Resources of commercial banks, their formation and regulation.

INTRODUCTION
The resources of commercial banks represent the totality of their own and borrowed funds at their disposal and used to implement active operations. The scale of banks' activities depends on the total volume of resources they have, especially on the amount of attracted resources generated as a result of passive operations.
Passive operations play an important role in the activities of commercial banks, since it is with their help that banks acquire credit resources on the market. Passive operations allow banks to attract funds already in circulation, while new resources are created by the banking system as a result of active ones. credit operations.
There are four forms of passive operations of commercial banks, depending on which banks form various groups credit resources. Through primary issue valuable papers commercial bank and deductions from the bank’s profits for the formation or increase of funds, the bank’s own resources are created; receiving loans from other legal entities and deposit operations contribute to the formation of borrowed and borrowed funds.
The purpose of this work is to analyze the problem of planning and regulating banking resources.
To achieve the intended goal, the following practical tasks have been set:
1. Determine the essence, structure and functions of the bank’s own resources, find out the main sources of their formation and consider the directions of their use.
2. Describe the main forms of attracted banking resources, show the advantages and disadvantages of various types of deposits, explore the features of centralized lending of Russian commercial banks.
1. OWN RESOURCES OF COMMERCIAL BANKS
1.1.The essence of the bank’s own resources and their functions
The bank's own resources are bank capital and items equivalent to it. The role and amount of equity capital of commercial banks are particularly specific, differing from enterprises and organizations engaged in other types of activities in that banks cover less than 10% of the total need for funds with their own capital. Typically, the state sets for banks a minimum ratio between their own and borrowed resources. The presence of the bank's own resources is a necessary condition its stability on financial market. At the initial stage of creating a bank, own funds cover priority expenses, without which the bank cannot begin its activities. In the future, using their own resources, banks create the reserves they need to reduce credit risks In addition, own resources are the main source of investment in long-term assets. Per share own funds accounts for 12% to 20% of the bank's total liabilities.

Equity capital performs three functions: protective, operational and regulating. The protective function means the protection of depositors and creditors, i.e. the possibility of paying them compensation in the event of losses or bankruptcy of the bank; maintaining its solvency through the created reserves; continuation of the bank's activities, regardless of the threat of losses. This is the main function of equity capital.
The operational function - providing the financial basis for the bank's activities - is secondary, because The main resources for active operations are raised funds. In this function, the bank’s own capital provides an adequate basis for the growth of active operations, i.e. Maintains the volume and nature of banking operations in accordance with the bank's objectives.
The regulatory function of equity capital is associated exclusively with the special interest of society in the successful functioning of banks, as well as with laws and regulations that allow central banks to exercise control over the activities of commercial banks and other credit institutions. These rules require compliance with the minimum amount of authorized capital required to obtain a banking license; maximum loan amount (risk) per borrower.
1.2.Structure of the bank’s own funds, their formation and use
The bank's own funds are a collection of funds with different purposes, ensuring the economic independence and stability of the bank's functioning.
Own funds include:
- authorized capital (share capital of the bank),
- reserve fund;
- special bank funds,
- depreciation of fixed assets,
- economic incentive funds,
- funds allocated by the bank from profits for production and social development,
- revaluation fund currency funds,
- profit of the current year and previous years,
- reserve funds created to cover risks for individual banking operations.
The main element of the bank's own funds is the authorized capital (share capital). Authorized capital (fund) is an organizational and legal form of capital, the amount of which is determined by the founding agreement on the creation of the bank and is enshrined in the bank’s Charter. Authorized capital is created by issuing shares (joint-stock banks) or transferring share contributions ( mutual banks).
To ensure the stability of banks Central Bank The Russian Federation has established a minimum authorized capital for newly formed credit institutions in an amount equivalent to 5.0 million ECU.
The bank's authorized capital is reflected in the liabilities side of the balance sheet and is formed by cash contributions, tangible and intangible assets, foreign currency and securities issued by third parties and having a market quote. In accordance with the telegram of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated February 21, 1994 N 47-94, the share of tangible assets in the total amount of the authorized capital of commercial banks should not exceed 20% in the first two years of their activity. Subsequently, the share of tangible assets should not exceed 10%, excluding the cost of buildings, the share intangible assets- 1 %. When contributing tangible and intangible assets to pay for the authorized capital, it is necessary to keep in mind that only those assets are accepted that can be used in the direct activities of the bank, determined by law and license. In addition, the assessment of these assets must be approved by the minutes of the meeting of shareholders (shareholders) of the bank.

