Tariff policy of the insurance company. Insurance rates and tariff policy Tariff policy in insurance

Introduction

Insurance, as a system for protecting the property interests of citizens, organizations and the state, is a necessary element modern society. A special place in insurance is occupied by insurance rates, since the total receipt of the insurance premium, financial stability, solvency, profitability of insurance operations and the competitiveness of the insurance organization depend on them. That is why the purposeful activity of the insurer in establishing, clarifying, streamlining, differentiating and adjusting insurance tariffs in the interests of policyholders and the break-even development of insurance is important. development of tariff policy.

It is important to remember that the tariff policy must be implemented in such a way that it ensures the observance of the interests of both the insured and the insurer, namely: 1) forms insurance tariffs in such a way that they are acceptable to all participants in insurance relations; 2) ensured the invariance of the size of insurance rates for a long period of time; 3) guaranteed the receipt of profit by the insurer.

Only a properly formed and implemented tariff policy will be able to ensure the fulfillment of the goals and objectives of the insurance company: the profitability of operations and the general availability of insurance for the population, organizations and the state.

The essence and principles of the tariff policy of the insurer

In connection with the important role of insurance tariffs in insurance and the activities of insurance organizations in general, the latter develop and implement a certain tariff policy.

There are several approaches to the disclosure of the term "tariff policy":

1) tariff policy in insurance Insurance tariff (rate) policy - purposeful activity of the insurer to establish, clarify, streamline and differentiate insurance tariffs in the interests of policyholders and the break-even development of insurance.

2) tariff policy - the purposeful activity of the insurer to establish and adjust insurance tariffs in order to ensure financial stability and profitability of the insurer's activities.

3) tariff policy is a set of organizational, information-analytical, economic and other measures aimed at developing, applying, clarifying basic tariff rates, increasing and decreasing their level of coefficients by types (subjects) of insurance, which ensure the acceptability, attractiveness of tariffs of policyholders and profitability of insurance operations of the insurer

To implement the tariff policy, a set of measures is being implemented aimed at developing, applying and clarifying base tariff rates and their application when concluding insurance contracts.

The tariff policy of the insurer is based on the following basic principles presented in Figure 1:

Figure 1 - Principles of the tariff policy of the insurer

Let's take a closer look at these principles:

Principle 1. The principle of equivalence of insurance relations means that net rates should correspond as much as possible to the probability of damage in order to ensure the return of funds. insurance fund for the tariff period of that set of insurers for which insurance tariffs were calculated. Since tariff rates, as a rule, are set on the scale of one or another region, territory, republic on average for 5 or 10 years, then on the same scale, for a specified period, the return of contributions should occur in the form insurance compensation. Thus, the principle of equivalence corresponds to the redistributive nature of insurance as a closed distribution of damage.

That is, tariffs should be calculated on the basis of the condition of equality of the net premium received for the tariff period and the total probable amount of insurance payments in connection with insured events for one or another type of insurance. For types of insurance related to life insurance, the equality of the total net premium with investment income and insurance payments is taken into account.

If it turns out that during the tariff period the total amount of the net premium exceeded the total amount of insurance payments for the same period, then this indicates an overstatement of the insurance tariff and infringement of the interests of policyholders. The competitiveness of tariffs is also decreasing. The excess of the total amount of insurance payments for the tariff period over the total amount of the net premium received, on the contrary, incurs losses to the insurer.

principle 2. Availability of insurance rates for a wide range of insurers. Excessively high tariff rates are a financial burden for policyholders and a brake on the development of insurance. Insurance become profitable investment Money. The availability of tariff rates for the policyholder is directly dependent on the number of policyholders and the number of insured objects. The larger the circle of insured persons and objects covered by insurance, the smaller the share in the breakdown of damage falls on each. This reduces the size of the tariff rate, and insurance becomes more affordable. The availability of insurance premiums and, accordingly, tariffs means the effectiveness of insurance as a method of insurance protection of social production. That is, this principle means ensuring the economic feasibility of insurance for the consumer.

Principle 3. Stability of the size of insurance rates for a long time. Compliance with this principle allows the insurer to form and maintain a wide range of policyholders, ensure stability in planning, organizing the work of full-time and non-staff personnel, collecting insurance premiums, and also maintaining at the required level financial stability and solvency. The constant size of insurance rates is not only convenient for policyholders in their planned, financial calculations, but also economically beneficial for them, as they provide insurance coverage their property interests without increasing the cost of it for a certain period.

Therefore, even with a decrease in the unprofitability of the sum insured by type of insurance, insurers prefer not to reduce the level of the insurance rate, but if it remains unchanged, they increase the amount of insurance liability. An increase in the insurance rate is considered justified only with a steady change in circumstances that increase the risk of occurrence insured event, as well as with an actual increase in the unprofitability of the sum insured for objective reasons. But even in this situation, insurers, first of all, determine the availability and possibility of implementing preventive measures at the expense of the relevant fund in order to reduce the risks of insured events and losses from them (in life insurance, the possibility of increasing the return on investment is also determined), as well as seek internal reserves to reduce the cost of doing business and the share of the load in the insurance rate. Attracting new policyholders based on the stability of insurance rates is the fundamental principle of the tariff policy and financial strategy of the insurer, as well as the dynamic development of new insurance products and types of insurance.

