Rice. 10.7. Finned profile surface

Rice. 10.7. A deforming cutter that creates a ribbed surface by plastically pushing out the material in the cutting zone

Rice. 10.6. Main characteristics of advanced new generation technologies

Rice. 10.5 Technology life cycle stages

Rice. 10.4. Model of a system of technological transformations (basic model of technology)

The impacts exerted on the system of technological transformations by other systems can be represented by the following set:

where is the generalized input vector; - input generalized impacts of material type; - input generalized impacts of energy type; - input generalized impacts of information type; - moment in time.

Input influences have different effects on the system of technological transformations.

The main tasks of input influences are the following: providing the necessary structure of objects; implementation of the required behavior of objects; restoration of flows of technological impact of tools and means of processing on products and others.

The impacts realized by a system of technological transformations on other systems can be described as follows:

where is the generalized output vector; - output generalized impacts of material type; - output generalized impacts of energy type; - output generalized impacts of information type.

Input and output generalized impacts include both main flows of various types aimed at the progressive development of the system, and side (harmful, accompanying) ones that have a negative impact on the quality indicators of development.

Technology design involves taking into account conflicting requirements, and its products are models that allow us to understand the structure of future technology. However, technology development still remains a labor-intensive process, the purpose of which is: to provide the required functioning algorithm (technological impact); realization of an acceptable price; meeting explicit and implicit requirements for performance, resource consumption and design; meeting the cost and duration requirements for technology development. At the same time, technology design processes can be carried out according to various schemes. The stages of the traditional technology life cycle are characterized by an avalanche-like increase in complexity (Fig. 10.5). In many companies and firms, this scheme for creating technologies is considered unshakable. However, despite the strength of tradition, technology life cycle analysis shows the following disadvantages of this scheme:

Unsuitability for the development of complex technologies consisting of a large number of subsystems and autonomous modules forming network structures;

Consistent implementation of all stages of technology creation is mandatory;

Incompatibility with the evolutionary approach;

Incompatibility with promising methods of computer-aided design and technology management.

Therefore, to create advanced technologies traditional methods don't fit.

Object-oriented design is beginning to develop, which is especially promising for the creation of new technologies. Object-oriented design is based on the object approach, the main principles of which are: abstraction, access restrictions, modularity, hierarchy, typing, parallelism and stability.

In Fig. Figure 10.5 shows the stages of the technology life cycle in object-oriented design. Here, the technology creation process is not a separate monolithic stage. It represents one step towards the consistent iterative development of technology; in this case, the sequence of steps can be arbitrary. A particular version of sequential iterative technology development with directed steps through analysis is also presented in Fig. 10.5.

The use of the described models made it possible to determine the main characteristics of advanced technologies of the new generation, which, supplemented with known data, can be represented by the block diagram shown in Fig. 10.6. It has a hierarchical structure and contains the main features, features and provision of advanced technologies. The main features characterizing the progressiveness of new technologies are given in the block diagram (Fig. 10.6) in relation to the final result of their action - products. These signs can be represented in the following categories:

A qualitatively new set of properties of products (reason);

A qualitatively new measure of the utility of products (consequence).

With the development of science and technology, opportunities are created to improve the properties of products, for example, geometric, kinematic, mechanical, thermal, optical and others, and also qualitatively new properties of products are realized, for example, environmental, manipulation, reflection of hard cosmic rays, properties of having the “magnetic” effect potential hole”, etc. To ensure this, the designed technologies are continuously improved and qualitatively new ones are created. They will impart qualitatively new properties to products.

However, only the measure of these properties - the utility of these products or their value - is decisive, since the ultimate goal of making any product is to provide the necessary value. The advanced technologies being created continuously increase the value of products and, accordingly, realize a qualitatively new measure of their usefulness; it is possible to use them in n-th generation work, for “hyperdrives” of intergalactic ships, for Martian transport built on the principle of mechatronics, etc.

The new generation of advanced technologies being created have some basic features, the main of which may be associated with the high knowledge intensity of their creation, the complexity of implementation and operation; At the same time, high information and computerization, a certain level of electrification and energy supply are required, therefore the design of new technologies should be based on optimal technological processes. If necessary, new methods for converting blanks into products can be used. To achieve this, advanced production methods must be used. At all stages of the life cycle (see Fig. 10.5) of new technologies it is necessary to ensure high degree process automation. The created technologies must have high stability and reliability of operation according to a given algorithm. All this must be carefully worked out based on the principles of an object-oriented approach and the environmental friendliness of the technology must be ensured. At the same time, the technologies being created must be open to development and have the ability to evolve and be modified in accordance with changing external conditions. In addition, advanced technologies may have a number of other features related to special technologies or future technologies.

To create advanced technologies of a new generation, non-traditional support is required, namely: highly qualified personnel, advanced technological systems and special technological environments. In this case, the design of technological systems should, first of all: be determined by market conditions; be based on new principles, properties and quality of the composition of equipment elements; have high levels of automation, productivity and precision of equipment, fixtures and tools. The created technological systems must be aesthetic and ergonomic, have high stability and reliable operation. To achieve this, comprehensive diagnostic, monitoring and control systems must be widely used, as well as new principles of equipment operation and methods of influencing tools and processing means on products. Such an integrated approach to the creation of progressive technological systems provides qualitatively new non-traditional technical and economic indicators of their creation and operation.

Research conducted in recent decades using the developed models has made it possible to identify and supplement the known trends in the progressive development of technologies with new ones, which include the following;

Increasing the concentration and parallelism of technological processing zones, ensuring increased productivity;

Creation of non-traditional progressive spatial structures of technological processing zones (creation of multidimensional cyclic structures, increasing the dimension of the variety and objects in each variety of structure), realizing an increase in the technological capabilities of space and environment;

Arrangement of technological processing zones into linear, surface and volumetric structures; arrangement of these structures into production cells; arrangement of production cells into spatial structures and filling with them the entire volume of space of the production workshop with the possibility of changing their spatial arrangement;

Increasing the degree of compaction of the structure by increasing the density (linear, surface, volume) of technological processing zones;

Organizing the flow of functioning of technological processing zones and increasing their intensity;

Increasing the continuity and stability of the functioning of technological systems in accordance with a given algorithm;

Increasing information technology, reducing the mass of technological systems and increasing their energy supply;

Creation of technologies and technological systems using the principle of mechatronics;

Simplification of the functional structure by combining various functions of technological systems; performing technological functions through transport functions, and vice versa;

Application of complex systems for diagnostics, monitoring and process management.