If a commercial bank is created as a share bank, then the admission of new participants is carried out with the consent of the majority of the bank’s shareholders, and the capital is increased as the deposit is made additional contributions shareholders.
The authorized capital of a joint-stock bank is formed by issuing shares and is regulated by Instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 8 dated February 11, 1994 “On the rules for the issue and registration of securities by commercial banks on the territory of the Russian Federation.”
To increase the authorized capital, existing commercial banks can use:
- funds from reserve fund bank, if its value exceeds 10% of the paid-in amount of capital;
- funds from special funds;
- unused funds from economic incentive funds at the end of the year;
- fixed assets acquired by the bank at the expense of economic incentive funds aimed at the production and social development of the bank, divided into in the prescribed manner between members of the workforce after payment income tax and other obligatory payments;
- funds from the revaluation of the foreign currency portion of equity in the amount of 50% of the credit balance at the end of the reporting year;
- dividends accrued but not paid to the bank’s shareholders;
- retained earnings based on the results previous year.
Joint-stock banks, in payment for newly issued shares, may accept convertible bonds and other securities issued by them in accordance with the terms of their issue and current legislation.
The reduction of the authorized capital of a joint-stock bank is carried out by decision of the meeting of the bank’s shareholders by repurchasing shares and canceling them after the bank has completed the procedures provided for by law.
The bank's reserve capital is created from pre-tax profits in the amount of 25% of the paid-in amount of the authorized capital. The purpose of creating a reserve fund is to cover general risks arising from the main activities of the bank, for which special reserves are not formed. It can also be used to pay interest on bonds issued by the bank if current profits are insufficient and to increase the bank's authorized capital. When calculating equity capital adequacy standards, the reserve capital created by law, in international practice refers to Tier I capital, i.e. to fixed capital.
The bank's special funds include the following:
“Additional own funds of the bank” are funds received by the bank from the sale of shares to their first owners in excess of the nominal value (founder’s profit).
Special funds also include funds received as a result of the revaluation of the bank's fixed assets carried out by decisions of the Government of Russia, and accounted for in a separate personal account of the balance sheet account "Special Funds". These funds can be used to charge additional depreciation on retiring fixed assets for which depreciation has not been fully accrued, as well as to increase the authorized capital.
The third type of special funds is “Depreciation of low-value and wear-and-tear items”, which is also taken into account on this balance sheet account.
Commercial banks form a fund "Depreciation of fixed assets" through depreciation charges for all types of fixed assets. Depreciation is calculated as a percentage of the book value, based on approved standards. At the same time, for the active part of fixed assets, depreciation is accrued during the standard service life, or the period during which their initial cost is fully attributed to the bank’s expenses. For the inactive part of fixed assets, depreciation is accrued throughout their entire service life. The funds of this fund are not included in the bank's capital.

Economic stimulus funds are created from bank profits after taxes. The procedure for the formation of these funds is determined by the general meeting of shareholders of the bank and can be enshrined in the Regulations on the use of profits remaining at the disposal of the bank. These Regulations determine the types of funds created and the proportions, i.e. the share of each fund is established in percentage terms, as well as the share of profits allocated for the payment of dividends. The funds from the material incentive fund are used to pay bonuses, purchase shares for bank employees and other purposes of a similar nature.
2. RAISED FUNDS FROM COMMERCIAL BANKS
2.1. Deposits and their types
Raised funds from banks cover over 90% of the total need for financial resources to carry out active operations, primarily credit. These are deposits (deposits), as well as current and correspondent accounts. Their role is extremely great. By mobilizing temporarily available funds of legal entities and individuals on the market credit resources, commercial banks with their help satisfy the need of the national economy for additional working capital, contribute to the transformation of money into capital, and meet the population’s needs for consumer credit.
The bulk of the funds raised are deposits, which are divided into demand deposits, time deposits and savings deposits.
Demand deposits are the most liquid; they can be withdrawn by investors on demand. The owner of a current account receives a checkbook from the bank, using which he can not only receive money himself, but also pay agents of economic relations.
The features of a demand deposit account are as follows:
-money can be deposited or withdrawn into this account both in parts and in full without restrictions;
- it is allowed to take cash from this account in the manner established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
-on deposits On demand, the bank is obliged to keep a minimum reserve with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in a larger proportion than for time deposits.
The main disadvantages of demand deposits are:
a) for their owners - no interest payment on the account;
b) for the bank - the need to have a higher operating reserve to maintain liquidity.
Funds for the production and social development are allocated for the purchase and construction of a bank building, equipment for the purchase of housing for bank employees, etc.
Other funds created from the bank’s net profit are used in accordance with their intended purpose specified in the Regulations on the distribution of profits remaining at the disposal of the bank. Unused balances of economic incentive funds at the end of the year can be used to increase the authorized capital.
The bank's own funds also include funds from the revaluation of foreign currency. Funds in the form of positive exchange rate differences in the bank's currency position at the end of the year are included in the bank's income, and in case of negative ones they are included in operating expenses and, thus, either increase or decrease the bank's own funds.
To reduce risks for individual transactions, commercial banks have the right to create appropriate reserve funds. Thus, from January 1, 1994, all commercial banks must create reserves to cover credit risks. Banks' expenses for creating reserves for possible loan losses are included in the cost of services provided by the bank.
Commercial banks also create reserves to secure investments in securities. Reserves are created in proportion to the bank's investments in shares joint stock companies, in non-government debt obligations and other securities under the special instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The volume of created reserves is determined separately for securities that have a market quote and for securities that do not have a market quote. Provisions for impairment of these securities are created from the bank's after-tax profits.

