Hungarian agriculture in brief. Development of the Hungarian economic complex
During 1970-2018 Hungarian industry at current prices increased by $30.9 billion (15.5 times) to $33.0 billion; the change occurred by -0.14 billion dollars due to a drop in population by 0.68 million, as well as by 31.0 billion dollars due to an increase in industry per capita of 3,200.7 dollars. The average annual growth of industry in Hungary amounted to 0.64 billion dollars or 5.9%. The average annual growth of industry in Hungary in constant prices was 2.3%. The world share decreased by 0.031%. The share in Europe increased by 0.36%. The industry minimum was in 1970 ($2.1 billion). The industry peaked in 2008 ($34.0 billion).
During 1970-2018. industry per capita in Hungary increased by $3,200.7 (16.6 times) to $3,405.5. The average annual growth of industry per capita at current prices is $66.7 or 6.0%.
The change in industry in Hungary is described by a linear correlation-regression model: y=0.66x-1 295.5, where y is the calculated value of industry in Hungary, x is the year. Correlation coefficient = 0.918. Coefficient of determination = 0.843.
Hungarian industry, 1970-2008 (growth)
For 1970-2008 Hungarian industry at current prices grew by $31.9 billion (16.0 times) to $34.0 billion; the change occurred by -0.078 billion dollars due to a drop in population by 0.38 million, as well as by 32.0 billion dollars due to an increase in industry per capita of 3,200.9 dollars. The average annual growth of industry in Hungary was at the level of 0.84 billion dollars or 7.6%. The average annual growth of Hungarian industry in constant prices was 2.7%. The world share increased by 0.024%. The share in Europe increased by 0.33%.
For 1970-2008 industry per capita in Hungary increased by $3,200.9 (16.6 times) to $3,405.7. The average annual growth of industry per capita at current prices was 84.2 dollars or 7.7%.
Hungarian industry, 2008-2018 (decline)
For the period 2008-2018. Hungarian industry at current prices decreased by $1.0 billion (3%) to $33.0 billion; the change occurred by -$1.0 billion due to a fall in population of 0.30 million, as well as by -$0.0019 billion due to a fall in industry per capita by $0.19. The average annual growth of industry in Hungary was -0.10 billion dollars or -0.31%. The average annual growth of industry in Hungary in constant prices was 0.71%. The world share decreased by 0.054%. The share in Europe increased by 0.027%.
During 2008-2018 industry per capita in Hungary increased by $0.19 (0.0056%) to $3,405.5. The average annual growth of industry per capita at current prices is equal to -0.019 dollars or -0.0006%.
Industry of Hungary, 1970
Industry of Hungary in 1970 amounted to 2.1 billion dollars, ranked 40th in the world and was at the level of the industry of the Philippines (2.2 billion dollars), the industry of Colombia (2.2 billion dollars), and the industry of North Korea (2.0 billion dollars). The share of Hungarian industry in the world was 0.21%.
In 1970, it was 204.7 dollars, ranked 60th in the world and was at the level of industry per capita in Jamaica ($217.8), industry per capita in Guyana ($216.2), industry per capita in Oman ($211.1), industry per capita in Aruba ($207.4), industry per capita in Hong Kong ($202.2), industry per capita in Angola ($194.8). Industry per capita in Hungary was less than industry per capita in the world ($274.1) by $69.4.
Comparison of industry in Hungary and its neighbors in 1970. The industry of Hungary was smaller than the industry of Romania ($6.0 billion) by 64.3%, and the industry of Austria ($5.0 billion) by 57.6%. Industry per capita in Hungary was less than industry per capita in Austria ($666.6) by 69.3%, industry per capita in Romania ($289.7) by 29.3%.
