In this article, we explore what a loan portfolio is, what types of portfolio are most common in the business environment, and how it should be formed and analyzed.

A loan portfolio is a set of bank assets received as a result of issuing various loans to customers. If to speak in simple words, then the loan portfolio is all loans that were issued to borrowers over a certain period of time or by the reporting date.

Tracking and analyzing the state of the loan portfolio is very important, because. the capitalization of the bank depends on the structure of borrowers and other factors. In addition, the loan package, like any other asset, can be sold. And the value of such a transaction directly depends on the type of borrowers, the total value of the portfolio, the probability of repayment of debts, etc.

Contrary to popular belief that the portfolio includes not only the debt itself, but also the interest on it, in fact this is not the case. In the conventional sense, only the “net” amount that will be received after the return of the “loan body” by customers is included in the loan portfolio. Accordingly, all interest, penalties, interest, commissions and other related profits are not included in the portfolio.

Types of loan portfolios

So, a bank's loan portfolio is a set of borrowers' debts to the bank. But this definition is too imprecise: borrowers can be different, and the real value of the portfolio directly depends on this.

After all, if in total the borrowers of the bank are not the most trustworthy people, then the probability of returning all debts is not so high. Conversely, reliable banks have reliable customers, which means high chances for full repayment of debts.

Based on this parameter, two main types of portfolios are formed: neutral and risky. There is also a third type, which occupies an intermediate position between these two types - the so-called. " mixed”, but more often than not, the main client base still gravitates towards integrity or dishonesty. Accordingly, there are very few portfolios classified as “mixed” on the market.

The neutral type of the portfolio is the most expensive: borrowers regularly, timely and fully pay not only the principal amount of the debt, but also all associated interest, fines and commissions. A risky portfolio, on the contrary, contains loans issued to not the most trustworthy clients.

The riskier the portfolio, the lower its value. So, for example, situations are not uncommon when Russian MFIs agree to sell a very risky portfolio with a total debt of over 3 million rubles to collection offices for 300-500 thousand rubles.

Therefore, it is important to think not only about how to increase the loan portfolio, but also about the structure of debts and the riskiness of the package - the offer price no less depends on this.

Formation procedure

The procedure for forming a loan portfolio commercial bank produced in several stages:

1. First, an analysis should be made of factors that are somehow related to the level of demand;
2. Credit potential is being formed and increased;
3. The projected capacity should match the structure of loans that will later be issued to end customers;
4. Analysis of data on issued loans. It is especially important to study the client's behavior when repaying loans;
5. Conducting an assessment of the quality and effectiveness of the resulting portfolio;
6. If necessary, the company can adjust the efficiency and quality of the loan package. To do this, an analysis should be carried out, and then measures should be taken to eliminate the reasons that led the bank to not the highest portfolio efficiency. The most common measure in such a situation is to change the conditions for issuing a loan. For example, they can tighten, thereby increasing the reliability of the portfolio.

Control

Ultimately, the two main goals of managing a bank's loan portfolio are to increase the profitability of the enterprise while reducing risks. Accordingly, all activities carried out in the process of managing the formed loan package should be aimed precisely at achieving these two goals. For example, these activities include:

• Portfolio diversification by groups of borrowers. That is, to reduce risks and increase profits, part of the loans can be issued to another category of borrowers who are not generally represented in the portfolio;
• Administrative measures: creation of a market analysis committee, broader or, conversely, narrower delegation of authority along the vertical hierarchy of the enterprise; differentiation of departments by type of loans, etc.;
• Increase customer control. For example, the selection for issuing a loan may be tightened; introduced a personal system for assessing each client, etc.;
• Development of marketing offers focused on a general increase in the client base. For example, an advertising campaign may be carried out or a department may be developed that creates and offers individual offers to customers, in the highest degree taking into account the needs and desires of this category of borrowers. Among other things, successful marketing at the same time solves the problem of how to increase the bank's loan portfolio.

Analysis

As in the case of types of loans, the analysis of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank is also divided into two types - "quantitative" focuses on the total amount of loans issued, and "qualitative" takes into account, first of all, the riskiness of the loan package.