Analysis of these trends allows us to formulate and develop a general theoretical approach to the creation and operation of non-traditional technological systems, called flow-spatial technological systems. These technological systems have qualitatively new properties and capabilities, and also significantly increase the level of automation and intensification of production processes. The developed general synthesis technique makes it possible to create flow-spatial technological systems of continuous operation of the following types:

Technological systems of high and ultra-high productivity for the production of products in the medical, radio-electronic, food industries, instrument making and other sectors of the national economy;

Continuous technological systems for long cycles of technological influence (thermal, chemical, physicochemical treatment methods, etc.);

Continuous technological systems for complex processing of products;

Flexible technological systems of continuous action.

These technological systems can significantly increase the productivity of production processes, reduce the production space occupied by equipment, reduce the duration of the production cycle, the number of workers employed in production, and improve other indicators.

This methodology, focused on the ultimate goal of creating advanced technologies, makes it possible to see relationships, understand and apply integrity as a design principle. The technologies being created are a reflection of modern technology development; the theory of their creation makes it possible to explain and predict the patterns of the evolutionary process of development of advanced technologies.

The methodology for developing new processing methods is based on the proposed concept of a new scientific approach to solving this problem, based on the unity of the technology for manufacturing and operating machine parts and their connections.

Thus, to increase the durability of friction pairs, it is necessary, as soon as possible, to reduce their running-in during operation. This is achieved by finishing the friction surfaces, simulating the accelerated process of their running-in. In accordance with the developed theory of friction and wear, the running-in process represents micro-cutting and plastic deformation of micro-roughness of friction surfaces.

This running-in process can be ensured at the stage of finishing the friction surface with a special tool with simulated micro-roughnesses. The working surface of the tools must slide along the friction surface of the workpiece, causing microcutting and microdeformation of its roughness. As such a tool, a lapping abrasive stone (with a certain grain size) or a needle mill (with a certain diameter of working needles) can be used. The pressing force and tool sliding speed are determined by the operating conditions of the friction surface being processed.

In gears, during the running-in process, the shape of the involute surface changes, the lateral clearance increases, which leads to an increase in noise, a change in the contact line and destruction of the teeth. This phenomenon can be avoided if all these processes are simulated during the manufacturing and running-in of gears: during gear cutting and grinding of teeth, their operational profile is ensured, and during running-in, an equilibrium state of surface quality is ensured. To do this, the working profile of the cutter and grinding wheel must be adjusted. This, in turn, indicates the need to take into account the functional purpose of the surface being processed when designing a tool.

For final processing of the side surfaces of gears, rolling or a special finishing technology can be used, which ensures the process of micro-cutting and plastic deformation of micro-irregularities. Finishing is provided by diamond or conventional shaving.

The use of the theory of plasticity and contact interaction made it possible to create a new method for processing parts, allowing to significantly increase (tens of times) their surface of contact with the environment. In particular, this is of great importance when creating heat exchangers.

Using the equations of plastic displacement of the processed material in the cutting zone (3.36)-(3.40), a completely new tool was designed and manufactured (Fig. 10.7), which, with a certain combination of properties of the processed material and modes (depth and feed), allows for effective displacement of material and creation finned surface with high heat transfer capacity (Fig. 10.8). 

It is known that one or another processing method is implemented through the performance of technological operations, the combination of which in one part constitutes a technological process.

In a tough market economy, the creation of new technological processes is dictated by the need to improve the quality and reduce the cost of manufactured products. If the classical standard technology no longer allows the production of a product with the quality and cost that ensure its competitiveness, then the problem of creating a new technological process objectively arises. For example, the emergence of new gear technology with solid-rolled teeth.

The economic effect of new technological processes increases significantly when accepting the proposed theory of the unity of the design, manufacturing, operation and repair process,

The economic feasibility of repairing large-sized products has set technologists the task of creating new technological processes for restoring parts on site. Thus, the need to restore the cylindrical shape of nuclear power plant reactor cells on site led to the development of a completely new, unconventional technological process. Implementation, which is carried out using an unconventional tool system (d = 120 mm and / = 20 m) with an autonomous drive of the main movement of the countersink, moved under its own weight and held by a crane.

The economic feasibility of rebuilding cement kilns, rolling mill rolls, elevator pulleys and other products in situ has led to the creation of new portable process equipment. In this case, the main movement of the restored product is provided by the operational drive, and the remaining necessary movements for processing are provided by attached technological equipment.

During the operation of railway rails, their transverse profile, depending on the section of the road (turns, rises, substrate, average temperatures, etc.) in the initial period of operation (the running-in process) undergoes significant changes, that is, it naturally adapts to operating conditions. However, when repairing rails, railway operators strive to return them to their original transverse profile, which significantly increases the cost of repairs and again leads to rapid and great wear during the period of new running-in. All this significantly reduces the durability of railway rails.

Taking these circumstances into account, it is advisable when repairing rails to preserve the formed transverse profile, while removing the harmful defective surface layer. This can be achieved by so-called elastic technologies (needle milling, flap grinding). Due to elastic deformations of the working elements of the tool (wires and petals), while maintaining a certain rigidity, they make it possible to remove the surface defective layer and preserve the formed transverse profile. This leads to the need for targeted development of a tool with a certain elasticity of its working elements.

To eliminate longitudinal waviness with high productivity, it is advisable to use stone grinding with transverse oscillation. A special rail processing complex allows you to combine all these operations: needle milling, grinding with blocks and flap wheels into a single technological process for the routine repair of railway rails.

