By the end of the 21st century, Mongolia's population may drop to 1 million

Mongolia is a country with a small population; according to the latest data, only a little over 2,400 thousand people live here. Such a small number of people living on a large territory of 1.5 million km2 is due to many historical and economic factors.

The heyday of the Mongol Empire, which began with Genghis Khan, occurred in the 12th-14th centuries. The population grew rapidly due to the annexation of conquered territories. Then, over the course of several centuries, Mongolia, from a once strong, rich state, gradually began to turn into one of the most backward countries in the world, in which, as researchers note, 800 thousand people lived in the 18th century.

During the same period, the population in China increased by 3.1 times, in India by 2.9 times, and in Russia by 4 times.

By the beginning of the 20th century, Mongolia's population had dropped to 500 thousand people, and it seemed that the country was facing gradual extinction.

According to the 1918 census, 648.1 thousand people lived here, of which 100 thousand were Chinese, 5 thousand Russians and 540 thousand Mongols.

With the beginning of democratic processes and economic reforms in Mongolia, as in many countries of the former socialist camp, a sharp deterioration in the demographic situation began to be observed.

If in the 60-80s families with 5-7 or even 10 children in Mongolia were considered the norm, then the socio-economic crisis that arose in the country since the early 90s had a negative impact on the birth rate. Having 2-3 children is now considered optimal for many families. Moreover, it is noted that the higher the welfare of the family, the fewer children there are in it. According to experts, the irreparable losses of the state over this 10-year period amounted to 300 thousand people - unborn citizens of the country.

Based on the 1989 population census, specialists from the National Statistical Office, together with scientists from the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, made a forecast according to which the country's population could reach 4 million people by 2020.

Is this possible under current conditions? In terms of declining birth rates, Mongolia today is far superior to even China, where a strict demographic policy is being pursued. According to the 1999 census, Mongolia had a population of 2,382,500, an increase of 16.1% compared to 1989. However, over the past 10 years, average annual population growth has declined. At the same time, there is a significant tilt towards the outflow of the population from the countryside to the city, which negatively affects the decline in the birth rate in the country, since mainly the growth in the number of residents of Mongolia occurs in the countryside.

About 800 thousand people, or almost a third of the country's population, currently live in Ulaanbaatar alone, the capital of Mongolia. Reproducing the information-rich article by A. Altman, Demoscope still cannot agree with his interpretation of the decline in the birth rate in Mongolia from 5-7 and even 10 children per family to 2-3 as a “sharp deterioration in the demographic situation.” Demoscope also does not share the article’s author’s skeptical attitude towards the outflow of the rural population to the cities. Both the decline in the birth rate and urbanization are global processes of the past and present centuries, without them social, economic and demographic modernization is impossible.

Demographics of Mongolia
Demographics of Mongolia, FAO data, year 2015
Population	2754685 (2010 census); 3,000,000 (2015-01-22 est.); 3,057,800 as of December 31, 2015 (2015 midterm census)
density	1.76/km2
growth rate	1.46% (2010 census)
Birth rate	20.7 births/1000 population (2012 est.)
Mortality	6.01 deaths/1000 population (2012 est.)
life expectancy	68.63 years (2012 est.)
man	66.16 years (2012 est.)
female	71.23 years (2012 est.)
Birth rate	2.19 (2012 est.)
Infant mortality rate	36 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years	27.1% (2012 est.)
15-64 years old	68.9% (2012 est.)
65 years and older	4% (2012 est.)
Sex ratio
Total
At birth	1.05 male(s)/female (2012 est.)
Under 15	1.04 male(s)/female (2012 est.)
15-64 years old	1 man (years) / woman (2012 est.)
65 years and older	0.77 male(s)/female (2012 est.)
Nationality
Nationality	Mongolian
Main ethnic	Mongol
Minor ethnic	Kazakh
language
official	Mongolian
colloquial	Mongolian, Kazakh

Ethnic Mongols make up about 97% of the population and consist of Khalkh and other groups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongolian language. The Khalkhs make up 86% of the ethnic Mongolian population. The remaining 14% includes the Oirats, Buryats and others. Ethnic differences between Mongolian subgroups are relatively minor. Language or tribal differences are not a political or social issue.

