Economic security foreign experience. Analysis of the experience of the countries of the European Union in the field of ensuring national economic security

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Introduction

Japan is the first country in the Far East that has clearly demonstrated the ability to adapt the world's managerial and technological experience to the conditions of Asian society and its national interests. The main thing is that the Japanese manage to preserve the foundations of their culture, traditional institutions and relations, modifying them only to the extent that this is required by the tasks of increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of the country and its citizens in the post-industrial era and global development. Particular attention is paid to the culture of management, macroeconomic regulation. An important element in the adaptation of the Japanese economy to the new conditions was the transfer (while maintaining control) of a number of production capacities abroad - to countries with large markets, cheaper labor and favorable exchange rates. Japan has become the world's largest creditor and has the world's second (after China) gold and foreign exchange reserves ($850 billion).

As a result, the high competitiveness of Japanese society was achieved. Its features include stability, sustainable development, low inflation and high savings rates, favorable investment conditions, quality education and healthcare, a high standard of living, outstanding life expectancy, etc.

With a territory of 378 thousand square meters. km. and a population of 127 million people, Japan accounts for up to 12% of world industrial production (3rd place in the world in terms of GDP), every fourth car or TV created in the world and every second merchant ship are Japanese. The Japanese are not only good, but also work hard. The country has one of the highest working hours in the world, amounting to 2088 hours per year (in the USA - 1924 hours, in Germany - 1655 hours), and holidays usually last no more than a week.

The Japanese are characterized by a dual worldview: a calm adaptation to the Western way of life and at the same time the protection of national values and customs. As a result, a situation often arises when the external pattern of behavior, appearance, clothing are borrowed, and the motivation for life decisions is traditional. At work and in politics, outwardly a Japanese can behave "in a European way", but internally he is in a system of traditional values. And only at home or while traveling, he allows himself to fully be himself. In contrast to the unlimited active principle of Western culture, in Japan, the wisdom of contemplation has been cultivated since ancient times, leading to the comprehension of the laws of the inner and outer world of man. For the Japanese, virtue is the ability of a person to control his feelings and not show them to the outside world. A Japanese smile is a pleasant facial expression that hides the truth.

The Japanese example shows that the path to success is not a rejection of one's culture, but the choice of a development strategy that includes an acceptable ratio of cultures. The outstanding Japanese humanist Akutagawa Ryunosuke wrote: “The ideas of Confucius, other prominent Chinese thinkers and even hieroglyphs came to our country from afar. And after all, it was not the hieroglyphs that subjugated us, but we subjugated them to ourselves. Otherwise, our language could become Chinese. But we have won a victory not only over hieroglyphs. Our breath, like the sea wind, softened even the teachings of Confucius and the teachings of Lao Tzu. Buddha suffered the same fate. Our strength is not to destroy. It's about remodeling."

1. National Interest and National Security Strategy of Japan

Japanese society over the centuries has developed a special type of development based on the preservation of historical continuity. Such an approach to one's own historical heritage should probably be sought in the centuries-old practice of cultural interaction with civilizational centers, in relation to which Japan occupied a peripheral position (China, the USA). Neighborhood with them, in the absence of direct political dependence, confronted the Japanese with the problem of preserving their identity in the face of massive cultural and technical borrowings and prompted them to develop the practice of a kind of combination of innovations external in origin with local conditions. All this determined the peculiar nature of the relationship between traditions and innovations in the Japanese genesis in general. It is also important that Japanese society was closed off from the outside world for many centuries and was ethnically homogeneous.

The development of Japanese society and its management are based on traditions, continuity and corporatism, descending to the Confucian socio-psychological and ethical stereotype "wa" ("balance", "harmony"). In the management culture of Japan, a command-collectivist (or corporate-collectivist) principle is distinguished, mediated by the relevant norms of this society. The traditional system of relations seeks to ensure that the maximum number of group members participate in decision making. Further, it is desirable that decisions be taken by consensus of all its members. The main goal is consent. Thus, functionality appears as an important feature of Japanese paternalism.

However, collectivism in the East is inseparable from hierarchy. A Japanese company may be cohesive, but certainly not democratic. The drive belts that connect managers and subordinates cannot be broken. Information follows from top to bottom and from bottom to top vertically in strict accordance with the protocol. You can not cut corners and cross the path. With the advent of e-mail in the system, there have been some indulgences, but the psychology of unity, the unwillingness to stand out, is still unshakable.

In this regard, the Japanese concept of "Enlightened National Interest" can be mentioned. Enlightened national interests are those that express the interests of the whole society, participating in their formulation and placing public interests above private or group interests. Japan's foreign policy is also formed from the point of view of national interests and good neighborly relations, primarily with the states of the Asia-Pacific region. The concept of "enlightened national interests" sort of accumulates the basic values of Japanese society and proposes to steadily implement them (mainly in a tolerant but persistent form), both in domestic and foreign policy.

An important role is played by the system of lifetime employment, which guarantees the Japanese a comfortable existence in exchange for obedience to the "eternally right" majority. 70% of the Japanese build their existence on bank loans and borrowings. The money for the purchased house is paid in full only towards retirement; more than half of society repays debts all their lives, in the event of a job loss, everything is lost.

The mentality of the Japanese is beginning to change, especially in large cities. Part of the youth goes abroad to study, more and more enterprises are hiring mixed staff. The value of the group, of course, retains its value, but individualism also appears. About 2 million young people today prefer not to bind themselves immediately for life, but to try to realize themselves in different areas, changing jobs - they are called "furita" (from English - "freedom" and German - "work"). However, this small, usually wealthy stratum, which perceives postmodern approaches to management and life, is not yet large and, over time, is usually incorporated into the traditional management system - its inconsistency is well shown in Murakami's novels.

The objectives and goals of Japan's national security concept were developed and formulated in the mid-1980s. The doctrine of "comprehensive national security" was supposed to substantiate, on the one hand, the multi-component nature of the means of achieving national security, and on the other, to link the national security of one's country with the entire Western world. Unlike all previous concepts and doctrines, it was expressed in clear categories.

In previous doctrines, the country's security was considered only in the context of Japan's national interests, while the NSC doctrine was permeated with the idea of "global", "indivisible" security of all countries of the "market zone" in the face of the threat from the Soviet Union. In this regard, the Blue Book of the Japanese Foreign Ministry noted that "countries with common values in politics and economics should develop a coherent, unified and fundamental strategy."

The concept of Japan's security was formed under the influence of a complex interweaving of a whole complex of various factors. These included, first of all, the ruling circles of Japan, who considered the security of the country as a kind of derivative of the stability of the capitalist system as a whole.

Japan's position was strongly influenced by the high degree of integration into the US military-political system in Asia. The presence of military bases and facilities that the United States had on Japanese territory gave the United States a powerful means of putting pressure on the Japanese government.

Trade and economic relations between them were also very important. The growing importance of the markets of the United States and other developed capitalist countries was directly related to the profound changes in the structure of the Japanese economy under the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution.