Principle 4. Expansion of the scope of insurance liability, if the current tariff rates allow it. Compliance with this insurance corresponds to the needs of the insured. . The increase in insurance risks accepted for insurance and the maximum coverage of inflicted losses characterize the increase in insurance liability and the satisfaction of the needs of policyholders. The expansion of the scope of liability is characterized by a decrease in the loss ratio of the sum insured for the main types of insurance.

Principle 5. Ensuring self-sufficiency and profitability of insurance operations. The amount of insurance tariffs should correspond to the level of solvency of a wide range of potential insurers while ensuring the profitability (profitability) of insurance operations. The size of the insurance rate is the smaller, the greater the number of insurants actually entering into insurance contracts, as well as insured persons, specific insurance items, therefore the task of the insurer is to determine such a level of tariff that would be financially accessible to the maximum possible number of insurers. At the same time, this level of tariff should bring the insurer at least a small profit from this type of insurance. In addition, insurance premiums calculated in accordance with the tariff must cover the costs of the insurer, ensure the volume of insurance payments and bring some excess of income over expenses. That is, insurance rates are formed taking into account not only the implementation of insurance payments, but also on the basis of covering the costs of the insurer as commercial organization, and excess of income over expenses (tariff profit). These elements are planned to be added to the burden of the gross tariff rate, since the net rate provides only a closed distribution of damage and there is no room for profit in it. In cases where the actual unprofitability of the sum insured in a favorable year turns out to be lower than the current net rate, the resulting savings are distributed in two directions: to the reserve fund of the insurer and a part to replenish its profits.

Additionally, such a principle of tariff policy is singled out as providing flexibility and an individual approach in the development and application of insurance tariffs when concluding insurance contracts for certain insurance items (objects) with their inherent features and their risk circumstances, i.e. conducting a flexible pricing policy by the insurer. Accounting for the features of the items (objects) of this type of insurance and the circumstances of the manifestation of risks characteristic of them is carried out by insurers when setting insurance rates in two ways. Firstly, insurance rates by type (sub-type) of insurance are set, as a rule, differentially depending on a number of main factors affecting the likelihood of occurrence of insured events, and within the limits of their minimum and maximum values for risky types of insurance (the upper limit of the tariff rate determines its maximum acceptable level for the insured, and the lower limit - the acceptable level for the insurer). Secondly, to the differentiated (basic) tariff rates, increasing and/or decreasing coefficients are set.

For example, the basic tariff rates for cargo transportation insurance are calculated by groups of cargo (ore and coal; oil and oil products; metals, rolled products, metal products; wood; building materials, etc.) for each of the three types of liability of the insurer (“with liability for all risks”, “with liability for a partial accident”, “without liability for damage, except in cases of a crash”) and in relation to all modes of transport (road, rail, water, air).

Accounting for a specific degree of risk of an insured event when concluding an insurance contract is carried out by multiplying the basic tariff rates by increasing or decreasing their coefficients. A change in the distance of transportation affects the probability of an insured event, since the duration of the insurance also changes. Therefore, insurers set the coefficients for the distance of cargo transportation. For example, for a distance of 1000-2000 km, a factor of 1.0 is set. For smaller distances, reduction factors in the range of 0.8-0.9 are applied, and for larger distances, increasing factors in the range of 1.1-1.5. Other coefficients are also envisaged, taking into account, for example, the presence or absence of guards accompanying the goods; dangerous routes, etc. .

Thus, the essence of the tariff policy is the systematic work of the insurance organization to develop, clarify and streamline insurance tariffs for the successful and break-even development of the insurance business.

INTRODUCTION

The population, business representatives consider insurance as a system economic relations, which guarantees compensation for losses associated with possible damages from natural disasters, illegal actions of third parties, dishonest behavior of counterparties in commercial transactions and others.

The insurance premium depends on the sum insured and the gross rate of the insurance rate, sometimes calculated as the product of the latter, taking into account correction factors. Based on this, the tariff policy responsible for the formation of one of the incoming cash flows is one of the factors in the financial stability of the insurer.

Errors in the calculation of tariffs and in the establishment of the insurance premium, the subsequent lack of funds to ensure insurance payments, errors in the development of a reinsurance protection scheme or in determining its participants and the "overpayment" of the reinsurance premium or the bankruptcy of reinsurers, an overestimated level of costs of doing business - all this leads to to losses, the source of coverage of which is the own funds of the insurance organization. Thus, the sufficiency own funds is one of the factors of financial stability of the insurance company.

The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the fact that the tariff policy of insurers is the basis for the stable functioning of insurance companies. Insurance premiums, determined on the basis of insurance rates, form insurance funds, the sufficiency of which is the basis for the implementation of the entire mechanism for providing insurance protection.

