In this article we will look at how relationships with customers are taken into account in accounting. Which account is used to record customers, what postings are made. Transactions during a regular sale, upon receipt of an advance from a buyer or a bill of exchange are considered.

To account for settlements with buyers, account 62 “Settlements with buyers” is used, the debit of which reflects the buyer’s debt to the seller, and the credit reflects payment for goods, work, and services.

Buyers can pay the seller either after receiving the goods, or by making an advance payment, that is, by transferring the advance to the seller’s bank account. Payment by the buyer for the goods is made on the basis of an issued invoice, a sample of which can be viewed.

Accounting for settlements with customers during sales

Revenue from the sale of goods (work, services) is recognized as income from an ordinary type of activity and is reflected in the credit of account 90 “Sales”.

If the sale is one-time and is not a regular activity of the enterprise (for example, the sale of a fixed asset), then the proceeds are reflected as part of other income under the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

These two accounts 90 and 91 will be discussed in detail a little later; they are interesting and unlike other accounts, they have their own characteristics. It is necessary to calculate VAT on the sale price of goods (works, services) and send it for payment.

Postings to account 62 during regular sales: (click to expand)

Debit	Credit	Operation name
		Revenue from the sale of goods (works, services) is reflected
		VAT accrued on goods sold (work, services)
		Revenue from the sale of fixed assets, intangible assets, materials is reflected
		VAT accrued on sold assets
		Payment received from buyer

Accounting for advances received in settlements with customers

If the buyer pays for the goods in advance and makes an advance payment, then to account for settlements with buyers, in this case, subaccount 2 “advance received” is opened on account 62, while subaccount 1 will reflect settlements with buyers in the general case.

Postings for accounting for advances received (account 62)

Debit	Credit	Operation name
	62. Advance received	An advance was received from the buyer to the bank account
76.VAT on advances received		VAT is charged on the advance received
		Revenue from sales of goods is reflected
		VAT accrued on goods sold
62. Advance received		Offset of advance against debt repayment
	76.VAT on advances received	Accepted for deduction of VAT in connection with the sale of goods paid in advance

Accounting for bills received from the buyer:

If the buyer issued a promissory note to the seller, it must be accounted for in subaccount 3 “Bill of note received” of account 62. After the sale of the product, posting D51 K62. Bill of exchange received - this bill is repaid.

If the nominal value of a bill of exchange received exceeds the sale price, then the excess amount is reflected in entry D62. Bill of exchange received K 90/1.

Postings to account 62 when paying by bill of exchange:

Count 62 in infographic. Typical wiring

The figure below shows the main transactions of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”.

Typical transactions for account 62

An example of accounting for settlements with buyers and customers. Postings

The organization Alpha LLC received an advance payment from the Beta LLC company for the shipment of finished products in the amount of 236,000 rubles. A week later, the company Alpha LLC shipped part of the finished products in the amount of 47,200 rubles. (including VAT RUB 7,200) How to account for these transactions? subaccount 3 – for accounting for bills received. In the next article we will look at how to carry out accounting of accounts payable: ““. Video lesson “Settlements with buyers and customers. Count 62" In this video lesson, accounting account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” is discussed, standard transactions and examples are discussed. The lesson is taught by chief accountant N.V. Gandeva. (teacher, expert of the site “Accounting for Dummies”). Click to watch video ⇓

Reflects revenue from the sale of fixed assets, intangible assets, materials (not core activities)

VAT accrued on sold assets (not main activity)

Payment received from buyer to bank account

Postings for accounting for advances received (account 62.2)

If the buyer pays for the goods in advance and transfers an advance, then to account for settlements with customers in this case, subaccount 2 “advance received” is opened on account 62.

VAT is charged on advances received.

The accrued amount of VAT on the advance received is restored, then an entry is made to offset the advance.

Debit	Credit	Operation name
	62.2 Advance received	An advance was received from the buyer to the bank account
76.VAT on advances received		VAT is charged on the advance received
		Revenue from sales of goods is reflected
		VAT accrued on goods sold
62.2 Advance received		Offset of advance against debt repayment
		Accepted for deduction of VAT in connection with the sale of goods paid in advance

Example 1. Reflection of settlements with customers in the general manner

Kalina LLC entered into an agreement with the buyer for the supply of goods and materials in the amount of 50,000 rubles, VAT 7,627 rubles. The cost of the goods is 23,000 rubles. The contract stipulates that the buyer pays for goods and materials after shipment.

Postings:

		Description	Sum	Document
		Reflected revenue from the sale of inventory items		Packing list
		The cost of inventory items is written off		Costing
		VAT charged 18%		Packing list
		Payment has been received from the buyer for the shipped goods		Bank statement
		Profit from the supply of goods and materials is reflected (50,000 - 23,000 - 7,627)		Bill of lading, costing

Example 2. Accounting for advances received on account 62

Kalina LLC entered into an agreement with the buyer for the amount of 60,000 rubles, VAT 9,153 rubles. The contract provides for prepayment.

