Any enterprise operates within the limits determined by the relevant legislative norms. Accounting activities of organizations are also subject to special rules, united by the sonorous name "Standards accounting". Modern accounting is subject to requirements that are developed at various levels and regulate different aspects. Let's look at the hierarchy of these regulatory documents.

Russian accounting standards: federal, sectoral, intracompany

So, accounting standards are documents that establish fundamental requirements for maintaining and accounting methods. They are:

• federal, i.e., valid and mandatory applied throughout the territory Russian Federation in companies of any industry and form of ownership;
• industry, i.e. companies established for use in various industries;
• intra-company, i.e., developed and used in the system of the subject (company or enterprise).

Federal Accounting Standards

The main domestic law regulating accounting activities in each company is the law “On Accounting” No. 402-FZ dated 06.12.2011. He establishes the unifying framework of RAS, providing for the procedure and approval of federal standards. Mandatory for use in any company, regardless of the type of its activity, they determine:

• signs and classification of accounting objects, conditions for their registration and disposal;
• assessment methods;
• conditions for recalculating the cost from foreign currency into national;
• the need to adopt the company's accounting policy;
• chart of accounts;
• compilation rules financial reporting and etc.

Federal accounting standards, and these are all the Regulations governing the implementation of accounting, are approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. Today, national accounting standards include 24 RAS and several special Provisions.

Intra-company accounting standards, usually in the form of local acts of the enterprise, are developed by the company and are intended for accounting in it. The need for their development, as well as the procedure for review and approval, amendment or cancellation, the company also determines independently. It is only important that the standards set by the company do not contradict federal legal acts and accepted industry standards, but supplement them in connection with the necessary specifics or functionality of production.

Industry Accounting Standards (OSBU)

Features of the use of federal standards in various types of functioning are regulated by industry standards. The mechanism of their application is more elementary, and they are created taking into account the characteristics of the industry or direction in it.

Industry standards are included in the general category of regulatory legal acts that define accounting issues together with federal, intra-company standards and recommendations. They dictate the requirements:

The minimum required - in terms of the rules for the use of accounting;

Permissible - in terms of accounting methods.

The specificity of industry accounting standards is manifested in the fact that they, like federal ones, are mandatory for use. They are approved only after a special examination in the Standards Council. Combining the basic principles of accounting in the Russian Federation, industry accounting standards can:

Detail, selectively specifying, special accounting requirements or accounting for certain types of activities, for example, accounting in budgetary organizations;

Apply as a universal option.

The rapid approximation of Russian accounting principles to IFRS is justified and inevitable. It is IFRS that become the basis for the development and application of OSBU. Currently, the main market regulator, the Bank of Russia, is actively developing OSBU projects for various industries and activities.

OSBU: examples and projects

The Bank of Russia publishes on its own website already approved OSBUs and drafts regulating the accounting processes of various subjects. Many of them have been developed recently and are beginning (and more often are only planned) to be introduced into the life of companies gradually and in stages. The emergence of OSBU is due to:

State prospects for convergence of RAS and IFRS;

The future (from 2018-2019) transition to a single chart of accounts (CAP), which combines the activities of credit (CFO) and non-credit (NFO) financial institutions;

The desire to establish uniformity and increase the information content of reporting.

General documents that combine the basic requirements for accounting operations, equally applied by both CFO and NFO;

Specific, i.e. defining the rules for accounting for transactions that characterize any particular type of activity.

The documents recently approved by the Bank of Russia can serve as examples of OSBU:

For NFO - OSBU:

Operations related to the implementation of the contract trust management property of the NFO dated November 18, 2015 No. 505-p;

Reserves - estimated and contingent liabilities of the NFO dated 03.12.2015 No. 508-p;

The procedure for compiling accounting. reporting dated December 28, 2015 No. 526-p, etc.

For insurers - OSBU:

- “The procedure for compiling accounting. reporting” dated December 28, 2015 No. 526-p;

Operations of NPFs related to the conduct of insurance activities” dated 05.11.2015 3502-p.

For KFO - OSBU:

Remuneration to employees of the KFO dated April 15, 2015 No. 465-P;

Operations related to the fulfillment of reserve requirements dated October 20, 2016 No. 554-p;

- Fixed assets, intangible assets, real estate, temporarily unused assets, stocks intended for sale and received under contracts of compensation or pledge dated December 22, 2014 No. 448-p, etc.

So, industry, like federal standards accounting, dictate certain rules for conducting accounting operations in Russian companies, establishing both general requirements and specific ones, acceptable only for certain organizations or ongoing operations.

1. Documents in the field of accounting regulation include:

ConsultantPlus: note.

Federal accounting standards for public sector organizations approved before 07/26/2019 are recognized as federal public finance accounting standards (FZ of 07/26/2019 N 247-FZ).

4. Federal standards may establish accounting requirements for certain types of economic activity.

(see text in previous edition)

5. Industry standards establish the features of the application of federal standards in certain types of economic activity.