The strongest attachment to the American economy forced Japan to try to prevent the introduction of protectionist measures in the United States through concessions in the political and military fields. Support for the political course of Washington and satisfaction of its demands regarding the build-up of military potential and the expansion of Japan's functions in the joint military-strategic system with the United States were, therefore, a kind of payment that Japan was forced to pay in order to maintain the necessary trade and economic relations with the United States. . At the same time, Japan was relatively willing to meet the demands of the United States, since they basically coincided with its own long-term goals. The Japanese military department frankly emphasized that one of the most important directions of government policy in the field of security was "stabilization of the internal political situation." The presence of powerful armed forces, according to Japan, was an indispensable attribute of a great power and an important means of achieving foreign policy goals.

The Japanese concept of security, which was formed under the influence of all these factors, was based on the desire of the ruling circles to avoid being drawn into armed conflicts; a specific way to achieve this goal was seen in supporting the US course in the region.

The security concept included a combination of three components:

political;

economic;

military funds.

In the foreground was political security, the specifics of which at that time were not only the unification of the conditions of the "strategic triangle" of the United States, Europe and Japan, but also the desire to create a new "strategic triangle": the United States - Japan - China, where Japan would be an intermediary between the United States and China, not wanting the rapprochement of these countries to the detriment of their interests in East Asia.

The Japanese government stated that it proceeded from the need to “resolve all disputes or conflicts between Japan and other countries through negotiations, deepen mutual understanding and establish friendly ties in the political, economic and other spheres of relations. At the same time, diplomatic relations with those states that were directly related to the security of Japan, namely, China and the Soviet Union, were given special importance.

At the regional level, primarily in the "south direction", i.e. in the most important subregions for Japan in the Far East and Southeast Asia, the requirements of "political security" in accordance with the above doctrine were met by a situation that would be characterized by the preservation of the unfriendly policy of the PRC towards the USSR and its allies and Indochina, and the consolidation of the hostile confrontation between South Korea and the DPRK , the existence of Taiwan as a state independent of China, the narrowing of the spheres of activity of the Soviet Union in the Asia-Pacific basin, the strengthening of the military and political role of Japan in the region.

Economic security was closely connected with the national economic interests of the country and was considered in the context of the West-West, North-South theory. Along the West-West line, Japan was not tired of the existing mechanism for regulating relations between the three centers of power. The United States and Western Europe, seeing the activity of the Japanese monopolies on the world stage as one of the main reasons for the destabilization of the market economy, tried to restrain the expansion of Japanese capital with the help of state authorities and international economic organizations.

In this regard, Japan put forward its own plans to stabilize the world economy. The United States was asked to stop economic "wars" on the basis of the "spirit of free enterprise." As for the European countries, their leaders were urged to generally leave aside the resolution of economic contradictions and concentrate on military-political cooperation. It was in this direction that Japan saw ways to ensure the economic security of the entire West.

Another option was envisaged for the settlement of relations along the North-South line. This direction of Japanese foreign policy is especially important for Japan, because. to the "South", i.e. Asia, Africa and Latin America account for nearly half of Japan's trade investment. Therefore, if earlier the achievement of "economic security" in the "southern direction" was associated with purely economic means, for example, it was conceived by increasing assistance to developing countries, now military means were not excluded.

In the report of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs "Political Support Program for the 1980s", which outlined the main provisions of the NSC doctrine, paramount importance was attached to the military aspects of security. At the same time, military security was considered in two planes: military and geopolitical.

In the military sphere, Japan's national security concept was based on strengthening the military alliance with the United States and building up the combat power of its own Self-Defense Forces. At the same time, Japan made a number of serious decisions. In the mid 80s. It has become a major ally of the United States, whose importance in the strategic balance of power has been steadily growing in the following main areas: the expansion of Japan's role in the US military-strategic system in Asia as a result of the commitments made to organize anti-submarine and anti-aircraft operations in the northwestern Pacific Ocean; expansion of moral and political support for the US position on all issues of war and peace and disarmament; giving freedom to the United States in the implementation of plans for the use of bases in Japan; willingness to join the work on the creation of space weapons; activation of various kinds of military-political ties with NATO countries, South Korea, Australia.

Former doctrines limited the security zone to the Far East, but the KNB extended this zone to 1,000 miles from the coast of Japan. Particular importance was attached to "military cooperation with South Korea", the security of which was considered in the context of its own security.

All aspects of the CONB doctrine were interconnected and interdependent.

The CONB strategy ceased to exist with the collapse of the USSR, since its main goal was achieved, and we must pay tribute to politics. Conducted on its basis. Japan's partnership with the United States in this direction was real and tangible.

With the end of the Cold War, the East Asian region has undergone strategic changes. The process of reducing the Russian military threat has begun. The new geopolitical conditions forced the Japanese leadership to revise its policy in the Asian region and make some adjustments to it. This was served by the proposal put forward by Japan in 1997. In Singapore, the Hashimoto Doctrine.

Among the main factors influencing the New Deal in Asia was a change in the regional balance of power, brought about by a certain rapprochement between the US and China, which in turn reduced the risk of China being isolated. The biggest impact came in 1997. The Japanese-American "guidelines" for defense cooperation, which put a new, broader multilateral security system on the agenda.

ASEAN countries account for 16% of Japan's trade, 10% of Japan's oil imports, and 80% of their natural gas. Japan considers the increase in official assistance to the countries of the region, which currently accounts for 50% of total assistance, to be the main instrument for expanding its influence on these countries.

This distinguished the "Hashimoto Doctrine" from the previous ones, when Japan openly declared its goals. The announcement of the new course reflects, in part, a shift in the balance of power in a region where Japan has some worries about China's rising influence in Asia. The main goal of the "Hashimoto Doctrine" is to counter the expansion of China's influence in Asia without being openly opposed to it.

Under the current new conditions, Japan is not interested in a large-scale arms race, because Japanese capital is striving to develop world markets for high-tech products and new technology, which allows reducing unproductive costs and channeling the released funds to improve the living standards of the population and the competitiveness of its industry.

With the new geopolitical conditions, Japan also connects the increased danger of the emergence of economic wars. In Japan, fears have been expressed more than once in connection with the breaking of the bipolar system of international relations, when political and ideological contradictions recede into the background, and contradictions of a purely economic order come to the fore, causing a sharp competitive struggle for markets and sources of raw materials.

Japan is interested in maintaining the strategic confrontation that developed in the post-war period in the Asia-Pacific region between Russia, China and the United States, which would continue to deter each other with the help of nuclear and conventional weapons. On the one hand, Japan is objectively interested in weakening Russia's power potential in the Japanese direction, and on the other hand, in strengthening the American forces to contain Russia in the Asia-Pacific region. Welcoming any steps to reduce the arms of Russia and the United States. At the same time, the Japanese government is counting on maintaining sufficient US military potential in the Russian direction, capable of responding to any changes in the strategic field around Japan. At the same time, Japan is interested in containing the United States and China in the Asia-Pacific region by Russia.

