General information and history

Warsaw (in Polish - Warszawa) is the capital of Poland, as well as its first city in terms of area and population. Warsaw's city status was officially confirmed in 1791. Located on the Vistula River. It has been a city since 1300. Territory - 523 km².

On site since the 10th century modern city there were a number of settlements, the most developed of which were Brodno, Kamion and Yazdów. However, the first wooden buildings were built only in the 12th century, and stone ones, for protection from the Teutons, two centuries later. In general, the very first settlements on the territory of Warsaw date back to the 3rd-4th century BC.

The first mention of Warsaw dates back to 1313. Then it became one of the residences of the princes of Mazovia, becoming the capital of this principality in 1413. Crafts and trade were developed in the city at that time. In the same century, in addition to the Old Town, a New Town appeared in Warsaw, created to accommodate new residents who were prohibited from living in the Old Town. This mainly concerned the Jews.

A century later, during the Russian-Lithuanian War, most of the city was burned. Ten years later, an uprising of poor citizens against the rich broke out in Warsaw, caused by the economic gap between incomes. As a result, the poor received representation in the city council and court. When the Mazovian dynasty was suppressed in 1526, Warsaw became part of the Kingdom of Poland. After this, the city began to develop intensively, and in 1569 it became the main meeting place of the Polish Sejm. In 1572, King Sigismund II Augustus died, and the following year it was decided that the nobility would now elect kings. In 1596, Warsaw simultaneously became the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Poland, after King Sigismund III moved here from Krakow with his court. These changes were facilitated by the proximity to Gdansk, which was threatened by Sweden, and the location midway between the two former state capitals - Vilnius and Krakow.

In 1648, one of the city's independent districts, Prague, received city status. In 1655-58, Warsaw was ravaged three times by Brandenburg, Transylvanian and Swedish troops. The architecture of that time remained unchanged until 1939. After King John III Sobieski died, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth weakened significantly. The nobles began to fight with the new king to expand their rights, regardless of the need to protect state positions won in the 17th century. When the Northern War began between Russia and Sweden, King Augustus II supported Peter I. This move transferred some of the fighting to the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including Warsaw. In 1702 the city was taken by the Swedes. During this period, Augustus II was deposed and was replaced by the pro-Swedish voivode Stanislav Leszczynski. In 1704, the king returned to Warsaw, but lost again the following year, after which Stanislav Leszczynski became the new king, ruling for another five years before the Swedes, having lost, left Poland. Augustus II regained the throne, which was his until his death in 1733.

In September of the same year, the gentry elected Stanislav Leszczynski as king, but since he did not meet the interests of Russia and Austria, these states forced the Sejm to make the son of Augustus II, Augustus III, king. The conflict between supporters of Augustus III and Leszczynski became the cause of the War of the Polish Succession, during which Warsaw was repeatedly occupied. After the end of the war, the city developed in the field of architecture. Saxon architects turned it into a kind of Dresden. In 1747, the Załuski Library was built, becoming the first Polish public library and one of the largest on the planet at that time. And 26 years later, the building of the world's first Ministry of Education was erected.

This period was a time of development of political and economic activity in Warsaw, which had a positive impact on urban industry and architecture, and also led to an increase in migration at the expense of peasants. The consequence of all this was intensive construction. Nobles and members of the middle class built houses for themselves.

Then, from 1791 to 1795, Warsaw was the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from 1807 to 1813 - the Duchy of Warsaw under the protectorate of France, from 1815 to 1915 - the Kingdom of Poland within Russia, and from 1918 to 1939 - the Republic of Poland.

On September 28, 1939, Warsaw was occupied by the Third Reich. During World War II, the political center of Poland was moved to Krakow, where the Nazi administration, the General Governorate, was located. In Warsaw, all universities were closed, and Jews, who made up just under a third of the entire city population, were herded into the Warsaw Ghetto. In April 1943, it was ordered to be liquidated. In response, an unsuccessful uprising was launched, ending in mid-May. As a result, 7 thousand defenders of the ghetto were killed, 6 thousand burned due to the arson of buildings, and the remaining, approximately 15 thousand people, were sent to a death camp. In July of the following year, Soviet troops entered Polish territory, pursuing the Nazis in the Warsaw direction. The Polish government in exile ordered the underground Home Army to liberate the city with its own forces. Following this instruction, the Home Army began the Warsaw Uprising, which lasted until October 2 and ended in German victory.