6. Charts of accounts for accounting credit organizations and non-credit financial institutions and the procedure for their application, the procedure for reflecting individual accounting objects in the accounting accounts and grouping the accounting accounts in accordance with the indicators of the accounting (financial) statements of credit institutions and non-bank financial institutions, the forms of disclosure of information in the accounting (financial) statements of credit organizations and non-credit financial institutions are established by regulatory enactments Central Bank Russian Federation.

(see text in previous edition)

7. Recommendations in the field of accounting are adopted in order to correctly apply federal and industry standards, reduce the cost of organizing accounting, as well as disseminate best practices in organizing and maintaining accounting, the results of research and development in the field of accounting.

9. Recommendations in the field of accounting may be adopted in relation to the procedure for applying federal and industry standards, forms of accounting documents, with the exception of those established by federal and industry standards, organizational forms of accounting, organization of accounting services of economic entities, accounting technology, organization procedure and exercising internal control over their activities and accounting, as well as the procedure for the development of standards by these persons.

11. Standards economic entity designed to streamline the organization and its accounting.

12. The necessity and procedure for developing, approving, changing and canceling the standards of an economic entity are established by this entity independently.

Photo by Timur Gromov, Kublog

The regulatory framework for accounting of state (municipal) institutions is constantly updated, and the task of an accountant is to get acquainted with innovations in a timely manner and be ready to put them into practice. Moreover, you should not leave everything until the last day, but it is better to start expanding your horizons in advance, especially when it comes to serious methodological documents that introduce new accounting rules for non-profit organizations. These are the federal standards for the public sector. Let's get to know them together.

Why do state employees need accounting standards?

It would seem that accountants of state and municipal institutions do well even without accounting standards, using the instructions approved by the financial department.
yami, combining methodological requirements and organization of accounting in non-profit organizations, including the chart of accounts. However, everything suits everyone only for the time being. All regulations must comply with the legal framework in which they apply. This can be said with a stretch about budget instructions, since they were put into effect on the basis of the norms of the budget code that regulate budgetary legal relations, and not the rules of accounting.

Meanwhile, the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting consists of a law with the same name, other federal laws and regulatory legal acts adopted in accordance with them. Moreover, the Accounting Law applies to commercial and non-profit organizations, government bodies, local self-government bodies, management bodies of state extra-budgetary funds and territorial state extra-budgetary funds.

Moreover, the said Law on Accounting is applied in the conduct of budget accounting assets and liabilities of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities, transactions that change these assets and liabilities, as well as in the preparation of budget reporting. It turns out that the law applies to everyone, including "state employees", who, as before, follow the instructions of the Ministry of Finance.

To regulatory documents accounting include (Article 21 of the Accounting Law):

• federal and industry standards;
• recommendations in the field of accounting;
• economic subject standards.

As you can see, there are no current instructions for state (municipal) institutions in this list. So they are "outlaws"? Partly yes, but only partly, because according to paragraph 4 of Art. 7 of this law, the composition of the accounting (financial) statements of public sector organizations is established in accordance with the budget legislation of the Russian Federation. In pursuance of its norms, the current "budget" instructions and other documents have been adopted.

But here it should be clarified that the reference norm is given in relation to reporting, while accounting must still be regulated by those regulations that are listed above. All this suggests that federal accounting standards are needed by state (municipal) institutions. In the meantime (until they are approved), the previously established rules for maintaining accounting records and compiling accounting (financial) statements, including those described in the "budget" instructions, continue to apply. Moreover, they must be used in such a way as not to violate the norms of the current Accounting Law.

What projects of "budgetary" standards have been developed by the Ministry of Finance?

Several drafts of future federal standards intended for organizations of the public sector of the economy are posted on the website of the financial department for review and discussion. And the starting point in the work of officials can be considered the international financial reporting standards of the public sector translated into Russian (by the way, there are more than 30 of them). The Ministry of Finance has more modest results so far. The list of national federal standards includes draft documents on the following topics:

• presentation of accounting (financial) statements;
• fixed assets;
• reserves;
• rent;
• impairment of assets.

Moreover, with regard to half of the above, it has already been reported that the public discussion of their projects has been completed, which means that these documents will soon see the light as mandatory regulatory acts. It is impossible not to mention one more project - the Conceptual Framework for Accounting and Reporting for Public Sector Organizations. In international practice, they do not refer to standards, but act more as a reference book that explains the main terms and concepts used in financial reporting standards. However, officials of the Ministry of Finance decided to make this explanatory document a separate standard. It is with him that we will start, and we will also consider other projects that are important for the AC accountant.

What do you need to know about conceptual foundations?

The draft of this document establishes uniform principles of accounting, formation of information about accounting objects, preparation of accounting (financial) statements by public sector organizations. Its authors distinguish two types of reporting, for which the conceptual framework is used.