Such inconsistency is not surprising and well reflects the position of the Japanese government, which is interested in the fact that in the 21st century the United States and Russia continue to deter each other with the help of nuclear and conventional forces, since while maintaining the global confrontation between the United States and Russia, Japan can count on ensuring its own security without additional costs. .

Judging by the numerous statements of Japanese political scientists, it is in Japan's interests to develop relations between Russia and the United States in which each of the parties would seek rapprochement with Japan and improve bilateral relations with it. Only in this case, Japan hopes to maintain a stable strategic position for itself. At the same time, Russia should not only remain a strong state capable of performing the functions of a superpower in maintaining international stability, but also meet the “status of a non-aligned state”, primarily in relation to Japan's allies and partners.

Thus, in the approach to modern international and regional problems, Japan in the overwhelming majority of cases is blocked with the position of the United States and focuses on the positions of the Western countries as a whole, based on the conceptual foreign policy setting to enhance its role in determining the strategic line of the West. At the same time, while maintaining a general pro-American orientation in international and regional issues, Japanese diplomacy, especially in recent years, in a number of cases formally distances itself from the United States, taking certain steps to demonstrate its “independence” for world purposes, to make its foreign policy more multi-headed. within the framework of the program course of the country's leadership to turn it into a world-class power, bringing Japan's political authority in the international arena in line with its status as a powerful economic power, which, ultimately, is determined by its national benefits in the political, strategic and economic fields.

2. Economic strategy of Japan.

The turn of centuries and millennia was marked by cardinal changes in the system of the world economy, which resulted from qualitative shifts in national economic complexes and international economic relations, as well as the transformation of corporate practices.

Beginning of the 21st century became a new stage in the development of the Japanese economy. At the end of the first five years of this century, there were signs of the country's exit from a long economic depression following the collapse of the "soap bubble" economy. At the same time, Japan faced the need to define the contours of a new model of economic development that would allow the country to create a basis for sustainable economic growth in the context of globalization, increase its international competitiveness, maintain and strengthen its position in the world economy as one of the world leaders.

The development of a new model and strategy for long-term growth was actively carried out under the government of Dz. Koizumi and continued under Prime Minister S. Abe. The Council for Economic and Financial Policy developed a document called "Japan's 21st Century Vision", which identified the main factors and directions of Japan's development for the next quarter of a century, as well as outlined the contours of further reform of the country's economy and social sphere.

In May 2006, Dz. Koizumi created the Council for Comprehensive Financial and Economic Reform, which, together with the Council for Economic and Financial Policy and with the active participation of various ministries and departments, developed the New Economic Growth Strategy, which became part of the Fundamental Principles of the Economic Growth Strategy (along with a comprehensive income and expenditure reform program). ).

The basis of the New Economic Growth Strategy, aimed at achieving sustainable economic development in the face of a long-term trend of population decline. The New Strategy for Economic Growth and the Global Economic Strategy as the most general, "core" strategic developments that will be discussed in this chapter.

2.1 New economic growth strategy

The new strategy for economic growth (hereinafter - the Strategy) determines the direction of Japan's development for the coming decades, the main goals and priorities of economic development. It shows the image of the future economic model of the country, as it is seen today, taking into account the main trends in the development of the Japanese economy and society, as well as global development trends.

According to the authors of the Strategy, Japan, after a long recession, is now entering the trajectory of sustainable growth, however, in the long term, its development will be influenced by such problems as population aging (decrease in the birth rate and population decline), aggravation of environmental and energy security issues, a significant budget deficit and increased international competition.

The decline in population will affect economic growth through both the demand category and the supply category. Experts' calculations show that the reduction of the working population in Japan by 4 million people over 10 years will lead to a slowdown in economic growth by 0.4%.

Under these conditions, sustainable economic growth will largely depend on the development of the social insurance system and the reform of the financial sector. Therefore, the main path to the "new growth", which is outlined by the Strategy, is the growth of national prosperity in the face of a declining population based on technical innovations, growth in labor productivity and the use of "Asian dynamism".

Innovation in the broadest sense of the word has become a kind of "national idea" in Japan.

Increasing international competitiveness and stimulating regional development are identified as the main development priorities, and the goal of the Strategy is to simultaneously ensure a “virtual cycle” of innovation and demand.

The introduction of the concept of a "virtual cycle" of innovation actually means recognizing the need to move to a new growth mechanism, which assumes that innovation creates demand, and demand gives impetus to new innovation. In the future, Japan should become a world innovation center and, as such, offer new products and new technologies to the world market, i.e. create a "virtual cycle" on a global scale and, first of all, in Asia, which has become the center of growth of the 21st century.

Thus, we are talking about the adaptation of the country's economic system to the conditions of the multiplier in the period of the formation of the "new economy" - according to the principle "innovations give rise to innovations".

2.2 Regional economies

As for the regional economies, the authors of the Strategy believe that in conditions when the Japanese province has already fully faced the consequences of population aging. It is especially important to use the potential of innovations related to health and social care. Thanks to deregulation and the opening of new areas where public enterprises previously operated, new segments of demand for private business will be created and expanded.

In the field of stimulating the development of the innovative and market potential of the Japanese regions, the developers of the Strategy proceed from the existence of noticeable and fundamental differences in the conditions and levels of development of individual regions.

Therefore, measures related to regional economies are designed in such a way that different regions can find their place and direct efforts towards reviving the local economy, developing infrastructure, and ultimately achieving “independent economic growth”.

The main directions for stimulating regional economies are defined in the Regional Industrial Strategy, which is also part of the New Economic Growth Strategy.

The Strategy specifically notes the insufficiently high efficiency of the tertiary sector, which is inferior in terms of productivity to the service sector of the United States and European countries. Therefore, in order for this largest economic sector to make a great contribution to the economic growth of Japan in general and the regional economy in particular, it needs to be reformed.

The Strategy identifies five complex areas, on the development of which, according to the authors of the document, progress in the future depends:

human resources	Under conditions of reduction, “new growth” is possible only through the development of the capabilities of each individual. Therefore, it is necessary to direct investments in human potential - to educate modern leaders, to make the system of education and development of human resources more flexible, including the diversification of educational paths, strengthening its practical orientation in technical and commercial higher schools, and strengthening cooperation between industry and the academic sector.
	The age of the equipment with which Japanese industry and infrastructure is equipped is such that in order to increase the productivity of capital, replacement of production facilities is necessary. A comprehensive review of the depreciation system is required, as well as a "strategic development" of logistics infrastructure in order to "shrink the distance" between Japan and the rest of Asia and increase competitiveness.
	Currently, the total savings of households is about 1.5 qdr. yen, which could become an important resource for economic growth in the country and more efficient use in the form of investments in: Financial instruments with an average level of risk and return High-risk sectors, in particular, venture business and SMEs Regional economies Asian countries.
technical innovation	Unable to compete with emerging economies on costs, Japan must improve its technical capabilities. It is necessary to strengthen cross-sectoral integration and intensify joint research of the private sector, universities and government organizations, create a human resource development infrastructure in cooperation between industry and universities, and cultivate pioneer ventures. It is necessary to pursue a policy of creating clusters in order to create 40 thousand new business units in the next five years.
	Knowledge, or management resources should be improved, mainly in the direction of maximizing the use of human resources, capital, financial management, knowledge and other intellectual assets. It also needs to improve the institutional infrastructure and organizational design. Companies' operating systems need to be reassessed in light of changes in the business environment with the need for greater international expansion, as well as changes in the cross-shareholding system.

regional economy growth national

2.3 Global economic strategy

The Global Economic Strategy presented by Japan's METI in April 2006 is aimed at shaping a new image of Japan as a world and Asian economic power in the context of globalization and the information revolution and is a kind of foreign economic section of the country's overall development strategy for the coming decades.