Comparison of Hungarian industry and leaders in 1970. Hungarian industry was smaller than the US industry ($288.7 billion) by 99.3%, the USSR industry ($164.8 billion) by 98.7%, the Japanese industry ($80.8 billion) by 97.4%, and the German industry ($77.4 billion). $) by 97.3%, UK industry ($41.4 billion) by 94.9%. Industry per capita in Hungary was less than industry per capita in the USA ($1,377.4) by 85.1%, industry per capita in Germany ($985.6) by 79.2%, industry per capita in Japan ($770.2) by 73.4%, industry per capita in Great Britain ($744.2) by 72.5%, industry per capita in the USSR ($679.8) by 69.9%.
Hungarian industrial potential in 1970. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in the US ($1,377.4), Hungary's industry would be $14.3 billion, 6.7 times its actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as Austria's per capita industry ($666.6), its best neighbor, Hungary's industry would be $6.9 billion, 3.3 times its actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Europe ($632.1), Hungary's industry would be $6.6 billion, which is 3.1 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Eastern Europe ($587.1), Hungary's industry would be $6.1 billion, 2.9 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in the world ($274.1), Hungary's industry would be $2.8 billion, which is 33.9% more than the actual level.
Industry of Hungary, 2008
Industry of Hungary in 2008 it was $34.0 billion, ranking 57th in the world. The share of Hungarian industry in the world was 0.23%.
Industry per capita in Hungary in 2008 was equal to $3,405.7, ranked 49th in the world and was at the level of industry per capita in Malaysia ($3,606.3), industry per capita in Portugal ($3,573.1), industry per capita in Greece (3 486.0 dollars), industry per capita in East Timor ($3,454.6), industry per capita in Azerbaijan ($3,252.7), industry per capita in Estonia ($3,208.6). Industry per capita in Hungary was greater than industry per capita in the world ($2,150.3) by $1,255.4.
Comparison of industry in Hungary and its neighbors in 2008. The industry of Hungary was larger than the industry of Slovakia ($24.0 billion) by 41.6%, the industry of Croatia ($11.5 billion) by 3.0 times, the industry of Serbia ($9.2 billion) by 3.7 times, but was smaller than industry of Austria ($89.4 billion) by 61.9%, industry of Romania ($54.5 billion) by 37.5%, industry of Ukraine ($46.5 billion) by 26.9%. Industry per capita in Hungary was greater than industry per capita in Croatia ($2,648.9) by 28.6%, industry per capita in Romania ($2,616.5) by 30.2%, industry per capita in Serbia ($1,256.3) ) by 2.7 times, industry per capita in Ukraine ($1,007.7) by 3.4 times, but was less than industry per capita in Austria ($10,721.1) by 68.2%, industry per capita in Slovakia ($4,449.7 ) by 23.5%.
Comparison of Hungarian industry and leaders in 2008. Hungarian industry was smaller than US industry ($2,471.6 billion) by 98.6%, Chinese industry ($1,895.7 billion) by 98.2%, Japanese industry ($1,205.7 billion) by 97.2%, German industry ($867.4 billion) by 96.1%, Italian industry ($434.9 billion) by 92.2%. Industry per capita in Hungary was larger than industry per capita in China ($1,409.9) by 2.4 times, but was less than industry per capita in Germany ($10,691.3) by 68.1%, industry per capita in Japan ($9,379.1) by 63.7%, industry per capita in the USA ($8,147.0) by 58.2%, industry per capita in Italy ($7,308.2) by 53.4%.
Hungarian industrial potential in 2008. With industry per capita at the same level as Austria's per capita industry ($10,721.1), its best neighbor, Hungary's industry would be $107.1 billion, 3.1 times its actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as Germany's industry per capita ($10,691.3), Hungary's industry would be $106.8 billion, which is 3.1 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Europe ($5,713.2), Hungary's industry would be $57.1 billion, which is 67.8% more than the actual level.
Industry of Hungary, 2018
Industry of Hungary in 2018 it was equal to 33.0 billion dollars, ranking 56th in the world. The share of Hungarian industry in the world was 0.18%.