Firstly, the working chart of accounts is approved by accounting entities on the basis of charts of accounts approved by the Ministry of Finance:

• chart of accounts of budgetary accounting;
• chart of accounts of treasury accounting;
• chart of accounts for accounting of budgetary institutions;
• chart of accounts autonomous institutions.

Secondly, the objects of accounting include assets, liabilities, net assets, the contribution of owners (founders), income, expenses, and financial results. All of them, as well as the facts of economic life that change them, are reflected in accounting on the basis of primary (consolidated) accounting documents. The systematization and accumulation of information contained in the primary (consolidated) accounting documents accepted for accounting are carried out in accounting registers.

Thirdly, the procedure and methods for assessing assets and liabilities for accounting purposes are determined by federal standards that regulate the accounting procedure for the relevant types of assets and liabilities. In cases established by federal standards, assets and liabilities are valued at fair value.

Fourth, accounting for assets and liabilities is carried out in the currency of the Russian Federation - in rubles. The cost of accounting objects, expressed in foreign currency, is subject to conversion into the currency of the Russian Federation. The procedure for revaluation of assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency, is established by the relevant federal standards. In the absence of an appropriate federal standard, the subject of accounting is guided by the provisions of the current accounting policy.

Fifth, the information contained in the accounting (financial) statements of reporting entities, including explanations, must meet the following requirements: relevance (relevance), materiality, fair presentation, comparability, the ability to verify and (or) confirm the reliability of data (verification), timeliness , clarity.

Sixth, the cost of presenting information in the accounting (financial) statements should not exceed its usefulness and benefits from its use. Such costs include the costs of gathering information, recording, validating, disclosing the assumptions used and the methodologies used to generate the information, and the costs of presenting the information to users.

And in conclusion: the concept has the character of a general document, in comparison with which special acts take precedence. Therefore, if there are federal standards governing the procedure for recognition, evaluation and disclosure in accounting (financial) statements of information about certain types of accounting objects and the facts of economic life that change them, the relevant federal standards are applied.

What will be the updated methodology for accounting for OS objects?

We note right away that the project has a number of innovations borrowed from the international accounting methodology. Moreover, the specifics of the activities of public sector entities have not been forgotten, which is reflected in the criteria for recognizing OS objects - obtaining economic benefits or useful potential. It is the useful potential that characterizes the ability of an asset to be used in order to fulfill the powers of the authorities, even if economic benefits are not derived.

The concept of "useful potential" can be defined as the ability of property to be useful in the process economic activity reporting subject. Due to the fact that the concept of benefit or usefulness is subjective, the standard cannot (and does not aim) to offer signs or criteria according to which items that provide benefits should be considered as balance sheet assets. At the same time, these terms make it possible to adapt General terms recognition of property as part of fixed assets in relation to the activities of non-profit organizations.

The next innovation is the evaluation of OS objects. If fixed assets are acquired in the usual manner, for money or as a result of other exchange transactions, then the amount of actual costs is recognized as the assessment of the object. The situation changes if the asset is acquired as a result of non-exchange transactions. These include transactions involving the transfer (receipt) of assets free of charge or at insignificant prices in relation to the market price of an exchange operation with similar assets.

In this case, the initial fair value of the asset is recognized. It should be noted that fair value valuation makes it possible to understand the real value of assets and correlate it with the income and expenses of the reporting entity in order to form a reliable idea of ​​the effectiveness of management, the adequacy of funding, and the results of its performance of its tasks. Fair value is the price at which ownership of property, plant and equipment can be transferred between knowledgeable, willing parties. Fair value measurement provides an estimate of the costs that would be incurred to create or acquire a similar asset.

Adopted in accounting policy the fixed asset accounting model can be extended to individual groups of fixed assets. For example, a part of fixed assets may be recorded at historical cost, a part - at fair value in accordance with the decision of the authorized body.

Also, in accounting at fair value determined by the market price method, assets intended for alienation not in favor of public sector entities are reflected. In this case, we are talking about a separate group of OS objects - investment property.

This is a group of property, plant and equipment that includes real estate (buildings or parts of buildings) owned or used to earn rentals, or for capital appreciation, or both, but not intended to perform the functions assigned to the entity. Separate accounting of such fixed assets allows a reliable representation of the activities of the institution.

Investment property is just an analytical section to represent fixed assets used in a special way.

After the book value of the fixed asset is finally formed, depreciation can be charged on it. Moreover, even during this period, the book value of the fixed assets object can change in several cases, while simultaneously adjusting the procedure and terms for calculating the depreciation of the object, in particular:

• during repair, reconstruction, modernization, changing the properties of the accounting object, the term or procedure for its use;
• in case of revaluation of fixed assets to fair value;
• during the impairment procedure.

As you can see, there are more reasons for changing the cost of fixed assets than now. Moreover, the last named basis is given attention in the draft of a separate standard, which we will dwell on later. In the meantime, let's talk about another important innovation related to the fixed asset accounting unit - an inventory object. Assets that have the same useful life but are not significant may be combined into one inventory item.