According to the authors of the Strategy, one of the distinguishing features of the current stage of globalization has become a noticeable increase in the importance of Asia in the world economic space. Japan has played a significant role in this process. First, the production networks of Japanese companies in Asian countries, the development of which reflects the process of deepening the international division of labor at the corporate level, contributed to the formation of the basis for the development of industry and the entire economy in many Asian countries. Secondly, the beginning of the revival of the Japanese economy is also contributing to the expansion of free trade and the movement of investment in the region. At the same time, integration processes are intensifying in Asia, as well as in North America, and in Europe, and the ideas of creating "free economic zones" are becoming real.

Based on the above, the country's global strategy focuses on three main points.

1. Joint development in Asia.

Economic activity in Japan is closely linked to the creation of production networks in Asia. East Asia's role as the center of global economic growth is fueled by a "virtual cycle of aggressive direct investment and economic growth" in Asian countries. In addition, as their economies grow and the purchasing power of the population increases, these countries are becoming one of the most promising global consumer markets.

Japan, which accounts for about 60% of the GDP of the ASEAN+3 group of countries, should strengthen its functions as an "absorber" of possible financial and economic shocks and contribute to the stability of the East Asian economy. And Japan's experience in building a market economy, developing industrial technologies, and solving environmental and energy problems can be useful for other countries in the region.

Thus, in order to provide the basis for long-term growth in Japan itself, it is necessary to strengthen the mechanism of "joint" growth, creating a "free and open economic space" in Asia, where free trade and entrepreneurial activity will be ensured by appropriate laws.

The current task in this context is the formation of "free trade zones in East Asia", including relying on the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between Japan and ASEAN.

Therefore, an integration strategy in East Asia should include two initiatives:

The prospect of a comprehensive economic partnership in East Asia with the participation of ASEAN as a key regional organization.

Creation of an international organization that would become a political forum.

2. Reliance on soft power.

One of the key concepts in Japan's global economic strategy has become the concept of "soft power", which is embodied in the country's social values, its culture, political ideology, and ability to cooperate. In the modern world, it increasingly determines the strength of the country with a relative decrease in the importance of "brutal power" - economic and military potential.

In order to build up "soft power", it is important for Japan to ensure an influx of talent from abroad. This goal can be served by the implementation of the concept of the "Asian Human Fund", as the Japanese version of the Fulbright scholarship.

At the same time, the focus of international competition is shifting from the prices and functions of goods and services towards more “cultural” aspects, such as brand and quality. The combination of Japanese cultural values and advanced technologies will create a new strength for the Japanese economy.

3. Japan's contribution to the creation of "world values".

In the 21st century Japan, as part of Asia, can play the role of a "pivot" in the creation of a new global system and a new system in Asia. Japan, before other countries, has faced the problems of pollution, urbanization, an aging society, many of which have become universal, and can contribute to solving such problems at the global level.

The report outlines four main directions of Japan's international policy:

Further economic integration of East Asia and Japanese initiatives.

Globalization and strengthening of the country's competitiveness.

Making Japan a more open and attractive country.

Regional strategies of Japan and contribution to the solution of universal problems.

At the current stage of globalization, Japan can become one of the centers of international production and distribution. To do this, the government should help improve the innovation and investment climate in the country, including improving the intellectual property protection system and international logistics infrastructure, and creating an environment for reinvesting profits.

Japan's greater openness should also help increase the country's competitiveness in terms of attracting first-class specialists from other countries, in which Japan is still inferior to European countries and the United States.

Among the 11 areas of the Global Economic Strategy of Japan, Russia is also singled out, which is part of a group of countries with rapidly developing markets that are currently and in the future of strategic interest to Japanese companies. The strategy considers Russia as a source of resources, and the stability of the Russian economy as a factor of stability in the Far East.

Development in 2004-2007 of a comprehensive long-term strategy for sustainable economic growth for the coming decades and its content testify to the level of understanding by the government and business of Japan of the nature and scale of the tasks facing the country in the first half of the 21st century, and also that the “platform” for building the foundation for this growth in cleared in a certain way. The most severe consequences of the depression have been overcome, and all elements of the growth strategy are based on the premise that the emerging positive dynamics will be sufficiently stable, and systemic reforms will continue.

The new economic strategy clearly shows the traditional feature of the Japanese system of planning and programming, namely, a high degree of coordination of strategic and current tasks and the corresponding levels and time horizons of planning, systemic reform programs and current economic policy.

The new strategy links together the social and economic aspects of the country's development, since the development of the social sphere is seen not just as an obligation and the state in relation to citizens, but as a promising area of activity for companies and enterprises, and the development of human resources becomes the first condition for maintaining and strengthening the country's international competitiveness.

3 . ByJapanese policy in the field of science and technology

The development and establishment of science and scientific and technical activities is directly related to the development of human society. The development of knowledge was facilitated by intensive contacts, the exchange of information between different peoples and civilizations.

It is believed that throughout history, the Japanese economy has been desperately trying to catch up with technologically advanced countries. During the Meiji era (1868), Japanese leaders realized how Japan lagged behind Western countries in technological development in many areas. The government has made efforts to import new technologies, hire engineers from abroad, train people, and encourage entrepreneurs to assimilate foreign technologies and apply them to Japanese factories. However, success depended not only on the government, but also on the private sector: investors, managers, engineers, workers and on their willingness and ability to respond to the opportunities open to them. In the Meji era, entrepreneurs appeared in many industries, and most people are quite educated. The private sector was ready to start an unfamiliar business. This was the main driving force behind Japanese development.

The end of isolation (1854) and the change of government (1868) prompted the Japanese government to import foreign technology and close the gap with Western countries. The government began to take measures to improve communications, public services, education, and the financial sector. The government began to import technology in every possible way: by obtaining written information, by hiring foreigners, by sending Japanese to study abroad, by importing technology, by foreign direct investment. Thanks to the help of Western countries, Japan was able to improve and establish a nationwide primary education system in a short time. By 1904 School attendance was 99% boys and 96% girls. The system of secondary education was also improved. The British played an important role in the system of higher education. In 1873 A college was founded, headed by 9 English professors. Gradually, English professors were replaced by Japanese who graduated from this college. The Japanese government favored technical education, while more developed countries considered science over technical developments.