Quantitative analysis is carried out according to the following algorithm:

1. First, you need to determine how many loan agreements were concluded for a specified period of time for each specific loan program;
2. All loan agreements for all programs are considered;
3. Then you need to calculate the total amount issued for all programs and for each in particular;
4. The obtained information is compared with the data for the same period earlier;
5. The analyzed data is compared with the enterprise plan.

The main task of quantitative analysis is to determine the most popular loan program. With this information, you can make a popular program your own. competitive advantage, also it should be emphasized when conducting advertising campaigns.

Quantitative analysis reveals the least profitable and most risky areas that should either be restructured or removed altogether.

Qualitative analysis is slightly different in the algorithm of actions:

1. First, the percentage of problem loans from the total number of all loans issued is calculated;
2. The total amount of overdue payments is calculated;
3. A graph is built showing the dynamics of the total overdue debt over a specified period of time;
4. Based on this information, it is concluded which areas should be prioritized, which ones need reforms, and which ones should be removed completely.

Qualitative analysis is primarily aimed at determining the riskiness of the package, so it is great for those companies who are thinking about selling this asset soon.

Sale

A sale usually means the transfer of debt obligations to another organization. In this case, the borrowers simply owe not to the organization that originally issued the loan, but to the company that bought the debt.

The successful sale and the cost of the package depend on its general indicators (the volume of debt, the volume of loans issued, the average amount of loans issued, etc.); the riskiness of the package; payment statistics; compliance of credit potential with the structure of loans.

Therefore, for example, a package worth 1 million rubles from Sberbank can easily be sold for 1.2 million rubles, because the riskiness of the package will be minimal, and the interest, on the contrary, will be high. In contrast, MFI portfolios are worth only 20-30% of the total value of outstanding debt. This happens because the heads of MFIs sell debt only in very critical situations, where the chance to repay the debt is minimal.

Bankruptcy

The bank has its own creditors - other banks, the state, etc. And, of course, even commercial banks often find themselves in situations where it is simply impossible to repay the debt on time due to circumstances.

If the Central Bank of the Russian Federation declared the bank bankrupt, the loan portfolio will be sold to other organizations without fail. This will happen either at the behest of the bankrupt bank itself, or without its consent at the auction. In this case, all debtors of the bankrupt bank will simply have to repay the debt in another bank - a corresponding notification must be sent to all borrowers.

Brief summary of the article

The package includes the sum of all loans issued to customers and not yet repaid. Because borrowers are different, such portfolios are risky and neutral. To form a loan package, you must first analyze and develop loan programs, and then carefully examine the dynamics of loans issued.

The main type of income for financial and commercial organizations is active operations on financial market after raising temporarily free funds. A typical example of such activities is the issuance of loans on a long-term or short-term basis to entities or . It is due to the issuance of loans that the organization's loan portfolio is formed.

So, the organization's loan portfolio is a set of debts of borrowers on loans issued on a specific date of monitoring such debts. It is worth recognizing that bank borrowers can be:

• individuals;
• legal entities;
• other financial institutions;
• state.

As a rule, when evaluating the activity of an organization in the financial market, we are talking about client loan portfolio, which covers relationships with individuals and legal entities.

The main features by which the loan portfolio is divided are its gross type (the full array of loans issued to various business entities), as well as the net portfolio (characterizes the difference between the amount of funds issued on loan and the accrued reserve collateral).

Depending on the policy commercial organization can be identified the following types loan portfolio:

– loan portfolio with a neutral level of risk. It is characterized by the majority of loans issued to trustworthy borrowers, which also negatively affects the return on issued capital.

– risky loan portfolio. Depending on the degree of profitability and the presence of cooperation with borrowers of moderate or low solvency, the risk of non-repayment of funds may be increased. Mechanisms to counteract this situation are the reservation of funds in case of difficulties with debt servicing, as well as a rational policy on collateral for loans.

Depending on the compliance of the current loan portfolio with the strategic priorities of a commercial organization, the following are distinguished:

• optimal;
• suboptimal portfolio.

According to the combination of fundamental conditions for the work of a commercial organization (this is "Risk-return"), there are:

• balanced;
• unbalanced loan portfolio.