Industry per capita in Hungary in 2018 was $3,405.5, ranked 49th in the world and was at the level of industry per capita in Portugal ($3,639.7), industry per capita in Lithuania ($3,579.7), industry per capita in Turkmenistan (3,413.9 dollars), industry per capita in Poland ($3,364.4), industry per capita in Gabon ($3,348.4), industry per capita in China ($3,259.7). Industry per capita in Hungary was greater than industry per capita in the world ($2,420.7) by $984.7.
Comparison of industry in Hungary and its neighbors in 2018. The industry of Hungary was larger than the industry of Ukraine ($27.4 billion) by 20.3%, the industry of Slovakia ($24.4 billion) by 35.2%, the industry of Serbia ($10.6 billion) by 3.1 times, the industry of Croatia ($9.9 billion). . dollars) by 3.3 times, but was less than the industry of Austria (90.1 billion dollars) by 63.4%, the industry of Romania (56.4 billion dollars) by 41.5%. Industry per capita in Hungary was greater than industry per capita in Romania ($2,881.8) by 18.2%, industry per capita in Croatia ($2,370.5) by 43.7%, industry per capita in Serbia ($1,516.9) ) by 2.2 times, industry per capita in Ukraine ($623.3) by 5.5 times, but was less than industry per capita in Austria ($10,291.1) by 66.9%, industry per capita in Slovakia ($4,477.1) by 23.9%.
Comparison of Hungarian industry and leaders in 2018. Hungary's industry was smaller than China's industry ($4,612.5 billion) by 99.3%, US industry ($3,050.0 billion) by 98.9%, Japanese industry ($1,133.3 billion) by 97.1%, German industry ($904.1 billion) by 96.4%, Indian industry ($542.2 billion) by 93.9%. Industry per capita in Hungary was greater than industry per capita in China ($3,259.7) by 4.5%, industry per capita in India ($400.5) by 8.5 times, but was less than industry per capita in Germany ($10,986.5) by 69%, industry per capita in the USA ($9,333.8) by 63.5%, industry per capita in Japan ($8,910.5) by 61.8%.
Hungarian industrial potential in 2018. With industry per capita at the same level as Germany's industry per capita ($10,986.5), Hungary's industry would be $106.4 billion, which is 3.2 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as Austria's per capita industry ($10,291.1), its best neighbor, Hungary's industry would be $99.7 billion, 3.0 times its actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Europe ($5,300.5), Hungary's industry would be $51.4 billion, which is 55.6% more than the actual level.
| year | industry, billion dollars | industry per capita, dollars | industry, billion dollars | industry growth, % | share of industry in the economy, % | Hungary's share, % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| current prices | constant prices 1970 | in the world | in Europe | in Eastern Europe | ||||
| 1970 | 2.1 | 204.7 | 2.1 | 36.1 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 1.1 | |
| 1971 | 2.3 | 223.1 | 2.3 | 7.0 | 35.7 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 1.1 |
| 1972 | 2.7 | 262.3 | 2.4 | 6.3 | 36.2 | 0.22 | 0.49 | 1.2 |
| 1973 | 3.5 | 331.5 | 2.6 | 7.7 | 36.4 | 0.22 | 0.50 | 1.3 |
| 1974 | 4.1 | 387.8 | 2.8 | 8.3 | 36.9 | 0.22 | 0.53 | 1.4 |
| 1975 | 4.7 | 449.8 | 3.0 | 7.2 | 37.7 | 0.24 | 0.55 | 1.5 |
| 1976 | 5.3 | 496.8 | 3.2 | 5.8 | 37.4 | 0.25 | 0.60 | 1.7 |
| 1977 | 5.9 | 552.3 | 3.4 | 6.7 | 37.2 | 0.24 | 0.60 | 1.7 |
| 1978 | 6.9 | 642.7 | 3.6 | 5.3 | 37.4 | 0.24 | 0.59 | 1.8 |