After this, Hitler gave the order to destroy the city, and burn museums and libraries or send them to Germany. As a result, 85% of Warsaw was destroyed. She was liberated in January 1945 as a result of the Vistula-Oder operation.

After this, the city began to recover. But at the same time, the oldest part of the city was restored in historical form, and the restoration was not always scrupulous. In particular, we are talking about the Royal Route, the New and Old Town, as well as a number of buildings of value as architectural monuments.

Districts of Warsaw

Since 2002, Warsaw has been administratively a powiat, consisting of one gmina, which is divided into eighteen dzelnitsa (districts): Bielany, Bemowo, Bialoleka, Wawer, Wesola, Wilanów, Włochy, Wola, Żoliborz, Mokotów, Ochota, Prague Poludne, Prague Pułnoc, Rembertów, Śródmieście, Targówek, Ursus and Ursynow.

The most densely populated area is Okhota - 8671 people/km. Most low density has the Wilanów district - 836 people/km. These data refer to the end of 2014.

Population of Warsaw for 2018 and 2019. Number of inhabitants of Warsaw

Data on the number of city residents are taken from federal service state statistics. The official website of the Rosstat service is www.gks.ru. The data was also taken from the unified interdepartmental information and statistical system, the official website of EMISS www.fedstat.ru. The website publishes data on the number of residents of Warsaw. The table shows the distribution of the number of Warsaw residents by year; the graph below shows the demographic trend in different years.

Graph of population changes in Warsaw:

The population of Warsaw in 2014 was 1,735,442 people, and the agglomeration was 3.1 million people. The city's population density was 3,461 people/km².

Approximately 4.5% of the country's total population lives in Warsaw. The city has seen a slight increase in population, which is more driven by migration - 2.1%, rather than natural growth - 0.4% (2008 data). In terms of gender, the majority of Warsaw residents are women - 54.06%.

Most citizens are registered residents of Warsaw. The number of unregistered residents since 2014 is estimated at 118-121 thousand people. In addition, due to the fact that residents of the agglomeration, as well as from the cities of Lodz and Radom, come to work in Warsaw every day, the population of the capital of Poland during working hours is 2.41 - 2.46 million people.

During World War II, the city's population fell by 0.8 million people. In the early 50s, the population began to grow by about 5-7% annually. Then, registration restrictions were introduced in Warsaw, which led to a decrease in migration influx.

Mostly Catholics live in the city. In addition, there are small communities of Jews and Orthodox Christians.

Ethnic names: Warsawians, Warsawian, Warsawian.

Warsaw city photo. Photography of Warsaw

Information about the city of Warsaw on Wikipedia:

Link to Warsaw website. You can get a lot of additional information by reading it on the official website of Warsaw, the official portal of Warsaw and the government.
Official website of Warsaw

Map of the city of Warsaw. Warsaw Yandex maps

Created using the Yandex service People's card(Yandex map), when zoomed out you can understand the location of Warsaw on the map of Russia. Warsaw Yandex maps. Interactive Yandex map of the city of Warsaw with street names, as well as house numbers. The map has all the symbols of Warsaw, it is convenient and not difficult to use.

On the page you can find some descriptions of Warsaw. You can also see the location of the city of Warsaw on the Yandex map. Detailed with descriptions and labels of all city objects.

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Experts conditionally divide the demographic situation in Poland into two broad periods - Soviet and post-Soviet. It is easy to guess that during the time of the union, the number of people, due to the lack of abortions and a relatively stable life in the country, grew rapidly, and then gradually began to decline. According to official statistics, the population of Poland in 2019 is approximately 38-39,000,000 people, and today the authorities are pursuing an active social policy aimed at improving demographic situation and stimulating population growth.

In 2002, the Polish Republic experienced a natural population decline, because Poland then joined the European Union, which is why many young people migrated to other countries in order to find well-paid jobs, as a result of which the population of Poland decreased slightly. Moreover, modern ecology and the lifestyle of people of the new generation leads to a gradual increase in the number of deaths of newborn children and a decrease in their birth rate, so it can be said that Poland has the same problems with demography as other developing countries.