The created reserves to cover credit risks and depreciation of securities increase the bank's own funds, create conditions for ensuring its solvency and reliability, but are not included in the equity capital.
Time deposits are deposits made by bank clients for a certain period of time, on which increased interest is paid. In this case, interest rates depend on the size and term of the deposit. One of the types of time deposits are certificates of deposit, designed for a precisely fixed time of raising funds. They were first put into circulation in 1961. in the USA First National City Bank (currently Citi Bank). Account holders are issued special personal certificates (certificates), which indicate their repayment period and interest level.
Certificates of deposit are a certificate of deposit in a bank of a certain fairly large amount of money (in the practice of Western banks, at least 50 thousand US dollars), which indicates the period for its mandatory repurchase by the bank and the amount of a certain premium paid at the same time.
In contrast to demand deposits, time deposits have a clearly established period, their owners are paid a fixed percentage and, as a rule, there are restrictions on early withdrawal deposits. For Money, stored in time deposit accounts, a lower required reserve ratio is established than for demand deposits.
The advantage of time deposit accounts for the client is the receipt high percentage, and for the bank - the ability to maintain liquidity with a smaller operational reserve.
The disadvantage of time deposit accounts for clients is low liquidity and the inability to use funds in time deposit accounts for settlements and current payments, as well as for receiving cash. For the bank, the disadvantage is the need to pay increased interest on deposits and thus reducing the margin.
An important role in the resources of banks is played by savings deposits of the population, in particular special-purpose deposits. They are deposited and withdrawn in full or in part and are certified by the issuance of a savings book.
Banks accept targeted deposits, the payment of which is timed to coincide with vacation periods, birthdays, and also practice “ New Year's deposits“- during the year the bank accepts small deposits to celebrate the New Year, and at the end of the year the bank issues money to depositors; those who wish can continue accumulating money until the next New Year. These deposits are very popular among ordinary citizens in economic terms. developed countries.
Savings deposits are beneficial to banks because they are usually long-term in nature and, therefore, can serve as a source of long-term investments. Their disadvantage is the exposure of these deposits to a variety of factors (political, economic, psychological), which increases the threat of a rapid outflow of funds from these deposits and loss of bank liquidity.
For banks, the most attractive are time deposits, which strengthen the liquidity position of banks.
2.2. Non-deposit raised funds. Loans from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
Non-deposit sources of attracting resources include: obtaining loans on the interbank market; agreements on the sale of securities with repurchase; accounting of bills and obtaining loans from the Central Bank; sale of bankers' acceptances; release commercial papers; obtaining loans on the Eurodollar market; issue of capital notes and bonds.

In the conditions of formation banking system In Russia, most of these sources of attracting resources have not been developed. Russian banks They mainly use interbank loans and loans from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
An important source of banking resources are interbank loans, i.e. loans obtained from other banks. In the market between bank loans funds held in correspondent accounts with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation are sold and purchased. Commercial banks receive loans from the Central Bank in the form of rediscounting and re-pledge of bills, in the form of refinancing and in the form of pawn loans.

Commercial bank resources and their use

Banks to carry out their commercial activities must have a certain amount of funds. The specificity of the activities of banks is that, on the one hand, they attract temporarily free funds from various sources, and on the other, they place them, satisfying the needs of enterprises, organizations, and the population that need additional resources on the terms of repayment and payment.

Banking resources are the totality of funds at the disposal of banks and used by them for credit and other active operations. It is necessary to distinguish between the term “bank resources” and the term “lending resources”. The second concept is much narrower, since it defines only that part of the bank’s resources that it uses for credit investments.

Sources of banking resources are formed as a result of banks conducting passive operations. The following main groups of passive operations of commercial banks are distinguished:

Primary placement of equity and debt securities of its own issue;
- formation and increase of bank funds;
- deposit operations;
- loans and borrowings received from others legal entities;
- other operations.

When a commercial bank carries out certain passive operations, it forms different kinds resources: own and attracted.

A commercial bank's own funds consist of funds generated by it and profits received by the bank as a result of its activities in the current year and over the past years. The bank's funds form the basis of its own funds. Each of them has a specific purpose. The order and sources of their formation also differ.

As noted in paragraph 18.1, the starting point in organizing banking is the formation of authorized capital (capital) by commercial banks. Its creation in the amounts determined by law is a mandatory condition for registering a bank as a legal entity. Regardless of the organizational and legal form of the bank, its authorized capital is formed entirely from the contributions of participants - legal entities and individuals. The funds contributed to the authorized capital represent the initial capital for the implementation of economic and commercial activities of the newly created bank and throughout the entire period of operation of the credit institution are economic basis his existence.

In addition to the authorized capital, commercial banks form a number of special-purpose funds (for example, a reserve fund, a bank development fund, etc.), the sources of creation and replenishment of which are bank profits. A separate group can be divided into bank funds, the formation of which is associated with various foreign economic factors. These are the so-called revaluation funds.

A special group in the bank's funds consists of funds accumulated as a result of depreciation of fixed assets.

The bank's own funds include a number of other elements:

Reserves for risks and payments created at the expense of bank profits;
- emission differences resulting from the sale of initially placed shares at a price exceeding them par value;
- redistributed profits of the reporting year and previous years.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of “own funds” and “equity capital of the bank”. If the first concept is a generalized one, including all the bank’s liabilities formed in the course of its internal activities, then the bank’s own capital is a calculated value. It may include, in addition to certain items of own funds, and certain types of borrowed funds. An example of such funds would be a subordinated loan. The possibility of equating it to own funds is due to the specific requirements that this loan must match. For example:
- sufficiently long terms of attraction (at least five years);
- the lack of possibility for the creditor to demand repayment terms earlier provided for in the contract;
- payment of the principal amount of the debt only after the expiration of the contract.

By economic content deposits can be divided into several groups:

Poste restante;
- urgent;
- savings deposits.

The main characteristic of all demand deposits is the ability of their owners to use these funds without prior notice: to make payments and transfers at their expense, to receive part of them for use for purposes permitted by law in the form of cash, to deposit them and even completely withdraw them.

