"Money, banks, credit" - Money market. Goals of the Bank of Russia. Participants in the creation of the money supply. Authorized capital credit institution. Terminology. Decryption of operations. The third function of money is a store of value. Active CB operations. Definition of money. The speed of circulation of money. Scheme of payment by payment order (PP).

"Tasks for interest" - Establishing a connection between theory and practice through a special selection of tasks. Interest. Determine the distance between points A and B. What percentage corresponds to the number 210? Generalization of students' knowledge on the issues of finding percentages of a number and numbers by percentages. Work on the motivation and self-assessment of the activities of students.

"Problems by percentage" - Solve problems. Task 1. Apricots contain 82% water, and good quality dried apricots - 20%. The planned task of the worker is ... details. Problems on mixtures and alloys. Independent work. 4. Of the 600 students of the school, 60% are engaged in various circles, and 20% more in sports sections. Whole. How many liters does the vessel hold?

"Market relations" - "Problems of local self-government". Sharing the obligation to give back (at all levels). Labor market. Not a market. House and family: Urgent exchange Market economy Market. Ethics. Model competition. Payment for housework and raising children. Treat gift service. Delayed exchange Gift economy Community.

"Assignments for interest" - The mass of the second alloy is 3 kg more than the mass of the first. How many kilograms of grapes are required to produce 20 kilograms of raisins? Substances in solution will be: 0.15 × 4 + 0.25 × 6 = 0.6 + 1.5 = 2.1 liters. Raisins are 5% water and 95% dry matter. Moisture. substances in solution. Mass of the third alloy (x + x + 3). Solve the equation.

"Percentage mathematician Grade 5" - Interest. Mathematics 5th grade. Some frequently used fractions of a unit have special names. The mathematical sign of the percentage is written as follows. Why do you need interest? People have long noticed that hundredths of values ​​are convenient in practice. Percentages were widely used in ancient Rome.

Interest on bank loans-- payment received by the creditor (bank) from the borrower for the use of borrowed funds (loan). Issuance of loans is a financial transaction that involves the provision of a loan of a certain amount of money with the condition that after a set time the borrower will return a larger amount, with an increment in the form of interest. The creditor's income is called interest income.

The accrual period, amount, term and procedure for paying interest on various types of lending operations are established under a loan agreement between the bank and the borrower.

The level of interest rates of a commercial bank is affected by: the average level of payment for attracted resources, that is, the deposit interest; bank expenses; purpose (object) of lending; client's creditworthiness; the nature of the client; degree of riskiness of the project; the level of the tax rate on the bank's income; the state of demand for credit; loan term; the possibility of additional attraction of credit resources (availability, offers, fees); inflation rate and other factors arising from monetary policy the central bank and the government, the image of the lender and the borrower.

The interest rate also depends on the risk of the borrower's insolvency; the nature of the security provided; return guarantees; the content of the credited event; rates of competing banks and other factors. The interest rate on the loan may also include a fee for the services rendered to the borrower when issuing the loan.

The upper limit of interest for a loan is determined market conditions. The lower limit is formed taking into account the costs of the bank to raise funds with the addition of a margin that ensures the functioning of the credit institution. When calculating the rate of interest in each specific transaction commercial Bank takes into account the level of the base interest rate and the risk premium, taking into account loan agreement. The base interest rate is determined on the basis of the estimated cost of credit investments and the pledged level of profitability of the bank's lending operations with minimal risk. The estimated cost of credit investments includes the average real price of all credit resources for the planned period plus the bank's planned expenses to ensure its functioning (the ratio of expenses to the expected volume of credit investments). The average real price of credit resources is determined on the basis of their market nominal price and adjustment for the required reserve ratio deposited with the central bank.

The base (basic) rate for a loan is the result of the average impact of factors on the level of rates. This is not a minimum rate, as banks can make loans at higher low interest, this is a kind of initial, or starting, value. The base rate may be different in each bank. When setting interest rates, banks usually take into account the size of the base interest rate of their competitors. Small banks can change the interest for a commercial loan, focusing on the base rate of large banks. Interest on active operations The bank plays an important role in the formation of income, and the payment for resources occupies a significant place in the composition of its expenses, therefore the correct determination of the margin is of particular importance.

