The chemical industry is a type of industry in which the processing of raw materials by chemical methods is of key importance. The main materials used in this industry are various mineral raw materials and oil. The role of the chemical industry in modern world very large. Thanks to it, people can use various plastic and plastic products, as well as other products of oil refining. In addition, the industry provides explosives, fertilizers for agricultural needs, medicines, and so on.

Development

The beginning of the history of this industry is considered to be the industrial revolution, which took place at the beginning of the 17th century. Until the 16th century, the "science of substances" generally developed very slowly, but as soon as people learned how to apply this knowledge in industry, much changed. The very first product of the chemical industry was sulfuric acid, which still remains an extremely important substance and is used in many areas of human activity. At that time, this compound was mainly used in the processing of metal ores needed for the industrial revolution in large quantities. The first enterprises for the production of sulfuric acid were created in England, France and Russia.

The second stage in the development of this area was the need for mass production of soda ash. This substance was necessary to ensure the production of glass and fabrics.

At the first stage, England made the biggest contribution to the development of the industry. With the growing interest in organic chemistry, the development of this science was increasingly influenced by Germany, whose scientists are still considered among the best specialists in this field. At the beginning of the 20th century, most of the chemical production was located in this country, which, according to some analysts, provided German leaders with confidence in victory in World War I due to the high quality of explosives and advanced research on chemical weapons. By the way, it was German troops who used military poison gas for the first time.

Branches of the chemical industry

Now both inorganic and organic chemistry are relevant, many discoveries are made every year in these areas. The most promising developments are:

• Oil refining.
• Creation of medicines.
• Creation of fertilizers.
• Creation of polymers and plastics.
• The study of the conductive properties of substances.

Scientists have been working on the creation of an ideal conductor for several decades. If successful, humanity will be able to use the planet's resources much more efficiently.

Chemical industry in Russia

Petrochemistry

Petrochemistry is a key branch of the chemical industry in Russia. This is largely due to the extremely important role of the oil refining industry in the country's economy. Educational establishments tens of thousands of petrochemical specialists graduate every year. The state also allocates a lot of money to sponsor research in this area.

The annual sales volume of all petrochemical industries is more than 500 billion rubles.

Ammonia production

Togliattiazot is one of the leading ammonia producers in the world. Since recently, the company has been producing more than 3 million tons of gas per year, which is an exceptionally high figure. According to experts, the share of this company in the world production of ammonia is from 8 to 10%, the company is also engaged in the production of mineral fertilizers and occupies about 20% of the Russian market in this sector.

Fertilizer production

An important part of the industry is the production of fertilizers. On the territory of Russia there are very large deposits of raw materials for this industry. The production of resources to create chemical fertilizers is also well developed. In Soviet times, the best scientists worked to improve the efficiency of fertilizers, who made many fundamental discoveries in this area. Thanks to this, Russia is one of the most important exporters of fertilizers.

Pharmaceutical industry

The production of medicines and their components is very promising direction. Currently, this industry does not cover Russian needs, and the creation of many drugs has not even been established. Therefore, every year foreign investors, including large chemical concerns, invest in the development of this industry. Nevertheless, a significant increase in production volumes and product quality, according to analysts, will occur at best in ten years.

Chemical industry in the world

The most developed chemical industry is in Germany, Great Britain and the USA. That is, among European countries the most advanced are usually states that have made a certain contribution to the development of chemistry as a science. In the case of the United States, this is due to favorable conditions for the development of chemistry and pharmacology: a good economic environment, the availability of large raw materials and a developed transport system, and the luring of the best specialists from other countries.

In particular, there are 2 companies from Germany, 2 from Great Britain and one from the USA in the top five concerns with the highest profit.

If we consider the political or economic maps of the world, we can trace one significant pattern in the placement of countries with indicators economic development above the average. These countries create several groups whose territories are closely located. And this is not just an interesting geographical fact, but an important regularity in the geography of the modern world economy.

Industry is the most important branch of the production sphere. And although in the era of scientific and technological revolution specific gravity industry in the structure of employment has decreased due to the non-manufacturing sector, this speaks more about the success of automation and robotization of industrial production.