| 1979 | 7.9 | 735.8 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 38.1 | 0.24 | 0.58 | 1.9 |
| 1980 | 7.7 | 715.4 | 3.6 | -2.9 | 35.0 | 0.21 | 0.51 | 1.8 |
| 1981 | 8.1 | 749.7 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 35.4 | 0.22 | 0.60 | 1.9 |
| 1982 | 8.2 | 760.6 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 35.3 | 0.22 | 0.61 | 1.8 |
| 1983 | 7.4 | 690.7 | 4.1 | 2.4 | 35.1 | 0.20 | 0.57 | 1.7 |
| 1984 | 7.1 | 667.6 | 4.1 | 1.6 | 34.8 | 0.19 | 0.58 | 1.8 |
| 1985 | 7.3 | 686.4 | 4.0 | -2.8 | 34.6 | 0.19 | 0.58 | 1.9 |
| 1986 | 8.2 | 779.8 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 33.1 | 0.20 | 0.55 | 2.3 |
| 1987 | 8.9 | 852.1 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 33.4 | 0.19 | 0.52 | 2.5 |
| 1988 | 8.9 | 852.0 | 4.2 | -1.2 | 31.5 | 0.17 | 0.48 | 2.7 |
| 1989 | 9.0 | 865.8 | 4.1 | -1.8 | 31.2 | 0.17 | 0.49 | 2.7 |
| 1990 | 9.2 | 883.7 | 3.8 | -6.6 | 28.4 | 0.16 | 0.43 | 2.7 |
| 1991 | 8.6 | 825.9 | 3.2 | -17.4 | 27.6 | 0.14 | 0.39 | 2.6 |
| 1992 | 8.7 | 841.2 | 3.0 | -6.1 | 25.9 | 0.14 | 0.39 | 3.0 |
| 1993 | 8.6 | 830.2 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 24.8 | 0.14 | 0.44 | 3.5 |
| 1994 | 9.0 | 873.4 | 3.2 | 5.7 | 23.9 | 0.14 | 0.45 | 4.0 |
| 1995 | 10.0 | 968.4 | 3.4 | 5.6 | 25.5 | 0.14 | 0.44 | 4.7 |
| 1996 | 10.0 | 970.9 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 25.2 | 0.14 | 0.44 | 4.6 |
| 1997 | 11.2 | 1 083.0 | 3.9 | 10.7 | 27.3 | 0.15 | 0.52 | 5.0 |
| 1998 | 11.6 | 1 129.6 | 4.1 | 6.5 | 27.7 | 0.17 | 0.54 | 6.2 |
| 1999 | 11.4 | 1 109.7 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 27.0 | 0.16 | 0.55 | 7.4 |
| 2000 | 10.7 | 1 046.5 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 26.6 | 0.14 | 0.54 | 6.3 |
| 2001 | 12.0 | 1 179.4 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 25.9 | 0.17 | 0.61 | 6.5 |
| 2002 | 14.7 | 1 442.1 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 25.0 | 0.20 | 0.70 | 7.3 |
| 2003 | 18.4 | 1 817.1 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 25.2 | 0.22 | 0.74 | 7.6 |
| 2004 | 23.1 | 2 281.9 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 26.0 | 0.24 | 0.80 | 6.9 |
| 2005 | 25.0 | 2 483.4 | 5.5 | 3.1 | 25.8 | 0.24 | 0.82 | 5.9 |
| 2006 | 26.0 | 2 585.6 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 25.9 | 0.23 | 0.78 | 5.0 |
| 2007 | 31.4 | 3 131.3 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 26.1 | 0.24 | 0.82 | 4.8 |
| 2008 | 34.0 | 3 405.7 | 5.9 | -4.3 | 25.1 | 0.23 | 0.81 | 4.3 |
| 2009 | 27.4 | 2 749.5 | 5.0 | -14.5 | 24.7 | 0.21 | 0.80 | 4.6 |
| 2010 | 28.6 | 2 876.5 | 5.4 | 7.9 | 25.7 | 0.19 | 0.79 | 4.1 |
| 2011 | 30.7 | 3 096.7 | 5.4 | -0.14 | 25.6 | 0.18 | 0.76 | 3.7 |
| 2012 | 28.0 | 2 834.4 | 5.3 | -1.8 | 26.0 | 0.16 | 0.72 | 3.4 |
| 2013 | 29.3 | 2 975.4 | 5.2 | -2.2 | 25.6 | 0.17 | 0.73 | 3.5 |
| 2014 | 31.2 | 3 175.8 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 26.3 | 0.18 | 0.78 | 3.9 |
| 2015 | 28.5 | 2 914.0 | 6.0 | 7.8 | 27.2 | 0.18 | 0.83 | 4.6 |
| 2016 | 28.8 | 2 955.4 | 6.1 | 1.8 | 26.7 | 0.18 | 0.84 | 4.8 |
| 2017 | 31.1 | 3 196.7 | 6.3 | 3.3 | 26.0 | 0.18 | 0.85 | 4.4 |
| 2018 | 33.0 | 3 405.5 | 6.3 | 0.74 | 24.8 | 0.18 | 0.84 | 4.3 |
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Territory— 9.3 thousand km
Population— 10.6 million people
Capital— Budapest
Geographical location, natural resources
Hungary- a state in Eastern Europe located in the Middle Danube Lowland. Hungary is a presidential republic.