The significance and relevance of the chosen topic is also confirmed by the fact that modern experts in the insurance business note that the main sign of the financial stability of insurers is their tariff policy, which is a set of organizational, information-analytical, economic and other measures aimed at developing, applying, clarification of basic tariff rates, increasing and decreasing their level of coefficients by types (subjects) of insurance, which ensure the acceptability, attractiveness of the tariffs of insurers and the profitability of the insurance operations of the insurer.

The object of research is the tariff policy of an insurance company.

The subject of the study is the methodology for calculating the tariffs of an insurance company.

The purpose of the study is to study the features of the tariff policy and actuarial calculations of an insurance company.

Within the framework of the designated goal, the following tasks were defined:

· consider the concept, essence and principles of tariff policy;

· describe the features of actuarial calculations;

· study the features of calculating insurance rates.

In the study of methods for calculating insurance rates of an insurance company, the current regulatory legal acts in the field of insurance business were used, namely: the methodology for calculating tariff rates for risky types of insurance; regulation on the procedure for calculating by insurers the normative ratio of assets and insurance liabilities assumed by them.

1. CONCEPT, ESSENCE AND PRINCIPLES OF TARIFF POLICY

The price of an insurance service, like any market price, fluctuates under the influence of supply and demand. The lower limit of the price is determined by the equality between the receipts of payments from policyholders and the payments of insurance compensation and sums insured under contracts plus the costs of the insurance company. At this price level, the insurance company does not receive any profit from insurance operations. Naturally, insurance of such risks does not justify itself.

The upper limit of the price of insurance services is determined by two factors:

the size of the demand for it;

bank interest on deposits.

With a sufficiently high demand for a separate insurance service when there is a massive need for insurance, and the number of companies is small and they all offer approximately the same insurance conditions, it is possible to maintain high level insurance premiums. However, as the insurance market becomes saturated in terms of the supply of insurance services, this becomes dangerous. Faced with overcharging in one company, the client will go to another. Therefore, on insurance market, as in any commodity market, there is a tendency to equalize the levels of insurance rates.

Bank interest has a significant impact on insurance activity in two directions. First, trends in bank interest versus insurance rates determine the client's decisions about how to counter its risks. It is possible that a loan taken from a bank, or saving money in it for self-financing, may be more profitable than insurance. That's why Insurance companies forced to commensurate the size of insurance rates with bank interest. Secondly, the money received by the insurance company in the form of insurance payments and temporarily free until the payment of insurance claims is not in vain. They can and should be used by the insurer for commercial purposes, invested in securities, real estate, provided on credit, i.е. generate investment income. Part of this income can be provided to policyholders in the form of a certain percentage. Another option is when tariff rates are reduced in advance, taking into account the expected rate of return on investments.

The price of an insurance service offered by an insurance company also depends on the state of affairs of this particular insurer, namely: on the size and structure of its insurance portfolio, management expenses, income that the company receives from investing temporarily free funds. Therefore, financially strong companies can afford to keep relatively low-margin types of insurance in their portfolios in the presence of very profitable ones. The fact is that the profitability of various types of insurance cannot be a constant value, it depends on the phase of the life cycle in which the given insurance product is located. The life cycle stages of a particular insurance service are basically the same as for any other product: introduction to the market, growth in demand, saturation or maturity, decline in sales and profitability, and ousting from the market. The life cycle of an insurance service is characterized by indicators of coverage of the "insurance field", i.e. risk community, and the dynamics of the number of concluded contracts. When the insurance field is close to the state of saturation, the growth in the percentage of coverage of potential customers by contracts slows down sharply.

The price of an insurance service reaches its maximum at the second stage of the life cycle, at the third stage it stabilizes, and at the fourth stage it becomes necessary to reduce it or modify this type of insurance. Since the variety of insurance services is still less than the variety of goods, competition in the insurance market is in a certain sense more severe. The main tool in the competitive struggle is the offer of new types of insurance, reflecting the emergence of new needs. In particular, insurance is offered for rather specific risks, such as title deeds under contracts for the sale of real estate.

In modern insurance literature, the tariff policy of an insurance company is considered by most authors as one of the most important processes that form the successful implementation of insurance activities. In connection with the important role of insurance tariffs in insurance and the activities of insurance organizations in general, the latter develop and implement a certain tariff policy.

There are several approaches to the disclosure of the term "tariff policy":

) tariff policy in insurance Insurance tariff (rate) policy - the purposeful activity of the insurer to establish, clarify, streamline and differentiate insurance tariffs in the interests of policyholders and the break-even development of insurance;

) tariff policy - the purposeful activity of the insurer to establish and adjust insurance tariffs in order to ensure the financial stability and profitability of the insurer's activities;

) tariff policy is a set of organizational, information-analytical, economic and other measures aimed at developing, applying, clarifying basic tariff rates, raising and lowering their level of coefficients for types (subjects) of insurance, which ensure acceptability, attractiveness of policyholders' tariffs and profitability insurance operations of the insurer.

To implement the tariff policy, a set of measures is being taken aimed at developing, applying and clarifying basic tariff rates and their application when concluding insurance contracts.

