For the analysis, we will use the Balance Sheet F 1 and the Profit and Loss Statement F 2 for the year. According to Table. Thus, based on the data in table. When analyzing profits, an important role is played by the analysis of the influence of factors - factor analysis, which is a technique for a comprehensive and systematic study and measurement of the impact of factors on the value of the performance indicator. Let us note the main types of factor analysis:.

Net sales in the balance sheet: line. Sales volume on the balance sheet: how to calculate?

This form of report is convenient to fill out, but it is difficult to carry out analysis on it. Unlike the standard report form, commercial and administrative expenses are not highlighted here in separate lines. It is not possible to detect profit from sales in the balance sheet, as in a regular report. We will tell you how information about product output is reflected in the balance sheet in our consultation. Volume of product output in the balance sheet: line Let's consider the line used in the balance sheet to reflect product output when it comes to completing the production process and posting finished products to the warehouse. We talked about what accounting entries are made in this case in our separate consultation. It should be understood that the sales profit figure only implies results from ordinary activities. This means that if, for example, fixed assets were sold during the reporting period, then the financial result from these operations will not affect the line. VIDEO ON THE TOPIC: Training 1C 7.7 Creating an Invoice. Lesson 18

Commercial products

Each line of the balance sheet has a specific meaning and code. To reflect indicators about the movement and availability of finished products, a balance line is used. Information from account 45 of the accounting account is entered on this line.

Profit from sales in the balance sheet: which line As mentioned above, in the balance sheet you cannot directly see how much profit from sales was for the reporting period. In order to find this indicator, you will have to look at the line item on the income statement. A positive amount will indicate a profit, and a negative amount will indicate a loss.

The volume of product sales on the balance sheet is the amount of revenue received for the sale of goods in the reporting period. In this case, the form of calculations does not matter. Products can be sold on credit, for cash, with deferred payment or at a discount. Therefore, for a more accurate calculation, the formula for calculating net sales in the balance sheet is used, when the revenue received is adjusted by the amount of goods shipped on credit. Sales volume reflects the amount of funds received by the company.

Revenue from net sales in the balance sheet is a line

If taxes under special regimes are paid along with income tax when combining regimes, then the indicators for each tax are reflected separately on separate lines entered after the indicator of the current income tax, an appendix to the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia from the Net profit itself is given on the line If the company receives revenue in cash desk, situations are not excluded when the following limits may be exceeded:. Such violations may be punishable under Art. The connection between revenue and this balance sheet item can be traced in detail by studying another accounting report - on cash flow. It is from the financial results statement that the amount of net profit received by the company is included in retained earnings and is reflected in the 3rd section of the balance sheet.

How to find sales volume

Gross output differs from marketable output by the amount of change in work in progress balances at the beginning and end of the planning period. Changes in work in progress balances are taken into account only at enterprises with a long production cycle of at least two months and at enterprises where work in progress is large in volume and can change sharply over time. In mechanical engineering, changes in the remains of tools and devices are also taken into account. Secondly, gross output is defined as the sum of marketable production of technological processes and the difference in the balances of work in progress of tools and devices at the beginning and end of the planning period:.

Profit from product sales is one of the main indicators of the financial results of an enterprise's economic activities. The results of the company's work are usually summarized quarterly after the preparation of financial statements. However, profit from sales can be calculated monthly.

19. Methodology for calculating gross and sold products

Rostislav Kovalenko If at least one of the above conditions is not met in relation to cash and other assets received by the organization as payment, then the organization’s accounting records recognize not revenue, but accounts payable. How are export customs duties reflected in the Statement of Financial Results?

The result of labor often appears in material form - in the form of products. Products manufactured at the enterprise at different stages of the technological process are in the form of work in progress, semi-finished products or finished products. Finished products are products of an industrial enterprise that are completed in production, comply with state standards or technical specifications, are accepted by the technical control department, are provided with documents certifying quality, and are intended for external sales. Semi-finished products are semi-products, the technical processing of which is completed in one of the production workshops of the enterprise, but requires further development or processing in related production in another workshop of the same enterprise, or which can be transferred for further processing to other enterprises. Work in progress is products that have not received a finished form within production, as well as products that have not been checked by the quality control department and have not been delivered to the finished goods warehouse. The products of labor are broken down into means of production, means of labor and objects of labor and consumer goods - food and non-food products.

Revenue from sales of products in the balance sheet. Volume of output in the balance sheet: line

Vladimir Orekhov This report form is convenient to fill out, but it is difficult to analyze it. Unlike the standard report form, commercial and administrative expenses are not highlighted here in separate lines. It is not possible to detect profit from sales in the balance sheet, as in a regular report. So who has the right to work without a cash register until the middle of next year? Product release usually refers to the final stage of the production process, which results in the finished goods being delivered to the warehouse.

The volume of production is in the balance sheet. Which line shows profit from sales in the balance sheet? Reflection of revenue in the balance sheet. Net sales in the balance sheet: line. sales volume on the balance sheet: how to calculate?

Dt In retail, you additionally need to take into account the markup Dt Financial results report for analyzing business activities It is the financial results report that will make it possible to analyze the structure of the enterprise's profit, its dynamics in comparison with previous reporting periods. To properly understand how profit from sales is formed, it is best to analyze what turnover goes into the th account:

Product output in the balance sheet line

Every year, companies prepare financial statements. Using data from the balance sheet and profit and loss report, you can determine the effectiveness of the organization’s activities, as well as calculate the main planned indicators. Provided that management and the finance department understand the meaning of terms such as profit, revenue and sales on the balance sheet. The volume of product sales on the balance sheet is the amount of revenue received for the sale of goods in the reporting period.

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The most common method and easiest to use is writing off at actual cost.

Note from the author! If the organization does not have warehouse accounting, then at the end of the year materials should be written off as much as possible. The presence of inventories in accounting causes confusion among inspectors, since there is nowhere for the balances to be stored. Only overalls can be left.

Materials must reflect fixed assets worth less than 40,000 rubles. Of course, they will not be written off permanently, but at the end of the month they should be transferred to the balance sheet as low-value assets, so they should not be in Form No. 1.

Formula for reflecting material assets in the balance sheet:

Debit balance of 10, 11 accounts – credit balance of 14 accounts + debit balance of 15, 16 accounts.

Finished products for report

Account 43 “Finished products” is used to accumulate manufactured but not sold products of the enterprise. It is formed as a result of the use of raw materials and materials, after processing of which the final product appears.

Finished products can be accounted for at actual or planned cost. When applying the actual method, the typical wiring is as follows:

Debit 43 Credit 20 – products arrived at the warehouse.

Accounting using the planned cost method involves the use of account 40 “Product Output”:

Debit 43 Credit 40 – products in the warehouse are capitalized.

Once the products are in the warehouse, they need to be sold.

Info A positive difference indicates a net profit, and a negative difference indicates losses.

General business expenses include:

• administrative and management expenses;
• maintenance of general business personnel not related to the production process;
• depreciation charges and expenses for repairs of fixed assets for management and general economic purposes;
• rent for general business premises;
• expenses for payment of information, audit, consulting and other similar services;
• other administrative expenses similar in purpose.

An organization that is a professional participant in the securities market reflects the amount of costs associated with its activities under the item “Administrative expenses”. The amount on line 040 is equal to the amount of costs written off in the reporting period from the credit of account 26 to the debit of account 90.2 “Cost”.

Volume of production in the balance sheet

Important: Using data from the balance sheet and profit and loss report, you can determine the effectiveness of the organization’s activities, as well as calculate the main planned indicators. Provided that management and the finance department understand the meaning of terms such as profit, revenue and sales on the balance sheet.

Terminology

The volume of product sales on the balance sheet is the amount of revenue received for the sale of goods in the reporting period.

In this case, the form of calculations does not matter.

Products can be sold on credit, for cash, with deferred payment or at a discount.

Therefore, for a more accurate calculation, the formula for calculating net sales in the balance sheet is used, when the revenue received is adjusted by the amount of goods shipped on credit.

Sales volume reflects the amount of funds received by the company. Therefore, it should be calculated by all organizations. The indicator can be expressed in the quantity of goods sold, the amount of funds received, the monetary value of goods sold, etc.

Revenue

First of all, you need to determine revenue:

Revenue = Production volume: output x Price.

For an enterprise that has a monopolist in the market, the price of the product does not change. That is, sales volume depends only on the number of products manufactured.
To determine how efficiently an enterprise operates, it is necessary to subtract total expenses from the amount of revenue received. Costs increase as output increases. This nuance should be taken into account when planning production.

Work is an action aimed at development.

AttentionIt should therefore be calculated by all organizations.

Tip 1: How to find the volume of products sold

Unsold products fall into line 1210 of the balance sheet as a debit balance.

Goods for resale as part of reporting

Goods intended for sale are displayed in the balance sheet:

Debit balance of 41 “Goods in warehouse” account - credit balance of 42 “Trade margin” account + debit balance of 44 “Sales expenses” account + debit balance of 45 “Goods shipped” account.

For example, the company Yuzhny Bereg LLC has the following data in its accounting records at the end of the year:

Account, sub-account

Balance at the beginning of the period

Period transactions

balance at the end of period

Total expanded

Since the figures in the balance sheet, according to the requirements of Order No. 66 n, are shown in thousands or millions of rubles, then in line 1210 you need to write:

50 – 50 + 50 + 6 = 56 thousand.

Costly accounts in progress

Work in progress must be reflected in the balance sheet as the sum of debit balances:

These are costly bills.

In the first paragraph, the calculation formula looks like this: TR= OGPn + GP - OGPk, where:

• OGPN – balance of finished products as of the first day of the reporting period;
• GP – finished products produced during this time and intended for sale;
• OGPk – balance of finished products as of the last date of the reporting period.

But in the current turbulent times, an increasing number of entrepreneurs and organizations prefer the cash method of accounting for revenue.

The formula for determining revenue according to point two looks like this: TR=P*Q, where:

• TR – revenue;
• P – price per piece of goods;
• Q – volume of goods sold.

As you can see, nothing complicated. Example.

The production volume in the balance sheet is

Calculation of revenue in formulas and examples Let's return to the definition of revenue and look at what types of revenue exist:

• Gross (or “dirty”, total, gross) is all the funds received as a result of the sale (both “cash” at the cash desk and “non-cash” paid by bank card);
• Net (net) - there is revenue without taxes (if you pay excise taxes and VAT, in retail gross and net revenue are equal).

In accounting, there are two ways to calculate revenue:

• The accrual method (in other words, in accounting slang, “by shipment”) is used in large holdings, where products are shipped in large volumes and over considerable distances;
• Cash method (i.e.

Analytical accounting for the subaccount should ensure that each type of cost is broken down into separate accounts in such a way that it is possible to isolate the amounts for commercial expenses (packaging, storage, transportation and sales) of each type of product and administrative expenses (maintenance of the administrative and managerial apparatus). Where is sales profit used in mandatory reporting forms? In mandatory reporting forms, the indicator is reflected as follows:

• profit from sales in the balance sheet - there is no line with this name;
• profit from sales in the income statement - line 2200.

The absence of a separate line (indicator) of sales profit in the balance sheet is due to the fact that the task of the balance sheet is to group the liabilities and assets of the organization according to the principle of their urgency.

Production volume in the balance sheet where to look

To determine the correct amount of depreciation deductions to be withheld for construction projects, the construction of which is carried out simultaneously by contract and economic methods, use the construction data on the amounts of depreciation deductions provided for in the capital investment financing plan, which should come in the form of rent, and on the amounts of depreciation that should be withheld when paying for construction and installation work performed in an economic way. Deductions from planned savings and other sources are made within the limits of the amounts provided for in the capital investment financing plan.

Construction organizations with an annual volume of construction and installation work up to 5 million rubles. they draw up only a plan of organizational and technical measures to increase labor productivity and reduce the cost of construction and installation work. These organizations are guided in their work by the main planned indicators approved for them by the trust.

Industrial construction and installation associations are created with an annual volume of construction and installation work of at least 50 million rubles, carried out under a general contract.

A technical supervision department can be created at enterprises with an annual volume of construction and installation work carried out only by contract of at least 500 thousand rubles, and with a volume of construction and installation work from 300 to 500 thousand rubles. - an independent bureau or a group within the chief mechanic’s department.

The structure of network construction and installation enterprises is established in direct dependence on the annual volume of construction and installation work.

The working capital norm for contract construction and installation organizations is established as a percentage of the annual volume of construction and installation work performed on its own, in estimated prices.

Production volume in physical terms on the balance sheet

They are called so because on them the company collects all expenses that relate directly to the production process.

What to do with deferred expenses

Finally, it is necessary to take into account the debit balance of account 97 “Deferred expenses”. These are expenses that the company spent on in the current month, but they will be deducted in the next time period.

The list of expenses may include:

• certification and licensing;
• insurance;
• software products and subscription services;
• other deferred expenses.

For example, if an object is insured for a year, then the company buys an insurance policy at full cost. But the insurance will be written off monthly.