Depending on the specific tasks of classification, it is also possible to distinguish loan portfolios in the national unit or in foreign currency, as well as portfolios of the main branch or peripheral representative offices of a commercial organization.

The procedure for assessing the loan portfolio

To provide financial stability it is important not only to strive to increase the volume of loans issued, but also to systematically control the quality of the loan portfolio. It is worth avoiding the formation and growth of so-called "toxic assets", which are collateral objects with low liquidity. Control over the quality of the loan portfolio is carried out with the help of its regular assessment using objective quantitative and subjective qualitative methods.

More accurate quantitative methods involve a comprehensive analysis of financial statements and specific indicators of the loan portfolio. Financial managers should consistently assess the composition and dynamics of the following indicators:

• volume of issued loan funds and their structure;
• timing of loans;
• the procedure for servicing the current debt of borrowers;
• level interest rates;
• general macroeconomic indicators that can affect the discount rate and the cost of borrowings;
• currency composition of loans issued.

A subjective assessment concerns the work of experts in the direction of studying the reliability of borrowers and the procedure for servicing their current debt. Risks are assessed current position commercial organization and prospects for further expansion of the commercial organization.

The totality of credit investments available at a certain date represents the bank's loan portfolio, which includes interbank loans and loans granted to individuals and legal entities, or interbank and client loan portfolios.

The main source of information about the state of the bank's loan portfolio is its balance sheet. The classification, on the basis of which the bank's balance sheet is built, gives an idea of ​​the composition and structure of credit investments by counterparties and types of credit.

The bank's clients upon receipt of a loan, or subjects of credit relations, are non-banking financial institutions, commercial organizations, non-profit organizations, individual entrepreneurs, bodies government controlled and individuals.

Credit transactions mean the following operations of the bank with customers: short- and long-term loans, factoring, leasing, provision of funds to clients on REPO terms, transfer of funds as security for the performance of obligations, fulfillment by the bank of obligations, provision of funds when selling promissory notes with deferred payment, loans.

The transaction type is associated with the object of credit investments, which determines the purposes for which the loan is granted.
Allocate loans that are provided for purposes related to the creation and movement current assets, and loans that are provided for purposes related to the creation and movement of long-term assets. As a rule, loans that involve the formation of current assets are short-term, while loans that involve the formation of non-current assets are long-term. At the same time, the division of loans into short-term and long-term should not necessarily reflect the object of lending, but may indicate only the term of the loan. So, short-term loans include those for which the term full repayment established by the loan agreement does not exceed one year, as well as loans provided under renewable credit lines and when lending to cover an overdraft, except for loans with an initially established loan agreement maturity of at least part of the loan over a year. Long-term loans include loans with a maturity of more than one year.

Factoring is lending against an assignment. monetary claim, i.e. in this case, the object of credit relations are monetary obligations debtor (invoices for goods shipped, accounts receivable).

Leasing reflects the relationship that arises between the bank that acquires the object of leasing, the supplier from which this object is purchased, and the lessee to whom the object is transferred on a lease basis. The lessee pays the bank leasing payments, including the interest for using the subject of leasing - various property acting as an object of credit relations.

Loans are provided to individuals for consumer purposes and for real estate financing.
To credit operations of the bank, the object of which are securities, includes the provision of a deferral for customers to pay for the bills they purchase, including when they are sold on the secondary market.
Operations on obligations fulfilled by the bank to the client, for example, acceptance, aval, endorsement of bills of exchange, guarantees, involve the return of the funds transferred by the client for him. The object of the Transaction is the obligation fulfilled by the bank.

Loan operations are classified as lending operations, although they are not considered as Bank operations due to the nature of the loans. The latter can be provided by all subjects of economic relations without complying with banking legislation, but with the obligatory condition: to be issued only at the expense of own funds, but not at the expense of attracted sources. Therefore, banks, providing, for example, their employees with funds under a loan agreement and on more favorable terms than loans, exclude their amount from the calculation of the bank's regulatory capital.

The totality of all the above groups of loans at a certain date is the gross loan portfolio of the bank.