Margin - the difference between the average rates for active and passive operations jar. The size of the actual interest margin is determined as the ratio of net interest income (interest accrued minus interest paid) to the average volume of credit investments. Comparison of the actual interest margin with the base allows you to determine the trend of decreasing or increasing interest income.

The main factors influencing the size of the interest margin are the volume, composition and structure of credit investments and their sources (credit resources). Distinguish between the distribution of loans by terms (long-term, medium-term and short-term), which has different ways ensuring risk; by borrowers (state and commercial enterprises, population, other banks); according to the purposes of the loan (the profitability of loan investments depends on them). In general, a change in the interest margin may be caused by an increase or decrease in rates on the bank's active operations, interest on attracted paid resources (passive operations) and the share of paid resources in the total volume of credit investments. The size of the interest margin is directly affected by the ratio of credit investments and their sources at the time of payment and depends on the urgency of revising interest rates. Interest rates should be reviewed depending on market conditions and adjusted to it.

Interest rates for a loan are fixed (fixed), floating, discount. Repayment of fixed rate loans is accompanied in advance defined benefit interest rates that remain unchanged throughout the term. Fixed interest rates are usually set for short-term loans.

Floating interest rates fluctuate depending on the development of market relations, changes in the amount of interest on deposits (deposits), the emerging demand and supply for credit resources, as well as the state of the economy, financial condition the borrower and may be reviewed by the bank during the loan period with the obligatory notification of the borrower.

The bank may change the interest rate on the allocated loan (including the fixed one) in accordance with the interest rate policy of the central bank and other authorized bodies aimed at stabilizing and regulating monetary circulation.

Interest rates on loans with floating interest may be lower than those on loans with fixed interest, as the risk of the borrower is higher here (if the rate rises, it monthly payments bank will increase). Loans with floating rates are more profitable for commercial banks, as they allow them to protect themselves from possible increases in deposit rates and the refinancing rate.

Discount loan-a loan, the nominal value of which is less than the value that is actually placed at the disposal of the borrower by the bank at the time of issuing the loan.

The difference between the nominal value of the loan and the amount transferred to the borrower is withheld from the borrower also at the time of issuing the loan and is a form of loan interest (discount). Discount loans have a different mechanism for charging interest as a fee.

Example. In the case of a conventional loan, 100 million rubles. at 30%, the borrower receives 100 million rubles, and returns 130 million rubles. With a discount percentage (30%), the borrower will receive 70 million rubles. (100-30) and will pay 100 million rubles, that is, the interest on the loan is slightly higher. The fact is that the discount rate takes into account the risk of the lender associated with the issuance of this loan.

A type of interest rate is discount rate(discount) of a commercial bank. This is a fee charged by the bank for the purchase (accounting) of bills of exchange, other securities, other debt obligations before the due date for payment on them. The holder of a commercial bill can sell the bill to a bank. The bank buys (discounts) a promissory note ahead of its due date, paying a price below par (with a discount), and earns income in the form of a discount and a commission fee.

Thus, the bank becomes the person who must receive payment on the bill within the prescribed period in the general manner. The operation of accounting for a promissory note and other securities essentially comes down to estimating the value of the security on the accounting date and is called discounting.

Accounting interest is the difference between the face value of a bill or other debt and the amount paid by the bank when it was purchased.

When determining the rate, the amount, maturity of the debt obligations, the quality of the debt obligation, its issuer, the current loan interest rates, the security of the security, its reliability, the size of the official discount rate of the central bank and other factors are taken into account.

The interest rate for discounting bills is set by the bank itself. Commercial banks that carry out transactions with commercial bills of exchange of enterprises may apply several private discount rates at the same time. The latter often change depending on the liquidity of the bank and the general state of the securities market.

Credit limits Credit limits are determined by the level of development of credit relations in which the process of credit implementation balances the supply and demand for credit resources under conditions of a stable, moderate and affordable for the vast majority of normally functioning borrowers, the interest rate. At the microeconomic level, the limits of the loan are determined by: and the volume of demand for a loan from borrowers at the nominal rate of a bank loan and the available ...