For banks, the main inconvenience of deposits of this kind is associated with the fairly high risk of their simultaneous withdrawal and the need to maintain a large reserve of funds for settlements on such obligations.

The most stable part of deposit resources are time deposits and savings deposits. Time deposits refer to funds deposited with a bank for a fixed period. In some cases, commercial banks resort to processing time deposits with deposit and savings certificates.

For a bank, from the point of view of managing its liquidity, term deposits are the most acceptable, since the withdrawal of these funds by their owners is expected only after the end of the agreed terms.

Non-deposit (borrowed) funds are considered to be resources that are formed by commercial banks through the sale of their own debt obligations (bills, bonds, bank certificates) for money market or by obtaining loans from others credit institutions, including from central bank. Non-deposit sources bank funds Unlike deposits, they are not personal in nature and are not associated with specific bank clients. They are purchased on the market, often on an auction basis. The reasons for attracting such resources may be the need to increase the balance of funds in the correspondent account to complete interbank settlements and prompt regulation of bank liquidity. The purchase of resources on the interbank market may also be associated with the possibility of their effective use for specific target programs, and sometimes in this way the missing part of the resources is mobilized to meet the needs of the bank’s most significant clients.

The structure of banking resources is understood as the ratio of the shares of various types of bank resources in their total volume. The structure of resources is influenced by various factors:

State of the loan capital market;
- the bank has appropriate licenses giving the right to carry out transactions with foreign currency and funds of individuals;
- the duration of the bank’s activities, on which the volumes of its own and attracted resources depend;
- the composition of the clientele who are the suppliers of raised funds;
- type of bank (specialized or universal), etc.

Particular attention is paid to resource management of commercial banks, which is an activity related to the accumulation of funds, determining the size and appropriate structure of sources of these funds in direct connection with placement.

The most important task when banks use their own and borrowed resources is to simultaneously ensure maximum return on banking assets and an acceptable level of liquidity. The bulk of the banks' income is provided by credit investments, investments in securities and investments; the overall liquidity of the bank is maintained by placing resources in highly liquid assets: funds on hand in correspondent accounts with the central bank and other commercial banks. A certain part of the resources is used by banks to purchase fixed assets and intangible assets. Such assets are characterized as not liquid and not generating income, but they are necessary to ensure the normal functioning of the bank, like any other business entity.

A significant role in the management of banking resources belongs to commercial banks, but since changes in the size and structure of banking resources affect the dynamics of indicators money supply, there should also be centralized regulation of the resource base of commercial banks.

Regulating the resource base of commercial banks is not the direct task of the central bank, however, as part of the monetary policy The National Bank of the Republic of Belarus, through the implementation of various methods of monetary regulation, can have a direct or indirect impact on the amount of resources of commercial banks.

In general, the need for regulatory action National Bank of the Republic of Belarus on the resource base of commercial banks is caused by the requirements to ensure the security and liquidity of the entire banking system.

The main objectives of resource management carried out by commercial banks are:

Maintaining the bank's own liquidity;
- meeting customer demand for credit investments;
- obtaining a profit sufficient to pay dividends in amounts satisfying shareholders and for the development of the bank.

An important element of resource management of a commercial bank is the management of its liabilities. As a rule, it consists in determining the optimal structure of sources of banking resources for a particular bank.

One of the tasks solved in the process of managing the resources of a commercial bank is their efficient allocation, which would reimburse the costs of attracting them and provide the bank with profit while simultaneously meeting the liquidity requirements of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus. This is achieved through the close interconnection of passive transactions with assets. The bank must ensure quantitative and qualitative compliance of the size and nature of the resources at its disposal with the directions and timing of credit investments, as well as investments in other assets.

Banking resource management is sufficient complex process, and the liquidity, profitability, profitability and general financial condition of a commercial bank largely depend on its quality.

CONCLUSION
The main source of resources for commercial banks are borrowed funds, amounting to about 88% of all banking resources. The share of banks' own resources accounts for 12%, which generally corresponds to the existing structure in global banking practice.
The structure of the bank's own funds is heterogeneous in terms of its qualitative composition and changes throughout the year depending on the quality of assets, the use of its own profits, and the bank's policy to ensure economic stability. As part of the bank's own funds, half of them are funds that have their own purpose and various sources of formation. The second half of equity is the current year's profit.

LITERATURE
1. Antonov N.G., Pessel M.A. Money, credit, banks. - M.: Finstatinform, 1995.
2. Banking. Textbook /ed. Lavrushina O.I. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2000.
3. General theory money and credit: Textbook / Ed. E.F. Zhukova. - M.: Banks and exchanges, UNITY, 1995.
4. Usoskin V.M. Modern commercial bank: management and operations. -M.: IPC “Vazar-Ferro”, 1994.
5. Financial and economic dictionary / Ed. M.G. Nazarova - M.: Finstatinform, 1995.

The main purpose of creating so-called reserves (banking resources) is that in this way additional volumes of financial resources are generated for the entity’s participation in income-generating transactions and repayment of possible obligations that go beyond the planned budget of the financial organization.

Varieties

The main criterion for classifying banking resources is economic indicators. So, according to this gradation they are divided into:

• own funds, which are formed from the authorized capital, savings, subordinated loans, and the issue of securities;
• attracted (receipts from clients to accounts, deposits, bills);
• borrowed (issue of bonds, loans from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, repo operations).

If possible, control:

• permanent (loans, urgent cash advances at interest);
• unstable (assume the presence of demand deposits);
• stable (time deposits, loans).