As part of the loan portfolio, a retail portfolio is distinguished, which is a set of bank claims for loans for consumer needs individuals And credit debt individual entrepreneurs. At the same time, the total amount of claims on loans of one client should not exceed the amount equivalent to 50 thousand euros and 0.5% of the total retail portfolio.
Loan portfolio evaluation includes quantitative and qualitative aspects.

For quantitative assessment, the composition and structure of the loan portfolio are determined according to the following criteria: type of counterparty, industry affiliation of the client, type of credit operation, object of lending, type of currency, method of securing the fulfillment of obligations under the loan agreement, the initial loan term and the period remaining until the loan is repaid.

Qualitative assessment takes into account compliance with the terms of lending and the level of credit risk, involves the determination of the net loan portfolio, the share of problem debt in its composition.

The maturity classification of the gross customer loan portfolio reflects the nature of the debt. Allocate urgent, prolonged and overdue debts.
Term debt refers to debt that has not yet matured. Attribution of debt to the account for accounting for prolonged debt, i.e. a change in the initial terms established in the loan agreement is possible for good reasons. The assignment of debt to the account for accounting for overdue debt means the failure to repay the entire loan or part of it on the due date of repayment of the loan.

Debt categorized as overdue or extended is problematic. Part of term debt can also be considered as such if there are grounds for creating a reserve for possible losses in 3-5 groups. The difference between the gross loan portfolio and the created provision for problem loans is the bank's net loan portfolio.

The size, composition and structure of the loan portfolio is the basis for calculating the main regulatory indicators of the bank, such as indicators of the bank's own capital adequacy, liquidity and compliance with the maximum risk level for the bank's debtors.

The concept of "bank portfolio" and its meaning

The composition of the bank's own portfolio is characterized by the state of all aspects of the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet. Therefore, the banking portfolio is understood as the totality of all banking assets and liabilities as of the relevant date. It is formed due to the conduct of active and passive operations by a credit institution.

The main types of the banking portfolio are:

• loan portfolio;
• cash portfolio;
• various portfolios of securities;
• investment portfolio;
• portfolio of deposits and other borrowed funds, etc. depending on attraction or placement Money.

Remark 1

The Bank of Russia has predetermined the list of operations (portfolios) of credit institutions, i.e. this is a banking portfolio consisting of all concluded and functioning agreements on attraction and placement of funds.

When calculating the efficiency of banks, the quality of active and passive portfolios is assessed.

A sharp decrease in the quality of the portfolio leads to the bankruptcy of the bank. And, on the contrary, the correct and rational management of assets and liabilities contributes to obtaining high margins, profit growth and profitability.

A justified market strategy and tactics for attracting and placing banking resources to achieve maximum profitability, liquidity and risk reduction leads to the formation of an optimal banking portfolio, and its management is assessed as effective.

The structure of the banking portfolio is understood as the ratio of different groups of assets and liabilities of the bank to the total value of the balance sheet.

The concept and composition of the portfolio for active banking operations

The active bank operations carried out by the bank bring more than 90% of the total total income.

The banking portfolio of active operations can be classified depending on the decrease in income in world practice as follows:

• the first place is occupied by the loan portfolio,
• the second is a portfolio of securities of third parties (in other interpretations - investment, stock, trading, etc.),
• the third is a portfolio of cash, including different types of currencies
• the fourth is a portfolio of other assets.

Definition 1

The loan portfolio of the bank is loans, loan and equivalent debt, i.e. the loan portfolio includes not only the loan component, but also other claims of the bank that have a credit nature.

The loan portfolio includes various types credit operations, which differ by subjects and objects of lending.

The functions of the loan portfolio from the standpoint of the banking portfolio should be assessed from the standpoint of expanding and diversifying the income base of banks, increasing financial stability, reducing the risks of active operations and ensuring high income growth rates.

The loan portfolio is part of the banking portfolio, but has its own specific features (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Main characteristics of the banking and loan portfolio. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

From the goals, banks form loan portfolios of certain types. Portfolio type represents its characteristics based on the ratio of income and risk.

Figure 2. Types of loan portfolio. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

The loan portfolio can also be classified depending on the types of loans included in it (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. Varieties of the loan portfolio. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Thus, the loan portfolio can be divided into two main areas: by types (dependence on the risks and income of the portfolio); by type (depends on the structure and types of loans prevailing in the structure of the loan portfolio).