Conventionally, the industry is divided into extractive and manufacturing industries. The share of these industries in the country's economy indicates the level of its economic development. The more developed the country's economy, the more manufacturing industries are represented there. Today, about $80\%$ of manufacturing products are produced in countries with a high level of development - Japan, the USA, countries Western Europe. The share of extractive industries in their economy is insignificant (up to $6\%$). The role of developing countries in the development of industry is gradually increasing. And in some modern industries, some developing countries have taken a leading position (countries of new industrialization).

In the structure of manufacturing industries, the chemical industry, mechanical engineering, electric power industry, and non-ferrous metallurgy play a dominant role. Each of these industries is characterized by its own peculiarities of location and development. Let's consider these questions in more detail.

Energy

Definition 1

Energy - a complex set of interrelated industries that provide the extraction and processing of energy resources, the generation and transmission of electricity.

The power industry includes the fuel industry and the electric power industry. Significant changes have taken place in the structure of the fuel industry in recent years. Instead of coal, they began to use oil and gas more widely.

Today the oil industry is developed in $75$ countries of the world. Thanks to oil resources, the Middle East has become the world's main fuel and energy base. Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, UAE, Kuwait have the highest oil production rates.

The Middle East fields provide about $30\%$ of world oil production. $20\%$ of oil is produced by the countries of North America. Venezuela is the leading oil-producing country in South America. In Europe, the UK and Norway are producing oil offshore the North Sea. Offshore oil fields are also being developed by Denmark, Spain, and the Netherlands. Among the CIS countries, Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have high oil production rates.

The oil refining industry is concentrated in the economically developed countries of the world.

The role of the gas industry is growing. Gas is not only a fuel, but also a valuable chemical raw material. The main gas producing countries of the world are:

• Russia,
• Turkmenistan,
• Iran,
• Indonesia,
• Qatar,
• Great Britain,
• Canada.

Remark 1

The electric power industry is one of the leading branches of scientific and technological revolution. In the production and consumption of electricity, the developed countries peace. Among them are the USA, China, Japan, Germany, Canada, France, Russia, Great Britain. Most of the electricity is produced at thermal power plants ($75\%$). Hydroelectric power stations are being built in areas with turbulent rivers - in Northern Europe, South America. Today, hydroelectric power plants provide about $17\%$ of electricity. The role of nuclear power plants has increased. Now they produce almost $7\%$ of the world's electricity. Here France, Belgium, Sweden are in the lead. They also use non-traditional energy sources - the Sun, wind, internal energy of the Earth.

Metallurgy

The mining industry is located in places of concentration of industrial stocks of raw materials. China, Australia, Brazil, Sweden, Ukraine, Canada, Russia, USA, Kazakhstan famous for its iron ore deposits. Famous for copper ores Chile, USA Canada. The same countries are leaders in the world non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy based on imported raw materials is developed in Japan. Recently, powder metallurgy has been intensively developing in developed countries.

mechanical engineering

The world engineering industry consists of approximately $70$ industries and provides $37%$ of the value of world industrial production. At present, the percentage of science-intensive branches of engineering is increasing. Conventionally, the machine-building complex is divided into general machine building, precision and transport.

• General mechanical engineering, which is based on a metallurgical base and raw materials, is located in the Lakeside region of the USA, in the Ruhr basin of Germany, in the Upper Silesian basin of Poland, in the Urals and in northeastern China.
• Transport engineering especially developed in countries such as the USA, Japan, Germany, France and South Korea. The United States, Russia, France, China are famous for aircraft and rocket building. Rocket science is also being developed in the DPRK.
• precision engineering was developed at the end of the $XX$ century, with the development of scientific and technological revolution. Along with the traditionally highly developed countries (USA, Japan, Germany), competitive high-tech products on the world market began to be massively supplied by China, India and the countries of the "new industrialization" - South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia.

Today, three main world centers of mechanical engineering are distinguished on the economic map of the world: North America, Western Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia.

Chemical industry

The chemical industry is also considered one of the leading branches of scientific and technological revolution. Today, more than $400 thousand chemicals are used in the world. They often displace natural materials from consumption and production. The success of the chemical industry is facilitated by the fact that it has a wide raw material base.

Traditionally, Western Europe remains the leading region for the development of the chemical industry. The countries of this region account for about $40\%$ of world chemical production. Germany, Italy and France are the leaders here. The traditional production of basic chemistry is based on its own raw materials, while the chemistry of organic synthesis is oriented towards imported raw materials.