Since the insurance is valid for a year, you need to write off monthly:

27,000 / 12 months = 2,250 rubles.

Typical wiring:

• Debit 76 accounts Credit 51 accounts – an insurance policy in the amount of 27,000 rubles was paid.
• Debit 97 account Credit 76 account – an insurance policy was received from an insurance company in the amount of 27,000 rubles.
• Debit 23 (20, 26) accounts Credit 97 accounts – 2,250 rubles written off as expenses for the month.
• 2,250 rubles * 4 months = 9,000 rubles.
• 27,000 – 9,000 = 18,000 rubles.

Accordingly, line 1210 of the balance sheet from deferred expenses will include the amount that has not been written off as of December 31, that is, 18,000 rubles.

Production volume in the balance sheet line

Production volume is measured in the number of manufactured products of each type.

Then the volume of work required to complete each task is calculated: laying the foundation, heating system, water supply system, all floors and building elements. The consumption rate of materials is indicated in the design documentation. The calculated amount of work is multiplied by its cost.

Costs

The amount of expenses for production of products in accounting is called cost. It includes labor costs, material and logistics costs, and interest on loans.

All expenses are divided into fixed and variable.

The former do not depend on production efficiency. This is the sum of fixed costs such as rent, taxes, depreciation, etc.

d. Variable costs change in proportion to the change in the quantity of products manufactured.

Most of the funds are spent on purchasing materials and paying salaries.

Profit calculation

Profit is one of the performance indicators. Therefore, when analyzing the work of an organization, one should correlate the level of profit received with the costs incurred. There are several types of profits.

1. Income received from sales is called revenue or sales volume.

2. Gross profit is sales volume adjusted by the amount of production costs incurred:

• VP = Sales volume - Cost.

3. Net profit is gross profit cleared of all other expenses:

Example No. 1

In April, the company sold goods worth 200 thousand rubles. The cost of production amounted to 90 thousand rubles. Overhead expenses in the form of salaries, rent, taxes amounted to another 30 thousand rubles. We count:

• VP = OP - S/S = 200 - 90 = 110 thousand rubles.
• PE = VP - Expenses = 110 - 30 = 90 thousand.

Disadvantages of gross output

It should be noted that assessing a company's performance in accordance with the gross output formula has several disadvantages.

The main drawback of the formula is that the value of gross output is influenced, in addition to the balances of work in progress, by the cost of the objects of labor consumed in the production process.

Unjustified excess of work in progress, decrease in product quality and changes in its assortment create only the appearance of successful work of the company.

In addition, the gross output indicator does not create an incentive for organizations to reduce the material intensity of products, so it is often excluded from the number of evaluative indicators of a company’s activities.

All indicators of production volume are determined in prices that include, together with the newly created value, the transferred cost of production assets (current and fixed assets). At the same time, the higher the material intensity of a product, the higher its price, therefore, the greater the production volume in value terms. In order to eliminate this deficiency, enterprises calculate the net production indicator.

Passport of test tasks page 5

-: Dt 10 “Materials” Kt 50 “Cash desk”

S: Remains of unfinished industrial production and semi-finished products of own production are reflected in the balance sheet at cost:

-: normative

-: planned production

+: actual

-: planned full

S: The main purpose of production process accounting is:

-: determination of production costs for the reporting month

-: determination of work in progress at the end of the month

-: determination of planned production costs

+: determination of actual production costs

S: Expenses associated with the production of products, works, services are recorded in the accounts:

+: 20″Main production”

-: 90″Sales”

-: 01″Fixed Assets”

-: 44 “Sales expenses”

S: The balance of account 20 “Main production” reflects:

-: costs of the reporting period

+: costs in work in progress

-: actual production cost of finished products

-: full actual cost of finished products

S: Debit turnover on account 20 “Main production” reflects the value:

-: costs of the reporting period

+: costs in work in progress

-: actual production cost of finished products

S: Credit turnover on the “Main production” account reflects the value of:

-: costs of the reporting period

-: costs in work in progress

+: actual production cost of finished products

-: full actual cost of finished products

S: The entry on the debit of account 20 “Main production” and the credit of account 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security” means

-: accrual of temporary disability benefits to workers

-: payment of temporary disability benefits to workers of the main production

+: inclusion in the cost of production of insurance contributions to extra-budgetary funds from the amounts of accrued wages for workers in the main production

-: transfer to social insurance authorities of the amounts of insurance contributions due to them to extra-budgetary funds

S: The identified shortage of work in progress is reflected by the entry:

+: Debit 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to material assets” Credit 20 “Main production”

-: Debit 10 “Materials” Credit 20 “Main production”

-: Debit 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to material assets” Credit 21 “Semi-finished products of own production”

-: Debit 91 “Other income and expenses” Credit 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to material assets”

S: Products that are not fully completed are included in:

-: defective products

+: work in progress

-: materials

-: semi-finished products of own production

S: To account for indirect expenses, the following accounts are used:

-: 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”;

-: 96 “Reserve Fund”, 97 “Future Expenses”;

+: 26 “General operating expenses”, 25 “General production expenses”;

-: 20 “Main production”, 21 “Semi-finished products of own production”

S: The attribution of overhead costs to the cost of production is reflected by the entry:

-: Debit 25 “General production expenses” Credit 26 “General expenses”;

+: Debit 20 “Main production” Credit 25 “General production expenses”;

-: Debit 25 “General production expenses” Credit 20 “Main production”;

-: Debit 26 “General business expenses” Credit 25 “General production expenses”.

S: The calculation of wages to workers for the manufacture of products is reflected by the entry:

+: Debit 20 “Main production” Credit 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”;

-: Debit 40 “Product output” Credit 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”;

-; Debit 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” Credit 20 “Main production”

S: Write-off of actual general business expenses for the month is reflected by the entry:

+: Debit 20 “Main production” Credit 26 “General expenses”

-: Debit 40 “Product output” Credit 26 “General expenses”

-: Debit 26 “General business expenses” Credit 20 “Main production”

-: Debit 43 “Finished products” Credit 25 “Overall production expenses”

S: Choose the correct answer. Production costs include:

-: packaging costs for finished products

-: written off overdue accounts payable to the supplier

+: shortage of materials in the warehouse within the limits of natural loss

-: expenses for payment of financial assistance

S: Correspondence of accounts Debit 43 “Finished products” Credit 20 “Main production” means:

-: write-off of actual cost of sales

-: shipment of products to customers

+: delivery of finished products to the warehouse

-: return of products by customers

S: Choose the correct answer. General business expenses include:

-: losses from marriage

+: travel expenses for management personnel

-: travel expenses for freight forwarders of the supply department

-: commission to the intermediary when selling products

S: Income other than income from ordinary activities in accounting is considered:

+: other income;

-: operating income;

-: non-operating income;

-: extraordinary income.

S: Correspondence of accounts Debit 23 “Auxiliary production” Credit 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security” means:

-: calculating temporary disability benefits to employees

-: payment of temporary disability benefits

+: accrual of insurance contributions to extra-budgetary funds from the wages of support staff workers

-: transfer of insurance contributions to extra-budgetary funds according to purpose

S: Correspondence of accounts Debit 20 “Main production” Credit 10 “Materials” means:

+: release of materials into production

-: return of unused materials to the warehouse

-: delivery of finished products to the warehouse

-: receipt of returnable waste to the warehouse

S: Account 90 “Sales”:

-: collecting and distributing;

-: calculation;

+: matching;

-: inventory.

S: The receipt of finished products to the warehouse is reflected at the actual production cost by recording:

+: Debit 43 “Finished products” Credit 20 “Main production”;

-: Debit 43 “Finished products” Credit 21 “Semi-finished products of own production”;

-: Debit 20 “Main production” Credit 43 “Finished products”;

-: Debit 21 “Semi-finished products of own production” Credit 43 “Finished products”

S: Expenses related to products sold are debited to the account:

+: 90 “Sales”

-: 99 “Profits and losses”

-: 20 “Main production”

-: 10 “Materials”.

S: Under the general procedure for transfer of ownership, products are considered sold if:

-: an advance has been received from the buyer, but the products have not been shipped;

+: the products have been shipped to the buyer and documents for payment have been presented to him;

-: funds have been fully transferred, but the products have not been shipped;

— funds have not been transferred, but the products have been shipped.

S: Entry Debit 90 “Sales” Credit 68 “Calculations with the budget for taxes and fees” means:

+: VAT accrual on sales;

-: receiving VAT amounts from the buyer;

-: presentation of VAT for tax deduction;

-: transfer of VAT to the tax office.

S: Entry Debit 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” Credit 90 “Sales” in terms of the general procedure for the transfer of ownership means:

-: payment for products;

+: shipment of products;

-: concluding a shipment agreement;

-: purchase of products.

S: Entry Debit 90 “Sales” Credit 43 “Finished goods” means:

+: write-off of the cost of shipped products

-: payment for products

-: recognition of the buyer’s debt for the products;

-: recognition of the organization’s debt to the buyer.

S: On which account is the actual production cost of products released from production determined:

+: 20 “Main production”;

-: 43 “Finished products”;

-: 90 “Sales”;

-: 41 “Products”.

S: Payments have been received to the organization’s bank account for the upcoming shipment (sale) of products to customers. This operation is reflected in accounting by the entry:

-: Debit 51 “Current account” Credit 98 “Deferred income”

+: Debit 51 “Current account” Credit 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”

-: Debit 51 “Current account” Credit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”;

-: Debit 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” Credit 51 “Current account”.

S: Surplus finished products identified based on inventory results are reflected in accounting

-: Debit 43 “Finished products” Credit 90 “Sales”

-: Debit 91 “Other income and expenses” Credit 43

+: Debit 43 “Finished products” Credit 91 “Other income and expenses”

-: Debit 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” Credit 43 “Finished products”

S: The financial result from sales is revealed:

+: account 90 “Sales”;

-: on account 99 “Profits and losses”;

-: on account 84 “Retained earnings”;

-: on account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

S: The actual production cost of products sold is reflected in the accounting records by entries:

-: Debit 90 “Sales” – Credit 43 “Finished products”

-: Debit 43 “Finished products” – Credit 90 “Sales”

+: Debit 43 “Finished products” – Credit 20 “Main production”

S: The amount of VAT accrued by sellers on the sale of finished products and payable to the budget is reflected in accounting entries:

-: Debit 43 “Finished products” – Credit 68

-: Debit 19 “Value added tax on purchased assets” – Credit 68 “Settlements with the budget for taxes and fees”

+: Debit 90 “Sales” – Credit 68 “Calculations with the budget for taxes and fees”

S: Selling expenses include:

-: cost of delivery of materials from the seller to the buyer

+: salary of the head of the sales department

-: travel expenses of the forwarder who accompanied the materials along the way

-: loss of materials in transit within the limits of natural loss

S: Account 20 “Main proceedings” is:

-: collecting and distributing;

+: calculation;

-: matching;

-: inventory.

S: Entry Debit 90 “Sales” Credit 99 “Profit and Loss” means:

-: identification of loss from sale;

+: identification of profit from sales;

-: sales of products.

S: Entry Debit 99 “Profit and Loss” Credit 90 “Sales” means:

-: write-off of selling expenses;

-: identifying profits from sales;

+: identification of loss from sale;

-: sales of products.

S: When recognizing revenue from the sale of finished products in accounting, its value is debited from account 43 “Finished products”:

+: 90 “Sales”;

-: 68 “Settlements with the budget for taxes and fees”;

-: 91 “Other income and expenses”;

-: 99 “profit and loss”.

S: Revenue from the sale of products (work, services) is reflected in accounting by posting:

-: Debit 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” Credit 43 “Finished products”;

+: Debit 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” Credit 90 “Sales”;

-: Debit 90 “Sales” Credit 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”;

-: Debit 99 “Profits and losses” Credit 90 “Sales”.

S: The accrual of VAT on sales is reflected by the entry:

-: Debit 68 “Calculations with the budget for taxes and fees” Credit 90 “Sales”

-: Debit 19 “Value added tax on purchased assets” Credit 90 “Sales”

+: Debit 90 “Sales” Credit 68 “Calculations with the budget for taxes and fees”

-: Debit 68 “Calculations with the budget for taxes and fees” Credit 19 “Value added tax on acquired assets”

S: Profit received from the sale of products is reflected by the entry:

+: Debit 90 “Sales” Credit 99 “Profits and losses”

-: Debit 99 “Profits and losses” Credit 90 “Sales”

S: The loss received from the sale of products is reflected by the entry:

-: Debit 91 “Other income and expenses” Credit 99

-: Debit 99 “Profits and losses” Credit 84 “Retained earnings”

-: Debit 90 “Sales” Credit 99 “Profits and losses”

+: Debit 99 “Profit and Loss” Credit 90 “Sales”

V1: Cash accounting

S: The amount of cash on hand is limited to:

-: cash register size;

-: service life of the cash register;

+: cash limit;

-: cashier working hours

+: three days;

S: The cash register limit may be exceeded:

-: on inflation days;

-: holidays;

-: weekend;

+: paydays.