You can also distinguish assets by time of use: permanent and temporary; according to the value of the formed assets: expensive, mid-price category, without payment; etc.

Structure

The structure represents the percentage of different types of resources in the total mass. The volume of a particular resource is influenced by:

• availability of special permits to carry out certain banking operations;
• duration of work in the banking services market;
• type of clientele;
• view banking organization(universal bank or special purpose);
• number of loans, volume of loans and credits issued, interest on them.

The structure of a banking institution is a changing quantity, since the amount of own funds, as well as interest received from activities, is constantly changing. But, if we compare similar indicators for reporting period (calendar month), then they will be almost the same.

Sources of formation

All banking assets, are divided into four main groups:

• free capital, i.e. something that was in direct connection with the bank's cash;
• loans provided to individuals and legal entities, as well as funds held in the accounts of other commercial banks for the purpose of distributing funds for their safety. This also includes interest deductions on loans;
• investments made by a bank in the acquisition of shares, bonds and other securities in order to receive dividends. Investment objects may be gold, real estate, foreign currency, etc.;
• domestic investments - property fund, as well as other objects (equipment, buildings, machinery).

Assets can generate profit (investments, dividends, etc.) or not generate any profit, but constitute the bank’s wealth. In addition, highly liquid assets are distinguished, which are cash or property that can be quickly converted into cash.

Functions

The main function of bank resources is to increase capital, increase the number of assets, receive stable income, increase profits. But, in addition to the main task, such resources also have other functions:

• protection of the interests and risks of the bank, i.e. these are internal reserves that allow, in the event of unforeseen circumstances related to financial difficulties, to pay off debts and pay dividends;
• development function: thanks to reserves banking institution on initial stages functioning can quickly acquire the necessary equipment, fixed assets and other property that makes up the start banking;
• regulatory, which allows the bank to regulate the implementation of certain standards and indicators;
• provision, i.e. allows you to purchase additional equipment, office equipment, stationery and other means necessary for the favorable conduct of business and work with clients.

Audience on Saturday or on your own pair

Irina Viktorovna - Banking

LECTURE MISSED and more than one

DOCLAAAAAAAAAAAAAD

1. Own funds of a commercial bank

Bank resources are the totality of funds at the disposal of the bank or used by them for active or passive operations. The bank's resources consist of its own, attracted and borrowed funds.

Own funds include - authorized capital (fund), reserve fund, other funds formed from the bank's profits and undistributed profits during the year.

Authorized fund– organizational charter form of capital, the amount of which is determined by the bank’s charter. Depending on the form of organization of the bank, the authorized capital is formed differently (LLC or OJSC), but regardless of the organizational and legal form of the bank, its authorized capital is formed entirely from the contributions of participants, namely individuals and legal entities. Forming it using bank loans is illegal; borrowed funds cannot also be used. Funds directed by the founders of the authorized capital end up in the bank's correspondent account, turning into resources for it.

The minimum size of the authorized capital of a credit organization is established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities” as of September 1, 2012, the minimum amount of authorized capital is:

a) for banking credit organizations– 300 million rubles.

b) for non-bank credit organizations – 18 million rubles. without the right to receive banking license

c) for non-bank credit organizations – 90 million rubles. upon receipt of a banking license

The authorized capital of a credit organization consists of contributions from its founders and determines the minimum amount of property that guarantees the interests of its creditor. Contributions to authorized capital can be in the form:

· cash in Russian currency and foreign currency;

· material assets owned by the founder of a credit organization.

Funds contributed to the authorized capital of a credit organization and money become his property size limit The non-monetary part of the authorized capital created by a credit organization should not exceed 20%. The declared authorized capital must be paid in the amount of 100% within a month from the date of registration of the bank.

Reserve fund – part of the bank's own funds formed through deductions from profits. Most Vivid Features of this fund manifest themselves in joint stock bank. It is intended to cover the bank's operating losses, unexpected losses, losses from falling securities prices, replenishment of the main fund and payment of dividends on preferred shares and interest on bonds in cases where current profits are insufficient for this. The procedure for replenishing and using the reserve fund is determined by the bank's charter. A reserve fund is formed through annual contributions - 5% of net profit. Its maximum size is determined in the bank's charter.

Other funds– such funds are formed depending on the specific needs of the bank and the directions of its current activities. Each of these funds has a highly specialized focus. Funds of this kind include special funds, fixed assets and depreciation funds, economic incentives and salary funds, corporatization fund, and chairman's fund.

An integral part of the bank's own funds are insurance reserves formed by the bank when performing specific transactions. The purpose of these reserves is to smooth out negative consequences in connection with the actual conduct of certain banking operations. the formation of these reserves is mandatory and prescribed by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

retained earnings– a temporary account, it accumulates profits that are not distributed among shareholders in the form of dividends and are not credited to reserves or other funds. The proportions of distribution of funds that are on this account are determined by the meeting of shareholders and are of a business nature.

In banking practice, a distinction is made between net equity and gross capital. Own gross capital This is the sum of all bank funds and retained earnings on the balance sheet. Net capital This is that part of the bank’s own resources that can be used as its credit resource, i.e. put into circulation.

2. Raised funds from a commercial bank.

The main part of the bank's resources consists of borrowed funds. These include balances in customer accounts, deposits of enterprises and organizations, deposits of citizens, the Central Bank, and other liabilities.

Client account balances– these are primarily settlement and current accounts of clients.

