code, Town Planning Code, Federal Law "On the General Principles of Local Self-Government", etc.) there is no division into cities, towns, etc. Only two forms of settlements are singled out - urban and rural.

urban settlements- settlements that perform the following economic functions (one or more):

1) industrial;

2) transport;

3) organizational, economic, cultural, political and administrative;

4) organization of recreation and treatment (resorts).

To determine urban settlements, a set of features is used: the size of the population, the structure of its employment, the economic and cultural significance of the settlement, taking into account the local characteristics of various countries and regions.

Urban settlements are divided into two main forms: cities and urban-type settlements (UGS). In geography and statistics, an urban-type settlement is usually understood as an administratively formalized type of a grassroots urban settlement, which occupies an intermediate position between a rural settlement and a city. Urban settlements are divided into three main groups of settlements: workers, resorts, summer cottages.

Work settlements include settlements at large factories, mines, power plants, construction sites, hydraulic structures and other facilities with at least 3 thousand inhabitants, including at least 85% of workers, employees and members of their families. At least 2 thousand people live in resort villages (settlements located in areas of medical importance). The number of people who come annually for treatment and recreation in these villages should be at least 50% of their permanent population. Dacha settlements are settlements that are places of summer recreation for citizens; in them, no more than 25% of the adult population is engaged in agriculture.

Rural settlements include small settlements whose inhabitants are engaged in territorially dispersed activities: villages, villages, settlements, farms, villages, auls, etc.

"Agricultural" and "rural non-agricultural" settlements are concepts that specify the production orientation of rural-type settlements. In the first case, these are settlements, the inhabitants of which are mainly engaged in agricultural labor, in the second case, settlements, the inhabitants of which are employed outside the sphere of agriculture and participate in the implementation of other geographically dispersed functions ( forestry, maintenance of transport, exploitation of recreational resources, etc.).

The Urals Federal District is one of the most highly urbanized in the country. Approximately 75% of the county's population lives in cities. The population of only two cities exceeds one million inhabitants. These are Yekaterinburg (1266 thousand) and Chelyabinsk (1083 thousand). In the Sverdlovsk region, 81% of the population lives in cities and urban-type settlements, in the Chelyabinsk region - 75%. The population density of the Urals is low and amounts to only 7 people. per 1 km 2. The spatial distribution of the population is characterized by unevenness. The Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions are the most densely populated, while the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs are sparsely populated.

Due to the loss of population in many urban-type settlements and smaller rural settlements In the Urals, the departing population is being replaced by migrants from the North Caucasus and the countries of the East: China and Vietnam. This is due to the fact that it is easier to adapt here. This process is especially pronounced in the Sverdlovsk region, where the process of transit of cultures is intensifying. The dynamics and consequences of this process remain incomprehensible and unclear.

9. Economics, structure and organization of the economy of the Urals:

general characteristic

The development of human society is always accompanied by economic relationships of various kinds. The complication of the structure of society changes the nature of economic relations, therefore, throughout human history, various types of economic activity replaced each other. Researchers distinguish several types of economic activity that are characteristic of the economy at different stages of its development:

1. traditional economy. Within the framework of this type of economic activity, knowledge and skills are passed from generation to generation (agricultural peasant economy);

2. market system. By balancing supply and demand, it is determined which product to produce, how and for whom;

3. planned system. Economic activity is strictly regulated by directive instructions from the center (capital);

4. mixed system. Represents the optimal combination of planned and market mechanisms (China, USA).

The organization of economic activity in society is based on various approaches, among which the main ones are systemic, formational and civilizational.

From point of view systems approach industrial enterprises are separate production, technological and socio-economic complexes that are part of the national economic system.

As part of civilizational approach community development associated with the achievement of a certain stage of development, which is characterized by achieved level material and spiritual culture. Researchers distinguish two types of civilizations: geographical (mountain, river, sea, ocean) and economic (agrarian, industrial, post-industrial).