By 1915, the scientific and technical basis of the country had been formed. The national education system has already produced quite a lot of qualified specialists. During 1914-1930. 38 research laboratories and several national research institutions were founded. For the development of basic research, the Council of Science was created in 1933. The goals of the foundation were:

· increase research funds at universities and research institutions;

· Creation of effective management for scientific cooperation.

In Japan, there are three organizations responsible for conducting science and technology policy and coordinating R&D:

· Ministry of Education;

· agency of science and technology;

· Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry - MITI.

The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry plays a major role in developing science and technology R&D policy in Japan. The main task is to coordinate research between state scientific institutions and private industrial firms, as well as to determine the future most promising directions for the development of Japanese industry. It includes many divisions. Prominent scientists from academic institutions, representatives of industrial enterprises and consumer associations take part in the work of these bodies. Other functions of this ministry are: financial support for industrial R&D in the initial stage and development; collection, processing and transfer to the industrial sector of world information in the field of the latest discoveries of science and technology and the results of research by domestic universities and research institutes. MITI is not looking for new scientific and technical ideas, they come to the ministry from private firms. The task of the ministry is to select the most promising ones.

Basic research is very expensive and risky, so firms do not risk investing in it, but if this research is supported by the state, companies are also ready to invest in development. Competition between firms begins after receiving the result of fundamental research.

The share of public spending on NIKOR in Japan is 20% of all spending on science and about 1.5% of spending on NIKOR in industry, which is the lowest figure among developed countries. But the role of the state in this area is very great. This is done through a special approach to financing. The start of development is financed, then private firms, having learned about the support of the project by the state, invest their capital in further development. In the later stages, the project is carried out entirely at the expense of private firms.

The government promotes the transfer of scientific results from public research institutions to the private sector. Joint researches of the state scientific centers and private companies are stimulated. The latter get access to the work carried out in state scientific institutions, and their employees can conduct research in the laboratories of private firms.

The Science and Technology Agency is responsible for conducting basic research. The agency has a large research center. The main task of which is to transfer technologies created in government laboratories to private business. Half of its activities are devoted to fundamental research, 25% each are technology transfer and scientific and technical cooperation.

The Ministry of Education is a financial donor to public universities and blue-collared research institutes. In Japan, 50% of basic research is done at universities. Under this ministry, an advisory body has been created that gives advice in the field of scientific and technological policy.

Japan ranks first in the number of patent applications and is a technology leader in some industries. Japan's positions are especially strong in the fields of electronics and electrical engineering, chemistry and pharmaceuticals. The share of Japanese applications in foreign patent offices is also high.

Japan is the second country in the production of high technology products. Its economy is almost entirely dependent on imports of raw materials and exports of products. The main high-tech exported products are electronics and optoelectronics. The share of Japan in such areas as biotechnology, medical equipment, telecommunications and information technology varies between 13-17%, not being an absolute leader in any area. An analysis of the Japanese trade in high-tech goods showed that the growing exports to China until 1966. began to shrink. Exports to the USA are constantly increasing and occupy a leading position in the field of transport and metallurgical equipment.

Conclusion

Currency crisis of the 90s. in Asia showed a certain dependence of the Japanese economy (as well as other countries) on incoming and suddenly outgoing foreign "hot" multibillion-dollar deposits, and slowed down the pace of its economic development. Played a negative role and speculative "bubbles" in the stock market and the land market. This forced the ruling circles to adjust the management strategy. For a long time, following the principles of “mutual assistance” and corporatism, the top management elite did not take appropriate disciplinary measures, which led to the emergence of many insolvent companies and even the bankruptcy of some of them. Under these conditions, the state has strengthened control over weak banks and deposits, allocated additional funds for their recapitalization under the strictest control. The Fund for the Recovery of Industry was created, which was engaged in buying up debt obligations, converting debts, selecting sponsors for their purchases, and conducting out-of-court bankruptcy procedures. As a result, Japan gradually solved these problems not so much by traditional liberal macroeconomic methods, but by decisive government measures to additionally finance weak firms through the Bank of Japan, maintain liquidity in their accounts for the necessary period of time to strengthen, and prevent risks in the face of reduced demand. The government has played the role of active anti-crisis management to reorganize the private sector. At the same time, it did not go for its reduction or absorption. Powerful state support for small and medium-sized businesses continues (provides 50% of GNP, 75% of all employed in economic production work in it). As a result, since 2003, Japan has seen a further economic recovery (annual 3%) achieved using both innovative and traditional management methods.

The Japanese example of "economic and cultural modernization" is interesting and instructive. It testifies that positive results cannot be achieved only by copying Western models and ignoring the peculiarities of one's own culture and national psychology. Success is achieved by combining these two principles, as well as taking into account the deepening processes of globalization, developing the ability to protect national socio-economic development from the whims and interventions of the world currency market.

Bibliography

1. Association of Japanologists//Publications / Long-term strategy of economic growth: Japanese approach. I.L. Timonin. 2005

2. Dinkevich A.I. Economic development of modern Japan//Money and credit. - 2003. - No. 10. S. 74

3. Irkhin Yu.V. Sociology of Culture: Textbook. M., 2006. S. 330.

4. Leontieva E. Japan. Complex tasks // ME and MO. - 2005, p. 126

5. Ogawa M. Practical management / Per. from Japanese M., 1990. S. 178.

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International and Russian approaches to the concept of "economic security"

Foreign concepts of economic security.

As already noted, for the first time in the political lexicon the concept of "national security" was introduced in 1904 by the American President T. Roosevelt. And in 1934, during the most powerful economic crisis in US history - the Great Depression - another US President, F. D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) first used the term "national economic security" (national economic security). He delivered a message to the nation, called the "New Deal", and this new course was designed to bring the country out of the economic crisis. To coordinate and control the New Deal, a special government body was created - the Committee on Economic Security (Committee on Economic Security, CES), which began functioning in June 1934.

Six months later, CES developed the first comprehensive social security program in US history, which became the basis for the passage of the Social Security Act. (Social Security Act). However, in this law, the term security is interpreted not as "security", but as "security". This is due to the different meanings that are invested in the English language in the concept security. For example, in another law, on national security (Homeland Security Act), this concept is already interpreted as "security".

At the same time, there is still no officially declared definition of economic security in US legislative documents. To a certain extent, the US administration's approach to understanding national economic security can be seen in its interpretation by one of the leading "foundations and think tanks" (think tanks) USA - RAND Corporation, which gives the following definition of economic security: “The ability to protect or strengthen the economic interests of the United States but in relation to events, processes or actions that may threaten or interfere with these interests ... These threats or obstacles may be of foreign or domestic origin , intentional or unintentional consequences of human activity or nature” 1 .

Some American scientists, when analyzing security in the economic sphere, tend to focus on its socio-economic, rather than its military and political components. Thus, the well-known economist Jonathan Kirshner, in order to focus attention on the internal aspects of the formation of the unity of the concept of national security and economic policy, even introduces a new category of “national viability” (national vitality), in which the most important quality is the efficiency of society's solution of its exogenous economic problems.