Sizeable ethnic Turkic-speaking Kazakhs make up 3.9% of Mongolia's population. Khoton and Chantuu are Mongolized people with Turkic origins who speak the Mongolian language.

Around 1860, a portion of the mid-zhuz Kazakhs who were seeking refuge from the Qing Empire massacres in Xinjiang came to Mongolia and were allowed to settle in Bayan-Ulgii. There are smaller numbers of Russian, Chinese, Korean and American people working in Mongolia since 1990.

English is the most widely used foreign language, followed by Russian. Recently, Japanese, Korean and German are gaining popularity.

Ethnos

National census data

Ethnic groups	Ethno-linguistic family	1956	1963	1969	1979	1989	2000	2010
Khalkh	Mongolic	639141	775376	911079	1235806	1610424	1934674	2168141
Kazakh	Turkic	36729	47735	62812	84305	120506	102983	101526
Dorbet	Mongolic	25667	31339	34725	45053	55208	66706	72403
Bayid	Mongolic	15874	19891	25479	31053	39233	50824	56573
Buryat	Mongolic	24625	28523	29772	29802	35444	40620	45087
Zakhchin	Mongolic	15772	14399	15662	18957	23478	25183	32845
Dariganga	Mongolic	16852	18587	20603	24564	29040	31909	27412
Altai Uriankhians	Turkic	10833	13140	15057	19475	22998	29766	26654
darhat	Mongolic		8826	10174	10716	14757	19019	21558
Khotogoyty	Mongolic	...	...	...	...	...	7237	15460
Torguud	Mongolic	4729	6028	7119	8617	10050	12628	14176
hotons	Mongolic	2603	2874	4056	4380	6076	9014	11304
Myangad	Mongolic	2518	2712	3222	4173	4760	6028	6592
Tuvan	Turkic	...	...	...	...	...	4778	5169
Barga	Mongolic	2458	2343	2305	+1999	2130	2506	2989
Üzemchin	Mongolic	2046	2070	2127	+2030	2086	2386	2577
Eljigin	Mongolic	...	...	...	...	...	151	1340
sartuls	Mongolic	...	...	...	...	...	+1540	1286
Khamnigans of Tungus origin	Mongolic	...	...	...	...	...	565	537
Tsaatan	Turkic	...	...	...	...	...	303	282
Chantuu	Mongolic	...	...	...	...	...	380	260
Kharchin	Mongolic	...	...	...	...	...	266	152
Chahar	Mongolic	...	...	...	...	...	123	132
(Huuchid)	Mongolic	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
(Baarin)	Mongolic	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
(Khorchin)	Mongolic	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
(Turns on)	Mongolic	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Russian citizens		13444	8905	1433	196	140	+2020	2474
Chinese citizens		16157	21981	725	344	247	3374	8688
Korean citizens		...	...	...	...	...	338	1522
American citizens		...	...	...	...	...	303	656
other		11125	6819	35045	8653	1509	...	...
Mongolia		845481	1017162	1188271	1538980	1987274	2365269	2754685

Literacy

The literacy rate is the percentage of people over the age of 15 who can read and write.

Total population: 98,3%

After declining enrollment rates during the transition to a market economy in the 1990s, school attendance is now once again almost universal: primary school attendance is estimated at 97%, and adult literacy at 98%.

religion

Young Mongolian boy

Various forms of shamanism have been widely practiced throughout the history of what is now Mongolia, as such beliefs were common among nomadic peoples in Asian history. Such beliefs gradually gave way to Tibetan Buddhism, but shamanism left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and is still practiced.

Traditionally, Tibetan Buddhism has been the predominant religion. However, it was suppressed under the communist regime until 1990, with only one storefront of the monastery allowed to remain. Since 1990, when liberalization began, Buddhism has seen a surge.

urbanization

Life in sparsely populated Mongolia is becoming increasingly urban. Almost half the population lives in the capital, Ulaanbaatar, as well as in other regional centers. Semi-nomadic life still predominates in the countryside, but settled farming communities are becoming increasingly common. Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.54% (2000 census). About two-thirds of the total population is aged 30, 36% of whom are under 14 years of age.