On turning sections, as a result of large force and temperature effects on the side surfaces of the rail head from the wheel flange, they quickly wear out (almost cut off), which leads to the need for their rapid replacement. To avoid this harmful phenomenon, it is advisable to transfer these effects of forces and temperatures on the side surfaces of the rails on these sections of roads from operation to the technological process with an increase in temperature and a decrease in force impact. This allows for thermomechanical and electromechanical processing.

All this allows us to offer a completely new technological process for repairing railway tracks and create a new generation rail processing complex.

Threaded connections have different functional purposes. In addition, different sections of threaded connections along their length will experience different loads: from maximum (on the first turns) to zero (on the last turns). Therefore, the technology for manufacturing threaded connections requires improvement, which can be implemented based on its relationship with their functional purpose (Fig. 10.9).

Let's look at an example. During the operation of various engines, a process of self-unscrewing of the studs was discovered. This occurs due to a decrease in the initial tension in the threaded connection “stud - aluminum body” as a result of plastic deformation of the body thread under the action of dynamic loads. This harmful phenomenon can be avoided by rolling out the threaded holes in the housing or creating so-called smooth-threaded connections. To roll out threads, targeted tool development is required. The essence of a smooth-threaded connection is to screw pins into smooth holes. In both the first and second cases, during the formation of the hole thread, plastic saturation of the material occurs, which prevents the possibility of its plastic deformation during operation.

At the same time, the new technological process for creating smooth-threaded connections allows it to be carried out on CNC machines in an automated mode, since there is no need to manually install studs.

The concept of combining production and operation technologies allows some processes to be transferred from production to operation. For example, to increase the wear resistance of friction-sliding pairs under conditions of boundary friction, a soft film is often applied to one of the friction surfaces during manufacturing. Instead of this operation, glycerin and copper powder can be introduced during operation. This will make it possible to form a soft antifriction film on the friction surface in a similar way, but during operation, ensuring the phenomenon of selective transfer.

Designing sliding guides of metal-cutting machines with bronze inserts and introducing glycerin into the lubricant makes it possible to increase their wear resistance during operation several times.

Thus, the scientific development of mechanical engineering technology shows that it is ready to solve the most complex problems in the production of mechanical engineering products in the 21st century. Over the last 50 years alone, the science of mechanical engineering technology has developed more than 80 new processing methods that improve the quality and reduce the cost of manufacturing engineering products.

Knowledge-intensive and competitive technologies are those that are based on the latest achievements of science; system building; modeling; optimization of the cost of manufacturing, operation and repair of the product; new and combined high-tech processing methods and technical processes; computer technology environment and integrated production automation, which allows them to be competitive.

The implementation of such technologies requires appropriate technical equipment (precision high-precision equipment, technological equipment and tools for mechanical, physical-chemical and combined processing, including the application of various coatings, automated diagnostic and control systems, computer networks) and staffing ( high qualifications of all employees, scientific consulting, etc.).

As a rule, high-tech technologies in mechanical engineering are used to improve the functional properties of products and their competitiveness.

This is shown structurally in Fig. 10.10.

The main property of knowledge-intensive technologies is the results of fundamental and applied research on which they are based.

Systematicity presupposes a dialectical relationship, the interaction of all elements of the technological system, all basic processes, phenomena and components. Consistency is especially important as a requirement for precision and compliance with these requirements of all structural elements of the technological processing and assembly system (equipment, tools, processed material, equipment, measurements, diagnostics, work of executive bodies).

Rice. 10.10 Structure of knowledge-intensive competitive technologies

The most important property of high technology is, of course, a new technical process. It dominates the entire technological system and must meet a wide variety of requirements, but, most importantly, be potentially capable of achieving a new level of functional properties of the product. Here, those stable and reliable technical processes that effectively use physical, chemical, electrochemical and other phenomena in combination with the special properties of the tool and technological environment, for example, cryogenic cutting, diffusion forming of products, etc., have rich opportunities.

The development of new technical processes is gradual:

1. At the marketing stage, the product is assessed as a set of consumer properties, and then the level of those consumer properties of the product that are able to ensure its competitiveness is determined,

2. Based on this, requirements for the quality of products, components, and assembly are determined in accordance with the level of functional, environmental and aesthetic properties and their optimal durability.

3. Selection from the required geometric, physico-chemical parameters of the quality of the surface layer of parts, the achievement of which requires non-traditional solutions, both during manufacturing and operation.

4. Determination of traditional criteria for the level of characteristics of a non-traditional technical process that can potentially provide the required functional, aesthetic and environmental properties of the product.

5. Identification of the prerequisites for creating a new technical process based on the use of traditional and non-traditional processing methods and technical equipment.

6. Creation of a physical and mathematical model of the technical process and their virtual, theoretical and experimental research,

7. Multi-parameter optimization of the technical process (physical, technological, economic criteria).

8. Creation of diagnostic systems for the technical process and its technical equipment.

9. Development of technological process.

10. Assessment of compliance of the actual level of functional, aesthetic, economic properties of the product with the required one.

Undoubtedly, an essential feature of high-tech technologies is complex automation, based on computer control of all design, manufacturing and assembly processes, physical, geometric and mathematical modeling, and comprehensive analysis of process models or its components.

The presence of the considered feature requires a systematic approach to its computer-intellectual environment, i.e. transition to CAD/CAM Systems. In this way, a combination of flexibility and automation, precision and productivity is achieved.

The systematic approach involves the use not of individual mathematical models, but of a system of interconnected models with indispensable parametric and structural optimization. For example, parametric optimization pursues the goal of minimizing a number of characteristics of the dimensional processing process, primarily energy costs, minimizing the thickness of sections, cutting force and temperature level, the intensity of oxidative processes, etc.

In the second half of the 20th century. a category of technologies, industries and products was formed, which were called “knowledge-intensive” or “high technology”. Technology is a set of methods and techniques used at all stages of the development and manufacture of a certain type of product. Science intensity is an indicator of the degree to which technology is connected to scientific research and development (R&D). High technology includes volumes of R&D that exceed the average value of this technology indicator in a certain area of ​​the economy (in the manufacturing industry, in the mining industry, in agriculture or in the service sector). Knowledge-intensive industries are sectors of the economy in which high-tech technologies play a predominant and key role.