However, the government and most American researchers, when analyzing national economic security, still focus on external threats and the ability of the United States to turn the trends in the international economy in their favor.

From this point of view, it is necessary to use any leverage (economic, political, informational, psychological, and even military) to establish US dominance in the global economic space, which, in turn, implies the need to ensure the possibility of possessing the appropriate resources. It is impossible to gain access to such resources only through foreign trade mechanisms. Hence the hegemonic content and direction of the US national economic security concept. No other country in the world can use such an approach in relation to its economic security.

In Japan, which is almost completely dependent on imports for most of the fuel and raw materials it needs, ensuring economic security is based on maintaining an uninterrupted supply of relevant resources. At the same time, the Japanese consider the preservation of global economic and political stability based on the functioning of a system of free and mutually beneficial trade with all interested countries as the main condition for such security.

A similar approach in ensuring their economic security is followed in Taiwan, South Korea, Israel and most European countries (corrected for common European rules).

China also attaches great importance to the stable supply of resources to the country, the competitiveness of its own goods and protection from the turbulence of world economic development. At the same time, the specificity of the Chinese approach to ensuring national economic security is the concentration of attention of the governing bodies on issues of ensuring economic sovereignty through building protectionist and semi-protectionist barriers in a number of industries in order to limit the destabilizing influence of foreign capital and especially Western transnational corporations (TICs). A similar approach is shared by most Chinese economists, including Jiang Yong, a well-known expert in the field of economic security. (Jiang Yong), according to which the security of the economy is based on “competitiveness and independent economic sovereignty” (competitiveness and independent economic sovereignty). At the same time, he specifically points to the need to strengthen financial security and insists on tightening supervision over overseas operations of Chinese banks.

In general, it can be stated that over the past 10-15 years, the field of research on security issues among foreign scientists has increasingly shifted from the problems of international relations and world politics to the sphere of economics. Research into the problems of forming economic intersectoral alliances and the growing conflict of their behavior in the processes of ensuring the economic security of national states in the context of strengthening the political and ideological aspects of globalization are being developed and updated.

In international documents, the term "economic security" received official status on December 17, 1985, when the resolution "International Economic Security" was adopted at the 40th session of the UN General Assembly (UN document A/RES/40/173). It reflected the UN's desire to build such a microeconomic system, when "common efforts to create fair and mutually beneficial international economic relations would contribute to the economic well-being of each state and the establishment of a new international economic order."

In 1986, the UN General Assembly, in the resolution of the same name "International Economic Security" (UN document A / RES / 42/165), asked the UN Secretary-General to hold consultations on the principles of international economic security with representatives of various regions and present conclusions on this issue. The consultations resulted in the publication in 1987 by the UN Secretariat of the report "The Concept of International Economic Security" (UN document A/42/314). It stated that, since international economic security is closely related to other types of security, representing a complex conceptual structure, there are significant difficulties with its precise conceptual identification. Therefore, its consideration should be carried out in a broad context, including all the main global trends of our time.

In 1994, in the report “Human Development Report”, prepared annually in accordance with the UN Development Program, all attention was paid to the problem of economic security, which began to be understood through the prism of human security as an integral concept of a universal nature. Thus, UN experts proposed to reconsider the approach to the analysis of economic security by shifting attention from the security of countries, territories and alliances to a comprehensive and universal concept of human security. The latter became the foundation on which, in accordance with the 1985 resolution "International Economic Security", the UN intended to proceed with the "establishment of the international economic order."

Since the components of human security are interdependent, the threat of its violation in some countries and regions can lead to the development of threats to human security in other countries and regions, which, in turn, can cause a chain reaction of conflicts between everyone. Therefore, it is easier to ensure the safety of mankind through the application of early preventive measures than late intervention.

In order to create a preventive institutional mechanism for “establishing an international economic order” within the framework of the UN reform, the development of which was sharply intensified after the collapse of the USSR, it was decided to place a new supreme economic body, the Economic Security Council (SEB), at the center of the reconstructed UN. The project endowed the SEB with a number of serious powers. Despite its officially declared legal non-binding nature, the council was supposed to lead the "political leadership" in the process of building international consensus in the economic, social and environmental fields. The Economic Security Council, of course, was not a ready-made project of a "world government" in its purest form, but it would clearly indicate the vector of movement in this direction.

Prior to the emergence of this institution, the future responsibilities of the SEB were partly carried out by the UN Commission on Sustainable Development. The focus and activities of the commission were officially placed "taking into account the interconnectedness of the economic, social and political components of sustainable development, as well as the need to ensure cooperation at different levels."

However, for some reason in 1997-1998. there was a transformation of the entire global plan, associated with the transition from a centralized version of global governance headed by the Economic Security Council, to the second - a decentralized, network one: if the first option for creating a subject of global power in the person of the SEB was planned within the UN, then the second, which assumed network decentralization of this subject , was removed from the organization. It was then that the existing intergovernmental institutions - the G8, the UN conferences on the environment and (sustainable) development - began to either share their powers or transfer them to new structures that began to appear - the world summits on the Millennium Development Goals, the G20, world policy forums.

The result of the conducted in 1997-1998. correction of the "global plan", which manifested itself in the abandonment of the SEB project and the transfer of the integration initiative into the hands of palliative institutions - the World Bank, private-public (corporate) research institutions and regional organizations. In addition to regional economic commissions, the political and military-political institutions of the West - the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Council of Europe, the European Union (EU), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) - have taken the most important place in the framework of the "preventive" approach to conflict resolution. .

On such a foundation, in 2000, a well-proportioned and extensive network of global institutions began to be built, representing a decentralized model of global governance that is palliative in relation to the SEB. An intergovernmental organizational principle, implemented with the help of the bifurcated institution of world summits, was chosen. One branch - the UN Conferences on Environment and (Sustainable) Development - is the foundation of global economic governance, and the second, led by the world summits on the Millennium Development Goals, is global political governance.

Neu C. R., Wolf C. Jr. The Economic Demensions of National Security. : RAND, 1994.P. eleven.
Kirshner J. Political Economy in Security Studies after the Cold War // Review of International Political Economy. 1998. No. 1 (5). P. 78.
See: YongJ. Economic Security: Redressing Imbalance // China Security. 2007. No. 2 (3).
Palliative - temporarily or partially providing a way out of a predicament. The term comes from medicine, where a palliative is a remedy that alleviates but does not cure the disease.

World experience shows that holding and preparing for the Olympic Games gives a powerful impetus to the development of the economy and all the infrastructures of the Olympic cities. The analysis of international experience in the organization and legal support of the fight against economic crimes can be successfully used in the preparation and holding of major international sporting events.

In modern conditions of globalization, new challenges and threats arise in all spheres of human life, including sport, which is an integral part of the life of countries, society and the individual - sport is often called a socio-economic phenomenon of the 20th - early 21st centuries, one of the most important elements of the value system created by mankind modern culture. Without the mass development of sports in our country, it is impossible to form a healthy lifestyle, solve demographic problems, increase the achievements and authority of the country in big-time sports in the international sports arena.