Checking account– an account intended for storing funds of enterprises, associations and organizations in a bank and carrying out operations related to their main activities. They are opened by enterprises that are legal entities with an independent balance sheet. A current account is opened by a legal entity resident of the Russian Federation in a bank of its own choosing.

Current account - opened by organizations that have non-self-supporting divisions and branches, at the location of the latter. A current account can be opened for the following groups of commercial and non-commercial commercial organizations.

· Branches, representative offices, divisions and other separate divisions of the enterprise;

· Institutions and organizations consisting of state budget with a special regime for using a current account;

· Entertaining enterprises coming on tour;

· Public organizations not engaged in economic activities, trade union committees, mutual aid funds, territorial public self-government bodies.

Branches, representative offices and other separate divisions of enterprises can open accounts in banks of the Russian Federation upon submission of a legal petition. faces.

Structural units of commercial organizations can open settlement subaccounts, and structural units of non-profit organizations can open current subaccounts.

This type of credit resources is of interest to the bank, since they are relatively cheap, and their creation is the least labor-intensive process for banks compared to other types of attracted resources. The disadvantage of this type of resources is that they are not very reliable in terms of their relative inconstancy; the degree of dynamics of changes in client account balances depends only on them.

3. Deposits

Deposits are the second most important type of credit resources after balances in customer accounts.

Deposits– in a broad sense, they represent amounts of funds received for temporary storage in a bank and subject to return, under certain conditions, with or without interest due according to their ownership. In other words, deposits mean all time and non-time deposits of bank clients, reflected in special balance sheet accounts.

Sources for placing funds on deposits are varied. These are funds in the accounts of enterprises of various forms of ownership, government agencies and services, insurance and investment companies, exchanges and brokerage houses, as well as funds of individuals.

When attracting client funds into deposits, it is necessary to conclude an agreement bank deposit. Under a bank deposit agreement, one party, namely the bank, accepts received from the other party, namely the depositor, or received for it sums of money undertakes to return the deposit amount and pay interest on it under the conditions and procedure stipulated by the agreement. Depending on the policy of a commercial bank, there are various conditions for a deposit account, for example, on the amount of the deposit, interest rate, procedure for withdrawing the deposit, etc.

If we consider the conclusion deposit agreement and other accounts then exist various classifications deposits.

Deposit accounts can be varied, so they are classified according to various criteria:

1) By sources of deposits,

2) their intended purpose,

3) degree of profitability

4) by the level of interest rates

5) according to the structure of depositors

6) according to the sources of funds received into this account, and so on

But most often the criteria are the categories of the depositor and the forms of withdrawal of the deposit. Let's consider the classification of deposits according to the form of withdrawal of the deposit. There are 2 types of deposits:

· on demand

· time deposit

Deposit accounts:

1. demand accounts

1) current account

2) account with overdraft

3) correspondent account

2. urgent accounts

1) time deposit accounts of legal entities

2) savings deposits of individuals

3) savings and deposit certificates

A piece is missing

Demand deposits are intended for current expenses. Demand deposits include a current account - this is a single account on which all transactions of the bank with the client are recorded. On the one hand, it reflects the bank’s loans and all payments from the account on behalf of the client, funds received into the account in the form of transfers, deposits, loan repayments, and others. Thus, this is an active-passive account, which is a combination of current and loan accounts. Contract accounts are opened by a reliable customer and a first-class borrower. If expenses exceed receipts, the account owner has the opportunity, without special registration, in each individual case to receive a loan in the amount specified in the agreement with the bank. An account can only be opened by a legal entity.

Demand accounts also include current accounts with an overdraft. This is an account for which, on the basis of an agreement between the client and the bank, a certain amount is allowed in excess of the amount debited from the account over the amount of the balance. With an overdraft, unlike a current account, such borrowings are carried out from time to time and are not of a regular nature. The presence of a current account with an overdraft does not exclude the opening of an additional deposit or loan account for the client to carry out individual transactions. While all operations carried out by the bank in relation to the client are concentrated on the current account. accounts with overdraft – for individuals and legal entities. Demand deposits include correspondent bank accounts opened with the Central Bank of the Central Bank or correspondent banks for the purpose of making settlements and payments unilaterally or on behalf of each other. Correspondent accounts, opened by banks in other correspondent banks it is called nostra accounts (our account). Correspondent accounts in a given bank are called loro accounts (their account)

As a rule, when establishing correspondent relations between banks, it may be possible to create an overdraft on these accounts on agreed upon mutually acceptable terms. If there are temporarily free funds, each of the parties under this agreement undertakes to inform the other party about this.

Time deposits are deposits attracted by banks for a specified period. For time deposits, funds can be withdrawn at any time after the expiration date. Banks can set a minimum size of a time deposit, the amount of which depends on the bank’s orientation towards a small, medium or large client.

A variety of time deposits are deposit and savings certificates. A certificate is a written certificate from the issuing bank about a deposit of funds that satisfies the right of the depositor, or his successor, to receive the amount and interest on it upon expiration of the established period. In accordance with the rules of issue, a certificate of deposit can only be issued to a legal entity, and a savings certificate - only to an individual. According to the method of issuance, certificates can be divided into those issued one-time and those issued in series. According to the method of formation - registered and bearer. According to the term of application - urgent and on demand. The maturity period for certificates of deposit is set within 1 year, and for savings certificates – within 3 years. The certificate can be redeemed in 3 ways:

1) new issue certificate

2) non-cash transfers to other types of deposits or to demand accounts

3) cash (for individuals)

The bank issuing certificates independently develops the conditions for the issuance and circulation of its certificates. The conditions of issue, descriptions of appearance and a sample certificate are approved by the bank's board and sent for examination to the State Technical University of the Central Bank, which issues an opinion on the issuer's compliance with existing rules for issuing certificates.