Formative approach is one of the most developed in domestic science. The core of this approach is the concept of a socio-economic formation, which is a society that is at a certain stage of its development. At the heart of each formation is a certain mode of production - a historically determined way of creating wealth. Therefore, in the process of material production, two sides are distinguished - productive forces and production relations.

The productive forces are the material content of social production. The components of the productive forces are:

a) means of production - tools and objects of labor;

b) tools of labor - machines, devices, tools with the help of which a person acts on the substance of nature, on the object of labor;

c) objects of labor - the object of the application of human forces, as well as everything that his labor is aimed at, from which the finished product is obtained (raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products, etc.);

d) labor force (person) - a personal factor of production;

e) technology.

Production relations are based on the relationship between people in the process of production and distribution of material goods. Highlighted the following types industrial relations:

a) organizational and technical (dictated by the specifics of production);

b) political and economic (based on the existence of property and rights to it);

c) organizational and technological.

The distribution of productive forces is a spatial form of social division of labor, which is expressed in the spatial distribution of industrial enterprises on the territory of an economic region, an administrative-territorial unit of a country, etc. In the process of locating industrial production, not only economic, but also social tasks are solved: the development of social infrastructure, the creation of conditions for attracting investment, new jobs and a comfortable living environment.

To designate the geographical location of the production of material goods, the concept of factors and principles of the distribution of productive forces is used.

Factors of placement of productive forces- technological and technical and economic features of production, which affect its location.

A relatively limited range of factors has a direct impact on the location of industrial enterprises, including natural and economic (raw materials, geographical environment, labor resources and consumption density), technical and economic (scientific and technological progress and rational forms of production organization), economic and political and transport factors.

They are closely interconnected and jointly influence the location of enterprises in a particular industry, although they differ in economic and geographical essence. When it comes to, for example, raw materials, fuel-energy and water factors, the question inevitably arises about the specific location, as well as the magnitude and efficiency of the use of sources of raw materials, fuel, energy and water resources. A similar question arises when considering the consumer factor and the labor force factor, with the only difference that in this case we are talking about fairly large areas.

Principles of placement of productive forces- these are the initial scientific provisions used by the state in its economic policy. There are the following principles of placement:

1. bringing production closer to sources of raw materials, fuel, energy and areas of consumption;

2. rational territorial division of labor with the most effective specialization of economic regions;

3. international division of labor based on economic integration.

Enterprises, industries and the intersectoral complexes formed by them act as the main links in the technical and production chains.

The enterprise is an independent economic entity with the right of a legal entity, created in the manner prescribed by law, designed to perform work and provide services in order to meet public needs and make a profit. The enterprise has the following features: 1) economic independence; 2) completeness of the technological chain for the production of its products; 3) resource requirements typical for this type of enterprise.

The enterprise independently carries out its activities, disposes of the manufactured products, the profit received, remaining after the payment of taxes and other obligatory payments. The main goal of the enterprise is to obtain the maximum and stable profit from the sale of products and services in a competitive world market to meet the public needs and interests of members of the workforce and property owners.

There are several organizational and legal forms of enterprises (commercial organizations), which are determined Civil Code RF. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation legal entities can be created in the following forms:

a) Business partnerships and companies , which are recognized as commercial organizations with an authorized capital divided into shares (contributions) of founders (participants).

Forms of business partnerships:

General partnership- a partnership, the participants of which (general partners) in accordance with the agreement are engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for obligations with their property.

Limited partnership (limited partnership)- a partnership in which, along with the participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for the obligations of the partnership with their property, there are one or more participants - investors (limited partners) who bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the partnership within the limits of the amounts of contributions made by them and do not take part in the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by the partnership.

Forms of business companies:

Limited Liability Company – a company founded by one or more persons, authorized capital which is divided into certain shares; LLC participants are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company within the value of their contributions.