Hungary borders Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, the countries of the former Yugoslavia, and Austria. In the west, the Alps approach the borders of the country, and from the north and east - the Carpathians.
The relief is slightly hilly, flat, determined by the vast plains of the middle reaches of the Danube and its large tributaries. Mountains make up less than 1% of the territory. The eastern part of the country is generally lower than the western part.
Hungary is not rich in mineral resources. The main deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous areas. Coal, oil, and gas are mined in the country, but their importance, like most ore deposits, is insignificant.
Hungary stands out for its reserves of manganese ore, bauxite and raw materials for production building materials. The country provides itself 2/3 with mineral raw materials and 1/2 with energy resources.
The climate of the country is moderate continental, with sufficient precipitation (250 - 1000 mm). This, along with a good supply of water resources, creates an excellent basis for agriculture.
Forests occupy about 18% of the area, mostly in mountainous areas.
Population of Hungary
During the post-war period, the population of Hungary grew by more than 16% and in the early 90s. XX century amounted to about 10.6 million people. The average population density is 115 people per 1 km2.
A significant part of Hungarians live outside the state, which is due to the historical features of the formation of its borders. Ethnically, the country is quite homogeneous. National minorities (gypsies, Germans, Slovaks, etc.) make up less than 5%.
The level of urbanization has now reached 60%, although Hungary was predominantly an agricultural country before the Second World War.
Economy of Hungary
The breakthrough in economic and social development made during the post-war period led to the formation of a new industrial-agrarian image of the country. GNP per capita in the early 90s. amounted to 2.6 thousand dollars.
Hungary occupies one of the leading places in the world in per capita production of electrical measuring instruments, buses, plant protection products, medicines, footwear, and aluminum products. The successes of agriculture look even more impressive (this is especially true for the per capita production of basic agricultural products: grain and meat, wheat, corn, etc.).
These achievements became possible thanks to the structural restructuring of the economy (decrease in the share of agriculture) and the intensification of production. As a result, in the early 90s, the share of agriculture in Hungary’s GNP decreased to 16%, and the share of industry increased to 35%; services account for about 16%.
The development of the Hungarian industry was based in the 1950s - 70s. to a greater extent on deepening cooperation with the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe. The main place among the branches of Hungarian industry belongs to mechanical engineering, accounting for about 25% of GNP; light and food industries together account for about 30% of GNP. Metallurgy is of less importance. Hungarian pharmaceuticals have a long tradition and are known throughout the world.
Hungarian agriculture before the war was characterized by a low level of productivity, but as a result of the industrialization of agriculture in the 60s - 90s. The growth rate of the agricultural sector was one of the highest in the world. Agricultural production volume from 1960 to 1990 doubled, the country became a major exporter of agricultural raw materials and food products. The main crops in Hungary are wheat, corn, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetables and fruits, and grapes. In terms of grain yield, Hungary is ahead of all Eastern European countries.