The holding of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi contributed to the great economic growth of the entire region, turning it into a world-class resort. Interest from domestic and foreign investors has seriously increased after Sochi received Olympic status. The resort of Sochi has now turned into a promising business project, with a high degree of profitability and extensive development opportunities.

It should also be taken into account that the development of sports in Russia is one of the most important areas of modernization of the country. In the budget message of the President of the Russian Federation in 2010, it was noted: “I consider the work aimed at the formation of a healthy lifestyle, the development of mass physical culture and sports to be an important investment in future development” 1 .

As a result, the process of preparation for the 2014 Winter Olympics has become one of the most important elements of the strategy for the development of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation. This strategy is based on the transition of the sphere of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation to an innovative development model. In addition, issues aimed at improving the health of the nation, raising the level and quality of life of Russians, improving the readiness of human potential, increasing the competitiveness of Russian sports and Russia's prestige in the international arena, improving the upbringing of the younger generation and the unity of Russian society were taken into account. For the first time in the budget, expenditures on the development of physical culture and sports were allocated as an independent section.

However, despite the significant advantages provided by the joint investment activities of the state and the private sector, a number of problems arise that have a significant negative impact on the process of ensuring the economic security of the process of preparing for major international sporting events in the Russian Federation.

One of the most dangerous threats to the economic security of this process is the wide spread of the shadow sector of the economy, shadow processes, as well as corruption, which significantly reduces the efficiency of government activities and increases the cost of government projects.

In general, it can be concluded that solving the problem of organizing effective counteraction to criminal and corruption manifestations, misappropriation of budgetary funds and reducing the negative impact of the functioning of the shadow sector of the economy plays an important role in the system of ensuring economic security in preparation for major international sporting events.

The budget of the 1st Olympic Games was made up of private donations (67%), the sale of postage stamps (22%), the sale of commemorative stamps and coins (11%). In Stockholm, during the V Olympiad (1912), the first sale of exclusive rights was recorded for companies that issued postcards with photographs of competitions and provided sports events with their equipment. Eight years later, in Antwerp, sports booklets and programs were saturated with company advertisements, and in Paris (1924) advertising was officially allowed for the first time directly in sports arenas. Since 1928, the International Olympic Committee has been supported by the Coca-Cola Company. Americans, since the Games in Los Angeles in 1932, place their special advertising posters on the arenas of the competitions. The first broadcasting rights for the Games were sold in 1948 to the British BBC for $3,000.

Starting in the 1960s, a fierce struggle began for the right to broadcast and be a sponsor of the main sporting event of the four years. The IOC leadership initially stopped attempts to over-commercialize the Olympic Games, but the situation of intense competition continued until the 1980s.

In 1980, with the advent of X. A. Samaranch to the post of President of the IOC, the situation changed. Samaranch made a proposal to the Organizing Committee of the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles to seek sponsors to obtain new sources of funding. Not the last role in this circumstance was played by the fact that the 1970s were marked by the crisis of the Olympic movement. The property of the IOC as of 1972 was estimated at $ 2 million, including $ 200,000 of the reserve fund. For such a global organization as the IOC, this amount, of course, seemed scanty.

In 1983, ABC bought the rights to broadcast the Olympic Games for a then huge sum of $225 million. Four years later, in Seoul, this amounted to $300 million, plus $555 million in sponsorship royalties. With each subsequent Olympiad, the profitability of the leading sports forum has steadily increased. In 2000, NBC set a record by buying the rights to broadcast all of the Olympics through 2008 for $4 billion.

In 1983, a special commission of the IOC was set up to look for new sources of funding, assisted by the Swiss agency International Sports and Leisure Marketing (ISL), which later became the official agency of the IOC. Since 1985, the IOC has been conducting international sponsorship programs TOP (The Olympic Program), which bring significant funds to the Olympic movement. The participants of these programs are companies - world leaders in their industries. TOP-1 (1985-1988) brought in $96 million, TOP-N (1989-1992) - $172 million, TOP-Sh (1993-1996) - $376 million, TOP-IV (1997-2000) - $579 million, TOP-V (2001-2004) - 600 million TOP-sponsors receive exclusive marketing rights in their product categories (soft drinks, photographic goods and photographic equipment, electronic means of payment, computer equipment, etc.), can use these rights in everything world, to carry out marketing programs together with the IOC, to supply their goods and services to ensure the Olympic Games.

In addition to the worldwide sponsors of the Olympic Games, sponsors of the International Olympic Committee, National Olympic Committees, specific Olympic Games and Olympic teams participate in the IOC's marketing programs. The long-term partners of the Olympic Movement are permanent members of the TOP programs: Eastman Kodak (IOC partner since 1896), Coca-Cola Company (since 1928), Rank Xerox (since 1960), IBM (since 1960) , Bausch&Lomb (trademark of Ray Ban - since 1989), Visa International (since 1988), Matsushita (trademark of Panasonic - since 1987), Time Inc./Sport Illustrated (since 1988).

Message of the President of the Russian Federation on the budget policy in 2011-2013 June 29, 2010, 13:00 [Electronic resource] URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/news/8192
See: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 7, 2009 No. 1101-r “On approval of the Strategy for the development of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation for the period until 2020” // SZ RF. 2009. No. 33. 17 Aug. Art. 4110.

The goal of national economic security is to ensure a long, high-quality life for the population based on minimizing the socio-economic costs arising from objective threats. Economic security regulation technologies are based on targeted predictive planning and management of optimization and control processes of criteria indicators and benchmarks contained in state target programs and priority national projects.

The methodological basis for the formation of a system for ensuring the economic security of the state is:

1. chamberlist concept of protecting foreign economic security;
2. Keynesian concept of protection against internal macroeconomic threats;
3. institutional concept of protection from administrative barriers.

The cameralist concept of national economic security by Friedrich List assumes that the main responsibility for ensuring it lies with the state bodies that develop laws on import quotas, and with customs and border services.

An alternative approach to the interpretation of national economic security was formulated in the 1930s. English economist John Maynard Keynes. In accordance with the Keynesian paradigm, the main threats to the national economy are unemployment and economic decline in production. Threat prevention methods in accordance with Keynes's recommendations - active state regulation of economic activity based on the provision of financial support and administrative control over competition.

In accordance with the institutional point of view on economic security, the main threats are administrative barriers, and the priority measures to prevent them should be the adoption of laws adequate to the development of market relations.

The prioritization in the protection of national economic security is determined, first of all, by the degree of development of a particular country. For the so-called core countries, or capitalist, the Keynesian approach is most relevant, for the countries of the periphery and semi-periphery - the theory of E. de Soto. As for the concept of F. List, in the context of globalization of the economy, this paradigm is of secondary importance for all countries. In this regard, we can conclude that in the modern conditions of the formation of economic security models, the considered approaches complement each other.

The world has accumulated some experience in this area, but a coherent institutional security system has developed to date only in the United States. Such a system is sufficiently developed in Germany and France. The UK security model is characterized by a specific construction, where there is no legally defined institutional system, but in fact it exists.