Public corporation - its participants may alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders,

Closed Joint Stock Company, whose shares can be distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons.

b) Production cooperatives (artels). Voluntary associations of citizens on the basis of membership for joint production or economic activities are recognized as such.

c) State and municipal enterprises.

unitary enterprise a commercial organization is recognized that is not endowed with the right of ownership to the property assigned to it by the owner, which is indivisible and cannot be distributed among contributions (shares, shares), including among employees of the enterprise. State or municipal enterprises may be created in the form of unitary enterprises.

d) organizational forms of industrial enterprises.

Ural economic region located at the junction of the European and Asian parts of Russia. He borders with the Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Volga and West Siberian economic regions. In the south it borders on Kazakhstan. The Ural is a land area, but along the Ural, Kama, Volga rivers and canals it has exit to the Caspian, Azov and Black Seas. Here developed transport network: transit railways and roads, as well as oil and gas pipelines. transport network connects Ural with the European part of Russia and Siberia.

The territory of the Urals includes Ural mountain system, stretching from north to south for more than 2 thousand km. with a width of 40 to 150 km (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Ural Mountains ()

By the nature of the relief and landscapes allocate Polar, Subpolar, Northern, Middle and Southern Urals. The main territory is medium-high ridges and ranges from 800 to 1200 m high. Only a few peaks reach a height of 1500 m above sea level. highest peak- Mount Narodnaya (1895 m), which is located in the Northern Urals (Fig. 3). In the literature, there are two variants of stress: Folk and Folk. The first is substantiated by the presence of the Naroda River at the foot of the mountain, and the second refers to 20-30 years. of the last century, when people sought to dedicate names to the symbols of the state.

Rice. 3. Mount Narodnaya ()

Mountain ranges stretch in parallel in the meridian direction. The ridges are separated by longitudinal mountain depressions, in which rivers flow. The mountains are composed of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. Karst is developed on the western slopes, there are many caves. One of the most famous is the Kungur Ice Cave.

Karst- a set of processes and phenomena associated with the activity of water and expressed in the dissolution of rocks such as gypsum, limestone, dolomite, rock salt, and the formation of voids in them (Fig. 4).

natural conditions unfavorable. The mountain range of the Urals influenced climate region. It changes in three directions: from north to south, from west to east and from the foot of the mountains to the peaks. The Ural Mountains are a climatic barrier to the transfer of moist air masses from west to east, i.e. from the Atlantic. Despite the insignificant height of the mountains, they prevent the spread of air masses to the east. Thus, the Cis-Urals receives more precipitation than in the Trans-Urals, and permafrost is also observed in the north of the Ural Mountains.

Diversity mineral resources The Urals is unparalleled among the economic regions of Russia (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Economic map of the Urals. ()

The Urals has long been the largest mining and metallurgical base of the country. There are 15 thousand deposits of various minerals here. The main wealth of the Urals is ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ore raw materials prevail in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, in the eastern foothills and the Trans-Urals. 2/3 of the iron ore reserves of the Urals are contained in the Kachkanar deposit. Oil fields are concentrated in the Perm Territory, Udmurtia, Bashkiria and the Orenburg Region. The largest gas condensate field in the European part of the country is located in the Orenburg region. Copper ores - in Krasnouralsk, Revda (Sverdlovsk region), Karabash (Chelyabinsk region), Mednogorsk (Orenburg region). Small reserves of coal are located in the Chelyabinsk basin, and brown coal - in Kopeysk. The Urals has large reserves of potash and table salts in the Verkhnekamsk basin. The region is also rich in precious metals: gold, silver, platinum. More than 5 thousand minerals have been found here. In the Ilmensky Reserve, on an area of ​​​​303 km 2, 5% of all minerals of the Earth are concentrated.