What to expect in 2019?

According to official data, the population of Poland in 2019 will remain almost the same, however, it is worth making allowances for the fact that its number may decrease by 200-300 thousand due to the continuing migration of Poles to the EU countries. In response, we can say that today the Polish Republic itself receives thousands of migrants from other countries on its territory, so the percentage of emigrants and immigrants can be almost the same.

Experts expect that about 400,000 children will be born, while approximately 390,000 people will die, so we can count on a small, but natural increase. It is also worth discussing separately life expectancy, which serves as an important demographic indicator, because today it is 76 years, and in the near future this figure may increase to 80 years.

National composition and literacy of the population

When discussing the fact that the population of Poland in 2019 is approximately 39 million people, one cannot help but emphasize that today this country is considered a mononational country. 96% of the country's inhabitants are ethnic Poles, and the remaining 4% are divided between Germans, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Roma. Such monoethnicity does not exist in any other country in the world, and it, in turn, is a consequence of historical events that caused the Poles to exist peacefully only on their own territory.

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Poles are also considered a very literate nation, because approximately 80% of the population at a relatively young age (under 15 years) can speak three languages ​​- their native language, Russian (due to the proximity of territorial borders), and English. In general, the literacy rate among young people reaches 100%, although in some regions it can be reduced to 99.68%. In general, Poland is rapidly developing country, and the fact that its population will constantly increase only confirms this fact.

Poland is one of the largest countries in Europe. Its area is more than 312 thousand km2. The population of Poland according to 2017 data is about 38,638,000 people. In this article we will look at the ethnic composition, linguistic background, and general demographic picture of this state.

Population growth in 2017

According to statistics, the population of Poland over the past year grew by only 7,340 people. The overall annual growth rate is 0.02%. At the beginning of 2017, the country's population was 38,630,559 people. During this period, 401,372 children were born and 379,352 people died. More than 14 thousand citizens emigrated from the country. Natural increase - 22,019 people. At the beginning of 2018, the exact figure for the population of Poland is 38,637,899 people. Moreover, there are 1.5 million more women than men.

Forecast for 2018

No significant demographic changes are expected during 2018. Presumably, the population of Poland, as in 2017, will increase by a little more than 7 thousand people. Mortality rates are also projected to remain unchanged. In terms of migration, the number of citizens traveling abroad will be higher than the number of people arriving in the country. The population of Poland by the end of 2018 could reach 38,645,240 people.

Ethnic composition

Poland can be called a mono-ethnic state, since 97% of its citizens are Poles. The remaining 3% (as of 2011) are made up of other nationalities.

The largest ethnic group after the Poles are the Silesians. There are about 809 thousand of them on the territory of the state. Silesians are an ethnic group living in Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany. Another large ethnic group is the Kashubians. There are about 228 thousand people. They live mainly in Kashubia - the Polish Littoral region. 109 thousand citizens of Poland are ethnic Germans. Ukrainians and Belarusians living on the territory of the state are approximately 47-48 thousand people each. Also in Poland there are 10-15 thousand gypsies, Russians, Americans, Lemkos and English.

But all these are official data; the real picture may be radically different from these indicators, since the flow of migrants has increased in recent years. For example, on the territory of Poland there are about 50 thousand representatives of the Belarusian people. However, according to unofficial data, this number is too underestimated, and in fact up to 230 thousand Belarusians live here. The same is true for other national groups.

Before the outbreak of World War II, the population of Poland reached 34,923 thousand people. At that time, one of the largest national communities were Jews. About 3.5 million people lived on the territory of pre-war Poland. As a result of the Holocaust, a huge number of Jews were killed.

After the end of the war, many representatives of this people left the country forever. According to the census conducted in 2002, no more than 1 thousand Jews live in Poland. There are up to 50 thousand people who have Jewish roots in their family.

State language and languages ​​of national minorities

The official language is Polish. However, in addition to the literary language, there are several main dialects in Poland:

• Masovian;
• Greater Poland;
• Lesser Polish;
• Silesian

In addition to them, there are so-called peripheral dialects. They arose as a result of the expansion of the Polish language. These dialects are found in the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, as well as Lithuania.