Key: For population growth 1979 - 2008

• A salmon cage indicates that the population has decreased or experienced minimal (<1%) роста.
• Light green cells show growth between 1-2%.
• Dark green cells indicate growth greater than or equal to 2%.

Rank	Name	Mongolian	Residents (1979 est.)	Residents (1989 est.)	Residents (2000 census)	Residents (est. 2008)	Change since 1979	Growth percentage/year	Administrative block
1.	Bator *	Ulaanbaatar	396300	540600	711900	1008738	612438	+ 5,2%	Ulaanbaatar
2.	Erdenet	Erdenet	29100	-	68310	86866	57766	+ 6,6%	Orkhon
3.	Darkhan	Darkhan	49100	-	65791	74300	25200	+ 1,7%	Darkhan-Uul
4.	Choibalsan	Choibalsan	28500	37300	40123	38150	9650	+ 1,1%	Dornod
5.	Jerk	Moron	16500	21300	28903	36082	19582	+ 4,0%	Khubsugul
6.	Nalaikh	Nalaikh	-	-	23600	29115	5515	+ 3,0%	Ulaanbaatar
7.	Khovd	Khovd	17500	24100	25765	28601	11101	+ 2,1%	Khovd
8.	Ulgii	Olgiy	18700	27200	25791	27855	9155	+ 1,6%	Bayan-Ulgii
9.	Bayankhongor	Bayankhongor	16300	21200	22066	26252	9952	+ 2,0%	Bayankhongor
10.	Baganuur	Baganuur	-	-	21100	25877	4777	+ 1,8%	Ulaanbaatar
11.	Arvaikheer	Baganuur	12300	16900	19058	25622	13322	+ 3,6%	Övörkhangai
12.	Ulaangom	Ulaang	17900	22900	25993	21406	3506	+ 0,67%	UVs
13.	Suhe	Sukhbaatar	14300	19600	22374	19626	5326	+ 1,2%	Selenga
14.	Sainshanda	Sainshand	11100	10300	18290	25210	14110	+ 4,2%	South Gobi aimag
15.	Dalanzadgad	Dalanzadgad	10000	14300	14050	16856	6856	+ 2,3%	Umnegovi
16.	Tsetserleg	Tsetserleg	14700	20300	18519	16300	1600	+ 0,37%	Arkhangai
17.	Uliastai	Uliastai	15400	20300	18154	16240	840	+ 0,17%	Zavkhan
18.	Altai	Altai	13700	18800	15741	15800	+2100	+ 0,5%	Gobi-Altai
19.	Zuuneharaa	Zunharaa	11400	-	15 000 (2004)	-	3600	+ 1,1%	Selenga
20.	Underhaan	Ondorkhaan	11100	14400	18003	14800	+3700	+ 1,1%	Khentii
21.	Zuunmod	Zuunmod	+9800	15800	14837	14568	4768	+ 1,6%	Tova
22.	Baruun-Yurt	Baruun-Urt	11600	16100	15133	12994	+1394	+ 0,4%

What do most people know about Mongolia? This is a poor, backward country. People live in yurts, ride horses and herd cattle. And no one knows what is happening in the big world. Oh well.

The size of the country is simply amazing, although it is only a small part of their ethnic lands and only 4% of the area of ​​the Mongol Empire. Most of this territory looks like a Martian desert, and only the asphalt road, small rivers in the valleys and rare roadside cafes remind you that you are still on Earth.

Ulaanbaatar

And then Mongolian reality suddenly sets in.

Today Mongolia is one of the fastest growing economies in the world, with a standard of living disproportionately higher than the Russian average. Most of the population lives in cities, urbanization is getting higher and higher every year.

“Soviet friendship” has long since ended here; now there is democracy and a full-fledged market economy, without bribes, kickbacks and government regulation, international quality standards and a confident desire to become a second Korea. And no, not Northern.