Postings:

		Description	Sum	Document
		An advance payment was received from the buyer LLC under the supply agreement		Bank statement
		VAT charged on advance payment 18%		Bank statement
	76 Advances received	VAT 18% accrued on advance payment has been restored
		Revenue from the supply of stationery is reflected		Packing list
		The advance received from the buyer is credited		Bank statement, delivery note
		VAT charged at 18% for transfer to the budget		Bank statement, delivery note

Example 3 on account 62 “Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers”

Kalina LLC received an advance payment from the buyer for the shipment of goods in the amount of 250,000 rubles. A week later, Kalina LLC shipped another part of the goods worth 47,200 rubles. (including VAT RUB 7,200)

Postings:

Debit	Credit	Sum
			An advance has been deposited into the bank account
			VAT charged on advance payment
			Sales of goods
			VAT restored
	62.2 Advances		VAT restored
62.2 Advances			Closing the advance

Example 4

Kalina LLC sold the goods through an online store. The organization entered into an agreement with the bank, on the basis of which the remuneration is 1.5% of the receipt amount and the amount of proceeds minus the remuneration is transferred to the current account.

The buyer paid for the goods with a bank card in the amount of RUB 50,000.00, incl. VAT 18% - RUB 7,627.12. After receiving the money, Kalina LLC ships the paid goods to the buyer.

Postings:

Debit Account	Credit Account	Transaction amount, rub.
			The buyer made an advance payment by bank card
			We charge VAT on the advance received
			Receipt of proceeds to the current account
			Bank remuneration under the agreement
			Accounting for sales revenue
			VAT accrual on shipment
			Write-off of shipped goods
			Settlement of advance received
			VAT deduction on advance received

Example 5.

Buyer using Yandex. Wallet" paid for goods in the amount of RUB 95,000.00, incl. VAT 18% - RUB 14,491.53.

The money was first credited to the seller’s “electronic wallet” and then transferred to a bank account minus a commission.

The bank's commission is 3.5% of the transfer amount - RUB 3,325.00.

The next day the goods were shipped to the buyer.

Postings:

Debit Account	Credit Account	Transaction amount, rub.	Wiring Description	A document base
			Advance received from buyer using electronic money

If we talk briefly about accounting for settlements with buyers and customers, we can say that such accounting is based on account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n).

Account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”

For more detailed coverage of the features of accounting for settlements with buyers and customers, you must refer to the Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts.

62 accounting account is usually debited for the amounts of submitted settlement documents in correspondence with the credit of accounts 90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses”, and credited for the amount of payment received in the debit of accounts 50 “Cash”, 51 “Settlement accounts”, etc. .

Analytical accounting for account 62 must be maintained for each invoice presented to customers, and when making payments using scheduled payments - for each buyer and customer. Analytical accounting of settlements with buyers and customers should be organized in such a way that it is possible to obtain data on settlements with such counterparties:

• according to payment documents for which the due date has not yet arrived;
• for settlement documents not paid on time;
• on advances received;
• on bills of exchange for which the due date for receipt of funds has not arrived;
• on bills discounted (discounted) in banks;
• on bills for which funds were not received on time.

Documentation of settlements with buyers and customers depends on the features and procedure for settlements with buyers, whether cash or non-cash payments are made to buyers. As a rule, such documents are invoices, acts, invoices, cash and sales receipts. For example, the rules for paying customers in cash usually require the issuance of only cash register receipts, and when making payments for goods delivered, organizations draw up delivery notes and, if the transaction is subject to VAT, invoices.

In the case of the creation of “doubtful” reserves, the debt of buyers in the balance sheet is reflected minus the created reserve (clause 35 of PBU 4/99).

However, it is impossible to answer unequivocally the question of whether settlements with buyers and customers are an asset or a liability. After all, according to settlements with buyers and customers, both accounts receivable (there is a shipment, but no payment) and accounts payable (when receiving advances) can be formed. In the first case, information on settlements with buyers and customers will be reflected in the balance sheet asset as part of accounts receivable, and in the second - in the liability side as part of short-term liabilities. The above means that accounting account 62 is an active-passive account.

In modern conditions, improving the accounting of settlements with buyers and customers comes down mainly to increasing the efficiency of data on settlements with buyers and speeding up the exchange of documents between counterparties. One of the elements in the development of the system of settlements with customers is the introduction of electronic document management.

Settlements with buyers and customers: postings

In accounts payable, the main entries consist of recognizing income from the sale of goods, works or services and receiving payments to repay accounts receivable, as well as advance receipts.

Thus, the following accounting entries are made in the seller’s accounting records for the amounts of the presented settlement documents:

Debit of account 62 - Credit of account 90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses”

The use of accounts 90 and 91 depends on whether the income being recognized is or.

In retail sales, the fact of sale can be recognized bypassing account 62, when the following posting is made: Debit account 50 “Cash” - Credit account 90.

Accounting entries are generated for the amounts of received payments (including advances):

Debit of accounts 50 “Cash”, 51 “Cash accounts”, 52 “Currency accounts”, etc. - Credit of account 62.