The US chemical industry, which is developing on the basis of ferrous metallurgy waste from the Lake District and oil from the South. In terms of volume, it is not inferior to European production. And the products of the chemical industry are widely used by the population, both in production and in everyday life.

In the countries of East and Southeast Asia (Japan, China, the countries of "new industrialization"), the chemistry of organic synthesis based on imported (with the exception of China and Indonesia) raw materials is rapidly developing.

Forestry and woodworking industry

In the forest zone there are countries such as the USA, Canada, Russia, the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Brazil. It is there that the largest centers for the timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries are located. Enterprises tend to sources of raw materials, water and to the consumer.

Light industry

Remark 2

The light industry is considered one of the oldest branches of the world economy. Its sub-sectors are the textile, clothing, fur, footwear and leather goods industries.

The main fabric producers are the USA, China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina.
The clothing industry is developed in Italy, France, India, and South Korea.
Paris, Vienna and New York are considered the centers of world fashion.

Recently, in the geography of light industry, there has been a gradual shift towards developing countries.

In the modern world, it is difficult to underestimate, because it is this sector of production that determines the level and quality of our life. Industry is the most important part of the world economy, and at the level of the country's economy it is the industry on which the achievements of everything depend. National economy any state.

With the development of industry, the way of life of a person has changed dramatically.

Exactly industrial Revolution second half of the 17th century. marked the transition from an agrarian type of society to an industrial one. Labor productivity in material production as the main indicator of fruitfulness economic activity people, much higher than in the field of agriculture or the service sector. All industries are characterized by a stable growth in output. At the same time, in highly developed countries, the number of workers employed in industrial production is declining. This effect of the development of modern industry is denoted by the term "deserted growth".

Such a high importance of industry is understandable and justified: it is one of the main customers of all other sectors of the economy, as well as a force that can set in motion technological research of varying degrees of complexity. It is in this area human activity first of all, all the latest developments and achievements of scientific and technological progress are introduced. In this regard, the main feature of the industrial world today is the stable growth of production with a high degree knowledge-intensive, which create expensive and, as a rule, innovative products. Small business and medium-sized businesses play an important role here, providing the population with new jobs and from year to year increasing their share in the creation of the gross domestic product.

The impetus for the arrival and solid justification of private business in industry was its comprehensive support from the states of economically highly developed countries, which was reflected primarily in the creation of the most favorable environment for doing business.
Despite the announced transition to post-industrial society, in which the service sector plays a leading role, the expected decline in the importance of industry did not occur.

While global gross domestic product largely forms the service sector, trade in international markets is still represented by industrial products. In addition, some types of economic activity related to the service sector according to the accepted classification are in fact closely related to industry. For example, industrial services provided by maintenance enterprises or commissioning services.
Thus, it is industry that is the main factor in the development of human society, the importance of which will only increase along with the growth of the population and its needs.

ME Lecture 2 Nature res sweat world hoz.doc

^

The place and role of modern industry in the world economy

Industry, as already noted, remains the leading branch of material production, and its share in the total output of the branches of material production is growing.

modern industry consists of many independent industries.

An industry is a set of enterprises characterized by the unity of the economic purpose of their products, the homogeneity of processed raw materials, the commonality of technological processes and technical base, and professional personnel.

The combination of several specialized industries is a complex industry (ferrous metallurgy, electricity and heat, engineering, etc.).

The composition and correlation of individual industries, reflecting certain production relationships, the degree of differentiation and specialization of industries characterize the sectoral structure of industry. Depending on the economic purpose of products, there are industries that produce the means of production, and industries that produce consumer goods.

Industries according to the nature of the impact on the object of labor are divided into mining and processing. The first are engaged in the extraction of natural raw materials (ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, coal, peat, natural gas, slates), the second - in the processing of products from extractive industries or agriculture.

The classification of industries includes the following main economic principles: economic purpose of manufactured products; the nature of the functioning of products in the production process; homogeneity of the intended purpose of the manufactured products, the commonality of the processed raw materials, the affinity of the technology used; the nature of the impact on the object of labor, etc.

But the largest part of industries is covered by the sign of the intended purpose of their products.

The role of industry in the world economy is determined by a number of factors"

The level of mechanization (as a product of industry) is growing in all sectors of the economy: for example, Agriculture, the construction industry, trade, banking, even the household in increasing volumes are in need of mechanization;

Natural raw materials (agricultural products) are increasingly being replaced by synthetic raw materials, which changes the structure of the world economy in favor of industry;

A number of industries and industries are moving into the sphere of industry from other sectors of the economy;

Food products (as traditional agricultural products) are increasingly consumed after industrial processing.