The tariff policy of the insurer is based on the following basic principles:

Principle 1. The principle of equivalence of insurance relations means that net rates should correspond as much as possible to the probability of damage in order to ensure the return of the insurance fund for the tariff period of the population of insurers for which insurance rates were calculated. Since tariff rates, as a rule, are set on the scale of one or another region, territory, republic on average for 5 or 10 years, then on the same scale, for the established period, the return of contributions in the form of insurance compensation should occur. Thus, the principle of equivalence corresponds to the redistributive essence of insurance as a closed distribution of damage.

That is, tariffs should be calculated on the basis of the condition of equality of the net premium received for the tariff period and the total probable amount of insurance payments in connection with insured events for a particular type of insurance. For types of insurance related to life insurance, the equality of the total net premium with investment income and insurance payments is taken into account.

Principle 2. Availability of insurance rates for a wide range of policyholders. Excessively high tariff rates are a financial burden for policyholders and a brake on the development of insurance. Insurance premiums should be such a part of the insured's income that is not significant for him in his personal budget, and insurance can become a profitable investment of money. The availability of tariff rates for the policyholder is directly dependent on the number of policyholders and the number of insured objects. The larger the circle of insured persons and objects covered by insurance, the smaller the share in the breakdown of damage falls on each. This reduces the size of the tariff rate, and insurance becomes more affordable. The availability of insurance premiums and, accordingly, tariffs means the effectiveness of insurance as a method of insurance protection of social production. Those. this principle means ensuring the economic feasibility of insurance for the consumer.

Principle 3. Stability of insurance rates for a long time. Compliance with this principle allows the insurer to form and maintain a wide range of policyholders, ensure stability in planning, organizing the work of full-time and non-staff personnel, collecting insurance premiums, as well as maintaining financial stability and solvency at the required level. The constant size of insurance rates is not only convenient for policyholders in their planned, financial calculations, but also economically beneficial to them, as they provide insurance protection for their property interests without increasing costs for it over a certain period.

Therefore, even with a decrease in the unprofitability of the sum insured by type of insurance, insurers prefer not to reduce the level of the insurance rate, but if it remains unchanged, they increase the amount of insurance liability. An increase in the insurance rate is considered justified only with a steady change in circumstances that increase the risk of an insured event, as well as with an actual increase in the unprofitability of the sum insured for objective reasons. But even in this situation, insurers, first of all, determine the availability and possibility of implementing preventive measures at the expense of the relevant fund in order to reduce the risks of insured events and losses from them (in life insurance, the possibility of increasing the return on investment is also determined), and also seek internal reserves for reducing the cost of doing business and the share of the load in the insurance rate.

Attracting new policyholders based on the stability of insurance rates is the fundamental principle of the tariff policy and financial strategy of the insurer, as well as the dynamic development of new insurance products and types of insurance.

Principle 4. Expansion of the scope of insurance liability, if the current tariff rates allow it. Compliance with this principle is a priority in the activities of the insurer, since the more significant the amount of insurance liability, the more insurance meets the needs of the insured. The increase in insurance risks accepted for insurance, and the maximum coverage of inflicted losses, characterize the increase in insurance liability and the satisfaction of the needs of policyholders. The expansion of the scope of liability is characterized by a decrease in the loss ratio of the sum insured for the main types of insurance.

Principle 5. Ensuring self-sufficiency and profitability of insurance operations. The size of insurance tariffs should correspond to the level of solvency of a wide range of potential insurers while ensuring the profitability (profitability) of insurance operations. The size of the insurance rate is the smaller, the greater the number of insured parties actually entering into insurance contracts, as well as insured persons, specific insurance items, therefore the task of the insurer is to determine such a rate level that would be financially accessible to the maximum possible number of insurers. At the same time, this level of tariff should bring the insurer at least a small profit from this type of insurance. In addition, insurance premiums calculated in accordance with the tariff must cover the costs of the insurer, ensure the volume of insurance payments and bring some excess of income over expenses. That is, insurance rates are formed taking into account not only the implementation of insurance payments, but also on the basis of covering the costs of the insurer as a commercial organization, and the excess of income over expenses (tariff profit). These elements are planned to be added to the burden of the gross tariff rate, since the net rate provides only a closed distribution of damage and there is no room for profit in it. In cases where the actual unprofitability of the sum insured in a favorable year turns out to be lower than the current net rate, the resulting savings are distributed in two directions: to the reserve fund of the insurer and a part to replenish its profits.

Additionally, such a principle of tariff policy is singled out as - ensuring flexibility and an individual approach in the development and application of insurance tariffs when concluding insurance contracts for certain insurance items (objects) with their inherent features and their risk circumstances, i.e. conducting a flexible pricing policy by the insurer. Accounting for the features of the items (objects) of this type of insurance and the circumstances of the manifestation of risks characteristic of them is carried out by insurers when setting insurance rates in two ways.

Firstly, insurance rates by type of insurance are set, as a rule, differentially depending on a number of main factors affecting the probability of occurrence of insured events, and within the limits of their minimum and maximum values for risky types of insurance (the upper limit of the tariff rate determines its maximum acceptable level for the insured, and the lower limit is the acceptable level for the insurer).