On the one hand, this can lead to a weakening of the accounting department's control over property. On the other hand, this possibility is not an innovation and greatly facilitates the accounting of fixed assets in the case of a large number of them (thousands and tens of thousands of objects can be grouped for accounting purposes). Moreover, both homogeneous objects and objects whose use period is the same, and the cost individually is not significant, are quite suitable for combining, for example, furniture used in the same conditions for the same period of time (tables, chairs, cabinets in an environment one office, etc.). Another example is the unification of computer equipment into a single object: monitors and system units, which are purchased and retired, as a rule, together. Such a group of items is considered as one inventory item if the criteria for recognition of an asset as a fixed asset are met in relation to the group as a whole (computer equipment during one period).

Objects that are operated by the institution before the entry into force of the standard and for which each component part has its own inventory number, it is logical to take into account in the same order, that is, separately. The reporting entity can take into account newly acquired objects as one inventory object.

What might change in inventory accounting?

In the same way as the previous project reviewed on inventory accounting, the inventory document is designed with the specifics of the public sector in mind. This is confirmed by the definition of reserves, which will include:

• inventories, in particular finished products;
• unfinished production;
• Not financial assets treasury property.

Moreover, the last group includes property items (non-financial assets) that make up the state (municipal) treasury of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities, including fixed assets, intangible assets, non-produced assets and inventories not assigned to state enterprises and institutions. It is not clear why non-financial assets with a long useful life are included in the group of inventories that are used for less than one reporting period.

However, let the state authorities (state bodies), local governments authorized in the field of management and disposal of the property of the treasury of the relevant public legal entity deal with this. After all, they are the subjects of accounting for non-financial assets of the property of the treasury.

Public sector institutions will be responsible for accounting for inventories used in the current activities of the accounting entity for a period not exceeding 12 months (regardless of their value).

In the general case, inventories are accepted for accounting at their original cost, which consists of the actual costs of their acquisition. But there are exceptions. Thus, the balance sheet value of inventories acquired through a non-exchange transaction is their fair value at the date of acquisition, determined by the market price method. In addition, the cost of inventories acquired in exchange for non-financial assets or a combination of financial and non-financial assets is their fair value at the acquisition date, unless the exchange is not of an arm's length transaction or neither the fair value of the asset received nor the fair value of the asset given up. asset cannot be measured reliably.

At each reporting date, inventories will be valued at historical cost, which is not subject to change, except for inventories belonging to the group "Finished Goods". They will be taken into account according to the normative
but-planned cost (price) for the purposes of disposal (realization), be reflected in accounting at the end of the reporting period at actual cost. In fact, this technique is taken from commercial accounting. finished products industrial enterprises. The normative method of accounting allows you to control the cost of products and timely prevent the waste of material, labor and financial resources in the production process.

The draft standard for accounting for inventories provides for the creation of a provision for their impairment. Moreover, it will be necessary to remember that sometimes it is necessary to reflect not the impairment of inventories, but their disposal, if the reserves are not expected to receive future economic benefits or they have no useful potential. Here you also need to decide on the assessment. The authors of the draft federal standard offer two options. In the event of disposal (vacation), inventory is valued at the actual cost of each unit or at the average actual cost. The use of one of the specified methods for determining the cost of inventories upon disposal by a group (type) of inventories will be carried out continuously during the reporting period and will not change.

To everything indicated in the article, it must be added that, as prescribed in the draft standards, they will come into force in 2018 (as it will actually be, it is still difficult to say). But now you can start preparing for the possible application of new regulations, because the transition period of one reporting year (2017) is not such a long time. We do not exclude the possibility that autonomous institutions will need to prepare their 2017 financial statements in accordance with the requirements of the new federal standards for public sector organizations.

During the transition period, it is necessary to take certain steps to ensure (as far as possible) the comparability of financial information on the status and performance of state (municipal) institutions for reporting users. In addition, accountants themselves need to understand the planned innovations and be ready to put them into practice, which will help our magazine.

Federal Law No. 402-FZ of 06.12.2011 “On Accounting” (hereinafter referred to as the Accounting Law).

This is the price at which ownership of an asset or liability can be transferred between knowledgeable, willing, independent parties.

In 2016, the Ministry of Finance of Russia, within the framework of the Program for the Development of Federal Accounting Standards for Public Sector Organizations, approved (hereinafter referred to as the Program), prepared draft orders on the approval of five federal standards (hereinafter referred to as the Standards), which are planned to enter into force on January 1, 2018 ( see Table 1). The term for approval of the Standard is no later than 6 months before the expected date of its entry into force.

With regard to the six draft Standards, the development of which, in accordance with the Draft Order on Amendments to the Program (prepared by the Russian Ministry of Finance on September 30, 2016), is planned to be completed in 2016, the public discussion procedure provided for by federal law dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ "" (hereinafter - Law No. 402-FZ).