Foreign economic relations
Among the significant features of the Hungarian economy, it should be noted high degree her participation in MGRT. About 35% of manufactured products are exported; in a number of industries this share is 50% (in the aluminum industry, pharmaceuticals, instrument making, a number of branches of agriculture and the food industry).
In industry, manufacturing sectors are the most developed (90.6% of GDP). The leading branch of manufacturing industry is mechanical engineering, including:
· automotive industry (the Ikarus plant in Budapest and Székesfehérvár is Europe’s largest manufacturer of buses);
· production of locomotives, ships, cranes;
· electrical and radio-electronic industry (including the production of communications equipment, computer equipment, medical equipment and instruments (Budapest, Székesfehérvár));
· machine tool industry (Budapest, Miskolc, Esztergom);
· production of agricultural machinery and equipment for the light and food industries.
Figure 4. Structure of the industrial complex for 2007
Electrical products, electronics, engines, diesel locomotives, motorcycles, buses, river boats, industrial equipment, televisions and radios, household appliances, etc. are produced. There are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises.
In the chemical industry, an important place is occupied by the production of mineral fertilizers, plant protection products, organic synthesis products, the rubber industry, various types of plastics, and synthetic materials are developing. Relatively high level reached pharmaceutical production (15% of the cost industrial products). With a long tradition, the industry is backed by a strong research and development base, through which more and more effective means fight against various diseases.
The food industry is significant: large meat and dairy and canning enterprises. The most developed branches of light industry are sewing, leather and footwear, and knitting. Hungarian fabrics, ready-made clothing, footwear, furniture, as well as products from the meat processing and canning industries enjoy well-deserved fame in many countries around the world.
The food industry relies almost entirely on the domestic raw material base, while certain branches of light industry require significant imports of raw materials and semi-finished products. Hungary imports cotton, wool, flax, raw leather, wood, and cellulose.
After the recession of the late 1990s. production in metallurgy and light industry, which operates almost exclusively on customer-supplied raw materials, is stabilizing. The share of energy and water supply is 8.9%. In the extractive industries, production is gradually being phased out.
Hungary's exports account for more than half (52%) of total industrial production. Large enterprises export - depending on the industry - 60-80% of their products. The needs of the domestic market are satisfied mainly by small and medium-sized enterprises (the number of employees is up to 50 and up to 300 people, respectively).
The country's energy needs are less than 50% provided by its own resources. Oil and natural gas are imported from Russia in transit through Ukraine. The Adriatic oil pipeline operates from the port of Rijeka in Croatia. Natural gas the country also comes from Romanian Transylvania.
Automotive industry. The automotive industry is one of the main sectors of the Hungarian economy and accounts for 20% of total exports and 46.6% of the country's GDP. In 2007, the value of cars sold abroad reached 8.2 billion euros, and engines - 5.3 billion euros. There are 600 enterprises active in this area, employing 110,000 people. Of these, 240 companies operate in accordance with ISO and/or TS 16949 quality standards. Specific gravity Exports of cars produced in Hungary account for 94%, and in the field of automotive components and engines this number reaches 88%.
The number of first and second level manufacturers is constantly growing. In the early 90s, several foreign car manufacturers such as Suzuki, Audi and General Motors, as well as 14 of the top 20 tier 1 manufacturers, set up production in Hungary. Many multinational companies have moved production, services, as well as their European headquarters and research and development centers to Hungary, and to date their direct investments amount to approximately 67 billion euros.
Electrical equipment. Hungary, which produces electronic equipment worth US$10 billion a year, currently accounts for 40% of Eastern Europe's total production. Electronics is one of the leading sectors of the country's economy: 17% of industrial workers work in electronics companies, which account for 25.5% of industrial production and 42% of total exports. Over the past 7 years, foreign investors have shown particular interest in four areas of activity, namely: information technology, communications, consumer electronics and automotive electronics. Computing represents the leading electronics sector, accounting for 30% of total manufacturing. Hungary is the largest manufacturer of peripheral equipment.