S: The organization's cash desk is intended to:

+: only for storing, receiving and issuing funds and monetary documents;

-: only for storing, receiving and issuing cash and invoice claims;

-: for storing, receiving and issuing cash and especially valuable equipment;

-: for storing seals and basic documents of the organization, as well as storing funds.

S: The basic amount of cash in the cash desk comes from the current account:

-: for the purchase of fixed assets;

-: purchase of current assets;

-: settlements with legal entities;

+: wages.

S: The limit for cash settlements per transaction is:

+: 100,000 rub.

-: 200,000 rub.

-: 60,000 rub.

-: no restrictions.

-: accountant who records cash transactions;

+: cashier;

-: Chief Accountant;

-: Head of the organization.

S: The bill cannot perform the function:

+: cash payments;

-: security for transactions and loans

-: means of payment;

-: salary payments.

S: Cash for paying wages can be kept in the cash register for:

-: four days;

-: five days;

+: three days;

-: two days.

S: Information on cash flows at the cash desk is summarized:

-: in cash receipt orders;

-: expense cash orders;

-: journal-order No. 1 and statement No. 1;

+: cash book.

S: Which bill is characterized by the participation of three persons:

-: simple;

-: financial;

-: discount;

+: translated.

S: The transaction “cash was received from the current account to pay wages” is reflected in the following accounting entry:

-: D.70 – K. 51;

-: D.70 – K. 50;

+: D. 50 – K. 51;

-: D. 51 – K. 70.

S: In addition to cash, you can store in the organization’s cash desk:

-: incoming and outgoing cash orders;

-: cash book;

+: securities;

-: all of the above.

S: The bill, unless otherwise stated, must be redeemed:

-: within six months;

+: upon presentation;

-: until the next working day;

-: within a month;

S: Securities held at the organization's cash desk include:

-: check books;

+: bonds;

-: current account statements;

-: vouchers to health resorts.

S: The detected amount of cash shortage in the cash register is reflected in the accounting entry:

-: D. 50 K. 91;

-: D. 50 K.75;

+: D. 94 K. 50;

-: D. 71 K.50.

S: To record cash transactions, the following account is used:

S: Account 50 "Cashier"

-: passive

+: active

-: active-passive

-: off-balance sheet

S: The following is responsible for the safety of cash in the cash register:

-: cash accountant

-: Chief Accountant

-: Head of the organization

S: The increase in cash in the cash register is shown:

-: on the debit of account 51

-: on account credit 51

-: on account credit 50

+: by debit of account 50

S: A decrease in cash in the cash register is shown:

-: on the debit of account 51

-: on account credit 51

-: on the debit of account 50

+: on account credit 50

S: Receipt of an advance payment from the buyer to the cash desk is reflected:

S: The issuance of an advance from the cash desk to an accountable person is reflected:

S: Account balance 50 shows:

-: availability of funds at the bank's cash desk

-: issuance of funds for the period from the cash register

-: receipt of funds at the cash desk for the month

+: availability of funds at the organization’s cash desk

S: Primary documents for accounting cash flows at the cash desk:

-: cash receipts and expenditures, announcements for cash deposits to the bank

-: incoming and outgoing cash orders, announcements for cash deposits into the bank, counterfoils of cash checks

+: incoming and outgoing cash orders

-: payslips and payment orders

S: Reception of funds at the cash desk is carried out on the basis of primary documents:

-: expense cash orders

-: cash receipt orders and payment documents

+: cash receipt orders

S: Cash issuance from the cash register is based on primary documents:

+: expense cash orders

-: cash receipt orders and announcements for cash deposits to the bank per day

-: cash receipt orders

+: cash receipt orders and payment documents

S: To record transactions on current accounts of settlements in banks, it is used

S: The increase in funds in the current account is shown:

-: on account credit 50

-: on the debit of account 50

-: on account credit 51

+: by debit of account 51

S: Transferring funds from a current account leads to:

-: to increase funds in the servicing bank

+: to a decrease in funds in the current account

-: to increase funds in the current account

-: does not change the current account balance

S: Crediting the payment from the buyer to the current account for

shipped products:

S: Transfer from the current account of an advance payment to the supplier for materials

reflected:

S: Account balance 51 shows:

-: transfer of funds for the period from the current account

+: availability of funds in a bank account

-: cash receipts for the month

S: Payment order is used to reflect:

-: cash transactions

+: current account transactions

-: to account for settlements with the organization’s personnel

-: for reporting

-: Who draws up the payment order:

-: payment receiver

+: payer

-: payer bank

-: payee's bank

S: The bank statement is compiled:

-: payer organization

+: servicing bank

-: tax office

-: recipient organization

S: The bank statement for the organization’s bank account contains information:

-: about the balances at the beginning and end of the day of money in the current account

-: about balances at the beginning and end of the month, about the receipt and outflow of funds for the month in the context of documents

-: about the receipt and outflow of funds for the month

+: about balances at the beginning and end of the day, about the inflow and outflow of funds for the day, broken down by documents

S: Transfer of funds to the account for payment by bank cards:

S: The opening of a letter of credit is accounted for as follows:

S: Payment of funds to suppliers from a letter of credit is reflected

in the following way:

+: Dt 55 Kt 60

S: Transfer of wages to bank cards

workers:

V1: Accounting statements

S: Measurements for reflecting financial reporting data:

+: Cost;

-: Weight;

-: Natural;

-: Labor;

S: A unified system of data on the property and financial position of an organization and the results of its economic activities, compiled on the basis of accounting data in established forms, is this?

-: statistical reporting

-: consolidated reporting

-: annual reporting

+: accounting reporting

S: Information on individual indicators of the financial and economic activities of the organization, both in kind and in monetary terms and which are the basis for statistical observation:

+: Statistical reporting;

-: Consolidated reporting;

-: Annual reporting;

-: Financial statements.

S: Reporting generated based on key indicators for short periods of time (shift, day, week, etc.):

-: Statistical reporting

-: Consolidated reporting

+: Operational reporting

-: Financial statements

S: Organizations submit annual financial statements to founders and other users within the following deadlines:

-: Within 45 days after the end of the financial year

+: Within 90 days after the end of the reporting year

S: Reporting form characterizing the property and financial position of the organization as of the reporting date:

+: Balance sheet

-: Gains and losses report

S: The annual accounting (financial) statements do not include:

-: Cash flow statement

-: Explanatory note

+: Tax calculations (declarations)

-: The final part of the audit report

S: Interim accounting (financial) statements do not include:

-: Gains and losses report

+: Statement of changes in equity

-: Balance sheet

S: Negative values ​​are reflected in the reporting:

+: In parentheses

-: In square brackets

-: For information

S: If there is no indicator in the reporting, put:

+: Dash

-: The article is not published

-: At the discretion of the accountant

S: Accounting statements are signed:

-: Tax inspector

-: Manager and auditor

-: Chief accountant and tax inspector

+: Manager and chief accountant

S: Structure of sections of the balance sheet:

-: Three sections in the asset and three in the liability of the balance sheet

+: Two sections in the asset and three in the liability of the balance sheet

-: Three sections in the asset and two in the liability of the balance sheet

S: A balance sheet that has regulating items is called:

-: Net balance

-: Liquidation balance

-: Balance being sanitized

+: Balance-gross

S: The balance sheet asset consists of sections:

-: Productive reserves

-: Fixed assets

+: Current assets

-: Capital

+: Non-current assets

S: Reporting form characterizing the financial results of the organization for the period:

-: Balance sheet

+: Income Statement

-: Statement of changes in equity

-: Cash flow statement

What costs are meant by work in progress?

What belongs to work in progress is determined by regulatory documents:

1. Tax Code of the Russian Federation, namely Article 319.
2. Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation “On approval of the Regulations on maintaining accounting records and financial statements in the Russian Federation” dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n (hereinafter referred to as Order No. 34n).
3. PBU 4/99.

TIP: pay attention to PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories” to clearly understand the difference between inventories and non-material assets. Work in progress does not belong to inventories, despite the fact that when compiling a balance sheet in current assets, the amount of work in progress is also included in the “Inventories” item.

So what can be classified as work in progress and what costs are meant by this term? About the costs that the enterprise incurred for the production of work, goods, products, services, but the full production cycle for which has not yet been completed, we can say that they relate to work in progress.

Such goods and products have not yet been released by the production department, have not been registered as finished products, and have not passed all the necessary stages of acceptance and inspection. Services and works for which certificates of completion have not yet been signed by the customer are classified as work in progress.

The amount of assets that relate to work in progress in large enterprises with a large number of products can be formed in accounting in three ways (clause 64 of order No. 34n):

• by the amount of costs for materials, raw materials, components;
• by direct costs;
• at actual production cost.

For other types of production, the cost of work in progress is taken into account at actual costs.

Characteristics of work in progress

Assets classified as work in progress have the following characteristics.

• Incompleteness of the technological cycle. WIP products do not have final design; they are at the final stage of the production cycle, but have not yet been registered as finished products.
• No final stage of inspection or testing. Products and work that are awaiting testing or quality control as required by the technological or production cycle. For example, an industrial installation intended to operate in chemical production under high pressure must undergo a high pressure test in production. Until such verification has been carried out, the installation is not considered a finished product and cannot be released to the buyer. This means that it belongs to work in progress. The cost of such an installation is reflected in the debit of the 20th account.
• All components missing. Sometimes during production situations arise when the necessary components are not available (not in stock, not delivered on time by suppliers, changes have been made to the product design). Products awaiting final assembly are classified as work in progress.

Work in progress is formed not only on the 20th account. Auxiliary workshops and service industries and farms can also form the value of assets, which are classified as work in progress. Therefore, one of the characteristics of WIP is the place where the value is formed:

• main production (account 20),
• auxiliary workshop (account 23),
• servicing workshops or farms (account 29).

You can read more about the formation of costs for work in progress in the article “Costs in work in progress - accounting.”

Initially, data on finished products is formed on account 43 of accounting. At the same time, the cost of products is not indicated and is written off as expenses to account 90:

Products intended for further sale or that will be used for the needs of the enterprise are formed in the form of the following entries:

Debit 43 – Credit 40 (or 20-29)

If the products are used for the needs of the enterprise, then account 43 is not used, and the products are reflected in account 10. In this case, the indicator is not used to form the overall balance on line 1210 of the balance sheet, but is entered in the line “Raw materials, supplies and other material assets”.

Account 45 is used when we are talking about shipped products. In other words, if payment for sold and shipped products has not yet been received, then the indicators are formed on account 45:

• debit 45 – credit 43 – actual shipment of products;
• debit 90 - credit 45 – recognition of revenue from the sale of finished products.

To determine the deviation between the actual and standard cost, account 40 is used, which is closed monthly to account 90.

As a result, to form a general indicator, it is necessary to take into account the indicators in accounts 43, 40 and 45 of accounting.

Features of reflecting information about finished products in the balance sheet

The PBU, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n, states that financial statements must include information that has factual and material confirmation. When preparing a balance sheet or any other financial statements, the responsible person must be guided by the specified accounting provisions. accounting or other standards.

Based on existing rules, at the end of the calendar year, the company’s financial statements must reflect data on the volume of production and material inventories based on cost accounting determined using special methods. The accounting rules indicate that the assessment of inventories at the end of the reporting period should be carried out using the disposal method.

When manufacturing a product, its actual cost is determined taking into account the expenses incurred. As a result, in line 1210 of the balance sheet, finished products can be reflected at actual or accounting cost. The choice of accounting methodology depends on the nuances of the company’s work and should subsequently be reflected in the accounting policy of the enterprise. Information on the volume of finished products is reflected in the article “Inventories”, section II “Current assets”:

As we have already said, the line “Finished products and goods for resale” must be filled out. The formation of the general indicator occurs by balancing all data at the end of the reporting year on accounts 43 “Finished products” and 41 “Goods”. Before obtaining accurate data, the information indicated on accounts 45 and 40 is additionally taken into account.

If the product is outdated, has partially or completely lost its original qualities, or its price has decreased, then the indicator will be reflected in the balance sheet minus reserves for reducing the price of the product.

Volume of output in the balance sheet: line

Let's consider the line used in the balance sheet to reflect the output of products when it comes to completing the production process and posting the finished product to the warehouse. Let us remind you that accounting for the output of finished products can be kept both using account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”, and without its use, when the cost of finished products is reflected directly in account 43 “Finished products” (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n). We talked about what accounting entries are made in this case in our separate consultation.

But regardless of how the release of finished products is reflected in accounting, finished products in the warehouse in the balance sheet are indicated on line 1210 “Inventories” (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n). If the amount of finished products in the organization's total reserves is significant, the organization must reflect information about product output in a separate line in the balance sheet or indicate the relevant information in the notes to the balance sheet.

Of course, finished products are reflected in accounting on line 1210 only in terms of product warehouse balances. How are sold finished products reflected in the balance sheet?