Along with the development of the Standards themselves, as part of the implementation of the Program, specialists from the financial department are actively working to prepare draft changes:

The need to amend the listed regulations is due to the introduction of federal standards. Upon completion of all the stages provided for by the Program, the methodological foundations of accounting for public sector organizations will be regulated precisely by federal standards, that is, they will be “out of bounds”, which will eventually establish exactly the Chart of Accounts used by public sector organizations.

OUR REFERENCE

The period of public discussion of the draft federal standard cannot be less than three months from the date of placement of the specified draft on the official website of the developer on the Internet. The notice on the development of the federal standard, as well as the notice on the completion of the public discussion of the draft federal standard in accordance with, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 28, 2016 No. 397, are to be posted on the official website of the Ministry of Finance of Russia in the section Budget / Accounting and accounting (financial) statements public sector.

The application of federal accounting standards will require the skills of chief accountants of public sector organizations financial analysis and the formation of professional judgment. At the same time, the availability of clear criteria and rules in the Standards will provide the accounting subject with the opportunity to independently make decisions regarding accounting procedures, in particular, the recognition and derecognition of an accounting object and the application of the method of its assessment.

Table 1. Federal Standards Expected to Apply on January 1, 2018

Name of the federal standard	Subject of regulation	Implementation stage/ development
Conceptual Framework for Accounting and Reporting for Public Sector Organizations	- the purposes of compiling and presenting accounting statements, as well as public disclosure of accounting indicators; - objects of accounting; – methods for assessing assets and liabilities of accounting entities; – basic rules of accounting; requirements for inventory of assets and liabilities; - characteristics of the reporting entity; - requirements for the information contained in the accounting statements, as well as the qualitative characteristics of such information; - definitions and procedure for recognition in accounting of accounting objects; – assessment (measurement) of accounting objects; – basic principles and rules for the preparation, presentation and disclosure of information in accounting general purpose	Statement
Presentation of accounting (financial) statements	– methodological foundations the formation and procedure for the presentation by reporting entities of general-purpose accounting; - mandatory general requirements for the minimum composition and procedure for disclosing publicly disclosed by these entities accounting indicators and explanations for them, the publication of which is mandatory in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation Attention! The standard does not applyin the preparation and submission by reporting entities of special-purpose reporting, including management reporting, as well as tax reporting and reporting compiled for state statistical observation	Statement
fixed assets	the procedure for reflecting assets classified as fixed assets in the accounting and reporting of accounting entities	Statement
	accounting treatment for lease transactions except for cases when, in accordance with other Federal accounting standards for public sector organizations, a different accounting procedure has been adopted	Statement
Impairment of assets	– the procedure for calculating the amount of the asset impairment loss; – the procedure for recognizing impairment losses; – the procedure for recovering an impairment loss; – disclosure requirements. Attention! The standard does not apply to the following types of assets: a) stocks; b) financial assets (unless otherwise provided in this Standard); c) other assets, the impairment of which is regulated by the relevant Federal Standards	Statement
Accounting Policies, Estimates and Errors	requirements for the formation, approval and change of accounting policies, as well as the rules for reflecting in the accounting (financial) statements the consequences of changes in accounting policies, estimated values ​​and corrections of errors	Public discussion
Events after the reporting date	- classification of the facts of economic life that arose between the reporting date and the date of signing the accounting statements for reporting period and which have had or may have a significant impact on financial position, financial result and (or) movement Money subject of accounting; – rules for reflecting in accounting and disclosing information about events after the reporting date when forming and presenting accounting reports	Public discussion
Non-produced assets		Public discussion
Cash flow statement	the procedure for reflecting assets classified as non-produced assets in accounting and reporting of accounting entities	Public discussion
	the procedure for reflecting assets classified as inventories, work in progress and non-financial assets of treasury property in accounting and reporting of accounting entities Attention! The standard does not apply for accounting purposes: a) biological assets; b) library collections, regardless of their useful life; c) financial instruments; d) work in progress arising from public sector entities, performing the functions of a contractor under contracts building contract, the accounting procedure for which is regulated by the relevant Federal Standard; e) objects related to assets cultural heritage	Public discussion
biological assets	the procedure for reflecting assets classified as biological assets in the accounting of accounting entities during the period of growth and reproduction, as well as the procedure for the initial assessment of biological products at the time of their collection. For the subsequent accounting of biological products, the Federal Standard is applied"Stocks" or other applicable standard	Public discussion

Standard "Conceptual basis of accounting..."

The standard "Conceptual foundations of accounting ..." is basic, that is, it fixes the basic concepts and principles of accrual accounting. It is in the "Conceptual Framework ..." that definitions of such concepts as "Asset", "Liabilities", "Net Asset", "Income" and "Expenses" are contained, which are simply not established for public sector organizations until now ...

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Does a certain accounts receivable the concept of an asset or can it be written off the balance sheet? When is the property no longer classified as an asset and can be transferred at the time of the write-off from the balance sheet to the off-balance account 02? Now accountants have to decide such issues solely on the basis of their professional judgment. After the entry into force of the standard "Conceptual foundations ..." the situation will change. So, there will be less disagreement with the inspectors.