At the entrance to parliament sits like Darth Vader, an equally famous character named Genghis Khan, who at one time united all the Mongol tribes into a single Mongol Empire, which eventually subjugated a third of all humanity.

Standing alone among modern architecture is the typical Soviet project “Russian Drama Theatre”.

The shape of the roof of one of the hotels looks like a slide that would be fun to slide down. If you put a trampoline. ^_^

It’s a rare case when in a contemporary art gallery you can tell from the exhibits which country you’re in. Horses are very popular here.

One of the characteristic features of Mongolian painting is the active use of contrast. Their paintings are almost always bright and have some kind of opposition, be it the plot, priorities or color scheme.

At the Gallery of the Union of Mongolian Artists there is a workshop where anyone can learn from the masters. Sometimes children are brought here, and sometimes even older people come to learn the craft.

There are a lot of modern office buildings. And no less new ones are being built around, and sites are being bought out even at the construction stage, because new corporations are appearing like mushrooms after rain.

Among all this, the ancient Buddhist monasteries look even more amazing.

Buddhism came to Mongolia a very long time ago, but it spread gradually (but bloodlessly, unlike Christianity). The first among the famous characters to study Buddhism was Godan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. About 300 years passed before the new religion supplanted shamanism.

Of course, this was all for a reason. Like any other religion, adopted as a state religion, it is an exclusively political instrument. The spiritual leader of Tibet, Sakya Pandita, and his nephew Pagba Lama came to teach the grandson of Genghis Khan. They taught the Mongols Buddhism, and the Mongols taught the Tibetans to stick to their nation with their teeth in any situation.

Plan of Ulaanbaatar version of 1913, when Mongolia finally gained independence from China. The residences and temples of Bogd Khan, who led the “people's revolution,” are especially marked on it. Bogd Khan was so beloved that even after the transition to communism he remained the monarch and only his buildings survived the fire of religious purges inspired by the Soviet Union.

Have I already said that contrasts are their national feature?

I decided to go inside to see what a Mongolian shopping center looks like. Not bad that way.

I really want to support such domestic producers.) Hmm, Meanwhile in Russia.

They also sell a lot of different Japanese, Korean and European goodies. A little more expensive, of course, but not critical.

But the Korean staff, of course, is the most impressive. :D

Hello to the Louvre with its pyramid.

Bus stop. By the way, it’s not so easy to figure out transport here: instead of key points (squares, monuments, museums), directions like “Tausand → Myangat-1 → Baga Toerog → Khoroolol-11” are indicated here, and one can only guess whether he is going to the central square Genghis Khan to parliament or taken far, far north to the slums.

The National Gallery of Modern Art was located in a Soviet building and there was a fat woman sitting at the entrance who immediately switched to Russian when she saw my student ID. I was already thinking about leaving, but then I saw spurs hanging through three floors and changed my mind.)

I directly felt how I was squeezed at this point by narrow walls. This is the case when abstractionism really catches your eye.

"My brain after the session."

The Tibetan deities of wrath themselves do not leave you indifferent, but here is something like this, emerging from the darkness and through the outline of a pleading Mongol, brr.

There are a lot of Mongolian restaurants in the city. In short, it's meat, meat, some salad, and more meat.

I'm going to see what the outskirts of the city look like.

Selbe, one of the rivers on which the city stands. In fact, it is mountainous and, therefore, is not always like this, it just dries up at different times of the year and then fills up again.

The Mongols have as many as 10 types of writing, some of which are still in use today. The main one is a writing system based on the Cyrillic alphabet; at the same time, the Latin alphabet and the vertical old Mongolian script are used; the monks also use the alphabetic syllabic script “Soyombo” (generally some kind of game, similar to a lost encoding, a universal script for Mongolian, Tibetan and Sanskrit). They get out as best they can.

Gandantegchenlin or simply Gandan. The largest Buddhist monastery, in its best times about 14,000 people lived here. After total repressions against believers, it was closed, but 10 years later it was opened again and until the collapse of the USSR it was the only operating temple in the country.