Science intensity of the industry –

1) the ratio of research costs to sales volume;

2) the ratio of the number of scientists, engineers and technicians employed in the industry to sales volume;

3) products, in the cost price or in the added value of which the costs of research and development are higher than the average for products in industries of a given sector of the economy.

Terms and concepts related to the knowledge intensity of technologies, industries and products have not yet been established; they are not standardized, nor are the methods for determining such an indicator standardized. There is no single preferred methodology for identifying high technology industries. According to W. Rescher's law, in order for the rate of emergence of major discoveries and inventions not to slow down and to remain constant, it is necessary to increase the volume of resources involved in the field of science and technology according to an exponential law. But for a long time, not a single enterprise or industry can afford this. Each industry, in accordance with its characteristics, develops its own balance of expenses, ensuring sustainable profitable management. Included specified balance there is a cost item for research and development. The volume of these expenses depends on production volumes and product sales volumes. To increase the amount of funds allocated for research, it is necessary to expand the sales market. The industry can receive additional funds for research and development from the state, but even at this level there is a mechanism for balancing costs. The state allocates a certain share of its GDP to support science.
In developed countries over the last decades of the twentieth century. this share ranged from 1 to 3% depending on the country. In order to increase funding for science by 1 billion, it is necessary for the national GDP to grow by approximately 40 billion. Neither in industries nor on a state scale, the share allocated for research (GDP or sales volume) is not a legally established standard; it is established as the final result of many objective processes occurring in society and reflects the level of its socio-economic, technological and cultural development. These kinds of indicators change very slowly over time.

What industries can be classified as knowledge-intensive? There is no standardized classification of industrial production on this basis. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has analyzed in detail the direct and indirect costs for research and development in 22 industries in 10 countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark and Australia), taking into account the costs of science, the number of scientists, engineers and technicians. The analysis takes into account the volume of value added and sales of products, the share of each sector in the total production of these countries. The production of computers, office equipment and electronic means communications, aerospace and pharmaceutical industries. A whole series new knowledge-intensive industries (production of new materials, precision weapons, bioproducts, etc.) were not included in the list because in standard classifiers they are not given a separate heading, and all statistical materials are collected and published taking into account the specified classifiers. The OECD list should not be viewed as exhaustive, but as a representative sample of knowledge-intensive industries, sufficient to identify their characteristics, their role in the economies of developed countries and the situation on the global market for knowledge-intensive products. In the service sector, knowledge-intensive industries include five: modern types of communications, financial services, education, healthcare and so-called business services, which include software development, contract research, consulting, marketing and other services used in organizing and running a business.

The difference between knowledge-intensive industries and others is their high growth rates; a large share of added value in the final product; increased wages working; large export volumes; high innovative potential. A high level of expenditure on research and development is the main external sign of the knowledge intensity of an industry or an individual enterprise, the key to constant and intensive innovation activity. Knowledge-intensive industries make a significant contribution to industrial production. This contribution is growing at a faster pace than other industries. The most intensive restructuring of industry in favor of knowledge-intensive industries occurred in two groups of countries. The first was made up of recognized technology leaders - the USA, Japan and Great Britain, and the second - South Korea and the People's Republic of China. Knowledge-intensive industries are the priority field of activity for small and medium-sized firms, as well as the main object of investment of risk capital. The leading centers of high technology are the “three pillars” of the modern world economy - the USA, Japan and Western Europe. The latter, as the unification process within the EEC progresses, is noticeably strengthening its position and in the future may at least be on par with the United States. The total indicators of the UES are already significantly ahead of the Japanese ones. In the last decade, a noticeable and, to some extent, significant phenomenon in the global high-tech market has been the vigorous promotion of the countries of Southeast Asia and the People's Republic of China. In the production of computer technology and telecommunications equipment, they already occupy a solid position today and are rapidly increasing their share of the global market.
Another feature is associated with the innovative potential of knowledge-intensive industries - knowledge-intensive technologies are fertile ground for the emergence and successful activities of small and medium-sized companies. It is known that such firms play a huge role in the economy of any country, they employ almost the majority of the population, and provide up to two-thirds of GDP. Another feature of knowledge-intensive industries (and mainly related to small enterprises in these industries) is their close connection with venture capital, i.e. risky capital. The latter usually finances small, young, promising companies that need funds to organize the production of some new product, but for one reason or another do not have the opportunity to take advantage of regular bank loans. Object venture financing become knowledge-intensive enterprises. This is clearly seen in the example of the United States, where risk capital appeared earlier than in other countries and was much more widely developed. Knowledge-intensive industries today form a leading group in the economies of developed countries and are the main source economic growth and positive dynamics of other indicators of socio-economic development. High-tech technologies and economic sectors are today the main driving force of economic development both on the scale of an individual country or group of countries, and on a global scale. Currently, there is a further development of high-tech technologies, their penetration into all sectors of production and services, into the everyday life of people.

Zhiglyaeva Anastasia Viktorovna, 3rd year student of the Faculty of Economics and Law, REU named after. G.V. Plekhanov, Moscow [email protected]

High technology: role in the modern economy, problems and development prospects

Annotation. The article is devoted to the study of the characteristics of high-tech technologies and industries, their impact on the economy. The experience of countries in the world characterized by the highest level of development of technology and innovation has been studied. The most important factors for the development of the knowledge-intensive sector of the economy are identified. An analysis of the main problems hindering the successful development of high technology in Russian Federation, and areas of development and improvement to improve the situation are highlighted. Key words: high-tech technologies, high-tech sector, development models, incentive methods, development directions.