Secondly, to the differentiated (basic) tariff rates, increasing and (or) decreasing their coefficients are established.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the essence of the tariff policy is the systematic work of the insurance organization to develop, clarify and streamline insurance rates in order to successfully and break-even develop the insurance business.

2. ACTUARY CALCULATIONS AND THEIR FEATURES

The calculation of insurance rates is carried out using a system of mathematical and statistical methods - actuarial calculations. The method of actuarial calculations makes it possible to determine the share of each insured in the creation of the insurance fund. When choosing a method for calculating the tariff, the insurance organization relies on the type of insurance risk, the term of insurance, as well as the nature of insurance premiums and payments.

Actuarial calculations are a system of statistical and economic-mathematical methods for calculating tariff rates and determining the financial relationship between the insurer and the insured.

Actuarial calculations reflect the mechanism for the formation and expenditure of the insurance fund in long-term insurance operations related to the life expectancy of the population (ie, in life insurance and pensions). On the basis of actuarial calculations, the share of participation of each insured in the creation of the insurance fund is determined (i.e. the size of tariff rates, the amount of the reserve of contributions for each life insurance or pension contract, the total reserve of the insurance company, the amount of payable redemption, reduced insurance amounts, loans), insurance premiums are recalculated when the terms of the life insurance contract are changed.

The form by which the cost and cost of services provided by the insurer to the insured is calculated is called actuarial costing.

Actuarial costing allows you to determine insurance payments to the contract. The amount of insurance premiums to be paid involves the measurement of the risk taken by the insurer. The actuarial calculation also reflects the amount of expenses for maintaining the case for servicing the insurance contract.

Actuarial calculations are made taking into account the following features of insurance:

the events that are evaluated are probabilistic in nature. This is reflected in the amount of insurance premiums presented for payment;

the cost of the service provided by the insurer to the insured is determined in relation to the entire insurance aggregate;

the need to allocate and determine the optimal size of the insurance reserves of the insurer;

forecasting the reversal of insurance contracts and expert assessment of their value;

study of the loan interest rate and trends in its change over time;

the presence of full or partial damage associated with an insured event, which predetermines the need to change the value of its distribution in time and space using special tables;

observance of the principle of balance between the insurance premiums of the insured and the insurance coverage provided by the insurance company, thanks to the received insurance premiums;

identification of a risk group within a given insurance aggregate .

The tasks of actuarial calculations are:

study and classification of risks according to certain characteristics (groups) within the insurance population;

calculation of the mathematical probability of the occurrence of an insured event, determination of the frequency and severity of the consequences of causing damage both in individual risk groups and in the whole insurance population; mathematical justification of the necessary expenses for the organization of the insurance process;

mathematical substantiation of the necessary reserve funds of the insurer and the sources of their formation;

study of the capital investment rate (interest rate) when the insurer uses the collected insurance premiums as investments and trends in their change in a specific time interval, determining the relationship between the interest rate and the gross rate.

On the basis of actuarial calculations, tariff rates are determined, which, with the help of long-term financial studies, are underestimated in advance by the amount of the income that will be received by the insurer from using the accumulated contributions of policyholders as investments.

In actuarial calculations, the theory of probability is used, since the size of tariff rates primarily depends on the degree of probability of an insured event.

Insurance can be carried out only in the case when it is not known in advance whether this or that event will occur in a given year or not.

The concept of probability in relation to an insured event is characterized by two features:

) the probability is established by counting the number of adverse events for the insured and the insurer (fire, flood, theft, etc.);

) when insuring there is only a certain number of objects of which some are subject to an insured event, the insured risk is realized.

The probability of an insured event in property insurance reflects the frequency of insured events for the previous period, i.e. the ratio of objects affected by an event to their total number. For example, if in a given area over a number of years, on average, 100 houses out of 10,000 were damaged by fire, then the probability of an insured event is 0.01 (100/10,000). The probability of disability due to accidents is calculated on the basis of the reporting data of insurance companies.

Differentiation of tariff rates according to the age of the insured in life insurance and pensions is carried out using demographic information and techniques, i.e. the science of population and its change.

The calculation of the tariff rate (actuarial calculation) includes the determination of the net rate, the amount of expenses for doing business, the premium for risk in property insurance and liability insurance, discounts on loan interest in life insurance and pensions.

In calculations for personal insurance A risk premium is possible but not normally applied. This is due to the fact that the volume of the insurance aggregate is quite large, and the sums insured are relatively small.

In the process of actuarial calculations, it is possible to use social moments. Specific conclusions from the practice of actuarial calculations are related to the time, place and type of insurance. Actuarial calculations are determined depending on the goal set by the insurer and the general economic conditions of the country. This means that in the presence of the same objective factors (manifestation of risk, degree of probability, costs of doing business), depending on social conditions the final actuarial calculation may have several options.

3. FEATURES OF CALCULATION OF INSURANCE RATES

The insurance rate, or tariff rate, is either a cash payment from 100 rubles of the sum insured per year, or interest rate from the total sum insured on a certain date.