40% of the territory of the Urals is covered with forest. Forest performs recreational and sanitary functions. Northern forests are mainly for industrial use. The Perm Territory, Sverdlovsk Region, Bashkiria and Udmurtia are rich in forests. Cultivated lands and arable lands predominate in the structure of land. Soils almost everywhere are depleted as a result of human impact.

Rice. 6. Nature of the Perm Territory ()

The Urals is also rich in rivers (Fig. 6). There are 69 thousand of them here, but the region is unevenly provided with water resources. Most of the rivers are located on the western slope of the Urals. Rivers originate in the mountains, but in the upper reaches they are shallow. The region contains the most important educational tourism centers, historical and architectural monuments - such cities as Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Solikamsk, Izhevsk. Here are interesting objects of nature: Kungur Ice Cave (5.6 km long, consisting of 58 ice grottoes and a huge number of lakes (Fig. 7)), Kapova Cave (Republic of Bashkiria, with ancient wall paintings), as well as the Chusovaya River - one of the most beautiful rivers in Russia ( Fig. 8).

Rice. 7. Kungur ice cave ()

Rice. 8. River Chusovaya ()

Many of the resources of the Urals have been exploited for more than 300 years, so it is not surprising that they are depleted. However, it is premature to talk about the impoverishment of the Urals economic region. The fact is that the region is poorly studied geologically, the subsoil has been explored to a depth of 600-800 m, and it is possible to carry out geological exploration in width in the north and south of the region.

Celebrities of Udmurtia - Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov

Kalashnikov Mikhail Timofeevich - design engineer of small arms, creator of the world-famous AK-47 (Fig. 9).

Rice. 9. M. Kalashnikov with an AK-47 assault rifle ()

In 1947, the Kalashnikov assault rifle was put into service. Mikhail Timofeevich was born on November 10, 1919 in the village. Kurya Altai Territory. He was the 17th child in a large family. In 1948, Mikhail Timofeevich was sent to the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant to organize the manufacture of the first batch of his AK-47 assault rifle (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. M.T. Kalashnikov ()

In 2004, in the city of Izhevsk (the capital of Udmurtia), a small arms museum named after M.T. Kalashnikov. The basis of the museum includes a large collection of military and civilian weapons of Russian and foreign production, weapons accessories and personal belongings of Mikhail Timofeevich. Mikhail Timofeevich died on December 23, 2013 in the city of Izhevsk.

Ural - the border between Europe and Asia

The border between Europe and Asia is most often drawn along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains and Mugodzhar, the Emba River, along the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, along the Kuma-Manych depression and the Kerch Strait (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Obelisk in Yekaterinburg ()

General length border on the territory of Russia is 5524 km, of which along the Ural ridge - 2 thousand km, and along the Caspian Sea - 990 km. Another option for determining the border of Europe is often used - along the watershed of the Ural Range, the Ural River and the watershed of the Caucasus Range.

Lake Turgoyak

Lake Turgoyak is one of the most beautiful and cleanest lakes in the Urals. It is located in a mountain basin near the city of Miass, Chelyabinsk region (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12. Lake Turgoyak ()

The lake is recognized as a natural monument. It is deep - its average depth is 19 m, and the maximum reaches 36.5 m. Lake Turgoyak is famous for its very high transparency, which reaches 10-17 m. Turgoyak water is close to Baikal water. The bottom of the lake is rocky - from pebbles to cobblestones. The shores of the lake are high and steep. Only a few small streams flow into the lake. The main source of nutrition is groundwater. Interestingly, the water level in the lake fluctuates. There are several archaeological sites on the shores of Lake Turgoyak.

Bibliography

1. Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: Grade 9, textbook for students of educational institutions. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2011.

2. Fromberg A.E. Economic and social geography. - 2011, 416 p.

3. Atlas of economic geography, grade 9. - Bustard, 2012.

Homework

1. Tell us about the geographical location of the Urals.

2. Tell us about the relief and climate of the Urals.

3. Tell us about the mineral and water resources of the Urals.