Now everything is slowly being restored, many people are returning to the faith. Strictly speaking, no one refused it, it was simply not customary to demonstrate it. Now 150 people permanently live, study and work in the monastery (yes, only 1% of the previous number).

Inside the central building stands a gigantic statue of the Bodhisattva of Compassion, Avalokiteshvara (whose incarnation is considered the Dalai Lama), as tall as a Soviet nine-story building.

Along the walls of the building there are shelves with small identical figurines of Buddhas, a thousand in total. I don’t remember why exactly this amount is needed, but there is also some kind of stubborn symbolism there.

A Buddhist university is not some pathetic Sunday school; it is a real conveyor belt of enlightened people! Seriously, they teach sutras, chant and meditate there.

Not far from the monastery there is the Zanabazar Art Museum, which displays a collection of various religious artifacts made so technically that they decided to classify them as objects of art. For example, this is not actually a painting, it is embroidery of unrealistic precision.

It seems to me, or did this bodhisattva refuse to go to nirvana not at all for the sake of saving humanity? -_-

However, these deities generally have their own atmosphere.

Many places in the city center have paths for the blind. And also bike paths for pedestrians. >_<

Nothing unusual, just a Mongolian Thumbelina with a lollipop sitting on a sunflower tree.

Expensive club houses in a new area of ​​the city. On the other hand, the perimeter is fenced with fences, and near the private sector - also with barbed wire.

A shopping center on the outskirts of the city, literally right behind which the mountains begin.

Large residence of Bogd Khan.

The inside is no less beautiful. The first floor is open to the public and is filled with pure religious art, which he adored. Upstairs there are apartments and rooms for receiving guests.

There are several other buildings around, some of which were intended for meditation, some for meetings, some for servants.

Everything is decorated in the same style.

There is especially a lot of their traditional embroidery here. I can’t imagine how they managed to make it so accurate, you can even see the faces on the necklace of demon heads.

Winter residence. Well, of course, Ulaanbaatar is the coldest capital of the world; in winter the temperature reaches –40 °C.

Among the monotonous household items, a European carriage catches the eye. It turned out that this was a personal gift from the Russian Tsar.

New residential complex. The apartments are still on sale, but downstairs there are already some shops and cafes open.

Every Mongolian city must have a large statue of Buddha.

Cool facade of a shopping center.

Nothing inside either. Judging by the design, at first it was planned to make separate boutique rooms à la department store, but then they decided to make an open space and replaced all the walls with glass. It turned out even nicer than expected.

During socialism, an observation platform was made on one of the hills in the south of the city and dedicated to the joint actions of the Soviet and Mongolian armies. First, the Russians helped defend independence from China, and then the Mongols helped defeat Germany. "Friendship is magic."

But the view from here is really good. And from here you can see how vast the area is occupied by the poor private sector in the north.

However, even not far from the center there are small ghettos where people still live in yurts, without water or gas, unless they provide electricity there by connecting to the general power grid. Fortunately, every year there are more and more residential buildings, and there are fewer and fewer of them.

Another river, the Dund, provides the city with water all year round.

Mongolian national dish “mountain of meat”. Nothing extra.

Or I could eat borscht.)

“Oh, cool, Soviet department store,” I thought.

I went to the supermarket downstairs. Ukrainian “Roshen” even made it here.

And inside there is something not at all like a department store. And at this rate, soon in this country only our archaic associations will remain from the Soviet past.

It was with such a shaken picture of the world that I went back to Russia.

UDC 314 (=512.36)

Badaraev D.D. Badaraev D.D.

Internal migration processes in modern Mongolian society

Internal migration processes in modern Mongolian society

The article is devoted to the consideration of migration processes in modern Mongolian society. Based on statistical data, using the results of research in recent years, the causes, factors and consequences of internal migration of the population from rural areas of Mongolia to the urban centers of the country are analyzed. The problem of nomadic livestock raising as the basis for preserving the culture and traditions of the Mongolian people is touched upon.