Tariff rates are used to calculate insurance premiums paid by policyholders. The insurance premium (payment, premium) is the product of the insurance rate, expressed in money, by the number of hundreds of the sum insured or the percentage of the tariff rate by the total sum insured, divided by one hundred. At the expense of insurance payments, an insurance fund is formed, which is used to pay insurance compensation, as well as for the overhead costs of the insurer.

The insurance premium of each insurer expresses its share, its participation in the formation of the insurance fund, since insurance is a closed distribution of damage between policyholders.

The main task that is set in the construction of insurance rates is related to the determination of the probable amount of damage attributable to each insured or per unit of the sum insured. If the tariff rate sufficiently reflects the probable damage, then the necessary distribution of damage between the insurers is provided.

Tariff rates are closely related to the volume of insurance liability. Establishment, expansion and limitation of insurance liability are reflected in tariff rates. Carrying out insurance, the insurer seeks to solve a twofold problem: at the minimum rates available to a wide range of insurers, to ensure a sufficiently significant amount of insurance liability. With the help of affordable tariff rates, the smallest withdrawal of a part of the income of policyholders in the form of insurance payments is achieved in order to provide them with the necessary assistance from the insurance fund.

The tariff rate underlying the insurance premium is called the gross rate. It consists of net - rate and load to net - rate. The net rate is intended for the formation of the insurance fund in its main part, which is used to pay insurance compensation. The load is necessary to cover the costs of insurance, i.e. for the overhead costs of the insurer. The load is a smaller part of the gross rate (depending on the form and type of insurance, it ranges from 9 to 40%).

The load to the net rate includes, as a rule, the following overhead costs of the insurer: remuneration of full-time and non-staff employees of the insurance company, which forms the basis of all overhead costs; the cost of preparing blank material, propaganda and advertising of the insurance business; administrative and business expenses, deductions to reserve, reserve and other funds. The load may also include a certain standard for the formation of planned profit from insurance activities.

Since in insurance there is a closed distribution of damage between policyholders, it is customary to proceed from equality when constructing a net rate:

where P - insurance payments corresponding to net - rates;

B - insurance compensation.

With this equality, having calculated its right side, the required value of insurance payments is obtained.

If we conditionally imagine that one insured object perishes from each insured event, then the probability of damage underlying the net rate depends primarily on the probability of occurrence of insured events. Knowing the probable number of insured events for the tariff period, it is possible to determine the degree of probability of the occurrence of these events. It represents the ratio of the number of insured events to the number of insured objects. In monetary terms, the numerator of this ratio will be equal to the amount of insurance indemnity, and the denominator - the maximum possible insurance indemnity, equal to the total insurance amount of all insured objects. This ratio is an indicator of unprofitability of the sum insured. Since the numerator of this indicator is less than the denominator, its value is always less than one. To calculate the load, formula 3.1 is applied:

N (3.1)

Where B - gross - rate, - net - rate.

In turn, the gross rate can be calculated using formula 3.2:

= (N/(100 - H(100%))*100 (3.2)

Where H (%) - specific gravity load in gross - rate, determined on the basis of the calculation of the actual overhead costs of the insurer for the last 1 - 2 years.

Consider the features of concluding an insurance contract.

The rules provide the car insurer with the opportunity to conclude a contract on the condition that:

· own participation in damages (with deductible). The amount of the deductible is chosen by the insured. At the same time, the insurance payment under the contract is reduced accordingly, and the damage caused to the car, additional equipment and luggage is less than fixed amount deductible, non-refundable. If the damage is more than the established deductible amount, it is subject to compensation in full;

· indemnification for damage without taking into account the discount for the wear and tear of spare parts, parts and accessories to be replaced in case of damage (with payment of an additional payment);

· compensation for the cost of loss of presentation as a result of insured events, in the event of which the contract was concluded (also with an additional payment), but on the condition that the car was accepted for insurance in the amount of the actual value.

An additional payment for car insurance without depreciation discount is calculated in the following amount of the payment amount:

% - if the period of its operation is 5 years;

% - if the service life is over 5 years and up to 8 years;

% - over 8 years and up to 12 years;

% - over 12 years.

Accordingly, when insuring a car with the condition of compensation for the cost of loss of presentation additional payment paid in the following amount of the calculated amount:

% - if the life of the car is up to 5 years;

% - if over 5 years to 8 years;

% - if 8 and up to 12 years;

% - if over 12 years.

The insurance contract is concluded for a period of 1 year, as well as for a period of one to 11 full months. The validity of the contract begins from the next day after the payment of the insurance premium in cash, in case of cashless payments - from the date of issuance of the salary established in the organization where the policyholder works, and when concluding the contract in a store - from the day the policyholder receives the vehicle.

If the insurance premium is not paid within two terms, the contract is terminated 4 months after its entry into force, if by that time, regardless of the reason, the second half of the payment has not been made.

The determination of insurance rates depends on the type of insurance. Thus, when insuring other than life insurance, the base tariff rates are calculated for a specific subject (object) of insurance or a group of homogeneous items (for example, buildings, structures) separately for each risk from the total set of risks provided for by the rules of insurance.