Product sales volume in the balance sheet: line

There is no separate line for revenue from sales of products in the balance sheet. And this is not surprising. After all, the balance sheet reflects the assets and liabilities of the organization as of the reporting date (clause 18 of PBU 4/99). And the sold products are no longer an asset. Information on financial results, which includes information on revenue, is given in the profit and loss statement (clause 21 of PBU 4/99).

However, in some cases, a line can be defined for revenue from sales of products in the balance sheet. This applies to cases where the finished products sold were not paid for by the buyer. Let us recall that revenue from the sale of finished products is usually reflected in the following accounting entry (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n):

Debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” - Credit of account 90 “Sales”, subaccount “Revenue”

Consequently, unpaid receivables from customers, which are equal to sales revenue, will be reflected in line 1230 “Accounts receivable” of the balance sheet. But here it is important to take into account that the revenue in line 1230 will be taken into account together with VAT, while the income statement indicates net revenue, i.e. reduced by the amount of VAT accrued on revenue.

For profit from sales of products, line 1370 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” is used in the balance sheet. In this case, in this line, profit from the sale of products will be taken into account in total with the financial results from other operations, both for ordinary activities and for other activities, as well as with the profit (loss) of previous years.

Every year, companies prepare financial statements. Using data from the balance sheet and profit and loss report, you can determine the effectiveness of the organization’s activities, as well as calculate the main planned indicators. Provided that management and the finance department understand the meaning of terms such as profit, revenue and sales on the balance sheet.

Explanations for reporting

Each type of accounting report is accompanied by an explanatory note. It contains information:

• about the chosen method of accounting for fixed assets, inventory items;
• description of some balance sheet items (terms of debt repayment, rent payments, etc.);
• information about shareholders, capital structure;
• data on mergers, acquisitions, liquidations;
• off-balance sheet items.

Often an explanatory note provides more information about the financial position than statements. According to data from the balance sheet and f. No. 2 you can obtain information about the current state of affairs and performance efficiency. Having false information is worse than not having it. Therefore, it is important that financial statements are prepared correctly.

Unfortunately, even accountants make mistakes. The use of technical means allows you to avoid arithmetic errors, but not methodological ones. Also, reporting may be distorted due to the low skills of a specialist.

It is important to understand that the data in the balance sheet reflects the state of affairs at the reporting date. The very next day these indicators change. In the last weeks of the reporting period, the organization tries to defer payments, but in the first days of the new year, funds will be used to pay off the debt. Therefore, reporting is always done “with a reserve”. In the registers you can always find costs that will reduce the profitability indicator. For example, write off more inventory, non-current assets or bad debts. After all, it is always easier to lose profit than to increase it.

According to accounting rules, all transactions must be reflected at historical cost. But assets and liabilities arrive on the balance sheet at different periods of time. Therefore, on-balance sheet acquisition costs do not reflect the true value of the assets. You should also consider currency fluctuations if you have assets or liabilities denominated in foreign currencies.

Sales profit - formula

How to calculate the value can be seen from the lines of Form 2 “Report on Financial Results”. Profit from sales is indicated on line 2200, broken down for the current year and the previous one. The formula looks like this:

Profit from sales (line 2200) = Gross profit (line 2100) – Selling expenses (line 2210) – Administrative expenses (line 2220).

Gross profit (line 2100) = Revenue (line 2110) – Selling cost (line 2120).

Note! When determining revenue, the values ​​of VAT and excise taxes are not taken into account, since these taxes are reimbursable.

To fill out Form 2, information is taken from the enterprise’s accounting data for the reporting financial period. Usually this is a year, but if necessary, you can analyze indicators over time and for another time period - a month, half a year, quarter, 9 months. etc. What accounts will be needed? First of all, this is the account. 90 and 91. To clarify the information, the data of the corresponding accounts is analyzed - 62, 68, 44, 26, 23, 20, etc.

To accurately determine the required profit values, the main thing is to clearly understand which indicator needs to be calculated. To analyze the performance of the entire organization, a general calculation is performed, and to assess the success of individual divisions or activities, the data is broken down according to the required criteria.

How is profit reflected in the balance sheet? More on this later.

Profit from sales in the balance sheet – line

Current financial reporting forms for enterprises were approved by the Ministry of Finance in Order No. 66n dated 07/02/10. This regulatory document introduced Form 1 (Balance Sheet), Form 2 (Report on Financial Results) and other additional annexes. It is impossible to say which specific line is profit from sales in the balance sheet, since the specified breakdown is provided in Form 2. It is here that the calculated values ​​of gross, sales, net and other profits are indicated.

The balance sheet reflects the indicator of retained earnings (or uncovered loss) on page 1370 of Section III of the Liabilities. Consequently, from Form 2 you can see what the financial result of the enterprise is for a specific period, and from Form 1 - what is the accumulated result of activities for a given date. On page 1370 the account balance is indicated. 84, that is, minus the costs incurred by the company from profits (to create reserve capital, issue dividends, etc.). Thus, in order to accurately understand how profit from sales is generated, an accountant needs to analyze not only financial statements, but also accounting accounts - 90, 91, 99, cost accounts and others.

Financial and economic activities are reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise. It represents the main form of reporting.

The balance sheet reflects:

• Profit;
• Lesion;
• Financial investments;
• Obligations.

According to its structure, it is divided into assets and liabilities. Financial result: profit or loss is reflected in the retained profit/uncovered loss account. Thus, it is incorrect to assume that the loss is reflected in the asset balance sheet. Let's look at the concepts in more detail.

It is legally established that all organizations are required to publish their balance sheet in the public domain. Thus, each counterparty registered on the government services portal has the opportunity to familiarize itself with the financial condition of the enterprise. Including seeing the amount of losses in the balance sheet..

Attention!

The loss in the balance sheet must be covered by summing up such indicators as profits from previous years, undistributed profits, funds in the reserve fund and target contributions. This is also possible through additional capital.

If, when adding such lines, the damage is not covered, therefore, there are not enough sources of financing. Thus, the balance is unprofitable. If the activity of the enterprise is positive, part of the profit goes into reserve. It acts as a “safety cushion” for future expenses. Accounts: Dt84-Kt82.

BP analysis

So, book profit has been calculated. It is worth understanding what this indicator gives. It is used to analyze the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, ways of further development and factors that have a direct impact.

Advice: if at the end of the reporting period your balance sheet turns out to be unprofitable, reconsider the company’s operating policy.

Above we discussed the balance sheet lines, which reflect the income/loss of the enterprise. The goal of each manager is to reduce the balance sheet to a positive result at the end of the reporting period.

Activities to help the enterprise overcome losses and generate additional profit:

• Improving the quality of products;
• Increasing the volume of products produced;
• Equipment that is not used in production must be sold or leased;
• Optimization of the work process and the use of production resources, which will lead to a reduction in the cost of manufactured goods;
• Increasing sales markets;
• Reduced production costs;
• By increasing equipment capacity, increasing product output.

The “profit” indicator for an enterprise is the most important factor of production in a market economy. The goal of every commercial enterprise is to gain profit and increase it annually.

Main ways to increase profits:

• Reducing the cost per unit of goods;
• Revenue growth due to an increase in the volume of products.

Let's summarize. BP or loss helps determine how effectively the economic strategy of the enterprise was applied. The indicators that make up profit allow you to assess what should be emphasized in increasing it in the future reporting period. The main ways to increase profits are to reduce the cost of goods and increase production.

Revenue in the balance sheet - in which line can you see it? Most often, this question arises among accountants—newbies or those who are far from accounting. An experienced accountant will immediately say that there is simply no specific line in the balance sheet in which revenue is presented. And he will be right and wrong at the same time. Although there is no line with revenue in the balance sheet, revenue and the balance sheet are still interconnected. We will tell you exactly how in our article.

Revenue and 1st section of the balance sheet

Almost every line of the first section of the balance sheet is associated with a revenue indicator. For example, if the residual value of fixed assets or intangible assets decreased sharply during the reporting period, it is possible that some of them were sold. In this case, we can talk about the company’s possible revenue from their sale. If information appears on the balance sheet about profitable investments in material assets, you can expect to receive revenue from an activity such as renting out property.

In the 1st section there are lines that, it would seem, have no connection at all with revenue, for example, financial investments. But it is not so. If a company operates profitably and is interested in its development, it will try to increase the money it earns. Financial investments are one such way. Of course, it is also possible to purchase securities or make contributions to the authorized capitals of other companies using borrowed funds. However, the main source in sustainable developing companies is profit, a significant part of which is revenue.

Revenue and current assets

Information on current assets as of the reporting date is contained in the 2nd section of the balance sheet. In this section, the relationship between revenue and current assets can be traced primarily through the line “Cash and cash equivalents” - it is the company’s revenue that goes to the current account and cash desk.

A significant balance on this line as of the reporting date allows us to judge the methods and skills of managers to work with incoming revenue. For example, a company operates so profitably that it does not have time to immediately put the incoming revenue into new circulation in large volumes (purchase assets, make profitable investments, etc.). A low cash balance can equally indicate both the good work of financial managers, who are able to find the correct use of incoming revenue in a timely manner, and a possible cash shortage in the company.

IMPORTANT! If a company receives revenue at the cash desk, situations cannot be ruled out when the following limits may be exceeded:

• cash settlements between legal entities (directive of the Bank of Russia dated October 7, 2013 No. 3073-U);
• balance of cash in the cash desk (instruction of the Bank of Russia dated March 11, 2014 No. 3210-U).

Such violations may be punishable under Art. 15.1 Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.

For more information about the rules that must be followed when working with cash proceeds, read the material “Cash discipline and responsibility for its violation”.

The connection between revenue and this balance sheet item can be traced in detail by studying another accounting report - on cash flow. But the information from the balance sheet already makes you think.

Balance sheet profit in reporting (form 2)

There are several types of profit on the income statement.

The following indicators exist:

• gross profit;
• profit (loss) from sales;
• profit (loss) before tax;
• Net income (loss).

As you can see, the concept of balance sheet profit is absent in the reporting (Form 2). The fact is that the balance sheet profit of an enterprise is a value that is considered a cumulative total from the beginning of the year. But it is not in the annual reports. The reason is the entries that the accountant makes at the end of the year and which reset certain accounting accounts. Therefore, we can say that the balance sheet profit of an enterprise is reflected in the reporting for the quarter, half a year and 9 months.

Formula for calculating gross profit:

Gross profit (line 2100) = Revenue (line 2110) - Cost (line 2120)

Line 2110 is a line in Form 2, which indicates revenue from the sale of products, goods, works, services. It is taken without value added tax and excise taxes.

Line 2120 shows the cost. That is, it includes expenses for ordinary activities.

To determine profit or loss from sales, calculate using the formula:

Profit (loss) from sales (line 2200) = Gross profit (line 2100) - Selling expenses (line 2210) - Administrative expenses (line 2220)

Line 2210 in the balance sheet is the amount of expenses from the ordinary activities of the organization. That is, this element of the formula is associated with the sale of goods, works, and services.

Line 2220 is all the costs that the company had and that are associated with managing the organization.

The calculation for profit before tax is as follows:

Profit (loss) before tax (line 2300) = profit (loss) from sales (line 2200) + Income from participation in other organizations (line 2310) + Interest receivable (line 2320) - Interest payable (line 2330) + Other income (line 2340) - Other expenses (line 2350)

To do this calculation, you must first complete lines 2310-2350 on your balance sheet income statement. Then we add the income to the figure of 2200, which was calculated earlier. Then we take into account expenses and get profit or loss. We look at the results in line 2300.

The formula for calculating balance sheet profit is as follows:

Balance sheet profit = line 2110 - line 2120 - line 2210 - line 2220 + line 2310 + line 2320 - line 2330 + line 2340 - line 2350

In annual reporting, balance sheet profit can be calculated as the sum of retained earnings from line 1370 and income taxes that the company must pay for the year.

How to calculate book profit: calculation formula

BP = Dod+ PD-Rod-PR

Basic elements of calculation:

• income from main activities (DoD);
• other income (PD);
• expenses from core activities (Gender);
• other expenses (PR).

If the calculation results result in a positive value, then the company made a profit for the period under review. A negative value indicates a loss.

If we subtract income tax (IP) from the resulting result, we obtain net profit (NP):

Income includes:

• proceeds from sale;
• operating income;
• non-operating income.

However, the following is removed from income:

• amounts of taxes, such as VAT, excise taxes;
• sales tax and other taxes that apply to revenue;
• amounts that debtors transferred to you to repay loans and credits;
• prepayment amounts, advances;
• deposits and pledges;
• amounts collected under intermediary agreements to other individuals and companies.

Costs include:

• expenses for ordinary activities;
• operating expenses;
• non-operating costs.

Expenses do not include:

• acquisition and creation of fixed assets;
• acquisition of intangible assets and other non-current assets;
• contributions to the capital of other organizations;
• purchasing shares and other securities that are not intended to be resold in current transactions;
• transfers of funds under intermediary agreements;
• repayment of loans and borrowings;
• advance payment, advances issued, deposits towards payment.