Passive operations of banks – Bank operations to attract financial resources necessary to carry out credit and other active operations.
The bank's passive operations include:

· raising funds for settlement and current accounts of legal entities and individuals;

· opening urgent accounts for citizens, enterprises and organizations;

· issue of securities;

· loans received from other banks and others.

The bank's resources consist of its own and borrowed funds.
TO own resources relate: share capital, reserve capital, retained earnings.
Bank's own capital– the basis for increasing the volume of its active operations.
Share capital (or authorized capital of the bank)– formed from share contributions (share bank) or funds received as payment for shares (joint stock bank). Banks widely use the issue of shares as a way to attract funds. Commercial banks issue both common and preferred shares.
Reserve capital or reserve fund of banks is formed through annual deductions from profits, the amount of which is established by the meeting of shareholders. This capital is intended to cover unexpected losses, losses from falling securities prices. Its minimum sizes are regulated in accordance with banking legislation.
retained earnings – this is the part of profit remaining after payment of dividends and contributions to the reserve fund (capital). Its increase by accumulating profits by investing bank earnings in certain types of assets (loans or investments).
Borrowed or attracted funds occupy a predominant place in the structure of banking resources. In global banking practice, all raised funds, according to the method of their accumulation, are divided into deposits and other raised funds.
The bulk of the funds raised by commercial banks are deposits. Deposit operations of banks in world banking practice are the main types of passive operations. Indeed, it is they who reveal the content of the activities of a commercial bank as an intermediary in the acquisition of resources on the free market of credit resources.
DEPOSIT– deposits or cash, securities (stocks, bonds) deposited in banks and subject to return to the person who deposited them upon the occurrence of previously agreed upon conditions.
In international banking practice, the following classification of deposits is accepted:

· demand deposits;

· time deposits;

· savings deposits of the population;

· investments in securities.

Demand deposits – these are deposits with no specified repayment terms, that is, unlimited, refundable on demand.
Time deposits - these are funds stored on bank accounts within a certain period established upon their opening.
Savings deposits – these are deposits of individuals with a savings book issued to the depositor. Savings deposits do not have a fixed term and the interest rate on them is floating.
Investments in securities include – certificates of deposit, bank bills, currency bills.

A necessary active element of banking activity is the resource base of a commercial bank and the factors that determine it. To carry out their operations, banks must have certain resources at their disposal. A commercial bank, on the one hand, attracts available funds from legal entities and individuals, thereby forming its own resource base, and on the other hand, places it on its own behalf on the terms of repayment, urgency and payment. At the same time, a commercial bank can carry out its operations only within the limits of its available resources.

Banking resources- this is the totality of funds at the disposal of the bank and used by it to conduct active operations and form reserves. These are the own capital and funds of commercial banks, as well as their borrowed funds.

As a result of banks conducting passive operations, sources of banking resources, which include:

· placement of shares or primary issue (sale) of shares;

· sale of bank assets (land, real estate, gold and precious metals);

· issue and placement of short-term and long-term obligations (certificates of deposit, bank bills, mortgage obligations, etc.);

· sale of securities (both government and corporate), owned by the bank or its clients;

· raising funds to deposit accounts of legal entities and individuals;

· obtaining loans from the central bank, other credit institutions and financial institutions;

· using part of the income received by the bank to increase the resource base.

Banking resources consist of:

· funds previously created by the banking system and located in passive accounts of credit institutions (or active-passive accounts in terms of the excess of liabilities over assets), as well as money circulation;

· potential resources that are currently being created or attracted by banks or will be created (attracted) in the future.

According to the method of formation, the resources of a commercial bank can be divided into two main groups:

· equity

· involved funds.

Own sources of banking resources:

· share capital formed during the creation of the bank;

· profit earned by the bank, which can be in different forms (in the form of bank funds created at its expense, in the form of retained earnings of previous years and the reporting year).

Equity represents funds owned directly by a commercial bank during the period of its activity. Own funds are elements that can serve as insurance in case of unforeseen losses.

Involved funds are temporary for the bank. They can be formed by banks on a deposit and non-deposit basis.

Deposits- funds of legal entities and individuals raised as a result of the bank’s operations to open and maintain customer accounts, accept deposits, and issue its own securities in the form of debt obligations.

Other funds raised are in the nature of loans, since they are acquired by the bank on its own initiative, mainly on the interbank market.

Depending on the conditions for attracting deposit resources and the possibility of their withdrawal by the owner deposits are divided for urgent and on demand.

Non-deposit resources are formed by banks as a result

· issue and sale of their own debt securities (bills, bonds, bank certificates);

· when purchasing resources on the interbank market.

In the latter case, there are various channels of attraction: from commercial banks or from the central bank. Depending on the conditions for the provision of resources by the National Bank, they may be:

· targeted and used by commercial banks to lend to specific projects and clients;

· non-targeted, which banks have the right to dispose of at their own discretion.

The bank’s sources of funds are the main feature of the classification of its resources, however, bank resources can also be classified according to other criteria, for example, by the cost of resources, by the influence of a particular type of resource on the liquidity and profitability of the bank.