Without considering in detail all branches of industry, we will focus only on mechanical engineering, since this branch is the material basis for the technical re-equipment of the economy, and this predetermines its leading role in industry as a whole.

Mechanical engineering in developed countries and some developing countries is going through a difficult period of comprehensive restructuring. The traditional branches of mechanical engineering are intensively developing, where new technological methods of production and advanced technology are being actively introduced.

The sectoral structure of mechanical engineering can be represented as follows.

1. General mechanical engineering (machine tool building, equipment manufacturing, etc.).

2. Electrical industry (including electronic).

3. Transport engineering (automobile industry, aircraft-rocket industry, shipbuilding, railway equipment production, agricultural engineering, construction equipment production, etc.). The production apparatus of new high-tech industries is being improved, and expenditures on all types of R&D in mechanical engineering are increasing.

As a result of the development of scientific and technical progress, the role of mechanical engineering in the economy of developed countries is increasing.

A factor holding back a further increase in the share of mechanical engineering in the manufacturing industry of industrially developed countries is the continued separation from mechanical engineering into the service sector, the production infrastructure of such functions as programming and maintenance of electronic computers; design of complex production systems and communication networks; provision of services in engineering, leasing, training of personnel; consulting services, etc.

Among the branches of transport engineering, the aerospace industry (ARCP), microelectronics and automotive industry are at the center of modern state industrial policy. these industries play a key role in the development of not only mechanical engineering, but also the entire economy of the leading Western countries.

The regulation of the development of these industries by the state is carried out in two directions: through the stimulation of the innovation process; by implementing various measures, including protectionist ones, in order to facilitate competitive conditions for national firms in the domestic and foreign markets.

At present, the ARCP and the electrical (including radio electronics) industry account for 44% and 28%, respectively, in the USA, 25% in Japan (for electrical engineering), 47% and 29% in Germany, 50% and 43% in France, and 50% and 43% in the UK. 45 and 40%, in Italy - 30% (for each industry) of total government spending on R&D in the manufacturing industry. About 60% of total government spending on R&D in US engineering is directed to the ARCP (75% of the industry's total expenditures for this purpose) and is associated mainly with military orders, most of which are carried out by a limited circle of large specialized contractors.

The role of agriculture in the world economy. Agro-industrial complex and its development trends

^ Agro-industrial complex (AIC) is of particular importance in the global economy. It is one of the main national economic complexes that determine the conditions for the maintenance of the life of society. Its significance is not so much in meeting the needs of people in food products, but also in the fact that it significantly affects the occupation of the population and the efficiency of all national production.

The agro-industrial complex is the largest of the main (basic) complexes in the country's global economy.

The agro-industrial complex includes all types of production and production services, the creation and development of which are subordinated to the production of final consumer products from agricultural raw materials. The agro-industrial complex includes three major areas of industries.

The first sphere of the agro-industrial complex - tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for the food industry; agrochemistry (production of mineral fertilizers and microbiological industry); feed industry; the system of material and technical maintenance of agriculture; land reclamation and agriculture

Construction.

Second sphere - crop production, animal husbandry, fishery, forestry

The third area of ​​the agro-industrial complex - food industry; refrigeration, storage, specialized transport facilities; trade and other enterprises and organizations involved in bringing the final product to the consumer, including wholesale markets, retail trade and catering. Each area should also include the relevant branches of science and training."

In economically developed countries, the share of agriculture in the structure of the agro-industrial complex occupies a relatively smaller place both in terms of the cost of production and the number of people employed in this area.

Once upon a time, the share of agriculture in the GNP or GDP of many countries of the world was not only predominant, but also reaching such values ​​as 60 - 80%. Now in developed countries it fluctuates between 2 - 10%. Thus, the share of agriculture in the US GNP is only 2%, and at the same time, the country produces such a gigantic volume of agricultural products that it can satisfy the needs of not only 260 million Americans, But"" and another 100 million people. abroad, since the US is a major exporter of these products.

Agriculture remains one of the leading branches of material production in the world economy. At present, due to the intense impact of scientific and technical progress, agriculture is undergoing a period of deep structural restructuring. There was a transition of agricultural production to the machine stage of development: agriculture is turning into an integral part of a large agro-industrial complex.