Differentiation of tariff rates for buildings, structures is usually established depending on the type building material from which their walls are built (brick, block, panel, wooden), other elements. Increasing, decreasing coefficients to the tariff rates are established depending on the circumstances that determine the degree of probability of an insured event. For example, if there is an automatic fire extinguishing system or burglar alarm it provides for the application of reducing coefficients to the basic tariff rates for the risks of "fire" and "illegal actions of third parties". If a flammable production is located in an industrial building, then a coefficient for the risk of "fire" that increases the basic rate of the insurance rate is set.

Insurance rates for compulsory types of insurance are established by the relevant laws on compulsory insurance or by state authorities authorized by these laws, and in some cases by insurers in agreement with these authorities and approved government agency insurance supervision.

Methodological approaches to the calculation of insurance rates for risk and savings types of insurance differ significantly. The only thing they have in common is the sequence of calculations: first, the net rate is determined, then the load is set and adding them up or calculating according to the formula based on the size of the net rate and the share (in percent) of the load in the gross rate gives the value of the insurance rate.

The calculation of the net rate of the insurance tariff for risky types of insurance is based on the unprofitability of the sum insured for the tariff period.

When developing a policy for calculating insurance rates in each insurance industry, tariffing and taxation of risks are carried out, which is important in the future for establishing primary, collateral, and secondary damages in order to calculate the planned unprofitability of the sum insured, the level of payments and the profitability of insurance operations.

Tariffing involves the allocation the following types and risk elements: -single risk; -separate risk; -risk coexistence. A single risk is a set of risk elements related to insurance at a given rate for one object. It is based on the insured interest of one insured. A single risk is the basic parameter for determining the amount of risk and pricing. Separate risk - one or more elementary coexisting risks, separated from other independent risks. The influence of risks on each other and their close relationship is one of the main factors in the formation of the basic net tariff rate. Coexistence of risks - the presence of several single risks for one insured or for one insured object, depending on the conditions, profile of the insured's activity or internal composition, structure of the insured object. Coexistence is closely related to the definition of a risk family. tariff rate insurance actuarial

Risk families are homogeneous groups of risks depending on the probability and magnitude of damage that occurs due to a specific insured event. In order to analyze and establish the level of risks, their groups are formed, which have received the technical name of the risk family. Accordingly, certain tariffs are set for the types of insurance and insurance premiums are determined, as well as specific conditions of the contract.

So, in many industries and sub-sectors of insurance, the following large families of risks are distinguished:

-risks of individuals (citizens);

-risks legal entities(organizations, enterprises);

-industrial risks; -trading risks;

-agricultural risks; -professional risks;

-and other risks.

The insurance rate, as you know, expresses the share of each insured, his participation in the formation of the insurance fund, since insurance is a closed distribution of damage between the insured. According to this, the insurance rate is the standard of the insurance fund, which guarantees break-even or cost-effective insurance. The main task that is set in the development of the tariff policy is related to the determination of the estimated amount of damage attributable to each insured or per unit of the sum insured. If the tariff rate fairly accurately reflects the probable damage, then the necessary distribution of damage between the insurers is ensured. Tariff rates are closely related to the volume of insurance liability. Establishment, expansion and limitation of the scope of insurance liability are reflected in the net rates for certain types of insurance. At the same time, the insurer seeks to solve a twofold problem: at the minimum rates available to a wide range of insurers, to ensure a sufficiently significant amount of insurance liability. With the help of affordable tariff rates, the smallest withdrawal of a part of the income of policyholders in the form of insurance premiums is achieved in order to provide them with the necessary insurance protection from the insurance fund.

If the tariff rates are calculated correctly, then the necessary financial stability of insurance operations is ensured, that is, a stable balance of income and expenses of the insurer, or an excess of income over expenses. Overstating tariffs leads to a redistribution of excess funds through the insurance fund, while understating, on the contrary, leads to the formation of a deficit. financial resources in the insurance fund and to the insurer's failure to fulfill its obligations to the policyholders.

Thus, the procedure for calculating insurance rates depends on the specific type of insurance, is based on established formulas and is determined by the Methodology for Calculating Tariff Rates for Risky Types of Insurance.

CONCLUSION

Tariff policy in insurance is understood as the systematic work of an insurance organization to develop, clarify and streamline insurance tariffs in order to successfully and break-even develop the insurance business. The tariff policy is based on the following five principles:

The principle of equivalence of insurance relations means that net rates should correspond as much as possible to the probability of damage in order to ensure the return of the insurance fund for the tariff period of the population of insurers for which insurance rates were calculated. Thus, the principle of equivalence corresponds to the redistributive essence of insurance as a closed distribution of damage.

The principle of availability of insurance rates means that the insurance premiums of the insured should not be burdensome for him.

The principle of stability of insurance tariffs means that if the tariff rates remain unchanged for a long time, the insured gains confidence in the reliability of the insurer.

The principle of expanding the scope of insurance liability is a priority in the activities of an insurance company. Expanding the scope of insurance liability is beneficial to both the insured and the insurer.