Methods for estimating the volume of produced and sold products Sales - the number of items of work, services, in payment for which the enterprise received cash or other means of payment. This definition corresponds to the method of accounting for sales “on payment”. In addition to this, the method of accounting for sales “by shipment” is allowed, when products for which documents for payment are issued are classified as sold. The current external accounting reports contain information on the volume of products sold. They are presented in the form of the “Profit and Loss Statement”. This is: net revenue from the sale of goods, works, services minus value added tax, excise taxes and similar mandatory payments.

Current as of: August 29 Volume of output in the balance sheet Product output is usually understood as the final stage of the production process, as a result of which completed finished products are delivered to the warehouse. Sometimes the release of a product is considered to be its transition into the sphere of circulation, in particular, the transfer of ownership of the product from the manufacturer to the buyer. If the amount of finished products in the organization's total reserves is significant, the organization must reflect information about product output in a separate line in the balance sheet or indicate the relevant information in the notes to the balance sheet. After all, the balance sheet reflects the assets and liabilities of the organization as of the reporting date. Information on financial results, which includes information on revenue, is given in the profit and loss statement.

Sales line in the balance sheet

Methods for estimating the volume of produced and sold products Sales - the number of items of work, services, in payment for which the enterprise received cash or other means of payment. This definition corresponds to the method of accounting for sales “on payment”. In addition to this, the method of accounting for sales “by shipment” is allowed, when products for which documents for payment are issued are classified as sold.

The current external accounting reports contain information on the volume of products sold. They are presented in the form of the “Profit and Loss Statement”. This is: net revenue from the sale of goods, works, services minus value added tax, excise taxes and similar mandatory payments. Revenue is shown as a separate line item; b total cost of goods sold. Volume indicators are indicated for the reporting period from the beginning of the current year.

The volume of product sales reflected in Form 2 does not accurately characterize the production capacity of the enterprise. It includes the sale of not only main products, but also goods purchased for resale. Shipped products include products sent to consumers, but not counted as sold.

It includes the following types of products: the payment period for which has not yet arrived; not paid on time; in the custody of consumers. The debt to pay for shipped products forms the principal amount of the enterprise's receivables. Therefore, at present, this indicator should be under the special control of managers. It is this formula that should be used when analyzing external financial statements.

The cost of products sold is determined by formula 8. Remains of shipped products - according to Form 1 "Balance Sheet", line "Goods shipped". The volume of shipped products is calculated only at cost, since the balances of shipped products in the balance sheet are taken into account only at cost. Commercial products - the number of products, the volume of work, services intended for sale, fully completed in production.

Typically, products are considered complete after their final acceptance by the inspection service. This formula is used for calculation. Based on external accounting reports, only the cost of marketable products produced since the beginning of the reporting year can be calculated.

Balances of finished products are determined according to Form 1 "Balance Sheet" at the beginning and end of the period, according to the line "Finished products and goods for resale" balances in the warehouse. It should be taken into account that the estimate of the volume of marketable products produced by the enterprise is approximate. The reason is that line 1 of Form 1 includes the balance of “goods for resale” in the total.

If the enterprise is engaged, in addition to production, also in trading activities, these balances exist. For the accuracy of the calculations, they must be excluded. However, this cannot be done using external accounting data. After calculating the cost of commercial products, you can make an approximate estimate of it in selling prices - this is one of the traditional tasks of analysis. An accurate assessment is impossible in this case, since in Form 1 the balances of finished products are taken into account only at cost.

Gross output - the total number of products, works, services that were in production in the reporting period. At the same time, the degree of their readiness does not matter: both fully manufactured products and work in progress are taken into account in the gross output. Let us note that only the cost of gross production can be determined from external accounting reports.

Components of formula 8. It should be noted that the calculation is approximate. It is due to the fact that in addition to the costs associated with the production of products, the line also takes into account account balances 29,30,36. However, it is not possible to identify the amount of balances on these accounts only according to Form 1 data.

Let us demonstrate the method outlined here using the data from example 6. The initial data is table 6. We begin the calculation by examining form 2.

This is indicated by the presence of commercial and gross output.

WATCH THE VIDEO ON THE TOPIC: Account 43 “Finished Products”: accounting is simple and clear!

Product sales volume in the balance sheet: line. Revenue from sales of products is not reflected in the balance sheet, since it is recorded there. Terminology Product sales volume in the balance sheet.

All rights reserved. Publication of materials is permitted with the obligatory indication of a link to the site. Financial results report form No. 2 The procedure for calculating and paying excise taxes was established by the State Tax Service of the Russian Federation on July 17, ConsultantPlus: note. State Tax Service of the Russian Federation from On the issue of the procedure for calculating and paying excise taxes at present, see Mandatory payments that, in accordance with the established procedure, are excluded from revenue when determining the result of sales, in particular, include the amounts of established percentage markups on retail prices for radios and televisions contributed to budget income; export duties. If the contract stipulates the moment of transfer of the right to own, use and dispose of shipped goods and the risk of their accidental destruction from the organization to the buyer to the customer after the moment of receipt of funds in payment for the shipped goods to the settlement, currency and other accounts of the organization in banks or to the organization’s cash desk directly, as well as the offset of mutual claims for settlements, then the proceeds from the sale of such goods are included in the Statement of Financial Results on the date of receipt of offset funds. A similar procedure applies to work performed and services provided. Costs associated with the sale of products, as well as distribution costs, are not included in these lines. These, in particular, include: sale of fixed assets and other property, write-off of fixed assets from the balance sheet due to obsolescence, leasing of property, maintenance of mothballed production capacities and facilities, cancellation of production orders and contracts, termination of production that did not produce products.

And one of the important components of financial statements is the financial results statement.

Using data from the balance sheet and profit and loss report, you can determine the effectiveness of the organization’s activities, as well as calculate the main planned indicators. Provided that management and the finance department understand the meaning of terms such as profit, revenue and sales on the balance sheet. The volume of product sales on the balance sheet is the amount of revenue received for the sale of goods in the reporting period.

Net sales in the balance sheet: line. Sales volume on the balance sheet: how to calculate?

The balance sheet is a reflection of the state of the enterprise as of the reporting date, and the financial results report shows the results of its activities for the reporting period. From this it becomes clear that in the balance sheet it will be possible to find only the accumulated profit or loss for a specific date. Moreover, this indicator will not provide an understanding of the amount of profit from sales over the entire history of the company. This means that the indicator is equal to the amount of accumulated loss or profit received, not only from sales, but also taking into account non-operating income and expenses minus expenses that were incurred at the expense of profit; this could be, for example, accrued dividends, the formation of reserve capital and other expenses. Financial results report for the analysis of economic activities It is the financial results report that will make it possible to analyze the structure of the enterprise's profit, its dynamics in comparison with previous reporting periods.

Revenue in the balance sheet line

Discuss Edit article Every year, enterprises prepare financial statements. Using data from the balance sheet and profit and loss report, you can determine the effectiveness of the organization’s activities, as well as calculate the main planned indicators. Provided that management and the finance department understand the meaning of terms such as profit, revenue and sales on the balance sheet. Terminology The volume of product sales on the balance sheet is the amount of revenue received for the sale of goods in the reporting period. In this case, the form of calculations does not matter. Products can be sold on credit, for cash, with deferred payment or at a discount. Therefore, for a more accurate calculation, the formula for calculating net sales in the balance sheet is used, when the revenue received is adjusted by the amount of goods shipped on credit. Sales volume reflects the amount of funds received by the company. Therefore, it should be calculated by all organizations.

How to determine profit from sales of products based on accounting data and financial statements?

Such material assets are called finished products. Let's learn about the features of this asset and figure out how finished products are reflected in the balance sheet. Volume of production in the balance sheet Information about the volume of production produced is generated on the account. It is used to fix the amounts of planned production costs, or to reflect transactions at actual costs.

To make accounting entries for the receipt of revenue, it is necessary to comply with the principles of income recognition laid down by the Ministry of Finance in the Accounting Regulations “Organizational Income” PBU 9/99:

• the company has the right to funds from sales, which is supported by documents. In this case, the counterparty accepted the service or received the rights to the product sold to him;
• the volume of income and expenses associated with sales can be calculated;
• the firm has confidence that the transaction will take place and will bring economic benefits through the receipt of money or other property.

To carry out account assignment confirming the fact of sale, documents must correspond to standard samples or be drawn up according to a form developed and approved by the company.

If all criteria are met, the proceeds from the sale are reflected in the accounting account of Section VIII “Financial Results”. Otherwise – as accounts payable in section VI. What account is provided for revenue in the accounting department is indicated by the Chart of Accounts (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 94n): this is account 90 “Sales”.

The accounting record of assets received during the sale of goods and services consists of the receipt of money, the cost of the property received and accounts receivable for products and services sold. When asked by an entrepreneur how revenue is accounted for in account 90 with or without VAT, the answer is given by the same Chart of Accounts: the amount from sales is accounted for at the sales price of the products sold, taking into account duties, excise taxes, and VAT.

Financial terminology and reporting involve many fairly complex concepts. If you are not sure of the exact understanding of the economic terms that characterize business performance, our articles will help you understand the definitions:

• “What is the difference between margin and profit?”;
• “What is the difference between profit and revenue”;
• “What is the difference between margin and markup?”

But, of course, no information can replace the live assistance of a qualified specialist. It is better to trust financial and accounting issues to professionals - this will save your time and help avoid annoying misunderstandings. Take note: you can always get expert help by contacting the Glavbukh Assistant service.

Reflection of revenue on account 90

A document that standardizes the account in which sales revenue is reflected is the Chart of Accounts for accounting the financial and economic activities of organizations. According to Section VIII of the regulations, accounting under account 90 “Sales” registers information on the income/expenses of the company’s main business and balances its financial results.

Account 90, which reflects revenue, is one of the most difficult to account for and its specificity is due to the fact that sales include not only the revenue side, but also the expense component of a multi-stage process. The plan provides for the opening of sub-accounts:

• 90/1 “Revenue” - for recording receipts of assets that are recognized as revenue;
• 90/2 “Cost of sales” - for grouping costs by products sold;
• 90/3 “Value added tax” - to separate VAT from the sales value of products sold;
• 90/4 “Excise taxes” - to allocate the amount of excise duty from the selling price of products sold;
• 90-5 “Export duties” - for accounting for export duties (an additional open sub-account is used);
• 90/9 “Profit/loss from sales” – for balancing the financial result from sales for the month.

Subaccounts 90.3-90.5 provided for by the Plan are not used by all organizations. Their use is related to the specifics of commercial activity, but according to the synthetic (generalized) 90th account, it is necessary to open additional analytics by type of sales - the range of goods, products, types of work, services, etc. The company organizes a detailed division independently for monitoring results and effective management.

The specifics of accounting are as follows: entries in subaccounts of the accounting account in which revenue is kept are recorded cumulatively throughout the year. Every month it is necessary to compare the turnover of subaccount 90/1 (for credit) and subaccounts 90/2 - 90/5 (for debit) and the resulting total is transferred from subaccount 90/9 in final turns to another synthetic account 99 “Profits and losses”. That is, at the end of the month the synthetic “Sales” account has no balance, and the balance of the subaccounts at the beginning of the next month serves as the initial one. The subaccounts themselves, except for 90-9, are closed annually to subaccount 90/9.

Monthly calculation of sales results:

1. Counting the turnover of subaccounts - credit 90/1, debit 90/2 - 90/5.
2. Deduction from the amounts of turnover 90/2 - 90/5 turnover 90/1.
3. Posting Dt 99 Kt 90/9 for the amount of the positive difference - loss,

Posting Dt 90/9 Kt 99 for the amount of the negative total - profit.

1. Repeat accounting transactions next month until the end of the year.

Closing account 90 by year:

1. Closing subaccounts 90/1 - 90/5 by transferring to subaccount 90/9 with entries Dt 90/1 K90/9, Dt 90/9 Kt 90/2, etc., after which their balance should be equal to zero.
2. Control of closing subaccount 90/9 - it should be zero after all account assignments.
3. Opening account 90 in the next reporting period with zero balances on all subaccounts.

As you can see, the operation of the account is complex and requires not only monthly control of turnover and balances of analytical data, but also the correctness of the final annual entries. Outsourcing accounting becomes the right decision for an entrepreneur, guaranteeing the correct registration of transactions, as well as the calculation of taxes in the “optimization” mode.

Revenue in accounting: postings

As a standard, in the standard version, postings to the “Sales” account are divided into two types of correspondent entries - debiting and crediting account 90. Having considered which accounting account the revenue is reflected in, let’s move on to practical entries using an example:

In the reporting period, Vasilek LLC sold its products for 240,000 rubles. The cost amounted to 160,800 rubles. Funds have been received into the bank account. The company is a VAT taxpayer; products sold are taxed at a rate of 20%.

1. Dt 62 Kt 90/1 for 240,000 rubles. - Shipment of goods.
2. Dt 90/2 Kt 43 for 160,800 rub. - write-off of cost.
3. Dt 90/3 Kt 68 for 40,000 rubles. – VAT 20% on the sales price.
4. Dt 90/9 Kt 99 for RUB 39,200. – profit from the transaction.
5. Dt 51 Kt 62 for 240,000 rubles. – crediting money to the account.