In this case, separate accounting of advances is kept on account 62, as a rule, by opening an additional sub-account.

In accounting for settlements with buyers and customers, postings are not limited to records for recording sales and receipt of payment. The procedure for accounting for settlements with buyers and customers requires reliable reflection of information about such settlements in the financial statements. For these purposes, the debt of buyers and customers is analyzed for its doubtfulness and the need to create a reserve in account 63 “Provisions for doubtful debts” at the expense of financial results (clause 70 of the Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n):

Debit account 91 “Other income and expenses” - Credit account 63.

Sales of goods occur as often as purchases. The event takes place in accordance with the signed supply agreement, and the reflection of the operation itself is similar to the acquisition of valuables.

The task of accounting when shipping goods is to show the transfer of ownership from the seller to the buyer. It is at the moment of transfer of the goods, that is, its shipment, that the owner changes. just as it can be done by two methods:

1. shipment of the goods is the first event, and after it payment is made within the period specified in the contract;
2. shipment of goods follows prepayment, that is, the buyer first transfers money for the goods, and only then picks it up. In this case, the moment of payment may occur much earlier than the shipment itself, because of this the supplier develops receivables.

In the second case, the manufacturer of the goods will be able to repay his debt only by transferring the goods, unlike the first, where, on the contrary, accounts payable arise and the buyer must repay them.

Postings for shipment of goods or products to the buyer

How is the shipment of goods reflected if payment is made later?

Account Dt	Kt account	Wiring Description	Transaction amount	A document base
90.02	, 41	or goods. The amount of cost depends on the method of estimating output	Cost of finished products	Sales Invoice
	90.01	Reflection of revenue through the sale price of goods including VAT	Sales price of goods including VAT	Invoice, invoice
	68.2	Volume of VAT on goods shipment	VAT amount	Invoice, invoice, Sales book
		Reflection of debt repayment for shipped goods	Sales price of goods

How is the shipment of goods reflected when the buyer prepays

Account Dt	Kt account	Wiring Description	Transaction amount	A document base
		Reflection of crediting of prepayment for future shipment of goods	Prepayment amount	Payment order or bank statement
		VAT accrual on prepayment amount	VAT amount	Invoice, Sales Book, Payment Order
90.2	, 41	Posting for shipment of goods or products. Cost is calculated depending on the method of estimating production output	Product cost	Sales Invoice
	90.1	Reflection of revenue through the sale price of goods including VAT	Sales price of finished goods including VAT	Invoice, invoice
90.3	68.2	Calculation of VAT amount on the volume of shipped goods	VAT amount	Invoice, invoice

The sale of goods and services is the transfer on a paid basis of ownership of goods and the provision of services for a fee by one person to another person. We will tell you about standard accounting entries for the sale of goods and services in our consultation.

Sales of goods: postings

The main account for accounting for the sale of goods in accordance with the Chart of Accounts and Instructions for its use () is account 90 “Sales”. This account reflects the proceeds from the sale of goods, as well as expenses associated with the sale and VAT accrued on sales.

Let's present typical transactions for the sale of goods in the table:

The presented set of transactions assumes that revenue is recognized at the time of shipment of goods.

However, a situation is possible when, in accordance with the contract, ownership of the goods passes to the buyer, for example, at the time of payment. In this case, revenue is not recognized at the time of shipment, because one of the conditions for its recognition is not met - the transfer of ownership to the buyer (clause “d”, clause 12 of PBU 9/99). But since the goods actually leave the warehouse and are written off from accounting, at the time of shipment account 45 “Goods shipped” is used:

Operation	Account debit	Account credit
Goods were shipped to the buyer under a contract with a special procedure for transfer of ownership (after payment)	45	41
VAT is charged at the time of shipment	76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”	68
Payment received from buyers	51, 52, etc.	62
Revenue from the sale of goods is recognized	62	90, subaccount “Revenue”
The cost of previously shipped goods has been written off	90, subaccount “Cost of sales”	45
VAT accrued at the time of shipment of goods is taken into account	90, subaccount “VAT”	76
Expenses associated with the sale of goods are written off	90, subaccount “Sales expenses”	44

When they talk about reverse sales, they mean a set of accounting entries that the buyer must make in his accounting when returning the goods to the supplier. You can read about standard transactions when returning goods for various reasons in.

Free sales: wiring

Sometimes sales also mean the gratuitous transfer of goods. Naturally, in this case, the “seller” does not reflect income from the disposal of goods. And expenses associated with the sale will not be taken into account in account 90. To account for the gratuitous transfer, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is used (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n, clause 11 PBU 10/99).

Free sales of goods will be accounted for as follows:

Sales of services: postings

The main difference between services and goods is that services are consumed directly at the time of their provision. In this regard, expenses associated with the provision of services collected in accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 29 “Service production and farms” are written off to the debit of account 90 at the time of provision of services without their intermediate recording in the account, similar to account 41.

Otherwise, the accounting entries for the provision of services will be similar to those given above.