Keywords: Mongolian society, internal migration,

modernization, urbanization, nomadism

Article is devoted to consideration of migratory processes in modern Mongolian society. The reasons, factors and consequences of internal migration of the population of Mongolia from rural areas to the urbanized centers of the country are analyzed on the basis of data of statistics and results of researches of the last years. Also the problem of nomadic animal husbandry, as bases of preservation of culture and traditions of the Mongolian people is mentioned

Key words: Mongolian society, internal migration, modernization, urbanization, nomadizm

Modern Mongolian society was formed as a result of socio-economic and political transformations of the last 20 years, after the transition to a relatively new, previously unknown path of development. The year 1990 is considered to be the beginning of a radical reorientation towards the path of market relations. The socialist system collapsed. The victory of the democratic revolution in Mongolia led the country to gain virtually independent status in international relations. The transformation processes of the transition period were ambiguous for the country's population, since for many citizens the acquisition of freedom turned out to be a heavy burden, which not every ideologically supported Mongol of yesterday could cope with. The change in forms of ownership based on the Law on Privatization in the country adopted in 1992, a series of crisis phenomena in the economy, and the episodic impact of galloping inflation of up to 325% per year had a negative impact on the broad masses of the population, on their social well-being, which led to a noticeable decrease in the level of life. The social sphere of Mongolia has undergone significant changes,

BADARAEV Damdin Dorzhievich, candidate of social sciences, researcher at the Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetological Studies SB RAS (Ulan-Ude). Email: [email protected]

The work was supported by a grant from the Russian Humanitarian Fund-MinOKN of Mongolia, 2012-2013, No. 12-23-03002a/Mon, “Return” of Russia to Mongolia: models and scenarios.”

because forced phenomena and processes occurred in it due to the action of market laws. At the same time, the processes of transformation of Mongolian society have opened up wide opportunities for the free movement of the population of Mongolia both within the country and abroad in search of better living conditions.

Issues of population migration in modern Mongolian society are considered in the works of V.V. Grayvoronsky, N. Galiima, H. Gund-sambuu, Ts. Tsetsenbileg and other researchers, as well as in a number of scientific works of academic and educational institutions of Mongolia. Modern processes of population migration are becoming an urgent problem for such a pastoral country as Mongolia, implying an aggravation of social problems of society, such as unemployment, poverty, mobility of labor resources, increased load on the infrastructure of urban areas, as well as the solution of civilizational issues related to changes in the lifestyle and way of life of the original nomads of the Mongolian steppes.

Nomadic pastoralists are forced to adapt to new market conditions by applying different strategies for the development of their households. The most important basis for the inclusion of nomads in modernization processes is their high adaptive potential, developed by previous generations, as well as thousands of years of experience in adapting to the conditions of the surrounding world. The ability to quickly adapt to changing conditions of the surrounding reality helps representatives of nomadic society to minimize losses. As a number of studies show, with the transition to a market economy, about 60-70% of Mongols received or most likely received the opportunity to increase their income and, accordingly, improve the socio-economic situation of their family. Only 30-40% note that the market system has negatively affected their social status. Thus, migration or movement within the country and outside its borders is one of the main channels for the adaptation of nomadic Mongolians to modern processes of globalization, modernization and integration. However, unregulated migration flows of the population lead mainly to various consequences, both positive and negative, which becomes the object of discussion when adopting socio-economic and political development programs for the country, including demographic ones.

We consider it appropriate to present statistical data for 2011. The population of Mongolia was 2811.6 thousand people, of which 2704.5 thousand people permanently reside in Mongolia, and 107.1 thousand people live outside the country. The economically active population is 1124.7 thousand people, of which 1037.7 thousand people are employed (employment level - 62.5%), 87.0 thousand people. - unemployed (unemployment rate - 7.7%). Per 1000 population: the mortality rate was 6.9, the birth rate was 25.1, the marriage rate was 4.3, and the divorce rate was 1.2. The average life expectancy in the country was 68.3 years: for men - 64.7 years, for women - 73.7 years. The country's capital, Ulaanbaatar, was home to 1,287.1 thousand people. On average per 1 sq. km. the country's territory accounts for less than 2 people. The country's urbanization trend continues. Internal migration of the population to cities, in particular to the central regions and to the capital of the country, continues.