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Topic 11. Objective limits of credit and loan interest

11.1. Credit limits

11.1. Credit limits

The boundaries of the loan are determined by such a level of development of credit relations, in which the process of implementing the loan balances the supply and demand for credit resources in conditions of a stable, moderate and affordable interest rate for the vast majority of normally functioning borrowers.

At the microeconomic level, credit limits are determined by:

a) the volume of demand for a loan from borrowers at the nominal rate of a bank loan and the available market rate of loan interest;

b) the nature of fluctuations in the needs of the borrower in fixed and working capital;

c) according to the state of the borrower's security own capital and efficiency of its use;

d) the effectiveness and payback of projects for which funds are borrowed.

Under such conditions, the dynamics of bank interest becomes the main indicator of compliance and violation of the boundaries of the loan. Subjective attempts to increase the level of lending inevitably lead to the appearance of excess means of payment in circulation and negative consequences for individual enterprises and the economy as a whole. And vice versa, the rapid growth of bank interest indicates an insufficient supply of credit, that is, a violation of the boundaries of credit and “under-crediting” of the economy.

The macroeconomic level of credit boundaries is formed under the influence of the volume and rate of GDP growth, the structure and level of development financial system and state of public finances, goals and methods of implementing the state monetary policy, development of market relations.

11.2. Interest limits

Loan interest has certain limits, because. rate increases cannot be unlimited.

There are objective upper and lower limit of their rates.

upper border loan interest determines the average profitability of enterprises and the level of income (savings) of individual customers.

The borrower who received the loan must repay the loan, pay interest, receive income. At the same time, the borrower's income rate should not be below the socially average level. Therefore, the interest rate must be calculated with the possibility of obtaining this necessary profit. If the interest rate is initially high so much that it absorbs all profits, then the use of a loan is inappropriate.

Objective criterion lower bound interest on the loan are the costs of the bank. The main thing in the banking pricing system is the establishment of a "dead point" of profitability. Its indicator is the minimum difference of 5 rates on active and passive operations min % margin.

Bank costs:

Accumulation and placement of resources;

Expenses for the creation of required reserves of the bank;

To create various development funds of the bank;

Losses on depreciation of bank capital.

Therefore, when choosing a pricing strategy, the bank must take care of compensating all costs.

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Interest on bank loans- payment received by the creditor (bank) from the borrower for the use of borrowed funds (loan). The issuance of loans is a financial transaction that involves the provision of a certain amount of money (A o) on credit with the condition that after a set time the borrower will return a large amount (A 1) with an increment in the form of interest. The creditor's income is called interest income.

The accrual period, amount, term and procedure for paying interest on various types of lending operations are established under a loan agreement between the bank and the borrower.

At the level of interest rates commercial bank affect: the average level of payment for attracted resources, i.e. deposit interest; bank expenses; purpose (object) of lending; client's creditworthiness; the nature of the client; degree of riskiness of the project; the level of the tax rate on the bank's income; the state of demand for credit; loan term; the possibility of additional attraction of credit resources (availability, offers, fees); the level of inflation and other factors arising from the monetary policy of the central bank, the government, the image of the lender and the borrower.

The interest rate also depends on the risk of the borrower's insolvency; the nature of the security provided; return guarantees; the content of the credited event; rates of competing banks and other factors. The interest rate on the loan may also include a fee for the services rendered to the borrower when issuing the loan.

The upper limit of interest for a loan is determined by market conditions. The lower limit is formed taking into account the costs of the bank to raise funds with the addition of a margin that ensures the functioning of the credit institution. When calculating the rate of interest in each specific transaction, a commercial bank takes into account the level of the base interest rate and the risk premium, taking into account the loan agreement. Base interest rate is determined on the basis of the estimated cost of credit investments and the pledged level of profitability of the bank's loan operations with minimal risk. The estimated cost of credit investments includes the average real price of all credit resources for the planned period plus the bank's planned expenses to ensure its functioning (the ratio of expenses to the expected volume of credit investments). The average real price of credit resources is determined on the basis of their market nominal price and adjustment for the required reserve ratio deposited with the central bank.

The base (basic) rate for a loan is the result of the average impact of factors on the level of rates. This is not a minimum rate, as banks can provide loans at lower interest rates. The base rate may vary from bank to bank. When setting interest, banks usually take into account the size of the base interest rate of other banks. Many small banks may change the percentage for a commercial loan depending on the base rate of large banks. The base rate is a kind of initial, or starting value.