The investment portfolio of a commercial bank is a portfolio of securities, i.e. activity credit institution associated with the investment of funds in securities on its own behalf, on its own initiative and at its own expense for the purpose of making a profit.

Definition 2

The investment portfolio of a credit institution is a purposefully formed set of financial instruments that are intended for financial investments in accordance with the approved investment policy.

Currently at legal entities, except long-term loans, an important financial investment instrument is securities, for which the definition of " investment portfolio” is identified with “stock portfolio” (or “security portfolio”).

According to the purpose of generating investment income, a bank's investment portfolio of income and a growth portfolio are distinguished.

The banking portfolio of income is formed according to the criteria for achieving the maximum level of investment income in the current period and does not depend on the long term.

The banking portfolio of growth is formed according to the criteria for the maximum increase in investment profit in the long term and does not depend on the current period.

The concept and composition of the portfolio of passive operations of the bank

When conducting passive operations, a bank portfolio for passive operations is formed. The sources of these portfolios are own, borrowed and borrowed funds.

The first source creates a portfolio of own funds.

The next two - form the second large portfolio - a portfolio of attracted resources (deposit portfolio, including a portfolio of interbank loans and deposits received).

The value of the bank's own resource portfolio lies in maintaining its stability. At the expense of own funds, reserve funds are formed and this is one of the main sources of investment in long-term assets.

Definition 3

A portfolio of deposits and other borrowed funds is a portfolio that allows you to purposefully solve such goals as providing the necessary liquidity, obtaining current investment income and minimizing the level of investment risks.

The specificity of a credit institution, as one of the types of commercial organization, is that the overwhelming amount of its resources is formed not at the expense of a portfolio of its own funds, but at the expense of a deposit portfolio, which includes its own debt securities issued by banks.

Any bank - the formation of an optimal loan portfolio.

Optimal loan portfolio of a commercial bank- this is such a loan portfolio in which the accumulation and distribution of credit resources occur in such a way that the loans issued correspond to the available credit resources in terms and amounts, the level of profitability on them is the maximum possible under the given conditions, and the degree of risk is reduced to the minimum acceptable level. Formation of an optimal loan portfolio is one of the key tasks and main problems of the bank's activities.

There are five stages in the formation of an optimal loan portfolio:

• analysis of factors affecting the demand and supply of credit;
• formation of the credit potential of a commercial bank;
• ensuring the compliance of the structure of credit potential and loans issued;
• analysis of issued loans on various grounds;
• assessment of the efficiency and quality of the loan portfolio, development of measures to improve the bank's loan portfolio.

Onfirst stage the analysis is carried out by the analytical services of the bank, taking into account the regional markets in which the bank operates. It is desirable that this work become a permanent component in the process of improving the loan portfolio, as this will allow the bank to catch changes in the banking environment in a timely manner and take measures to reduce credit risk and increase lending profitability.

Among the factors that determine the development of credit operations in the bank, there are internal and external.

Internals include:

• available credit resources, taking into account their urgency and volume;
• the presence of sufficient equity capital (since, on the one hand, equity capital can act as an additional source for the bank's credit operations, and on the other hand, equity capital can, to a certain extent, compensate for the risks of credit operations);
• the cost of the bank's credit potential, which is taken as the basis for forming the interest rate on loans offered to customers;
• the availability of qualified bank personnel for the implementation of certain types of lending;
• the degree of protection of credit operations through the formation of reserves for possible losses on loans;
• the specifics of the bank and the circle of clients with whom it works.

External factors include the following:

• state of the country's economy;
• carriers of demand and supply of credit;
• volumes of demand and supply of credit, depending on its urgency;
• the impact of the state's monetary and financial policy on the lending process;
• the main trends in the development of the credit market, including in terms of volumes of loans, rates of the Central Bank and its policy to limit credit risk;
• regional features of the credit market;
• risk insurance system for credit operations.

An analysis of the factors (both internal and external) influencing , allows you to create a more perfect loan portfolio, identify the most risky credit operations at the moment and develop measures to reduce the level of risk.