Across the land, the quality of productive land varies significantly. Soil fertility depends on many natural factors.

The lands used in agriculture and producing a variety of food products occupy 35% of the world's land fund. They are very different in their natural properties, in their ability to produce cultivated plants or herbs on which cattle graze, that is, in their agro-natural potential.

In the most general terms, lands are divided into two large categories: 1) agricultural, where cultivated plants are grown, and 2) pasture, intended for grazing livestock.

The most valuable and fertile lands of the planet, used with varying degrees of intensity, are about 1.5 billion hectares. They are very different in quality, level of productivity and uneven distribution across the continents.

If in the whole world there is 0.3 ha of arable land per inhabitant, then in Asia, where 31% of the world arable land is concentrated, this figure (0.15 ha) is the lowest on the planet. In other words, in Asia, 1 ha should feed 7 Human. In densely populated Europe, 1 hectare already feeds 4 people, in South America - 2.0, in North America - almost 1.5 people.

The various sizes of land masses being cultivated on the continents depend not so much on the needs of the population, but on the agro-natural potential of the territory. This is clearly seen in the example of Asia. In the foreign territories of Asia, where more than 3.1 billion people currently live, only 17% of the total area has been plowed up, which is why the rate of per capita provision of arable land for the local population is so low here.

Most favorable natural conditions for the development of agriculture in Europe, where about 1/3 of all land has no serious limiting factors. At the same time, this region is very high density population. Therefore, despite the significant development of the territory for cultivation, the per capita provision of arable land is not much higher than in Asia - only 0.3 hectares.

Africa and South America are continents whose population is not able to provide themselves with food, and the amount of cultivated land in these regions is more than modest: only 6% of the total area is plowed in Africa, and less than 8% in South America.

At the same time, the developed arable lands are used far ambiguously. In many parts of the world, an array of irrigated lands is expanding, organic and mineral fertilizers, soil-protective methods of cultivation, and special varieties of cultivated plants are being used. In other words, intensive farming is being introduced, which requires significant investment in each hectare, but also gives a tangible increase in productivity.

According to the FAO, over the past 25 years, the total arable area of ​​the world has grown by 140 million hectares, i.e. by 10%. The population increased by 1.3 billion people, or 40%. It was possible to feed this population only thanks to intensive methods of farming. "And 82% of the increase in food was provided by the intensification of agriculture and only 12% - by extensive expansion of arable land.

Concerning financial results of the whole complex of state measures to regulate agriculture, the general conclusion is disappointing: the receipts of funds in agriculture are many times higher than the amounts that go from this industry to the budget. In general, in the OECD, that is, in the 29 most developed countries of the West, revenues to agriculture from the budget are 9 times higher than its payments to the budget, and if price subsidies are added to this, then 18 times. By the beginning of the 21st century, a radical change in the essence of agricultural production took place. Scientific and technological revolution led to an unprecedented intensification of agricultural production, its organic fusion with industry, which in turn led to serious changes in other areas and sectors of the world economy.

Industry structure: fuel and energy complex

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) plays an important role in the world economy, because without its products, the functioning of all industries without exception is impossible. World demand for primary energy resources (PER), primary energy resources include oil, gas, coal, nuclear and renewable energy sources) in 1995-2015. will grow more slowly than in the 1980s (excluding former USSR), and this trend will continue in the next decades of the 21st century. At the same time, the efficiency of their use will increase, especially in industrialized countries.

According to experts, in the period 1995-2015. the total consumption of all types of PER in the world can increase by about 1.6-1.7 times and amount to about 17 billion tons of standard fuel (cf). At the same time, in the structure of consumption, the dominant position will remain for fuel and energy resources of organic origin (more than -4%). The share of energy from nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants and others will not exceed 6%.

In the total volume of production and consumption of PER, oil will retain the leading role, Coal will remain in second place, and gas will remain in third. However, in the structure of consumption, the share oil will fall from 39.4 to 35% with an increase in the share

gas from 23.7 to 28%. The share of coal will slightly decrease - from 31.7 to 31.2%. A slight increase in the share of inorganic energy resources will occur against the background of a reduction in the share of nuclear energy - from 2.3% in 1995 to 2% by 2015.