Taking into account the cost of resources, we can conditionally distinguish 3 groups of them:

· free,

· cheap,

· expensive.

To free resources refers mainly to part of the bank's own funds, the source of which is profit. Resources that represent client account balances for which interest is not charged can also be free.

Cheap resources, as a rule, are demand deposits.

To the dear ones You can include time deposits and resources purchased on the interbank market.

The cost of a bank's resources has a direct impact on its profitability, and the bank's liquidity largely depends on the conditions under which customer funds are raised (urgent, on demand) and what is the likelihood of their simultaneous withdrawal.

Attracted resources can be classified by types of clientele:

· legal entities,

· individuals.

The classification feature of the bank’s resources can also be the type of currency in which they are formed: national, foreign (including freely convertible and with limited conversion).

Thus, when a commercial bank carries out operations, it generates its own and borrowed resources. Depending on the conditions and characteristics, the resources of commercial banks are divided into various types. The resource base in the activities of commercial banks determines the scale and direction of active operations and, consequently, the volume and structure of banking income. The composition and structure of a commercial bank’s resources has a significant impact on its liquidity and financial results activities in general.

Bank's own resources

Own funds of a commercial bank consist of the funds formed by it and the profit received by the bank as a result of its activities in the current year and over the past years. Bank funds form the basis of own funds. Each of them has a specific purpose. The order and sources of their formation also differ.

The starting point in organizing banking is the formation of authorized capital (capital) by commercial banks. Equity by general definition, this is the bank’s property, free from obligations, the bank’s own property (funds). On average it accounts for about 17% in the total structure of banking resources. Ensures economic independence, stability and sustainable operation of the bank. Its creation in the amounts determined by law is a mandatory condition for registering the bank as a legal entity. Regardless of the organizational and legal form of the bank, its authorized capital is formed entirely from the contributions of participants - legal entities and individuals. Funds contributed to the authorized capital represent start-up capital for the start of economic and commercial activities of a newly created bank and throughout the entire period of operation of the credit institution, they are the economic basis of its existence.

Commercial banks must compulsorily form reserve fund, which is intended to compensate for losses from active operations of the bank, pay dividends on preferred shares in case of insufficient profit received and for other similar purposes. The reserve fund is formed from deductions from the bank’s net profit. The size of this fund is directly dependent on the size of the bank’s authorized capital

In addition to the mandatory formation of a reserve fund, commercial banks can also create other funds, the sources of which are bank profits. The number of these funds, their names, purpose, size, procedure for formation and use must be stipulated in the constituent documents of the bank or in special internal bank regulations on funds approved by the relevant management bodies of the bank. Most often, a bank development fund, funds accumulating funds for paying dividends to shareholders and indexing the par value of shares, and a bank current expenses fund are formed. Various trust funds, for example, for retraining and advanced training of personnel, etc. A special group should include bank funds, the formation of which is associated with various foreign economic factors. They can be combined under the general name revaluation funds.

The bank’s own funds may include a number of other elements:

· reserves for risks and payments created at the expense of bank profits;

· emission differences resulting from the sale of initially placed shares at a price exceeding their par value;

· retained earnings of the reporting year and previous years.

It is important to note that a distinctive feature of the structure of bank liabilities is the relatively small share of the bank’s own funds (about 10%) compared to the share of borrowed funds.

Attracted bank resources

As noted earlier, attracted resources can be classified into different types:

· deposit and non-deposit;

· free, cheap, expensive;

· banking, legal entities and individuals.

A type of attracted bank resources are household funds placed in deposits. In addition, the funds raised now include funds from individual entrepreneurs.

With the transition to market relations, commercial banks have not only new channels for raising funds, but also fundamentally different, non-traditional for the previous banking system, ways of accumulating temporarily free funds of individuals and legal entities. Among the attracted resources, new types appeared, such as funds received from the National Bank and funds raised from other commercial banks. Raising funds on a deposit basis is widely practiced, and attracting resources for fixed periods has acquired particular importance for commercial banks. With the development of correspondent relations between banks, a type of attracted resources appeared, such as balances in correspondent accounts. A fundamentally new way of accumulating funds was their attraction based on the issuance by banks of their own debt securities: bonds, bills, certificates of deposit and savings certificates.

The main part of the attracted resources of commercial banks consists of deposits. They represent funds deposited into the bank by its clients - legal and individuals. Based on their economic content, deposits can be divided into several groups:

· demand deposits;

· time deposits;

· savings deposits.

The main characteristic of all demand deposits is the ability of their owners to use these funds without prior notice: to make payments and transfers at their expense; receive part of them for use for purposes permitted by law in the form of cash; carry out their deposit and even complete withdrawal.

The most stable part of deposit resources are time deposits and savings deposits. Under time deposits refers to funds deposited in a bank for a fixed period. In some cases, commercial banks resort to processing time deposits and deposits with deposit and savings certificates. Savings accounts clients are characterized mainly by the absence of a fixed period for storing funds and the conditions for their maintenance do not require warning of withdrawal of funds.

By non-deposit funds It is generally accepted to consider resources that are generated by commercial banks by selling their own debt obligations on the money market or by receiving loans from other credit institutions, including the central bank. Non-deposit sources of bank funds, unlike deposits, are not personal in nature and are not associated with specific bank clients. They are purchased on the market, often on an auction basis, which involves competition.

Thus, the share of raised funds in the total amount of banking resources is more than 70%.