Second stage formation of an optimal loan portfolio is characterized by determining the structure of the bank's credit potential by sources of funds and their urgency. Credit potential in this case is considered as the sum of short-term and long-term credit potentials.

Short-term potential consists of funds of legal entities (funds on settlement, current accounts, deposits up to one year); funds of individuals (demand deposits, deposits and deposits up to one year); funds of non-commercial structures (account balances, deposits up to one year); interbank loans and funds on correspondent accounts (funds on correspondent accounts, loans with a term of up to one year); funds accumulated through securities (short-term securities with a maturity of up to one year).

Long-term credit potential, as well as short-term, is the sum of funds of legal entities, individuals, non-profit structures, interbank loans, funds on correspondent accounts and securities, however, with the necessary condition that all of the above liabilities are long-term, i.e. valid over one year.

An analysis of the credit potential of a commercial bank in the short and long term is used to assess the bank's potential for the development of certain types of credit without disturbing liquidity.

next, third stage formation of an optimal loan portfolio analyzes the balance of the loan potential and the loan portfolio. Usually, Russian banks face a lack of medium- and long-term lending capacity. If the credit potential and the loan portfolio are unbalanced (for example, if there is a lack of credit resources of this maturity), the bank must find the sources of funds it needs (for example, attract long-term funds, apply to the interbank market, additionally issue long-term securities, analyze the possibility of expanding equity capital).

With a lack of long-term credit potential and the impossibility of finding sources to replenish it, banks are forced to transform short-term potential into long-term, which in turn causes problems with bank liquidity.

If the credit potential exceeds the volume of the loan portfolio, the bank may reallocate credit resources and use them in other active transactions (with securities, in currency transactions etc.).

Onfourth stage the analysis of loans issued on various grounds. As such signs, the terms of loan repayment, the nature of repayment, by category of the borrower, by the method of collecting interest, by the nature of loan collateral, by form of loans, by profitability, by risk level, etc. can be used.

An analysis of the issued loans on the basis of the indicated characteristics characterizes the structure of the loan portfolio existing in a commercial bank.

Finally, fifth stage formation of an optimal loan portfolio gives an assessment of the effectiveness and quality of the loan portfolio. It is built on the basis of determining the role of credit operations in the bank's activities, the efficiency of using the bank's credit potential, the level of interest rates and volumes of income from credit activities, the size of the interest margin, as well as determining the real risk from credit operations based on the analysis of overdue debts.

Thus, on the basis of the above steps, an optimal loan portfolio of a commercial bank is formed. When forming it, special attention should be paid to the assessment of credit risk and methods of its reduction.

For this purpose, first of all, it is necessary to analyze the loan portfolio of a commercial bank and, on its basis, evaluate its quality. Then, based on the data already obtained, it is necessary to develop a system of measures to improve the bank's loan portfolio and bring it as close to rational as possible. Finally, it is necessary to analyze the effectiveness of the measures taken and analyze the updated loan portfolio. The process of organizing loan portfolio management is a cyclical and continuous process, constantly repeating and changing depending on existing circumstances.

In order to analyze the bank's loan portfolio, you can use centralized and decentralized methods of analysis.

The centralized method is based on the requirements set by the Central Bank for the bank in the process of managing its loan portfolio, and includes a number of indicators for which the maximum possible value is set. These are standards such as H 6, H 7, H 9, H 9.1, H 10, H 10.1. These requirements are the same for all Russian banks, and therefore these ratios are mandatory for the calculation of all Russian banks.

Maximum exposure per borrower or group of related borrowers H 6 is calculated as the ratio of the total amount of the bank's claims to the borrower or a group of related borrowers (on loans, placed deposits, discounted promissory notes, loans, loans and deposits in precious metals, etc.) to the amount of the bank's own capital. The maximum allowable value of the standard H 6 set at 25%.

Maximum size of large credit risks H 7 shows the share of the total amount of large credit risks in the bank's equity capital. Its highest value is 800%.

Maximum amount of credit risk per shareholder (participant) H 9 is defined as the ratio of the total amount of the bank's claims to the borrower or a group of related borrowers (in relation to those shareholders whose contribution to authorized capital bank exceeds 5% of its value registered by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation) to the bank's equity capital. The limit of this standard is set at 20%.