IN modern conditions Considerable attention is paid to the search for factors of economic growth, economic development, and increased competitiveness national economies in the global community. One of the fundamental factors is the development of the knowledge-intensive sector of the economy and an increase in the share of high-tech industries. The study of the nature and characteristics of high-tech technologies, their qualitative characteristics serves as the basis for the further development of scientific, technical and innovation policy of the state, timely identification and elimination or minimization of obstacles to development. Countries are interested in achieving high rates of development of high-tech technologies and securing positions in international rankings of innovative and technological development. This necessitates constant monitoring of indicators characterizing the state and level of development of knowledge-intensive industries, correct interpretation of the results obtained and drawing practically significant conclusions. Planning and forecasting the development of knowledge-intensive industries and timely adjustments to development strategies are of great importance. Today, there are various approaches to defining “high-tech technologies”, which is usually explained by the peculiarities of the areas of application of such technologies, the dynamic development of science and technology, which constantly brings new aspects and details in understanding this term. So, according to G.I. Latyshenko, the definition of “knowledge-intensive technologies” is based on the very concept of “knowledge intensity” as an indicator characterizing technology, reflecting the degree of relationship between technology and scientific research and development. According to this approach, technologies that exceed the average value of the knowledge intensity indicator in a specific area of ​​the economy (for example, in agriculture, in the manufacturing industry, etc.) are considered knowledge-intensive. High-tech technologies are also defined as “technologies based on highly abstract scientific theories and using scientific knowledge about the deep properties of matter, energy and information.” It is advisable to highlight the main specific features that characterize high-tech technologies:high need for resources such as knowledge, intellectual and creative potential, information;progressiveness, the ability to determine the strategic direction of economic development;the list of high-tech technologies and industries is dynamic, largely dependent on the level of development of basic technologies;high-tech technologies are closely interconnected with the development of relevant research areas;the development of high-tech technologies is in relationships with the activities and development of small and medium-sized businesses. It is also necessary to pay attention to the characteristics of knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy, among which the most significant are the following:significant volumes of investment, mainly in research and development;high competitiveness of manufactured products (knowledge-intensive);orientation towards intensive growth and development, therefore, a significant reduction in energy intensity and material intensity of production as extensive factors;development at an accelerated pace in comparison with basic industries;when a high level of development is achieved, they influence the structure of the economy as a whole and its individual elements, contribute to the modernization of related sectors of the economy;significantly influence the increase in export potential; characterized by qualitatively new working conditions. At the present stage, it is important for the economy not only the development of certain types of high-tech technologies, but also the creation of high-tech industries, the formation and continuous improvement of the market for high-tech technologies. The knowledge-intensive sector of the economy is a part of the economic system, including groups of industries that produce products, carry out work and provide services using the latest achievements of science and technology. The specificity of this sector of the economy lies mainly in the objective need for significant capital investments in the research field, the need to create a large-scale developed infrastructure for research and development, and the special importance of the exchange of scientific and technical knowledge and technologies with foreign countries. What are the main conditions and characteristic features of the formation of a knowledge-intensive sector of the economy? First of all, this is a high level of development of scientific schools, advanced scientific research, both in fundamental and applied fields. An integral component here is an effective model for training highly qualified and scientific personnel in accordance with the latest trends and market needs. The basis in this context is, of course, the quality and accessibility of education, the interaction of science and production, the authority and traditions of high technical culture. It should be noted separately the importance of unique scientific schools and experimental design teams for creating highly competitive products that can be highly valued on the scale of the global, world market of high-tech technologies. The degree of protection of rights is of great importance intellectual property. The particular relevance of this issue today is due to the fact that the results of mental labor act as objects of market relations. However, excessive regulation of this area also leads to negative consequences for economic development and the effective development of knowledge-intensive segments, in particular, due to the formation of the so-called “intellectual monopoly”. Let us note that the central place in the knowledge-intensive sector of the economy and its dynamic development is occupied by intellectual potential. This sector accumulates intellectual capital, which actually functions here in its pure form. That is why the formation of this sector of the economy is closely connected with significant investments in “specific assets,” that is, the study of unique technologies, acquisition and improvement of specific skills, competencies and knowledge that can be used primarily in this area. Next the most important criterion– focus on a specific result, that is, a goal-oriented approach to the process of obtaining, mastering and using advanced achievements in the field of science and technology; desire to increase competitiveness and achieve technological leadership. The implementation of this principle is important both at the level of individual firms, enterprises, and on a regional scale, the national economy as a whole. Modernization and the dynamic development of production are also a necessary condition for the formation of a knowledge-intensive sector of the economy. Thanks to this, the demand for scientific and technical innovations is maintained. In addition, the scientific and production structure, research objects, and management systems in this area are being improved. The structure of the production apparatus of the economy is also important—a large share in it should be pilot and experimental production.