In the field of telecommunications, foreign manufacturers mobile phones and their components have created Centers of Excellence that promote innovation and new applications.
A number of companies supplying automotive electronics consider it their priority to serve car and bus manufacturers active on the Hungarian market. Some of the largest global EMS providers such as GE, Philips, Siemens, IBM, HP, Ericsson, Nokia, Sony, Samsung are also present in Hungary. Among the largest manufacturers in this sector are IBM (USA), Flextronics, Samsung, Albacomp, GE (USA), Nokia (Finland), Siemens (Germany), Solectron, Sanmina, Elcoteq, Videoton, Orion, Sanyo and others. In 2006, the influx of direct foreign investment in the telecommunications sector reached 2.8 billion euros. Today, the share of foreign companies reaches 95% in the production of communications equipment and 30% in the total production of equipment.
The Hungarian telecommunications market has also demonstrated high growth dynamics over the past 5 years. Between 2003 and 2006, the average annual growth rate reached 10%, slightly exceeding the growth rate of Central and Eastern Europe (9.6%) and significantly exceeding the average growth rate of the European Union (2.75%). Today, the Hungarian telecommunications market represents 18.7% of the total telecommunications volume in Eastern and Central Europe.
The software market is the most dynamically developing segment information technologies, in 2007-2008 its growth rate could reach 9%. Hungary has made significant advances in information technology security, virus protection and image analysis software development, as well as bioinformatics. There is a growing demand for security software, business intelligence and data applications, and integrated enterprise planning (ERP) systems for small and medium-sized enterprises.
The market for attracting third-party resources showed high growth rates last year, reaching 11%. There is a demand in the Hungarian market for desktop PCs and hosting and operating system services. The largest companies in the telecommunications services market are: IBM, HP, Nokia, Ericsson, ORACLE, SAP, CISCO, Siemens, Satyam, TATA Consultancy, Synergon, T-Systems, EDS, FreeSoft, Getronics, Dataplex, BT, Sun Microsystems and Microsoft .
Biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Biotechnology, including related research, in particular in the field of plant and animal breeding, is a relatively new industry in Hungary, but the production of complex chemicals and pharmaceuticals are traditional, internationally recognized areas of activity.
The Hungarian pharmaceutical industry is based on deep knowledge accumulated in the fields of chemistry and biology. Hungary is one of the largest and most developed pharmaceutical markets in Eastern Europe, with sales of pharmaceuticals and medical products of €3.6 billion in 2007 and global exports exceeding €1.3 billion per year.
The country pays special attention to the development of biotechnologies. This applies not only to genetically modified organisms, but also on a broader scale to the production and use of enzymes and the synthesis of hormones. The main areas of development and application of biotechnology in Hungary are protection of soil and water from pollution, production and processing of biomass, recycling of materials, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, molecular chemistry, Agriculture and food production and processing technology.
Great progress has been made in the application of biotechnology in production process, especially in medical and paramedical products, including enzymes and intermediates. In this area, the most important is the production of factor vaccines. Antibiotic production is also a traditional and highly developed field in Hungary. At the moment, special attention is paid to new resistant microorganisms, as well as antibiotics based on betagalactosidase derivatives.
The Hungarian government actively supports the development of biotechnology, resulting in significant progress in this area. This is evidenced by the fact that Hungary has the most developed biotechnology sector among the 12 new member states of the European Union. So far, fifty biotechnology companies have been opened in the country, and about 170 firms are involved in one or another activity related to biotechnology. Hungary has set itself the goal of becoming one of the top ten biotech countries in the European Union.
So, the general level economic development Hungary is about 35 - 40% compared to the USA and approximately corresponds to the level of such European countries like Portugal, Greece and Ireland. In the system of the international division of labor, Hungary acts as a supplier of mechanical engineering products (mainly buses, parts and assemblies for them, portal and floating cranes, communications equipment, medical equipment), chemical industry (including pharmaceuticals, plant protection products), agricultural and food products.