Let’s assume that for the entire year, sales receipts amounted to 1,068,000 rubles. (balance 90/1), of which VAT is 178,000 rubles. (balance 90/3). Cost for the year is 560,000 rubles. (balance 90/2) and the result from sales by the end of the year was profitable 330,000 rubles. (balance at the end of the period 90/9). Then the final turnover for the year is as follows:

1. Dt 90/1 Kt 90/9 for RUB 1,068,000.
2. Dt 90/9 Kt 90/2 for RUB 560,000
3. Dt 90/9 Kt 90/3 for 178,000 rub.
4. Result – account 90/9 is reset to zero.

These postings are indicated for recognizing revenue upon shipment of goods. Subaccount 90/1 corresponds with cash settlement accounts directly for retail sales and then the entry Dt 50 Kt 90/1 “receipt of revenue” is made. In general, the principle of operation of the revenue account is similar for different types of activities with the difference that when writing off costs, the corresponding accounts for production expenses or the cost of resold goods are used.

>Learning the basics of accounting. Which account is the revenue reflected in?

Materials Sale of fixed assets

Why does it apply to credit 90 and 91?

The division of income into “regular” and “other” is not established by law; each organization determines it independently.

Important. The usual type of activity is not the one that the organization ascribes to in the Charter and makes it the main one when registering, but the one that is actually carried out.

In general, income from ordinary activities for manufacturing organizations includes the sale of manufactured products, for retail organizations - the sale of goods, for transport organizations - the sale of transport services. Then the rental income from such organizations will be other income if the rental of property is unsystematic (for example, a production organization leases temporarily unused production space or equipment). We talked about how revenue differs from income and other accounting concepts in this material.

But if leasing is the main activity of the organization (for example, cars are purchased for rent to taxi drivers), real estate is purchased by an agency for resale, then such income is accounted for using account 90. Proceeds from the sale of everything else are credited to account 91 (as is considered you will find out such revenue from sales). For certainty, an organization can prescribe the types of income from ordinary activities and others in its accounting policies.

Step-by-step instructions on how to reflect the implementation (including in 1C)

Let's look at the most common transactions for the sale of other property in the 1C program version 8.3.

Materials

1. Go to the “Sales” section, document “Sales (acts, invoices)”.
2. When creating a document, select the “Goods (invoice)” type.
3. In the document, select the counterparty, the contract (it should look like “with the buyer”), and the materials warehouse.
4. Using the “Settlements” link, fill in the accounts for accounting for settlements with the counterparty and settlements for advances, payment terms and settings for offsetting the advance.
5. Determine the method of calculating VAT - “VAT in total” or “VAT on top”.
6. Fill out the tabular part: for each material, select a name from the “Nomenclature” directory, indicate the contract price, quantity, and VAT rate.
7. By clicking on the “Accounting Accounts” link, the corresponding tab is automatically filled in: material accounting account from the directory (10), income accounting account (91.01), other income and expenses item “Sale of other property”, write-off account for the cost of material sold (91.02), VAT attribution account (91.02 “Other expenses”).
8. To issue an invoice, click the “Write an invoice” button.
9. Print the document in any of the options: TORG-12, invoice, invoice for materials release on the M-15 side.

Sale of fixed assets

1. Go to the section “Fixed assets and intangible assets”, item “Disposal of fixed assets”, document “Transfer of fixed assets”.
2. In the document, select the counterparty, the contract, the location of the asset (the department in which the asset was registered), the event of the asset (transfer of the asset).
3. In the tabular section, fill in the name of the operating system from the directory, while its inventory number will be filled in automatically, and enter the sales price under the contract.
4. The income account should be indicated 91.01, the expense account 91.02, the article “Sale of fixed assets”, the VAT account also 91.02.
5. Using the “Create on the basis” button, you can generate a transfer and acceptance act of form OS-1, an invoice or a universal transfer document.

Revenue from non-core sales does not solve the statutory goals of the organization.

Rather, it allows you to free up funds that are temporarily unused and therefore do not provide an economic effect: to receive money for materials stored in a warehouse, for construction that is not completed for some reason, for equipment supplied but not in operation, for inefficiently used fixed assets, for overdue accounts receivable.

If such implementation provides a significant share of the organization’s total income, it is worth thinking about the effectiveness of financial investments. In any case, other income participates in the formation of the final financial result of the entire enterprise.

If you find an error, please select a piece of text and press Ctrl+Enter.

Volume of output in the balance sheet: line

Let's consider the line used in the balance sheet to reflect the output of products when it comes to completing the production process and posting the finished product to the warehouse. Let us remind you that accounting for the output of finished products can be kept both using account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”, and without its use, when the cost of finished products is reflected directly in account 43 “Finished products” (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n). We talked about what accounting entries are made in this case in our separate consultation.

But regardless of how the release of finished products is reflected in accounting, finished products in the warehouse in the balance sheet are indicated on line 1210 “Inventories” (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n). If the amount of finished products in the organization's total reserves is significant, the organization must reflect information about product output in a separate line in the balance sheet or indicate the relevant information in the notes to the balance sheet.

Of course, finished products are reflected in accounting on line 1210 only in terms of product warehouse balances. How are sold finished products reflected in the balance sheet?

Product sales volume in the balance sheet: line

There is no separate line for revenue from sales of products in the balance sheet. And this is not surprising. After all, the balance sheet reflects the assets and liabilities of the organization as of the reporting date (clause 18 of PBU 4/99). And the sold products are no longer an asset. Information on financial results, which includes information on revenue, is given in the profit and loss statement (clause 21 of PBU 4/99).

However, in some cases, a line can be defined for revenue from sales of products in the balance sheet. This applies to cases where the finished products sold were not paid for by the buyer. Let us recall that revenue from the sale of finished products is usually reflected in the following accounting entry (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n):

Debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” - Credit of account 90 “Sales”, subaccount “Revenue”

Consequently, unpaid receivables from customers, which are equal to sales revenue, will be reflected in line 1230 “Accounts receivable” of the balance sheet. But here it is important to take into account that the revenue in line 1230 will be taken into account together with VAT, while the income statement indicates net revenue, i.e. reduced by the amount of VAT accrued on revenue.

For profit from sales of products, line 1370 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” is used in the balance sheet. In this case, in this line, profit from the sale of products will be taken into account in total with the financial results from other operations, both for ordinary activities and for other activities, as well as with the profit (loss) of previous years.

See also the material “How is revenue reflected in the balance sheet?”

Accounting statements: forms 1 and 2

Accounting statements are prepared and presented in accordance with the forms approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n. Accounting statements - forms 1 and 2 are submitted by all organizations. In addition to Forms 1 and 2 of the financial statements, organizations submit appendices (clauses 2 and 4 of Order No. 66n of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010):

• statement of changes in equity;
• cash flow statement;
• Explanations to the balance sheet and income statement.

For small enterprises, as part of the annual reporting, only the submission of Form 1 of the financial statements and Form 2 is required.

Form 2 of the balance sheet: one report - two titles

Form 2 of the balance sheet - by this name we traditionally mean a reporting form that contains information about the income, expenses and financial results of the organization. The current form was approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n “On Forms of Accounting Reports of Organizations” (hereinafter referred to as Order No. 66n).

The federal law of November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ “On Accounting” in force until 2013 called this form the “Profit and Loss Statement”, and the federal law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ that replaced it called it the “Financial Results Report” . At the same time, the form itself began to bear this name quite recently: the “Profit and Loss Statement” was officially renamed to the “Report on Financial Results” only on May 17, 2015, when the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 04/06/2015 No. 57n came into force, introducing changes in reporting forms.

By the way, now Form 2 is not the official, but the generally accepted name of the report. It has ceased to be official since 2011, when the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 22, 2003 No. 67n, which approved the previous forms of accounting, which were called: Form No. 1 “Balance Sheet”, Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement”, Form No. 3 “Report on changes in capital”, etc.

See also our material “Balance Sheet for 2014: Sample Completion”.

What does Form 2 of the balance sheet look like?

Form 2 of the balance sheet is a table, the introductory part of which contains:

• reporting period and date;
• information about the organization (including codes OKPO, INN, OKVED, OKOPF, OKFS);
• unit of measurement.

The table with reporting indicators includes 5 columns:

• number of the explanation to the report;
• name of the indicator;
• line code (it is taken from Appendix No. 4 to Order No. 66n);
• the value of the indicator for the reporting period and the same period of the previous year, which is transferred from the report for this period.

Income Statement - Breakdown of Lines

Statement of financial results - decoding of lines is carried out according to certain rules. Let's look at how to fill out individual lines of the report.

1. Revenue (line code - 2110).

Here they show income from ordinary activities, in particular from the sale of goods, performance of work, provision of services (clauses 4, 5 of PBU 9/99 “Income of the organization”, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 6, 1999 No. 32n).

This is the credit turnover of account 90-1 “Revenue”, reduced by the debit turnover of subaccounts 90-3 “VAT”, 90-4 “Excise taxes”.

Revenue and other income constituting 5% or more of the total income for the reporting period are shown for each type separately (clause 18.1 of PBU 9/99).

See also the material “How is revenue reflected in the balance sheet?”

2. Cost of sales (line code - 2120).

Here is the amount of expenses for ordinary activities, for example, expenses associated with the manufacture of products, the purchase of goods, the performance of work, the provision of services (clauses 9, 21 PBU 10/99 “Organization expenses”, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 05/06/1999 No. 33n).

This is the total debit turnover for subaccount 90-2 in correspondence with accounts 20, 23, 29, 41, 43, 40, etc., except for accounts 26 and 44.

The indicator is given in parentheses because it is subtracted when calculating the financial result.

3. Gross profit (loss) (line code - 2100).

This is profit from ordinary activities excluding selling and administrative expenses. It is defined as the difference between the indicators of lines 2110 “Revenue” and 2120 “Cost of sales”. The loss, as a negative value, is reflected hereinafter in parentheses.

4. Selling expenses (line code - 2210, the value is written in parentheses).

These are various expenses associated with the sale of goods, works, services (clauses 5, 7, 21 PBU 10/99), that is, debit turnover on subaccount 90-2 in correspondence with account 44.

5. Administrative expenses (line code - 2220, the value is written in parentheses).

The expenses for managing the organization are shown here if the accounting policy does not provide for their inclusion in the cost of industrial and industrial components, that is, if they are written off not to account 20 (25), but to account 90-2. Then this line indicates the debit turnover for subaccount 90-2 in correspondence with account 26.

6. Profit (loss) from sales (line code - 2200).

Profit (loss) from ordinary activities is shown here. The indicator is calculated by subtracting lines 2210 “Commercial expenses” and 2220 “Administrative expenses” from line 2100 “Gross profit (loss)”; its value corresponds to the balance of account 99 in the analytical account of profit (loss) from sales.

7. Income from participation in other organizations (line code - 2310).

These include dividends and the value of property received upon leaving the company or upon its liquidation (clause 7 of PBU 9/99). The data is taken from the analytics for the loan of account 91-1.

8. Interest receivable (line code - 2320).

This is interest on loans, securities, commercial loans, as well as interest paid by the bank for the use of money available in the organization’s current account (clause 7 of PBU 9/99). Information is also taken from the analytics on the loan of account 91-1.

9. Interest payable (line code - 2330, value written in parentheses).

This reflects interest paid on all types of borrowed obligations (except those included in the cost of an investment asset), and the discount payable on bonds and bills. This is analytics for the debit of account 91-1.

10. Other income (time code - 2340) and expenses (code - 2350).

This is all other income and expenses that went through 91 accounts, except those indicated above. Expenses are written in parentheses.

11. Profit (loss) before tax (line 2300).

The line shows the accounting profit (loss) of the organization. To calculate it, to the indicator of line 2200 “Profit (loss) from sales” you need to add the values ​​of lines 2310 “Income from participation in other organizations”, 2320 “Interest receivable”, 2340 “Other income” and subtract the indicators of lines 2330 “Interest to payment" and 2350 "Other expenses". The value of the line corresponds to the balance of account 99 in the analytical account of accounting profit (loss).

12. Current income tax (line code - 2410).

This is the amount of tax accrued for payment according to the income tax return.

Organizations in special regimes reflect their taxes on this line, for example, UTII, Unified Agricultural Tax. If taxes under special regimes are paid along with income tax (when combining regimes), then the indicators for each tax are reflected separately on separate lines entered after the current income tax indicator (attachment to the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02/06/2015 No. 07-04- 06/5027 and 06/25/2008 No. 07-05-09/3).

Organizations applying PBU 18/02, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 19, 2002 No. 114n, further reflect:

• permanent tax liabilities (assets) (line code - 2421);
• change IT (line 2430) and ONA (line 2450).

Line 2460 “Other” reflects information about other indicators that affect net profit.

The net profit itself is shown on line 2400.