The share of the country's rural population is 33.8% (915.4 thousand people), urban - 66.2% (1789.1 thousand people). Issues of the quality of life of the population remain not fully resolved, especially in rural areas, as evidenced by indicators of the poverty level and the average cost of living. The poverty rate in the country was 29.8%,

Moreover, in cities this figure is 26.6%, and in rural areas - 33.3%. The average cost of living in the country was 117.8 thousand tugriks (rate of 1 ruble = 42 - 45 tugriks). In 2011, Mongolia ranked 155th in the world in terms of gross domestic product.

In the conditions of modernization, one of the significant signs of changes in the social composition of the population is the processes of rural-urban migration of the population. The ratio of urban and rural populations in Mongolian society is unique, associated, on the one hand, with the processes of renomadization, and on the other hand, with urbanization. According to V.V. Grayvoronsky, “for the first time since the mid-twentieth century, when the intensive process of industrialization and urbanization of the country began, in 1989-2000 the growth rate of the rural population (17.2%) outstripped the growth rate of the urban population (15.2%), which indicated a slowdown in the rate of urbanization and, moreover, about the reverse process, that is, about the outflow of part of the urban population to the countryside. At the same time, the average annual growth rate of the rural population in 1989 - 2000 increased to 1.6% against 1.3% in 1979 - 1989. It was during these years that the process of renomadization was observed, that is, the reverse transition of part of the population from a sedentary lifestyle to a nomadic and semi-nomadic one. This phenomenon was short-lived, as it was associated with deteriorating living conditions in the cities of Mongolia. Subsequently, the process of urbanization intensified, the urban population began to grow faster than the rural population.” Indeed, the latest facts and figures indicate that the process of urbanization will only continue to intensify. The most significant factors of internal migration in modern Mongolian society are considered to be:

Loss of livestock as the main source of livelihood, the “movable property” of the nomad. The reasons for the reduction or loss of livestock can be: lack of food (dzut), depletion of pastures due to climatic conditions, mass attacks by wolves, infectious diseases of animals, cattle theft, etc. Together, these reasons contribute to the impoverishment of pastoralists and, ultimately, they cannot withstand harsh competition with the wealthiest and wealthiest pastoralists and are forced to migrate to cities;

High level of unemployment in rural areas (up to 18-20%). Due to limited areas of employment and lack of income in the steppe, some pastoralists are ready to perform low-skilled, seasonal or temporary work in cities in order to provide themselves with food, satisfying at least their primary needs;

The deteriorating quality of education in many rural schools is pushing parents to give their children the opportunity to receive a better education in aimag (district) centers or in cities. Some parents move with their children when they enter high school or higher education institutions, and some change their place of residence to the city after their children are employed;

Limited availability of social and medical services. The lack of doctors of narrow specialties and poor availability of medical equipment in hospitals in somons and aimags causes high costs for villagers who travel to large cities for examination and treatment;

Lack of electricity, communications and transport. According to some data, 130 soums are not connected to electrical networks, 180 thousand cattle breeders do not have the opportunity to enjoy the benefits of civilization;

Low solvency of the rural population, limited market sphere, weak infrastructure. Enterprising people prefer to move to cities to run their business.

Intense internal migration flows to urbanized areas of the country entail an aggravation of social problems of society that have deep socio-economic roots. Using the example of the capital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, one can see the scale and speed of this process. In April 2007, the capital surpassed the millionth milestone; Ulaanbaatar was listed as 452nd in the list of cities in the world with a population of one million, and in Asia - 182nd. The population density of the capital is 222 people per 1 sq. km., almost every second resident of the country lives in Ulaanbaatar. For every family in the capital there are 4.2 people. On average, 78 people immigrate to Ulaanbaatar from aimags and cities every day, and 29 people leave back. The number of foreigners coming on business, as well as as tourists or for temporary residence, is 1284 people.