It is impossible to establish and improve a knowledge-intensive sector without a financial component, expressed, first of all, in the allocation financial resources for large scientific and technical projects. It is also important to create a favorable investment climate and promote integration into the global financial system. In order to make the most effective and rational use of diverted funds, it is necessary to actively use program-target planning methodology. This methodology at the present stage is an alternative to the budget-estimated approach, ensuring the effective distribution of funds in priority areas. Another significant factor is the pricing mechanism, accounting for production costs, which are also quite specific in the knowledge-intensive sector. These costs are associated primarily with the development of a system of recreation for highly qualified personnel, management of high-tech and innovative projects, as well as the organization of scientific and technical work. In addition to the above characteristics and factors, it should be noted that the process of globalization has a great influence on the development of the knowledge-intensive sector of the economy. In a globalizing world, technology transfer, movement of labor resources, and capital are of great importance. Attracting capital into knowledge-intensive industries is associated, firstly, with the profitability of such industries, which, in turn, depends on the level of industry labor productivity. Secondly, an increase in the number of firms in the knowledge-intensive sector creates advantages both for the firms themselves (in terms of employee remuneration, prospects for entering global markets, etc.) and for intensifying the development of the sector. In general, there is a greater spread of scientific and technological achievements due to the internationalization of production and capital as integral components of globalization; redistribution of resources from other sectors of the world economy is carried out. The scale of the knowledge-intensive sector in the economy largely characterizes the economic and scientific-technical potential of the country, acts as the basis for strategic development and national security, in particular, from the position of independence, high competitiveness of domestic producers and manufactured products, as well as influence on the development of other sectors of the economy. Speaking about the growing popularity and importance of knowledge-intensive technologies, high-tech and innovative industries, it is necessary to clearly understand the basic principles, compliance with which is the key to the success of the development of the national economy in these areas. To do this, it is advisable to turn to the experience of leading countries in the field of development of science and technology and identify the factors that allowed these countries to achieve high results. According to international rating(out of 126 countries), the following countries of the world achieved the highest values ​​of the Global Innovation Index (Global Innovation Index–GII) in 2016: Switzerland, Sweden, Great Britain, USA, Finland, Singapore. Russia is in 43rd place in this ranking with an indicator of 38.50 points (maximum 100 points). There are other ratings; indicators are calculated using different methods, taking into account different components and criteria. According to Bloomberg Business, the leading countries in scientific, technical, and innovative development in 2016 were: South Korea, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Singapore (Russia ranks 12th in the ranking). What driving factors influence the technological, research, and innovative development of these countries? First, let's look at the main models of scientific and technological development: European model. Characterized by the key role of the state in regulating knowledge-intensive industries and technological development. The central place is occupied by technological platforms (TP), which are an association of representatives of science and education, government and business in order to develop common approaches in various scientific and technical fields. However, the initiator of the creation of a TP is, as a rule, representatives big business. The key area of ​​activity is the rationalization of the structure of the economy, the creation of a favorable innovation environment. The American model. Comprehensive support for small business, basic science and education are priority areas of government activity, but in general its intervention is kept to a minimum. Venture capital is of particular importance, as it allows one to overcome critical periods quite successfully. In addition, this model, like the American model of the national economic system, is characterized by a mass focus on achieving success, including personal success (in self-realization, etc.). The priority direction is the implementation of large-scale targeted projects that cover all stages of the production cycle (from the generation of ideas to operation). The Asian model (using the example of China). The entire system of organizing and promoting developments, creating a new science-intensive product is under strict control by the state. Technoparks, incubators, areas of scientific and technological development and other objects of innovation and scientific and technical infrastructure are created and regulated “from above”, the predominance of the vertical structure is clearly expressed. Strict centralization is largely due to mentality, historically established features of culture and the social sphere. However, despite the seemingly excessive “overregulation” of the knowledge-intensive and high-tech sector, China managed to create a unique investment mechanism that ensures a very high share of investments in Country's GDP(up to 50%). The development of scientific, technical and technological spheres in Japan is also of significant interest. One of the priority areas for Japan is the coordination of the activities of various sectors in the field of science and high technology, as well as ensuring sensitivity to the achievements of global scientific and technological progress. The main role in the formation and distribution of R&D costs, the development of various forms of cooperation between fundamental and applied science with real production, and the effective development of advanced technologies belongs to the state. However, the private sector (its share) is the main stimulator of the development of high knowledge-intensive and innovative technologies accounts for 80% of incentive measures and functions, while the government's share is 20%). The entire set of methods for stimulating scientific and technical activities and the progressive development of the knowledge-intensive sector of the economy can be divided into two main groups - methods of direct and indirect stimulation. Let's consider direct methods used in advanced foreign countries:creation of scientific and service infrastructure in regions where scientific and experimental activities are concentrated;implementation of targeted programs aimed at increasing business activity in scientific and technical activities;implementation of government orders mainly in the form of contracts for research (with in order to ensure initial demand);budget financing, provision of preferential loans to enterprises that train highly qualified personnel and carry out scientific research;free transfer or provision of land plots on a preferential basis, state property for high-tech, innovative enterprises and organizations. Indirect methods of stimulation include the provision of various benefits to economic entities that specialize primarily in scientific and technical areas; providing tax benefits in the field of investing in high-tech, knowledge-intensive projects. In addition to the above methods presented in general form, it is advisable to reflect some features using the example of specific countries or groups of countries. Thus, in Sweden, the provision of loans as a stimulating and supporting measure, including without payment of interest, has become widespread. In Germany, there is a practice of providing gratuitous loans to cover 50% of the costs of introducing innovations. In the Netherlands, Japan, and Germany, free patent attorney services are provided for applications of individual inventors, as well as fee waivers.

The USA, Japan, and China are characterized by the presence of powerful government organizations that provide comprehensive scientific, technical, financial and production support for knowledge-intensive industries. Also, Japan, the USA, and the UK are striving to expand preferential taxation for universities, research institutes, and the implementation of financial and technical support production facilities performing R&D on the topics of government organizations. In the Republic of Korea and Singapore, tax holidays are actively used as tax incentives, the duration of which can reach 20 years. In countries such as England, Germany, France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, innovation funds are being created taking into account possible commercial risk.Along with foreign leading countries, modern Russia is also faced with the most important tasks for the development, development and effective implementation of advanced technologies in various sectors of the economy; The role of knowledge-intensive industries is significantly increasing. Today, the profile of the knowledge-intensive, high-tech sector of the domestic economy differs from the profile of the 1990s and early 2000s. Thus, in the structure of the knowledge-intensive sector, according to data for 2014, there is a significant specific gravity have innovatively active enterprises. However, indicators such as the level of investment activity (0.0380.748%), the level of product profitability (4.522.6%) negatively characterize the operating activities of the knowledge-intensive sector. These results of the analysis are associated, in particular, with the deterioration of the economic situation in general, with the low level of development of factors of production of national industry. Of course, the low interest of private investors in financing R&D programs and large projects in comparison with technologically more developed countries is also reflected. The greatest growth is demonstrated by the production of advanced technologies that are not completely new to Russia (despite a slight decrease since 2014). Three leaders stand out clearly: knowledge-intensive types of economic activity, scientific research and development, manufacturing industries. It should also be noted that the highest growth rates of advanced technologies are characteristic of the following types of activities within the manufacturing industry: production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment (growth rates in 2015 – 117.3% compared to 2014 and 292.2% compared to 2010 .); metallurgical production and production of finished metal products (growth rate in 2015 -105.6% by 2014 and 380% by 2010); chemical production - without the production of explosives (growth rate in 2015 -220% by 2014 . and 275% by 2010).