The structure of the fuel and energy complex in the world economy is determined by the types of primary energy and balance between them. Table 6.1. the sources of primary energy and their corresponding types are presented secondary the energy resulting from the conversion.

Table. Types of primary and secondary energy

At the end of the 1990s, as is known, there was a slowdown in the pace of economic development in virtually all countries of the world. In OECD countries and in particular in Japan (which has experienced a deep recession) the economic growth averaged 2.2%.

As the rate of economic development slowed down, the growth rate of PER consumption decreased. A sharp decline in oil prices, which began at the end of 1997, had a certain impact on the consumption of PER and their structure. Analysts believe that this trend, which continued until the end of the century, will change at the beginning of the 21st century and prices will go up, amounting to $125-135 per ton. It is assumed that oil production in 2001 will increase by 1.1 billion tons. On the contrary, the share of natural gas, both in the structure of consumption and production, will continuously grow. Thus, on average, the share of natural gas in the structure of production increased by 0.1%.

The share of coal in the structure of consumption is decreasing, which indicates the replacement of a certain volume of coal with oil and gas.

According to experts, the production and consumption of energy by nuclear and hydroelectric power plants is not enough, their role in the fuel and energy complex of the world economy is still low, and their share in the world's fuel and energy balance does not exceed 5.5%.

The most rapidly developing electric power industry was in the 50s-60s. XX century. Practically during this period there was a doubling of electricity production, countries began to switch to energy-saving technologies. The leaders in energy production are traditionally:

USA - 3.0 trillion kW / h; RF - 1.1 trillion kW/h; Japan - 1.0 trillion kWh; China - 0.66 trillion kW / h.

The structure of consumption of primary energy resources in the world economy is as follows:

Oil - 41.2%;

Solid fuel - 28.3%;

Gas - 22.3%;

Nuclear energy - 9%;

HPPs and other non-traditional sources - the rest is consumption.

Geographically, energy consumption in the world economy is as follows:

Developed countries - 53%;

Developing - 29%;

CIS and countries of Eastern Europe - 18%.

The main world's largest sources of extraction of energy resources:

Oil: Samotlor (Western Siberia, Russia); Saudi Arabia and Kuwait;

Gas: Komi Republic, Urengoy (Russia); Holland;

In 1998, the volume of proven recoverable reserves of oil and natural gas slightly increased. For oil as of 1.1999, they amounted to 141.7 billion tons against 139.7 billion tons

Energy

The annual energy demand of the world economy is estimated at 11.7 billion tons of oil equivalent.

Thus, despite the use of progressive energy-saving technologies, energy consumption in the world is increasing, and the expansion of global production and consumption also increases the need for energy (especially in developing countries).

However, by the beginning of the 21st century, the overall demand for energy resources is expected to fall.

Under the conditions of scientific and technical progress, the role of atomic energy in the fuel and energy balance of the world economy has increased (the development of this source is constrained by its unsafety for the environment)

The resources of a modern fuel base for nuclear energy are determined by the cost of uranium mining at costs not exceeding $130 per 1 kg. Energy production at NPPs under construction depends little on the cost of raw materials.

Introduction.

Fuel industry.

Oil industry.

coal industry

Electric power industry of the world.

Metallurgical industry of the world

Ferrous metallurgy.

The location of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises is determined by the following factors:

Forestry and woodworking industry of the world.

light industry of the world.

Engineering.

Chemical industry of the world.

Conclusion.

Literature

Introduction.

Industry is the leading branch of world production and accounts for about ¼ of the value of GDP. Modern industry is a complex conglomeration of sectors, industries, sub-sectors, types, stages and types of production. Almost all finished products undergo industrial processing to one degree or another - from the simplest types of agricultural products to the latest high-tech equipment. In it, first of all, the following stand out: the fuel industry, which extracts primary energy carriers (coal, oil, gas, etc.), and the electric power industry; ferrous, non-ferrous metallurgy and chemical industry, directly related to the use of products of its extractive industries (primary materials and energy resources, etc.); mechanical engineering, which receives structural materials from the branches of the previous group and some other industries; light and food industries, engaged in processing, mainly agricultural raw materials.

Fuel industry.

Fuel industry - includes all processes of extraction and primary processing of fuel. The structure includes: oil, gas, coal industries.

Oil industry.