• about the result of the revaluation of non-current assets, not included in the net profit (loss) of the period (line 2510);
• as a result of other operations not included in the net profit (loss) of the period (line 2520);
• the cumulative financial result of the period (line 2500);
• basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share (lines 2900 and 2910, respectively).

Form 2 of the balance sheet is signed by the head of the organization. The signature of the chief accountant has been excluded from it since May 17, 2015 (Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 6, 2015 No. 57n).

What to do if the amounts in the declarations differ?

When checking the documentation, regulatory authorities may see that the revenue in the VAT declaration is greater than in the profit declaration. They believe that these amounts should always be identical, but in practice this is not the case. In theory, VAT revenue should be equal to profit, but this is not always true.
The Federal Tax Service may request an explanation of the declaration, considering the error to be unfounded. Then the accountant needs to attach to the explanation documents that explain all transactions made during the current quarter. The more detailed he explains the current situation, the fewer questions there will be.

Tax revenue may be less in the case when some goods or services are not subject to VAT (detailed list of goods - Article 149 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

But the opposite situation also exists. When might it occur? There are transactions subject to VAT that are not taken into account when calculating income tax. For example, the gratuitous transfer of goods. For clarity, let's look at an example.

A certain company “Alpha” donated part of the goods to the company “Beta” for free use, worth 45,000 rubles (excluding VAT). The revenue of the Alpha company amounted to 540,000 rubles for the first quarter. Then, in the VAT return, the accountant wrote the amount 540,000 + 45,000 = 585,000. This amount is less than revenue, but this situation can be explained. When transferred free of charge, VAT is charged on goods, as with a regular sale.

Thus, with different amounts for profit and VAT, it is necessary to show why this situation arose and write an explanation about this to the tax service.

Reflection in the financial results statement:

in form 2 (profit and loss statement - opiu)

In this reporting form, VAT is always indicated as a debit as part of line 2110 Profit. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 6, 1999 No. 32n established that revenue is the turnover on the credit of account 90-1 Revenue, reduced by the debit turnover on subaccounts 90-3 “VAT”, 90-4 Excise taxes.

in the balance sheet

The tax is reflected in the balance sheet as both an asset and a liability. In the asset it is reflected in two lines at once - 1220 and 1230, in the liability - 1520. Let us consider in more detail the formation of each part.

1. Line 1220 of VAT on purchased assets is the amount of tax that the company undertakes to deduct in the future, that is, the balance of account 19 is transferred there. For many companies, by the end of the year 19, the account is reset to zero, and then there is a dash in line 1220.
2. Line 1230 is accounts receivable. In other words, this line summarizes everything that buyers or customers did not pay extra (or did not pay) at the time of drawing up the balance sheet, including VAT. This also includes advances for raw materials or supplies to suppliers, which include VAT.
3. Line 1520 is the company's accounts payable. That is, this is the sum of all the company’s debts, including VAT. In addition, this line also includes advances received minus VAT.

Thus, VAT is reflected: in lines 1220 and 1230 in the assets of the balance sheet and in line 1520 in the liabilities.

Tax accrued - posting

The VAT entries reflect:

1. When selling a product or service.
2. Input VAT.
3. VAT restoration.

Let's consider each case separately and determine in which case and on which account the tax is determined.

When selling goods, this tax is always taken into account as a credit in accounts such as 68 and 76.

Commercial organizations can reduce the amount of tax payable by deducting input VAT. It is reflected as a debit in accounts 19 and 68. There are a number of cases when the tax accepted for deduction must be restored.

Recovered VAT is reflected only on one account 68 for the loan.

in the declaration

The VAT declaration consists of two parts - the title page and the amount of VAT that is subject to payment to the budget or refund from the budget. To compile this document, 25 days are given from the end of the quarter.

The structure of the declaration is as follows:

1. The first section is the final section, in which the accountant writes about the amounts to be paid or reimbursed based on the results of accounting/tax accounting and information from section 3 of the declaration.
2. The second section must be completed by tax agents.
3. The third section contains the final amount of tax to be paid to the budget or returned from it.
4. The next three sections (4,5,6) are filled out only if there was a tax rate of zero percent.
5. The seventh section reflects transactions on which VAT is not paid.
6. Sections 8 and 9 include counterparties who are included in the tax registers for VAT.
7. Sections 10 and 11 are completed only by certain types of business entities.
8. Section 12 – designation of taxpayers who do not have to pay this tax.

• VAT is reflected in a number of documents of each company. However, goods may be taxed at different rates or not subject to this tax. In order to avoid mistakes and desk audits, it is necessary to take into account all the nuances when paying this tax to the state budget. If the tax inspector still has questions, don’t be afraid, you just need to explain everything in detail, since perhaps your mistake is justified.

  >How to reflect sales revenue in accounting, what line in the balance sheet shows its amount?

  For individual entrepreneurs for LLC

  What wiring is used?

  Posting - the method of reflecting the profit received can be varied. There are two main options in modern economics. Firstly, the reflection of income at the time of shipment to the counterparty, and secondly, at the time of receipt of payment for the product/service from the counterparty.

  Obviously, each posting has its own characteristics and they relate not only to the choice of account to be reflected. From an economic point of view, posting at the time of transfer of goods to the counterparty is considered more risky. If after this no settlement occurs, then the profit goes into debit debt - a debt that must be paid by the counterparty to the supplier.

  As with any debts, one unpleasant thing can happen to accounts receivable - delays. Therefore, it is possible that the profit already reflected in the balance sheet will not be received in a timely manner. Another thing is the reflection of the funds actually received, everything is simpler here, because the accountant takes into account the money already received into the company’s account, the risks are minimal. Now let's talk about posting accounts:

  Step-by-step instructions on how sales income is reflected in accounting in 1C

  Finished products

1. Creating a document First of all, the accountant must create a document. To do this, we go to the “Sales” subsection of the corresponding menu item. Next, we find the item “Sales (acts, invoices)”, go to “Goods, services and commission”.
2. Fill out the document. Enter the seller, buyer, warehouse and prices into the required lines.
3. Selecting products and adding them to the table By clicking the “Add” button, you can start selecting and adding products to the table line by line. But there is a more convenient option - using the “Selection” option. With its help, you will be able to select goods from those remaining in the warehouse, immediately select quantity and price (if a certain type of price has not been previously specified).
4. We post the document If everything that is needed is included in the report, we find and click the “credit/debit” button located at the top of the document.

Works

Services

1. Create a document In the 1C program, select the “Sales” menu, go to the “Sales” subsection, here we create a document using the “Goods, services and commission” option.
2. We fill out the document In the header of our report we add basic information: who provided the service to whom and at what price. Please note that when maintaining records only within one organization, the supplier field will be inactive and will not need to be filled out.
3. Selecting services for the report There are two options - through the “add” button and through the “selection” button. We recommend using the second option, then you will have the opportunity to “pull” services from the list reflected earlier in the program.
4. Post the document Click on the “debit/credit” button and get ready-made transactions. If something suddenly goes wrong, you can edit the document manually (the “Manual correction” checkbox).

Composition of financial statements

The Law “On Accounting” dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ provides for the following package of forms, which is included in the financial statements of a legal entity:

• balance sheet;
• income statement;
• applications.

The balance sheet is a reflection of the state of the enterprise as of the reporting date, and the financial results report shows the results of its activities for the reporting period. From this it becomes clear that in the balance sheet it will be possible to find only the accumulated profit or loss for a specific date. Moreover, this indicator will not provide an understanding of the amount of profit from sales over the entire history of the company. Line 1370 of the “Capital and Reserves” section reflects the balance of account 84. This means that the indicator is equal to the amount of accumulated loss or profit received (not only from sales, but also taking into account non-operating income and expenses, taxes) minus expenses that were incurred at the expense of profits (this could be, for example, accrued dividends, the formation of reserve capital and other expenses).

For information on the principles by which accounting statements are compiled, read the article “Accounting statements for LLCs - features and nuances.”

Income Statement for Business Analysis

It is the financial results report that will make it possible to analyze the structure of the enterprise’s profit, its dynamics in comparison with previous reporting periods. Based on the data from this form, you can make important organizational decisions to manage profits, increase profitability, and sometimes simply draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the company.

If the profit from sales in the total amount of net profit is an insignificant share, and the main influence on the net profit is exerted by other activities, then you should think about whether it’s time to change the profile of the company. Or even decide to close it altogether, since often large profits from other activities can mean the sale of the company’s assets, which sometimes indicates its unstable position.

As for the balance sheet, it is no less important for the analysis, but without the ability to understand the structure of profit for the period, the analysis will not be complete.

For information on how to analyze the balance sheet, read the material “Methodology for analyzing the balance sheet of an enterprise.”

Profit from sales in the balance sheet: which line

As mentioned above, it is impossible to directly see in the balance sheet how much profit from sales was for the reporting period. In order to discover this indicator, you will have to look at line 2200 of the income statement. A positive amount will indicate a profit, and a negative amount will indicate a loss. Negative indicators in financial statements are usually enclosed in parentheses without a minus sign.

To fill out the first lines of the form, from 2110 to 2200, the turnover of individual subaccounts of accounting account 90 “Sales” is used. Profit or loss will correspond to the amount of writing off the balance of account 90.9 to the 99th account.

It should be understood that the sales profit figure only implies results from ordinary activities. This means that if, for example, fixed assets were sold during the reporting period, then the financial result from these operations will not affect line 2200.

At the same time, PBU 9/99 and 10/99 indicate that the organization independently determines what is a normal activity for it and what is not. This is often stated in accounting policies. But, in addition, it is necessary to be guided by the criteria of materiality, systematic receipt of income for any type of activity and other factors.

Which accounting entry reflects profit from the sale of products?

To account for income and form the cost of goods sold, work or services, account 90 “Sales” is used. Depending on the type of activity and the specifics of the organization’s work, the entries to reflect the receipt of revenue and write-off of expenses may differ. But the reflection of profit or loss from sales will be the same regardless of what activity the company conducts.

To properly understand how profit from sales is formed, it is best to analyze which turnovers fall into the 90th account:

1. Revenue is reflected by posting Dt 62 Kt 90.1. But in retail trade, the wiring will look like Dt 50 Kt 90.1 or Dt 57 Kt 90.1.
2. The cost of services and work is written off with such entries as Dt 90.2 Kt 20 (23, 26, 25, etc.). In wholesale trade, the cost of goods will be written off using the operation Dt 90.2 Kt 41, and sales expenses - Dt 90.2 Kt 44. In retail, you additionally need to take into account the markup Dt 90.2 Kt 42. And in production, the cost of finished products will be written off using the entry Dt 90.2 Kt 43.
3. VAT for any type of activity will be charged by posting Dt 90.3 Kt 68.
4. Profit from sales will be reflected in the accounting record Dt 90.9 Kt 99.
5. The loss from sales will be reflected by the posting Dt 99 Kt 90.9.

IMPORTANT! In some accounting programs, subaccount numbers may differ from the Chart of Accounts approved by the Ministry of Finance. In addition, the organization can change, delete or introduce additional sub-accounts independently if required by the specifics of its activity.

The amount of the posting in correspondence with account 99 will be equal to the profit or loss received from the sale. That is, the amount of revenue minus cost, VAT and excise taxes, if any. If the calculation is correct, the collapsed (without analytics) balance of account 90 should become zero at the end of the period. The presence of a balance will mean that the formation of the entry for writing off profit (loss) was made with an error.

When reforming the balance, it is necessary to close the 90th account. This event involves writing off the balance of all subaccounts to account 90 to account 90.9. These can be operations such as (if there is turnover during the year):

• Dt 90.1 Kt 90.9 - for writing off revenue turnover during the year;
• Dt 90.9 Kt 90.2 - for writing off turnover at cost;
• Dt 90.9 Kt 90.3 (90.4) - for writing off turnover according to accrued VAT or excise taxes.

The balance on account 90.9 (as well as on account 90 as a whole) should become zero automatically after the above operations. If this does not happen, you should look for an error in the wiring.

Read more about balance sheet reformation in the material “How and when to carry out balance sheet reformation.”

Which line shows gross profit on the balance sheet?

InfoGross sales volume excluding VAT 135968 2 2719 Gross sales volume excluding VAT 170652 2 3413 Gross sales volume excluding VAT Not used 2 - Balance sheet profit of the enterprise Gross sales volume excluding VAT Balance sheet currency Equity capital (result of section IV of the balance sheet) Total costs of the enterprise 5 2 2 10 2 Monthly and quarterly we are forced to make amendments to Soviet reporting so as not to lose this difference in British reporting. Since we know the selling price of all goods sold, all we have to do is take the quantity of each type of good and multiply it by the selling price. The resulting amount is added to gross sales, and the amount of debtors increases by the amount of the increase in profit, in other words, profit contains receivables. AttentionThe deviation of gross profit was due to both the excess of the actual level of cost of sales over the planned level and the failure to achieve planned indicators for sales revenue (sales volume). Let's assume that a classic cost-volume-profit analysis begins. The total physical volume by type of product, the amount of gross profit and total sales revenue, and the cost of sales are taken. For each parameter, planned and actual values ​​are substituted.
On the graph, the physical volume of sales is gross. Symbols PE - the amount of net profit P - the volume of product sales A - the average amount of all assets VD - the amount of gross income I - the amount of costs Nd - the amount of taxes paid from income Np - the amount of taxes paid for profit account OA - the average amount of current assets VA - the average amount of non-current assets.