The data presented demonstrate the trend of accelerating migration and urbanization of the population in the capital of Mongolia. These processes are associated with both positive and negative changes in the social sphere of Ulaanbaatar. The positive consequences of migration to cities include: improved competition in the labor market, an increase in the proportion of citizens of the working population, market expansion, increased purchasing power of the population, provision of social services, accessibility of education, and medical services for migrants from rural areas.

The negative factors of internal migration to cities, including the capital, are more associated with the appearance of a large number of migrants from rural areas in the suburbs, in the so-called “yurt microdistricts.” This phenomenon entails deepening inequality, rising levels of poverty, unemployment, exacerbation of social tension, rising crime rates, antisocial and deviant forms of behavior, and alcoholism of the population. The expansion of yurt microdistricts is becoming a big problem when solving urban planning problems and the entire strategy for the socio-economic development of the country's capital. The low level of infrastructure development, the weak development of the network of social institutions, schools, clinics, and kindergartens in such territories puts the capital’s leadership in a difficult position, since the scale of the problems is constantly expanding. A fifth of the capital’s residents are not provided with the basic necessities and live in conditions of limited access to education and medical services. Due to their low solvency, 79.4% of rural migrants are not provided with electricity, 25.5% do not have permits for the plot of land they occupy. In addition, the problem of environmental safety of overpopulated areas is aggravated. Air pollution in the capital exceeds permissible standards by 28 times, which is mainly due to the use of coal in yurts, as well as an increase in the number of vehicles in the capital. The load on the soil cover is increasing, which exceeds the standards by 10-16 times. The widespread appearance of unauthorized toilets, garbage and garbage dumps does not have the best effect on the general condition of these areas, demonstrating a high level of pollution. The negative consequences of internal migration of the population to the capital of the country represent a complex of interrelated social problems of urbanism. Solving such problems requires coordinated actions on the part of the authorities

government authorities, public organizations, as well as international financial organizations that actively support Mongolia in solving problems of poverty, unemployment, social sphere, medicine and agriculture.

The state of the migration issue in rural Mongolia shows more negative consequences than positive ones. The decrease in the number of young people in rural areas and the migration of families to cities destabilizes the sustainable development of rural areas; productive force in the agro-industrial sector is declining, since 74% of migrants are aged 15-64 years, and 26% are 0-14 years old; with a decrease in the rural population, the development of production is limited and the volume of the rural market decreases, the already low density of the rural population decreases, “desertification” of vast territories occurs, and pastoralists leave previously inhabited nomads. However, there is another, but very interesting trend, characteristic of rural areas: a change in the ratio of urban and rural populations in favor of the former does not lead to a decrease in the number of livestock in the country. The traditional sector of the economy, cattle breeding, employs 154.9 thousand families or 311.2 thousand cattle breeders with a total livestock of 36,335.8 thousand heads of livestock. The internal policy of the state, aimed at the further development of cattle breeding, helps to maintain the livestock population at a certain level, despite the severe dzut (lack of feed) in 2010, when, according to various estimates, more than 8 million heads of livestock died in the country (in 2009, the livestock population was 44,023, 9 thousand heads.). Agriculture ranks third in the structure of the country's GDP with an indicator of 13%, after the mining industry - 21.7% and wholesale and retail trade - 18.9%. The growth of Mongolia's economic development in 2011 by 14.1% demonstrates, in our opinion, prospects for further economic growth, with possible positive consequences in the social sphere.

Thus, in recent years, internal migration to the cities and aimag centers of Mongolia has begun to consistently gain momentum, and there is a tendency for the share of the urban population to increase. In this regard, consideration and resolution of issues of internal migration, its causes, factors and consequences is a pressing social problem in Mongolian society. The current situation requires further scientifically based study and monitoring studies, the results of which must be used to develop optimal solutions for the socio-economic development of overpopulated areas and the rational use of the country’s labor resources in various sectors of the economy. The most important task is the development of the mining and processing industries, the establishment of private property in rural areas while preserving traditional nomadic livestock farming, which has absorbed thousands of years of experience, traditions and culture of the Mongolian ethnic group.

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Transliteration according to GOST 7.79-2000 System B

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