Oil production in the world in 1950 - 2000 increased almost 7 times (from 0.5 to 3.5 billion tons). The oil industry is one of the most monopolized extractive industries. Today, the world's proven oil reserves amount to 1208.2 billion barrels (165.5 billion tons). Over the past 25 years, this figure has grown rapidly, increasing by almost 500 billion barrels (68.5 billion tons). Potential oil reserves according to the latest data are estimated at 2614 billion barrels (358.1 billion tons). The absolute leader in terms of proven oil reserves is the Middle East - it accounts for about 61.5% of the total. At the same time, about 22% of world reserves are in Saudi Arabia. Eurasia has 12% of the world's reserves, of which 6.6% is in Russia.

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which includes Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Indonesia, and Venezuela, plays a leading role in world oil production (43% of total production).

The top ten oil producers are Saudi Arabia (410 million tons), USA (325), Russia (300), Iran (185), Norway (155), China (155), Venezuela (150), Mexico (145), UAE and Great Britain (about 100 million tons).

The absolute leader in oil consumption is the industrial economy of the United States. On the one hand, this speaks of high level development of industry, and on the other - about the "oil dependence" of the country. As of 2006 in the United States, only 9.8% of the world's production per year is mined, and more than 24% is consumed. This imbalance in the economy of the superpower still leads to upheavals on a global scale. In second place in terms of oil consumption is China (9%), in third place is Japan (6%). Russia shares fourth place with Germany and India (more than 3%), and South Korea, Canada, France, Saudi Arabia are also in the top ten in oil consumption. The main consumers of world oil are consistently industrialized countries. Over the past 20 years, the level of oil consumption in the Asia-Pacific region has increased. Interestingly, the countries of the Near and Middle East, which are powerful oil exporters, occupy a rather modest place among consumers.

In 1999, world oil imports amounted to 1578.1 million tons. The main oil imports by regions of the world were distributed as follows: Europe - 36.0%, Asia - 31.9%, North and Central America - 26.5%, South America - 2.3%, Africa - 2.2%, Oceania 1.1%.

The oil refining industry of the world is largely focused on the main consumers of oil and oil products - developed countries (concentrate more than 60% of its capacity). Particularly large is the share of the United States (21% of the world's refinery capacities), Western Europe (20%), Russia (17%), and Japan (6%).

Natural gas industry.

Over the past decades, the role and importance of natural gas in the energy balance of the world economy has been constantly increasing, which is due to both its high efficiency as a energy resource and raw materials for industry, and increased environmental friendliness in comparison with oil and coal. This trend will continue in the future, and possibly even intensify due to the reduction in the cost of natural gas liquefaction technologies and the construction of new gas pipelines.

World reserves of natural gas as of 2008 amounted to 185 trillion. m3. For ten years, since 1998, they have increased by 1.25 times. And in 2008 their growth in relation to the previous year amounted to 8 trillion. m3 or 4.5%. The leaders in natural gas reserves are Russia (43.3 trillion m3), Iran (29.6 trillion m3) and Qatar (25.5 trillion m3). In sum, these three countries control more than 50% of the world's reserves of this energy and mineral raw materials. Next in the ranking of countries in terms of natural gas reserves are Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, United United Arab Emirates, USA, Venezuela. But even in aggregate, these countries are significantly inferior to Russia, they have 33.5 trillion. m3 of natural gas or 18.1% of its world reserves.

Over the past 10 years, the largest increase in reserves was achieved in the Middle East - an increase of 1.43 times, in Africa - 1.36 times and in the countries of the Asia-Pacific Region (APR) - 1.35 times.

In terms of natural gas production, Russia stands out sharply (570 billion cubic meters) (Russia is the largest exporter of natural gas for more than 35% of world exports and currently meets 26% of the needs of European countries), the USA (540) and Canada (155), which account for more than half of its world total, followed by countries with an annual production of 90 to 30 billion cubic meters. m - the Netherlands, Great Britain, Indonesia, Algeria, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Australia.

Over the past 20 years, the share of natural gas in the global energy mix has increased from 19% to 24%. According to the forecasts of a number of experts, it will continue to gradually increase to 26–28% by 2020 and 30% by 2050. export. High cost of transportation is the main factor hindering the formation of a single global gas market. Currently, the bulk of interstate trade natural gas is carried out in three fairly isolated regional markets: in Europe (45%) and North America (16%) using pipeline transport, as well as in the Asia-Pacific region (17%) using mainly tanker fleet.