This standard will also regulate the implementation of basic accounting procedures. For example, the main criteria for the recognition of accounting objects will be clearly defined.

In addition, the standard "Conceptual Fundamentals of Accounting ..." contains not only requirements for the information contained in the accounting (financial) statements (hereinafter referred to as accounting), but also definitions of the concepts of each of the qualitative characteristics of such information, in particular, its reliability, comparability, materiality.

Standard "Presentation of accounting (financial) statements"

The Standard "Presentation of Financial Statements" summarizes the requirements for the accounting (budget) reporting of public sector organizations, which are contained in the regulatory legal acts regulating the methodology of accounting and reporting at present (in,), and also reveals in detail the key concepts contained in these requirements .

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The standard establishes the structure for presenting indicators used by reporting entities in the course of public disclosure of information balance sheet mandatory for disclosure of items in the Statement of Financial Results, as well as requirements for the composition and structure Explanatory note.

In addition, the Standard discloses the concepts of short-term and long-term liabilities, establishing the procedure for their reflection in accounting, including the procedure for disclosing information about them, taking into account events after the reporting date at each stage of the reporting process. At the same time, the stages themselves will be clearly delimited by the Standard "Accounting policies, estimates and errors", containing definitions of the concepts "date of signing", "date of submission", "date of acceptance" and "date of approval" of accounting, which indicates the need to apply the Standards in conjunction .

Standard "Fixed assets"

Along with the familiar concepts of "initial cost", "residual value", "depreciation", a lot of new terms will appear: "investment property", "revalued value", "fair value", etc.

Institutions will be able to apply several methods of depreciation:

• linear;
• diminishing balance;
• in proportion to the volume of production.

It will be necessary to choose a depreciation method taking into account the specifics of the use of a particular property. For example, it will be possible to take into account the intensity of use of equipment in the production of finished products.

Upon transition to the application of the standard, institutions will have to recognize items of property, plant and equipment that were not previously recognized, as well as reflected off the balance sheet, at their historical cost. Under certain conditions, it will be possible to include even leased objects in property, plant and equipment (if the term of the lease agreement is comparable to the remaining useful life, the amount of all lease payments is comparable to the fair value of the asset, etc.). Real estate objects will have to be revalued to the cadastral value and the depreciation accrued on them should be written off. Going forward, property will be depreciated based on the revised cost and useful life.

The rule will be clearly stated: the recognition of costs in the cost of an item is derecognised when the item is in a usable condition. For example, when purchasing a car, it will be possible to take into account the cost of floor mats and covers in the initial cost. If such items are purchased after the car enters the fixed assets, their cost can be taken into account as part of the current year's expenses.

Standard "Stocks"

The standard will regulate the procedure for valuation of reserves upon their recognition, the specifics of subsequent valuation and valuation upon their disposal, as well as the requirements for disclosure of information in accounting reports.

The standard will provide for the following grouping of non-financial assets recognized as inventories (table 2):

Table 2. Groups and types of reserves

Groups of assets related to inventories	Types of assets related to inventories	Subjects of inventory accounting
inventories	- materials; - finished products; - goods; - other inventories	Public sector organizations: - actually using assets, both fixed by the founder and received as a result of their own activities; – exercising transferred state powers to ensure certain categories citizens (population) measures of social support
Unfinished production	costs actually incurred in the manufacture of products, performance of work, provision of services until they are recognized as part of the finished product or the fact of the provision of services, performance of work
Non-financial assets of the property of the treasury	- Not movable property; - movable property; – precious metals and stones; - intangible assets; – non-produced assets; - inventories	Bodies of state power (state bodies) and local governments authorized in the field of management and disposal of property of the treasury

Standard "Non-produced assets"

The standard "Non-produced assets" establishes:

• the procedure for valuation of non-produced assets upon their recognition;
• procedure for subsequent evaluation;
• impairment features;
• derecognition of non-produced assets;
• disclosure requirements in accounting.

Features of accounting for non-produced assets (table 3):

Table 3. Types and features of accounting for non-produced assets

Groups of non-produced assets	Inventory object	Subjects of accounting
Water resources	A water body provided for use for a fee under a water use agreement	authorized state authorities exercising the functions of managing state property in the field of water resources in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation
Earth ( land)	A piece of land or part of it having characteristics that make it possible to define it as an individually defined thing	- institutions of the public sector, to which the indicated land plots are assigned on the right of permanent (unlimited) use; – public authorities (local self-government)
Uncultivated biological resources including:
– aquatic non-cultivated biological resources	certain types of aquatic biological resources for which the total allowable catch is established	authorized state authorities exercising the functions of managing state property in the field of non-cultivated biological resources in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation
– non-cultivated biological resources related to the animal world	objects of the animal world (organisms of animal origin, i.e. wild animals), for which standards for permissible withdrawal are established
– plant world objects	forest plots located within the boundaries of forest fund lands
Subsoil resources	Subsoil plot, the boundaries of which are determined in accordance with the issued license for the use of subsoil	authorized state authorities exercising the functions of managing state property in the field of subsoil use, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation
Other non-produced assets		authorized government bodies exercising the functions of managing state property in the field of other non-produced assets in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation

Standard "Events after the reporting date"

According to the Standard, based on the date of the fact of economic life, the conditions of which are confirmed (changed) by events after the reporting date, in relation to the reporting date itself, events are divided into two types (table 4):

Table 4. Classification of events after the balance sheet date

Events Confirming Business Conditions Existing at the Reporting Date	Events indicative of business conditions that arose after the reporting date
including:
– declaring the debtor bankrupt if the bankruptcy procedure was initiated before the reporting date;	– change in cadastral estimates after the reporting date;
– adoption of a judicial act confirming the existence of an asset and (or) a liability;	– adoption of a decision on reorganization or liquidation, which was not known before the reporting date;
– completion of the process of registration of significant changes in the transaction, which began in the reporting period;	– significant inflow or outflow of assets;
Obtaining documentary confirmation of the amount insurance compensation if the insured event occurred in the reporting period;	– fire, accident, natural disaster or other emergency that resulted in the destruction or significant damage to assets;
– Obtaining information indicating the impairment of assets or the need to adjust the impairment loss recognized in the reporting period;	- public announcements about changes in the policy, plans, intentions of the founding body, which may affect the powers and functions of the accounting entity;
– discovery after the reporting date of an error in the accounting data for the reporting period;	– change in the value of assets and (or) liabilities as a result of changes after the reporting date in foreign exchange rates;
– other events confirming conditions that already existed at the reporting date and (or) indicating circumstances.	– changes in legislation, conclusion and termination of contracts (agreements), adoption of other decisions affecting the value of assets, liabilities, income and expenses;
	- Start court proceedings associated with events after the reporting date;
	– other events indicating conditions or confirming circumstances that arose after the reporting date.
The order of reflection in accounting:
Making entries on accounting accounts at the end of the reporting period	Making entries on accounting accounts in the period following the reporting period
The order of reflection in accounting:
The data in the reporting are reflected taking into account the updated accounting data	Information about the event is disclosed in the Notes to the reporting for the reporting period. The description of the event and the assessment of the consequences of its occurrence in monetary terms are subject to disclosure. If it is impossible to evaluate in monetary terms, the Explanations disclose the fact and reasons for this

Standard "Rent"

The Lease standard establishes criteria for qualifying lease relationships involving public sector entities for accounting and reporting purposes, as well as a detailed procedure for reflecting lease agreements in the accounting and reporting of the lessee and the lessor, including the specifics of reflecting the gratuitous use and lease of property for preferential terms.

As part of a financial lease relationship, an asset leased from the lessor as a non-financial asset is not subject to accounting, but is accounted for by the lessee as part of property, plant and equipment. At the same time, an agreement under which the lessor, on a reimbursable basis, provides the lessee with an installment plan to pay the cost of the leased asset, is considered as a financial lease relationship.

An agreement in which the lease payments reflect only the payment for the use of the property is treated as an operating lease. The right to use an asset under an operating lease relationship is recorded by the lessee in non-financial assets as an independent accounting item. For the lessor, an asset leased out under an operating lease is recognized as property, plant and equipment and depreciated on a normal basis.

According to the Standard, the gratuitous transfer of property between entities without termination of the right of operational management, as well as the gratuitous transfer of property constituting the treasury of a public legal entity (except in cases where property is assigned to the user on the right of operational management to perform the functions assigned to him) are qualified as lease relations.

Transactions on the transfer of property for lease on preferential terms and the transfer of property free of charge are accounted for at fair value determined using the market price method (as if the lease agreement (use agreement) was concluded on commercial terms). Income from granting the right to use an asset leased on preferential terms (at commercially insignificant prices) or free of charge is recognized in accounting and reporting at fair value.

For a lessor, the difference between the total minimum lease payments under the lease agreement and the total minimum lease payments at market value is recognized as a loss of profits. For a lessee, the difference between the total minimum lease payments under the lease agreement and the total minimum lease payments at market value (the fair value of the lease payments) is recognized as deferred gratuitous income.

Standard "Accounting Policies, Estimates and Errors"

The following issues are covered by the standard:

• the procedure for the formation, approval of accounting policies;
• a list of estimated values ​​and the procedure for reflecting their changes in the accounting (financial) statements;
• the procedure for reflecting the correction of errors in the accounting (financial) statements.

The most significant innovations introduced by this standard are: prospective and retrospective application of the changed accounting policy, prospective recognition of the results of the change estimated value, retrospective restatement of financial statements.