The principle of self-sufficiency and profitability of insurance operations means that insurance rates should be calculated in such a way that the receipt of insurance payments, of course, covers the costs.

For compulsory types of insurance, tariffs are established by law or other normative documents. By voluntary insurance rates are calculated by insurers independently. The calculation of tariffs with the application of the methodology used to determine them and the indication of the sources of initial data are submitted to the insurance supervisory authority for approval. At the same time, the structure of the tariff rate is also presented, indicating the share of the net rate and the load. The net rate is intended to form a monetary fund from which insurance indemnities (collaterals) are paid, i.e. the insurer's reserves are formed.

Actuarial calculations are the process by which the costs required to insure a given property are determined. With the help of actuarial calculations, the cost and cost of the service provided by the insurer to the insured are determined. In a more generalized form, actuarial calculations can be represented as a set of economic and mathematical methods for calculating insurance rates. An actuary is a specialist in the field of actuarial calculations. The issue of actuarial calculations is central to the activities of any insurer.

Tasks of actuarial calculations:

research and grouping of risks;

calculation of the probability of an insured event, the amount of damage;

justification of the costs of doing business;

The insurance rate is the premium rate per unit of the sum insured or the object of insurance. Typically, the unit of measurement is interest or a specific (absolute) amount from the insurance object. The tariff represents the price of the insurance risk, as well as a number of other expenses.

The rate that is applied when concluding an insurance contract is called the gross rate (rate). It has the following components:

) Net rate, which includes:

a) payment of insurance indemnities;

b) contributions to reserves.

The net rate may also include contributions to the preventive measures fund. The net rate is fully intended for payments to policyholders.

a) the costs of doing business;

b) the profit of the insurer.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

1.Civil Code of the Republic of Belarus. Ch. 48 “Insurance”, December 7, 1998 No. 218-Z: Law of the Republic of Belarus of July 3, 2011 No. 285-Z // National Register of Legal Acts of the Republic of Belarus, 2011, No. 78, 2/1837.

.On establishing the amount of insurance rates, insurance premiums, limits of liability for certain types compulsory insurance: Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus, 25 Aug. 2006 No. 531 // National Register of Legal Acts of the Republic of Belarus dated July 22, 2010. No. 384.

.Bowers, N., Gerber, H., Jones D., Nesbitt, S., Hickman, J. Actuarial Mathematics. - M.: Janus-K. 2001. - 426 p.

.Yesterday, today, tomorrow - we are with you! Dedicated to the 85th anniversary of Belgosstrakh // Popular Science Edition. - Minsk: "Riftur", 2006. - 142 p.

.Grishchenko, N.B. Fundamentals of insurance activity: textbook. allowance for universities / N.B. Grishchenko. - M.: "Finance and statistics", 2004. - 352 p.

.Ermasov, S.V., Ermasova, N.B. Insurance: textbook / S.V. Ermasov, N.B. Yermasov. - M.: Higher education, 2008. - 613 p.

.Kornilov, I.A. Fundamentals of insurance mathematics. M.: UNITI-DANA, 2004. - 400 p.

.Mironkina, Yu.N., Sorokin, A.S. Fundamentals of actuarial calculations: a training manual. - M.: ed. center EAOI, 2011. - 538 p.

.R. Kaas, M. Gouverts, J. Denay, M. Denut. Modern actuarial theory of risk. Per. from English. - M.: Janus-K, 2007. - 376 p.

.Spletukhov, Yu.A. Insurance: textbook. allowance / Yu.A. Spletukhov, E.F. Dyuzhikov. - M.: INFRA-M; 2005 - 312 p.

.Insurance business: textbook. allowance / M.A. Zaitsev [i dr.]; under the general editorship. M.A. Zaitseva, L.N. Litvinova. - Minsk: BSEU, 2007 - 383 p.

.Insurance business: textbook. for the beginning prof. education / ed. Orlanyuk-Malitskaya. M.: Ed. center "Academy", 2003. - 375 p.

.Insurance business: Textbook / L.I. Reitman [and others]; ed. L.I. Reitman. - M.: Banking and exchange scientific and consulting center, 1992. - 524 p.

.Insurance portfolio / Yu.B. Rubin [and others]; ed. Yu.B. Rubina, V.I. Soldatkin. - M.: SOMINTEK, 1994. - 640 p.

.Theory and practice of insurance. Ed. Turbina K.E. - M.: Ankil, 2003 - 704 p.

.Thomas Mac. Mathematics risk insurance/ Per. with him. - M.: Olimp-Business, 2005. - 432 p.

.Turbine, K.E. Trends in the development of the world insurance market / K.E. Turbina. - M.: ANKIL, 2000. - 320 p.

.Falin, G.I., Falin, A.I. Risk theory for actuaries in tasks. - M.: Mir, "Scientific world", 2004. - 240 p.

.Fedorova, T.A. Fundamentals of insurance activity. M.: Publishing house "BEK", 2002, - 768 p.

.Methodology for calculating insurance rates. Tariff rate structure [Electronic resource]. - 2015. - Access mode: #"center">22.

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