The total amount of large credit risks for shareholders (members) of the bank H9.1 is calculated as the total value of credit risks for all shareholders whose contribution to the authorized capital of the bank exceeds 5% of its value registered by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The maximum allowable value of this standard is 50%.

The maximum amount of loans, loans granted to its insiders H 10, as well as guarantees and warranties issued in their favor, shows the share of the total amount of the bank's claims against the bank's insider and related persons in the bank's equity. The considered standard should not exceed 2%.

Finally, the total value of loans and borrowings provided to its insiders, as well as guarantees and guarantees issued in their favor ( H 10.1), should not exceed 3% of the bank's equity capital.

The illiterate policy of most Russian banks in the implementation of the lending process, the assumption of too large and unjustified credit risks, abuses in lending to insiders, especially in terms of providing unsecured loans, led to the fact that the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, in order to protect the interests of depositors, significantly tightened the requirements presented to banks. For these purposes, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation reduced the amount of the maximum risk per borrower or a group of related borrowers by almost 3 times, reduced by a quarter maximum size large credit risks, as well as 5 times reduced the maximum amount of loans provided to insiders.

Centralized method of analysis imposes rather stringent requirements for the analysis of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank, however, for its more detailed analysis, it is necessary to apply additional, decentralized methods.

Decentralized loan portfolio management methods associated with the developed methods for assessing the quality of the loan portfolio, efficiency and risk of credit operations. These methods of loan portfolio management are different for each bank and can differ significantly from each other.

To analyze the bank's loan portfolio, you can use the methodology developed by INEC. This technique has earned wide popularity among Russian banks, as it takes into account various aspects of lending activities, allowing you to obtain sufficiently detailed information about the state of the bank's loan portfolio and its role in the portfolio of banking assets.

To implement this technique for analyzing the loan portfolio of a commercial bank, a number of indicators are used, such as:

• indicator of general credit activity;
• coefficient of use of borrowed funds;
• doubtful debt ratio;
• indicator of the share of overdue debt in the bank's assets;
• indicator of the share of overdue debt in relation to the bank's own capital;
• refinancing ratio;
• rate of return on credit transactions.

Total lending activity indicator, considered earlier, shows the share of the bank's real lending operations in the total volume of the bank's operations for the placement of funds, and is calculated by the formula:

K 1 \u003d Kr / A,

• Cr- the total amount of loans issued by the bank;
• A- the amount of assets of a commercial bank.

The indicator of the use of borrowed funds, calculated as the ratio of the total amount of loans issued by the bank to the amount of net funds attracted by the bank:

K 2 \u003d Kr / Raised funds - net.

Doubtful debt ratio is defined as the ratio of the amount of overdue debt on the principal debt (Krp) and interest on it (Pp) for all types of loans to the balance of loan debt

K Z \u003d Krp + Pp / Kr.

The share of overdue debt on the principal debt and interest on it in the total amount of the bank's assets calculated as

K 4 \u003d Krp + Pp / A.

The share of overdue debt on the principal debt and interest on it in relation to equity (SK) bank calculated by the formula:

K 5 \u003d Krp + Pp / SK.

Refinancing ratio is equal to the ratio of interbank loans attracted to interbank loans placed:

K 6 = MBK raised/MBK placed.

It should be taken into account that interbank loans are the most expensive part of attracted banking resources, and it is not advisable to use them for other active operations, for example, investments in securities, etc. Ideally, this indicator should be equal to 1, so it is necessary to pay attention to the possibilities of optimal asset and liability management.

Return on credit operations shows the degree of profitability of credit operations:

K 7 \u003d Operating income / Kr.

However, to calculate this coefficient, data are required not for a specific day, but for a period of time.

Summing up, we can say that credit policy reflects the strategy and tactics of the bank in the field of lending. It determines the order of work at all stages credit process: from accepting a loan application to repaying the loan and closing the credit case. Its development should be based on a theoretically substantiated structure of an optimal credit policy. It is also important to emphasize that credit policy is the basis of risk management in activities, so it is necessary to pay special attention to monitoring risks at the stage of credit control.