There has been a slight decline in indicators of innovation activity and development since 2014. This phenomenon is primarily explained by the reduction in funding for innovation from the federal budget. Investing in innovative developments and large projects during a crisis period seems very difficult. In addition, activities related to the development and implementation of innovations are associated with high risks. It is quite difficult to predict the future payback of projects. Therefore, in difficult economic conditions(including foreign economic) investments in the development of technologies that have a fairly high return and have already been tested and used before are less risky. It should be noted that there is a positive trend towards a gradual increase in the share of high-tech exports. In particular, in 1999 this share in total exports was only 3%, and in 2011-2012 it was no more than 1.3%. According to data for 2013-2015, this figure exceeds 1011%. However, it is impossible to deny the very serious dependence Russian economy from imports. At the moment, exports remain focused on raw materials, and the share of the manufacturing industry is not high enough (including taking into account high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries). Thus, speaking about the development of knowledge-intensive industries in the Russian Federation over recent years, it is necessary to highlight the following positive trends: an increase in the number of innovation-active enterprises aimed at introducing innovations in order to increase competitiveness; an increase in the knowledge intensity of industries and GDP (domestic R&D costs as a percentage of GDP increased by 10.78% in 2015 compared to 2011, the average annual growth rate was 2.6%); a gradual increase in the share of goods created in knowledge-intensive industries, using advanced technologies, in the volume of exports and a simultaneous reduction in the volume of imports; significant growth rates in production and the introduction of advanced technologies in certain sectors of the manufacturing industry. Along with the above positive factors, we note the negative aspects: a decrease in innovative activity, investments of enterprises’ own funds in technological development, modernization (to a greater extent due to the current economic situation, the problematic state of the national economy generally); a very large “gap” between high-tech imports and exports, a significant dependence of the domestic economy on imports (including companies on the import of machinery and equipment, which are fixed assets); low level of profitability (profitability) of products of knowledge-intensive industries, investment activity. A very important question is what contribution high-tech technologies make to the economy, what is the return on the introduction and use of such technologies. To answer this question, it is necessary to consider several aspects of the impact of high technology on the economy. At the same time, it is, of course, important to take into account the level of development of these technologies and the degree of efficiency of R&D. At a fairly high level of development, the knowledge-intensive, high-tech sector of the economy produces significant increases in added value, which in turn can provide a significant increase in GDP. Thus, already in the 1960s, the intensive introduction of high-tech technologies in the sectors of the national economy of Japan made it possible to achieve a GDP increase of more than 50%. Today, many developed countries are demonstrating an increase in GDP in direct connection with the development of high and knowledge-intensive technologies. In particular, according to data for 2013, GDP growth in the United States is ensured by activities and a developed scientific and innovation base by more than two-thirds. Thanks to its progressiveness ( distinguishing feature knowledge-intensive industries and technologies) knowledge-intensive industries and technologies act as a powerful intensive factor of economic growth. Many researchers pay special attention to the quality of such growth - it is much higher compared, for example, with growth due to the use of extensive factors. It is advisable to note that in order to significantly accelerate GDP growth, it is necessary not only to develop the knowledge-intensive sector of the economy as such. A key role is played by the transfer of technology to other industries, sectors, or achieving the effect of “diffusion of technologies in high-tech production”. This means building effective cooperation chains between knowledge-intensive and other industries, spreading the scale of influence of advanced technologies. It is important to emphasize that often the contribution of the factor of scientific and technological progress in achieving the country’s global superiority in key sectors of the economy becomes decisive in comparison with the contribution of capital and labor. Let us recall the second stage of the rapid progress of science and technology in the USA and other developed countries (1960-1980). At this stage, it was assumed that the United States would achieve leading positions in such sectors of the economy as precision engineering, the aviation and space industries, electronics, and pharmacology. STP played a key role in the development and improvement of production. In addition to the direct influence, the development of high technology and innovative activity can influence the dynamics of GDP through other socio-economic mechanisms, phenomena and processes. Let's take employment as an example. Thanks to the progressive development of technology, more high-tech, high-performance jobs (HPM) are being created. Centers and zones for accumulating intellectual potential and highly qualified personnel are emerging. In particular, the demand for engineering personnel is growing. At the same time, it is worth noting the advantages for enterprises (at the microeconomic level) operating in other sectors of the economy. By introducing new technologies and advanced equipment, enterprises have the opportunity to achieve savings in labor costs. After such events, the labor intensity of products is reduced, and material costs for production (material consumption) are also reduced. That is, the influence of intensive factors (capital productivity, material productivity) increases and extensive factors decrease. Thus, the introduction of achievements of science and technology into production, process automation are important reserves for reducing the cost of manufactured products. However, it is necessary to take into account the cost of the innovative activities themselves, and therefore it is important to maximize the efficiency of their implementation to increase cost recovery. Taking into account all of the above examples, arguments and analytical conclusions, it is advisable to note that through the expansion of markets for high technology and products, employment in this area, contribution to macroeconomic development, the influence of high technology on the level and quality of life of the population of a particular country. Here again the question arises about the quality of economic growth, which is primarily manifested in the strengthening of the social orientation of the economy. Of course, high-tech technologies often make it possible to radically change the technological structure, move to a qualitatively new level of consumption and satisfaction of needs. The spread of innovations in medicine and pharmaceuticals can improve the quality of medical care, treatment and prevention of serious diseases. “Breakthrough” methods and technologies are designed to significantly contribute to reducing mortality rates and increasing life expectancy. Also, the active development of high-tech technologies is an important factor in increasing the defense capability of the state, improving environmental protection and resource management, energy efficiency, etc. All this affects the quality and standard of living. However, unfortunately, the state’s innovation-active policy does not always guarantee the dissemination of results in society and among the population. Of great importance is the level of development of socio-economic mechanisms, infrastructure, and various institutional conditions, which determine the acceptability of scientific and technical achievements and innovations. In the process of studying the development of knowledge-intensive technologies in the Russian Federation, the characteristics of the transformation of the knowledge-intensive and high-tech sector of the economy over certain time periods, many problems were identified that directly or indirectly affect the progressive development of technologies, slowing it down. It is advisable to consider a set of problems, having previously systematized them, for example, by identifying several enlarged blocks, groups according to the content and specificity of the problems in a specific area. Problems of financing high-tech technologies. Imperfection and insufficient level of development of the public-private partnership mechanism; ineffectiveness of the use of allocated budget funds by leading institutions of innovative and scientific and technological development; inefficient structure of investment in fixed capital associated with the predominantly raw material specialization of the national economy. As a consequence, the concentration of funds in the fuel and energy complex and, accordingly, their deficit in the areas of development and implementation of R&D results. In this regard, difficulties arise in ensuring the innovative phase of national production. Insufficiently effective organization of financing procedures in terms of choosing priority areas. Regulatory and legislative problems. They are directly related to the legal framework for regulating knowledge-intensive industries. One of the main problems can be identified as the insufficient systematization of legal norms in the sphere of regulation of knowledge-intensive and high-tech industries, and the low degree of consolidation of legal acts. As a result, law enforcement practice is complicated, and legislative contradictions often arise (in particular, in the sphere of influence of normative legal acts of different legal force). Another pressing problem is the lack of effectiveness of program documents that define strategic directions for development. That is why the failure to meet a number of significant target indicators is due not only to the difficult economic situation and market conditions, but also to an unclear presentation of the expected final results and insufficient structuring of key provisions to achieve results.