The interest on active operations of the bank plays an important role in generating income, and the fee for resources occupies a significant place in its expenses, so the correct determination of the margin is of particular importance.

When calculating the rate of interest in each specific transaction, a commercial bank takes into account:

base interest rate level;

Risk premium subject to the terms of the loan agreement.

The base interest rate (Pbaz) is determined based on the estimated cost of credit investments and the pledged levels of profitability of the bank's lending operations for the coming period:

Pbaz \u003d C 1 + C 2 + P m,

Where From 1- the average real price of all credit resources for the planned period;

From 2- the ratio of planned expenses for ensuring the functioning of the bank to the expected volume of productively placed funds;

P m - the planned level of profitability of bank lending operations with minimal risk.

The average real price of credit resources (C 1) is determined by the arithmetic weighted average formula based on the price of a particular type of resources and its specific gravity in the total amount of funds mobilized by the bank (paid and free).

The average real price of certain types of resources is determined on the basis of the market nominal price of these resources and adjustment for the required reserve rate deposited in central bank RF.

In particular,

where C ∂ - average real price of term deposits attracted by the bank;

P ∂ - average market level of deposit interest.

Similarly, the average real price is determined for other sources of funds, which provide for the allocation of funds to the mandatory reserve fund.

The risk premium is differentiated depending on the following criteria:

The creditworthiness of the borrower;

Availability of collateral for the loan;

loan term;

The strength of the relationship between the client and the bank.

Considering that the interest on active operations of the bank plays an important role in generating income, and the payment for attracted resources occupies a significant place in its expenses, the problem of determining the interest margin is of current importance. (Mfact), those. the difference between the average rates for active (Pa) and passive operations of the bank (Pp):

Mfact \u003d Pa - Pp

The main factors influencing the size of the interest margin are the volume and composition of credit investments and their sources, the terms of payments, the nature of the applied interest rates and their movement.

In the current practice of lending in our country, as a rule, fixed interest rates are applied, which are not subject to revision until the end of the loan transaction. However, moving along the path of creating a market mechanism, one cannot ignore the experience of Western countries, where at the same time there is a set of interest rates, which, in most cases, are revised depending on market conditions and adapt to it.

Under these conditions, all assets and liabilities are usually divided into four categories in accordance with the speed of regulation of interest payments and the transition to a new level of rates. There is the following classification:

A. Assets and liabilities subject to immediate and full renegotiation of interest rates when market conditions change.

B. Full regulation within three months.

C. Assets and liabilities for which rates are revised for a period exceeding three months.

D. Assets and liabilities at fully funded rates.

The interaction of these factors is determined by comparing the first two categories of assets (A + B) with similar liabilities, taking into account the current market situation.

During a period when interest rates are rising, the ratio is more favorable for the bank when

those. number of assets with movable interest rates exceeds the corresponding amount of liabilities, in connection with which the gap in rates on active and passive operations increases - the interest margin grows.

On the contrary, when the market level of interest falls, it is desirable to adhere to the following ratio, when

and underpin fixed-rate assets with liabilities characterized by urgency to renegotiate interest payments.

For effective management Income from lending operations determines and analyzes the minimum interest margin, which characterizes the current value of costs not covered by commissions and other income received, for each ruble of productively placed funds:

Where P b- expenses for ensuring the functioning of the bank (all expenses, except for the amounts of accrued interest);

D p- other income of a credit institution (income, except for receipts from active operations of the bank); reimbursement by clients of postal and telegraph expenses, received fees for services rendered to enterprises, interest and commissions received in addition in previous years, and claimed interest and commissions overpaid to clients in previous years, other income;

A ∂ - bank's balance sheet asset generating income on invested funds: credit investments acquired securities, funds transferred to enterprises to participate in their economic activities, etc.

The above approaches are used by commercial banks when pursuing an interest rate policy on active and passive operations.

Questions for self-control

1. What is the essence of loan interest?

2. What are the functions of loan interest and what is its role?

3. What are the factors that determine the level of loan interest?

4. What is the characteristic of bank interest - one of the forms of loan interest?