The edition proposed by the specialists of the financial department this standard establishes the need to assess the consequences of changes in accounting policies that have had or can have a significant impact on the financial position, financial performance and (or) cash flow of the accounting entity, in monetary terms. The retrospective application of the changed accounting policy consists in adjusting the indicators on the accounting accounts in the current reporting period, as well as in the "recalculation" of incoming balances under the item " Financial results activities of an economic entity", as well as the value of related accounting items for the earliest reporting year, for which comparative indicators are disclosed in the financial statements. At the same time, information, including the rationale and content of changes in accounting policies, as well as the amount of adjustments, is disclosed in the Notes to the accounting (financial ) reporting.

An estimated value is a calculated or approximately determined value of some indicator. Estimated values ​​include indicators determined or calculated on the basis of the professional judgment of authorized persons in accordance with the requirements of the applicable legislation of the Russian Federation, for example, the useful life of fixed assets and intangible assets, the amount of depreciation. A change in an accounting estimate is not a change in accounting policy, nor is it a correction of an error. The order in which estimated values ​​are reflected will be established by the relevant standards. At the same time, in the Notes to the accounting (financial) statements, the reporting entity will need to describe changes in the estimated value that affected the reporting for the reporting period, as well as that can affect the reporting for future reporting periods. Retrospective recalculation of financial statements indicators is not provided for by this standard.

An error is an omission and (or) distortion resulting from not using information about the facts of economic life. Depending on the date of discovery (identification) of errors, they are divided into errors of the reporting period and errors of the previous reporting period.

Reporting period error is an error made in the reporting period and identified before the date of approval of the report on the execution of the budget of a public legal entity for the reporting period. An error revealed later than the date of approval of the report on the execution of the budget of a public legal entity for the reporting period is an error of the previous reporting period.

The procedure for correcting an error in accounting and accounting (financial) statements, depending on the period of detection (Fig. 1):

Rice. 1. Features of correcting errors depending on the period of their detection

Standard "Impairment of Assets"

Impairment is a decrease in the value of an asset that exceeds the planned (normal) decrease in value associated with a decrease in the value of an asset for an accounting entity. The causes and factors of asset impairment are presented in Figure 2.

Rice. 2. Causes and factors of asset impairment

Identification of any of the signs that were not previously the basis for depreciation, the inventory commission, taking into account the materiality of the impact, decides on the need to determine the fair value of the asset. Fair value is the price at which ownership of an asset or liability can be transferred between knowledgeable, willing, and unrelated parties, according to the Accounting Framework.

An impairment loss is determined as the difference between the asset's carrying amount and fair value (less costs of disposal) and is recognized as a lump sum expense to the economic entity. In this case, the amount of accrued depreciation is not adjusted.

An asset impairment loss cannot exceed the amount of the residual value. If the estimated loss exceeds the residual value, the residual value of the asset is reduced to zero (with the recognition of the corresponding amount as an expense).

The concept of the Standard "Impairment of Assets" has already been partially implemented in practice - according to the property, in respect of which a decision was made to write off (termination of operation), until the moment of its dismantling (disposal, destruction), it is written off the balance sheet and is subject to accounting on an off-balance account 02 " Material values accepted (received) for storage".

Anna Shershneva, expert in the "Public Sphere" direction of the Legal Consulting Service GARANT, Advisor to the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation, 2nd class.

About the system regulation accounting we talked about in . In this material, we will dwell on accounting standards in more detail.

What are accounting standards

An accounting standard is a document that establishes the minimum necessary, as well as permissible methods of accounting (clause 3, article 3 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ).

Allocate the following types accounting standards (Part 1, Article 21 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ):

• federal accounting standards;
• industry accounting standards;
• accounting standards set by the organization itself.

At the same time, federal accounting standards and industry standards are mandatory, unless otherwise established by such standards (part 2 of article 21 of Federal Law No. 402-FZ of 06.12.2011).

The difference between industry accounting standards and federal ones is that industry standards establish the features of the application of federal standards in certain types of economic activity.

Below we consider what issues are regulated by federal standards.

Federal accounting standards

Federal accounting standards are applied regardless of the type of economic activity and establish, in particular (part 3 of article 21 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ):

• definitions and signs, the order of their classification, the conditions for their acceptance for accounting and write-offs;
• acceptable methods of valuation of accounting objects;
• the procedure for recalculating the cost of accounting objects, expressed in foreign currency, into rubles;
• accounting policy requirements;
• chart of accounts of accounting and the procedure for its application;
• composition, content and procedure for the formation of financial statements;
• simplified methods of accounting, including simplified financial statements;

The procedure for the development and approval of federal standards is provided for by Art. 27 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ.

Federal standards are approved by the Ministry of Finance (Article 23 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ, clause 1 of the Regulation, approved by Government Decree of June 30, 2004 No. 329).

Prior to the approval of federal standards, the main Russian accounting standards are the Accounting Regulations (PBU) (Article 30 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ).

Currently, national accounting standards include 24 RAS. National accounting standards can also include the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n), as well as the Regulation on accounting for long-term investments (