Problems of an infrastructural and institutional nature. Today in the Russian Federation, the scientific, technological, innovation, technical and implementation infrastructure requires further development. This is necessary for the intensive and full development of the innovative potential of Russian regions, to increase investment attractiveness, as well as expand the knowledge-intensive sector of the economy, develop new areas and opportunities. Despite the presence of positive trends in the development of domestic engineering, the market for engineering and industrial design services in Russia is only at the stage of formation in comparison with developed countries. In addition to the three main blocks of problems, a number of other obstacles to the development of knowledge-intensive and high-tech industries and industries in modern Russia can be identified. Thus, many researchers and experts see a significant problem in the decline in the prestige of engineering specialties, as well as the quality of education in higher technical specialties. It should also be noted that direct “copying” of foreign experience in the development of knowledge-intensive, high-tech and innovative industries in Russia is impossible and impractical due to significant differences between the domestic economy and the national economies of foreign countries. However, there is a need for exchange (including on a global scale) of scientific and technical knowledge, technologies, promising ideas. As for the current state of affairs, there is insufficiently complete and effective interaction with foreign leaders, often a lack of up-to-date information about the latest approaches and trends. In particular, according to estimates by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, in 2015, only 17.9% of engineering and industrial design organizations were involved in international cooperation, and the share of projects implemented jointly with foreign companies amounted to only 1.5% of the total concluded contracts. Other problems in the development of high-tech technologies and the so-called “innovation spiral” of the Russian economy include the general deterioration of the economic situation, relations with foreign countries (problems of a political and geopolitical nature), a significant corruption component of economic relations, a high degree of monopolization of the domestic economy, insufficient demand for knowledge-intensive and innovative products. Despite the presence of a wide range of problems that together significantly slow down the high-tech and innovative development of the economy, Russia has powerful potential, including natural resources, personnel, intellectual, information and other components, and there are also sufficient opportunities for further expansion and effective development of existing potential. Many years of practice, opinions of analysts, experts, manufacturing companies show that the entire set of priority areas for the development of knowledge-intensive industries of the Russian economy can be conditionally divided into three segments: ensuring the dynamic development of high-tech manufacturing industries, mainly in order to create a modern re-equipment base , industrial modernization. This group of priorities involves, in particular, the use latest technologies in the field of extraction and processing of raw materials, and is focused primarily on the import substitution strategy; priority areas, which are directly related to the strategy of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation, as well as its high position in world science; technologies that can ensure the satisfaction of demand for products in many areas; focus on solving socially significant problems, increasing the competitiveness of mass-market products in foreign markets. In this context, it is worth highlighting social innovation, as well as considering innovation as a social process expressed in the interaction of various professional and organizational groups. This approach allows us to more fully take into account and predict the real needs of society and the market, and covers the process from the moment the idea arises to the practical application of the results. For Russia, the most important areas are the development of effective public-private partnerships, increasing the activity of private investors, clearly identifying key areas for priority financing, use of existing competitive advantages and potential, first of all, personnel and intellectual. When implementing the principles of import substitution, increasing the level of self-sufficiency and independence, it is still advisable to establish, if possible, cooperation with foreign countries that have achieved high results in innovative and scientific and technical development. In addition, the adaptation of individual mechanisms and directions from foreign experience, taking into account national characteristics and interests, can also ensure the achievement of positive results. Finally, a goal-oriented approach, combining the efforts of various structures can ensure the development of new niches in the world market, increasing the global competitiveness of domestic producers, and, consequently, further macroeconomic development.

Links to sources 1. Latyshenko G. I. High-tech technologies and their role in the modern Russian economy // Bulletin of the Siberian State Aerospace University named after. Academician M.F. Reshetneva. –2009. No. 3. -WITH. 136141.2. Shpolyanskaya A. A. High-tech industries: definition and conditions for development // Young scientist. -2015. -No. 22. -WITH. 518522.3.Skvortsova V.A. Formation of the sector of knowledge-intensive industries // Social sciences. Economy. –2013. No. 1 (25). -WITH. 163169.4. Kadomtseva M.E. Foreign experience management of innovative agro-industrial complex // Bulletin of scientific and technical development. –2013. No. 2 (66). -WITH. 2124.5.Trubnikova E.I. Analysis of the possibilities for the development of high-tech industries in the conditions of modern Russia // Bulletin of SamSU. –2013. No. 4 (105). -WITH. 6572.6.Balashova E.S., Gnezdilova O.I. Problems legal regulation innovation activity in Russia // Innovative science. –2016. No. 31 (15). -WITH. 6267.7. Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation. URL: http://minpromtorg.gov.ru.8.Mezentseva O.E. Development of high-tech production in the world and Russia // Basic Research. –2015. No. 71. -WITH. 176181.

The beginning of the 21st century, denoting rapidly developing industries. These include:

• Space exploration
• Automated dispatch control systems (ADCS)
• Medical equipment and technology

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