The gross number is

Important: Sometimes the release of a product is considered to be its transition into the sphere of circulation, in particular, the transfer of ownership of the product from the manufacturer to the buyer. In the latter case, we are talking about sold products. We will tell you in our consultation how information about product output is reflected in the balance sheet. Volume of output in the balance sheet Before the economic reform, profit was determined by the gross volume of construction and installation work performed, regardless of the readiness of construction products.
This order sometimes gave rise in construction organizations to production of products being assessed using natural and conditionally natural indicators, in units of labor intensity and cost.

On the graph, the physical volume of sales is gross. Symbols PE - the amount of net profit P - the volume of product sales A - the average amount of all assets VD - the amount of gross income I - the amount of costs Nd - the amount of taxes paid from income Np - the amount of taxes paid for profit account OA - the average amount of current assets VA - the average amount of non-current assets. 6. assessment of materiality and risk in the audit However, in some cases, a line can be determined for revenue from sales of products in the balance sheet. This applies to cases where the finished products sold were not paid for by the buyer.

What is gross profit and how is it calculated

Then the gross profit for 2013 and 2014, respectively, is: GP2013 = TR – TCtekhn = 120,000 – 40,000 = 80,000 rubles GP2014 = TR – TCtekhn = 180,000 – 60,000 = 120,000 rubles Video - report “gross profit” in the 1C program : Trade management: The direct dependence of the indicator on the amount of revenue and technological cost is obvious. The higher the sales volumes are at constant unit costs, the greater the gross profit will be. Where is the indicator used Calculation of gross profit is especially relevant for a relatively small share of management and commercial expenses.
If they amount to no more than 5% of the total cost, then the indicator in question is advisable to use in short- and medium-term planning. In the case of long-term planning, it is rational to calculate other types of profit. For example, margin.
If the plant assembles components and parts received from outside, the volume of sales, gross and commercial output includes the full cost of the equipment, including components and parts received from outside, provided that the plan for gross and commercial output of the plant also includes the full cost of the equipment. The cost of machine tools, forging and pressing equipment, units and other devices manufactured by the parent enterprise, as well as installation and adjustment work, is included in the volume of product sales after funds for the manufactured and shipped line are credited to the settlement account. The marketable and gross output includes the cost of the specified products, installation and commissioning work after the production of the line, its delivery to the quality control department and the issuance of an acceptance certificate at the main machine tool-building enterprise.

Finally, during a period of deterioration in commodity market conditions, the volume of product sales decreases, and, accordingly, the size of the enterprise’s gross profit from operating activities decreases. Under these conditions, a negative value of the financial leverage differential can be formed even at constant interest rates for the loan due to a decrease in the gross return on assets ratio. In monetary terms, the production and sales plan is characterized by the following indicators: sold products, marketable products, conditionally clean products, work in progress and gross output 1. The volume of sales of products, marketable and gross output of an industrial enterprise, as a rule, is determined by the factory method, i.e.
e.

From the above graph it is clear that the enterprise safety limit characterizes the volume of product sales that lies within the range between the point of ensuring the planned (actually achieved) amount of gross profit of the enterprise and the break-even point of its operating activities (TB). In one hundred Vp is the cost volume of product sales, ensuring the formation of the planned (or actually achieved) amount of gross operating profit of the enterprise. Indicators of market conditions are gross domestic product, product production (by industry), commissioning of fixed assets, freight turnover, retail turnover, volume sales of own products. The second level of analysis is gross profit variance analysis. The gross profit of the enterprise for the reporting budget period actually amounted to 9 million.

rub. (according to plan 22 million.

Before the economic reform, profit was determined by the gross volume of construction and installation work performed, regardless of the readiness of construction products. This order sometimes gave rise in construction organizations to production of products being assessed using natural and conditionally natural indicators, in units of labor intensity and cost. The volume of production is characterized by gross and net products, the volume of output - by finished and commercial products, the volume of sales - by shipped and sold commercial products.

The most important indicators of the volume of products, works and services are in construction - commercial construction products, the volume of construction and installation work in transport - freight turnover, the volume of transportation of goods and passengers in trade - trade turnover.

Instructions 1 To calculate the information volume of the text that makes up the book, determine the initial data. You should know the number of pages in the book, the average number of lines of text on each page, and the number of whitespace characters in each line of text. Let the book contain 150 pages, 40 lines per page, 60 characters per line.

2 Find the number of characters in the book: multiply the data from the first step. 150 pages * 40 lines * 60 characters = 360 thousand characters in the book. 3 Determine the information volume of the book, based on the fact that one character weighs one byte. 360 thousand characters * 1 byte = 360 thousand bytes. 4 Move to larger units: 1 KB (kilobyte) = 1024 bytes, 1 MB (megabyte) = 1024 KB. Then 360 thousand bytes / 1024 = 351.56 KB or 351.56 KB / 1024 = 0.34 MB. 5 To find the information volume of a graphic file, also determine the initial data.

Gross sales volume is the cost of products shipped, work performed and services provided, including taxes and other payments.

Net sales volume (sales revenue, net income) is the gross sales volume minus indirect taxes and fees included in the selling price of the product.
Gross sales volume excluding VAT
GROSS SALES VOLUME (gross income) - the cost of products shipped and work performed, including taxes and other payments.
Gross sales volume 27
Sometimes it is useful to present a given position in expanded form. In this case, the lines Gross volume of product sales, Return of previously sold products, and Sales discounts can be indicated separately.
Gross sales volume excluding VAT 135968 2 2719
Gross sales volume excluding VAT 170652 2 3413
Gross sales volume excluding VAT Not used 2 —
Balance sheet profit of the enterprise Gross sales volume excluding VAT Balance sheet currency Own capital (result of section IV of the balance sheet) Total costs of the enterprise 5 2 2 10 2
We are forced to make amendments to Soviet reporting monthly and quarterly so as not to lose this difference in British reporting. Since we know the selling price of all goods sold, all we have to do is take the quantity of each type of good and multiply it by the selling price. The resulting amount is added to gross sales, and the amount of debtors increases by the amount of the increase in profit, in other words, profit contains receivables.
Gross sales volume excluding VAT 3486856 2 69737
Net sales volume is the gross sales volume minus indirect taxes and fees included in the selling price of the product (F 2.010). Net sales volume is also called sales revenue or net income.
Equal to the gross profit of a production line (sales minus cost of goods sold) minus direct and distributed costs of marketing, research and development, selling and administrative costs.
In modern economic conditions, the main evaluation indicator is the volume of product sales, taking into account the fulfillment of supply obligations. To analyze the plan for production and sales of products, traditional quantitative and cost indicators are used, which now act as both directives and calculations. In particular, the volumes of gross and commercial output are general indicators of the growth rate of production volumes.
Report of an industrial enterprise on the implementation of the product plan (form No. 8). This report contains the following main indicators: a) gross production, b) marketable products, c) volume of product sales.
Commodity products are valued at the current wholesale prices of the enterprise (excluding turnover tax) and at the prices adopted in the plan. The plan for the production of marketable products, in contrast to the plan for gross output, is drawn up in wholesale prices in effect at the time the plan was drawn up, and not in prices as of January 1, 1975. The volume of product sales is reflected in the report in the current wholesale prices of the enterprise adopted in the plan.
During the transition to a new management system, the importance of profit from the sale of finished products or stages of work to the customer increased. Before the economic reform, profit was determined by the gross volume of construction and installation work performed, regardless of the readiness of construction products. This order sometimes gave rise in construction organizations
Product production is assessed using natural and conditionally natural indicators, in units of labor intensity and cost. The volume of production is characterized by gross and net products, the volume of output - by finished and commercial products, the volume of sales - by shipped and sold commercial products. The most important indicators of the volume of products, works and services are in construction - commercial construction products, the volume of construction and installation work in transport - freight turnover, the volume of transportation of goods and passengers in trade - trade turnover.
Using formula (1) and assuming that the sales volume at which gross income is zero is considered critical, we have
A. Determine the gross profit variance for the marketing division of the enterprise, given that it is responsible for the sales volume of each product and the selling price of a unit of product.
With an increase in costs per unit of product by 0.1, the ratio of gross profit to sales volume decreased by 5% and amounted to 75% (80 - 5).
To find the absolute change in gross income under the influence of structural changes in trade turnover, you need to multiply the reported sales volume in purchase prices by the resulting level of structure influence (- 0.32) and divide by 100 (6477 - 1936) (- 0.32) / 100 - 15 thousand rubles.
From the above graph it is clear that the enterprise safety limit characterizes the volume of product sales that lies within the range between the point of ensuring the planned (actually achieved) amount of gross profit of the enterprise and the break-even point of its operating activities (TB). In a hundred
Вр - cost volume of product sales, ensuring the formation of the planned (or actually achieved) amount of gross operating profit of the enterprise
Indicators of market conditions are gross domestic product, production (by industry), commissioning of fixed assets, cargo turnover, retail turnover, sales volume of own products.
The second level of analysis is gross profit variance analysis. The enterprise's gross profit for the reporting budget period actually amounted to 9 million rubles. (according to the plan 22 million rubles), that is, the unfavorable deviation was equal to 13 million rubles. The deviation of gross profit was due to both the excess of the actual level of cost of sales over the planned level and the failure to achieve planned indicators for sales revenue (sales volume)
Suppose a classic cost-volume-profit analysis begins. The total physical volume by type of product, the amount of gross profit and total sales revenue, and the cost of sales are taken. For each parameter, planned and actual values ​​are substituted. On the graph, the physical volume of sales is gross
Symbols PE - the amount of net profit P - volume of product sales A - the average amount of all assets VD - the amount of gross income I - the amount of costs Nd - the amount of taxes paid from income Np - the amount of taxes paid from profit OA - the average amount of current assets assets VA - the average amount of non-current assets.
Finally, during a period of deterioration in commodity market conditions, the volume of product sales decreases, and, accordingly, the size of the enterprise’s gross profit from operating activities decreases. Under these conditions, a negative value of the financial leverage differential can be formed even at constant interest rates for the loan due to a decrease in the gross return on assets ratio.
In monetary terms, the production and sales plan is characterized by the following indicators: sold products, marketable products, conditionally clean products, work in progress and gross output 1. The volume of sales of products, marketable and gross output of an industrial enterprise, as a rule, is determined by the factory method, i.e. The volume of production does not include the cost of that part of the finished products and semi-finished products produced by the enterprise that are used within the given enterprise for its own industrial production needs.
If the plant assembles components and parts received from outside, the volume of sales, gross and commercial output includes the full cost of the equipment, including components and parts received from outside, provided that the plan for gross and commercial output of the plant also includes the full cost of the equipment.
The cost of machine tools, forging and pressing equipment, units and other devices manufactured by the parent enterprise, as well as installation and adjustment work, is included in the volume of product sales after funds for the manufactured and shipped line are credited to the settlement account. The marketable and gross output includes the cost of the specified products, installation and commissioning work after the production of the line, its delivery to the quality control department and the issuance of an acceptance certificate at the main machine tool-building enterprise.
The cost of equipment received by the head machine-tool enterprise from other enterprises to complete an automatic and semi-automatic line is not included in the sales volume of the head plant's products, nor in the commercial and gross output. Also, the cost of units (units, devices) for which the head plant does not carry out additional processing and installation of these units (units, devices) by its own workers is not included in the volume of product sales, in commercial and gross output.
The volume of sales of products, commercial and gross output in the production of complex machines (units), when they include individual machines received from outside, is determined in accordance with paragraphs. A and B.
In this regard, the experience of the Moscow machine-tool plant Krasny Proletary is noteworthy, where each shop manager is given a special small-format notebook containing about three dozen forms of analytical tables. The first four tables contain information about control figures, actual implementation and deviations between them for the following indicators: sales volume (for shops producing finished products and spare parts externally), commercial and gross output, and labor productivity.
The calculation begins with determining, on the basis of the current level, the amount of the fund of other organizations of the group, since they do not have a general criterion for fund formation. The remaining amount of the fund is planned by VPOs and NGOs, if possible, in proportion to the change in their planned main economic result compared to the previous year's indicators, as well as to the change in the wage fund. For VPO Soyuzgazification, the main result is the volume of sales of liquefied (natural) gas, for VPO Soyuzgazmashapparat - the volume of gross output. Adjustments to the incentive fund based on actual data are carried out in accordance with fund-forming indicators.
B. For the head machine-tool plants of the Ministry of Stankoprom, which manufacture automatic and semi-automatic lines for mechanical engineering and metalworking, and for the head enterprises of this ministry, which manufacture equipment for technological kits for the production of parquet boards, window and door blocks, the volume of sales, commodity and gross output is determined as follows ok.
UZTM - by gross output, foreign companies - by sales volume.