The experience of the countries of the European Union shows that ensuring national economic security has a decisive influence on securing a clear place for the state in the global world, which would correspond to its geostrategic significance and potential.

In the European Union (EU), the term "economic security" refers to the position of association in the world economic system. The EU dictates the importance of European integration in order to achieve a high level of competitiveness in the context of globalization. Separately, each member state of the European Union has much less economic resources than other developed and even developing countries. The synergy effect achieved through the exchange of resources determines the ability of the European Union to ensure a high level of economic security and competitiveness. The ultimate goal of ensuring economic security in the EU is the formation of a fully integrated Europe with the same standard of living in all member countries.

Most of the EU countries define the strengthening of the European space of stability in their national doctrines as the main task of security policy through the development of European integration and an active neighborhood policy of the European Union with the countries of Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus, Central Asia and the Mediterranean region. Nevertheless, the concept of the economic security of the European Community must be considered to a large extent in the context of the economic security of each individual state, national doctrines, programs and concepts of national security.

In Germany, there is no separate law dedicated to the concept of economic security. The state philosophy of economic security in practice is implemented mainly through laws that regulate the most important areas of market activity and endow the state with significant control functions. Thus, the main interests of the country in the field of national security, including its economic component, are presented in the form of an official directive of the Ministry of Defense.

Germany sees its economic security in maintaining economic and social progress, democratization in Europe and throughout the world, protection from economic blackmail, ensuring freedom of trade and access to raw materials and markets within a just world economic system. In the internal economic plan, the goal is to guarantee the healthy economic development of the country, the material and social well-being of the population. In the foreign economic plan, the main emphasis, due to the export orientation of the economy, is placed on stability and improvement of sales markets.

The main methods for ensuring the safe development of the economy in Germany are actions to maintain the civilized nature of market relations, create equal conditions for competition, prevent monopolization in certain industries and maintain the stability of the national currency.

In a broad sense, economic security in France is understood as the prevention and prevention of economic threats by introducing new schemes, adapting the norms and structures of international security and creating a network of cooperation, in particular between the public and private sectors and between states.

In France, the main state document that addresses certain provisions for ensuring economic security is the National Security Law of 1964. The concept of national economic security in France is interpreted as the creation of favorable internal and external conditions for increasing national welfare and strengthening the economic potential of the country. Economic security in a broad sense is ensured by the entire set of economic regulation tools. To this end, in France, in the process of developing and making economic decisions, criteria are used that are related to reducing the vulnerability of the economic system and maintaining the economic foundation of an independent foreign policy. These criteria include: elimination of serious disproportions in the level of economic development of business entities; preventing excessive external dependence in the most important sectors of the economy: minimizing the risks associated with dependence on the outside world.

Security policy in the UK is closely linked to defense policy: both are based on assessments of national interests and are implemented through their protection. Under the "national interests" in the field of economics, we mean the economic interests of the whole society as a whole, which have priority over other forms of public interests.

Threats to national economic security are divided into external and internal and are ranked according to the degree of importance and probability of occurrence, which allows you to concentrate efforts to predict and prevent the most dangerous risks from the point of view of national economic security. At the same time, it should be noted that in the field of preventing economic threats, the government traditionally relies on private business, providing it with maximum support. In addition, the country has an extensive network of institutions that ensure effective interaction between parliament, government and big business in the development and implementation of decisions related to ensuring national economic security. In particular, it includes such organizations as the Confederation of British Industry, the Council for Trade with Eastern Europe and a number of more specialized organizations representing the interests of industrialists and entrepreneurs.

The concept of economic security is considered in Spain to a large extent in the context of the economic security of the entire European Community. At the same time, an effective system for ensuring national interests in the economic field has been created. It is based on: flexible legal and regulatory framework; a clear delineation of the competence of ministries, departments and organizations in the implementation of regulations relating to economic development; the presence at each stage of development of a legislatively approved program of economic priorities, which, in principle, should have excluded the possibility of distributing targeted privileges; availability of special state control services.

In the system of ensuring the economic well-being and sustainable development of the country, an important place is occupied by the identification of priority sectors of the national industry that fall under the protection of protectionist measures; regulation of the investment promotion procedure; currency control; carefully developed legislation on joint-stock companies.

In Italy, the state pays great attention to foreign economic expansion, which is carried out through the economic and technological binding of Italy to its foreign partners. At the same time, the most promising among them are the OECD countries, as well as the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Emphasis is also placed on the Italian presence abroad through the development of international industrial cooperation and, as in Germany, the diversification of energy suppliers. In the absence of an officially formulated doctrine of economic security, the fulfillment of Italy's international obligations related to participation in political or economic groupings is an objective guideline for the Italian government. At the same time, the state, within the legal framework, uses all available mechanisms to protect the interests of its own producers in the domestic and foreign markets.

An analysis of the experience of such Western European countries as the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Switzerland in ensuring economic security shows that their main strategic goal in protecting national economic interests is to ensure sustainable economic growth and modernization of the economy in accordance with the conditions of competition in the world market. These countries do not have the opportunity to significantly influence the formation of the structure of the world economy, as a result of which they are forced to adapt to the conditions of the development of the world economy, change the existing structures of national economies and the proportions of their development. At the same time, the so-called "small countries" of the European Union determine the formation of an effective structure and specialization of the economy as strategic goals.

The policy of ensuring the economic security of the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and the Baltic countries is based on the convergence of national interests with common European interests, as well as political, economic and institutional transformation in accordance with Western European standards. In the early 1990s, these countries chose practically the same model for ensuring economic security, which included the following actions: an assessment of the geopolitical situation in the region; determination of the vector and development strategy; building and implementing a behavior model, including in the economic sphere, in accordance with the dominant trends of the regional and global evolutionary process; correlation of basic quantitative and qualitative indicators of development with global and regional standards; adjusting the course of economic reforms. The main threats to the economic security of this group of countries can be called: the economic backwardness of the regions of Central Europe from Western European countries, the difficulties of transition to a market economy, the problems of forming democratic and market institutions, and in some countries, such as Poland, the restriction of imports of strategically important raw materials.

Giving a general description of the current state of development of the economic security sector in all the countries considered, one can single out relatively stable economic systems (Great Britain, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, France). These countries are predominantly focused on improving the efficiency of the economy and at the same time maintain the existing level of personal economic security of their citizens. The new EU member states (Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic) can be said to have completed their “first generation” reforms (with a focus on restructuring and re-subordination) and have entered the final stage of security structure reforms.

An analysis of approaches to the economic security of the state in the countries of the European Union convincingly indicates that the level of security depends on many factors.

Ultimately, the success of the countries of the European Union in providing national economic security depends on the stability and strength of their national economies. Only a strong economy makes it possible to successfully protect national interests in the face of growing global competition and growing world economic disproportions. Consequently, the state should not only develop a national security concept based on world experience, but, above all, reform the economic domestic and foreign policy in order to protect all business entities.

economic security leasing investment