The official status of regional is assigned to the Kushubian language. It is studied in more than 380 educational institutions. The official languages ​​of national minorities are:

• Czech;
• Ukrainian;
• Belorussian;
• Hebrew;
• Lithuanian;
• Yiddish;
• Russian;
• German;
• Slovak;
• Armenian;
• Karaite;
• Gypsy;
• Tatar;
• Lemko

Population literacy

The population of Poland is considered quite literate. The level of education among young people is 100%. In addition to their native language, most Poles can speak English or another European language. The total literate population among adults (persons over 15 years of age) is 99.79%. Just over 68 thousand citizens of the country remain illiterate.

average life expectancy

Life expectancy is one of the most important indicators demographic picture. In Poland this level is significantly higher than the world average. The life expectancy of Poles is 76 years. The global figure is 71 years. On average, the female population of Poland lives to be 80 years old, but for men this mark is 8 years less.

Religious movements

Most of the population of Poland professes Catholicism. More than 33 million citizens of the country are members of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic Churches. About 500 thousand people profess Orthodoxy. In Poland there is a fairly large denomination of Jehovah's Witnesses (about 130 thousand people).

In 2005, the Eurobarom organization conducted a survey, which revealed that about 80% of Poles are believers who adhere to one religion or another. Another 15% are citizens who recognize the presence of supernatural powers, but do not belong to any religion. 3% of respondents admitted themselves to be atheists, the remaining 2% of people could not answer the question posed.

Population of cities in Poland

Warsaw is the capital and is also the largest city in the country. According to statistics, in 2017, 1,753,977 people lived in it.

In Krakow and Lodz, the number of residents exceeds 700 thousand. The population of other large cities in Poland, according to 2010 data, looks like this:

1. Wroclaw - about 633 thousand people.
2. Poznan - over 550 thousand citizens.
3. Gdansk - more than 450 thousand inhabitants.
4. Szczecin - 405 thousand people.

The cities of Lublin, Bydgoszcz, and Katowice are home to 300-360 thousand citizens.

There are seven in Poland settlements, where the population ranges from 200 to 300 thousand people. These include:

• Gdynia;
• Bialystok;
• Radom;
• Kielce;
• Sosnowiec;
• Torun;
• Częstochowa.

There are also 27 cities with populations ranging from 80 to 200 thousand.

Characteristics of Poles

The Poles are a rather proud and conservative nation. They honor the traditions of their people and have special respect for the memory of their ancestors. If a relative is buried outside his homeland, a Pole is ready to travel long distances to come to the grave of a loved one and honor his memory.

The people of Poland are hospitable and friendly. Poles willingly receive guests and almost always keep in touch with close and distant relatives, as well as with friends.

They approach everyday troubles with humor. What cannot be attributed to the Poles is commercialism. These people know how to handle money carefully, without creating a special cult out of it.

Many Polish traditions are closely related to religious dates (Easter, Christmas, etc.).

Largest cities in the country(1996 estimate) are (thousand people) Warsaw (1628.5), Lodz (818.0), Krakow (740.7), Wroclaw (640.6), Poznan (550.8), Gdansk (462. 3), Szczecin (418.8) and Bydgoszcz (386.6).

Poles belong to western branch of the Slavs and are a nation with a long history and rich culture.

Population as of July 2004 amounted to 38.63 million people.

In the mid-1950s, per 1000 inhabitants in Poland accounted for about 30 births, but liberal abortion laws, government incentives for family planning and other social factors led to a decline in the birth rate to 10.54 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2004.

Then, as a consequence of changes in the state's demographic policy and living conditions, the birth rate, gradually increasing, reached 19 per 1000 inhabitants in 1975 and began to decline again (to 14 in 1990 and 10.47). In January 1993, a law was passed restricting abortion.

Mortality rate since the 1950s it has been between 8 and 10 per 1,000 inhabitants. Infant mortality is high and in 2003 it reached 8.95 per 1000 births.

Population growth in Poland in 200 it was equal to 0.02% per year. The female population exceeds the male population due to significant male casualties during World War II; in 1997, for every 105 women in Poland there were 100 men. The average life expectancy in the country is 70.04 for men and 78.52 for women.

As a result German-Soviet treaty of 1939 on the division of Poland, approximately 13 million people ended up in the territories ceded to Soviet Union(including about 5 million ethnic Poles), of which at least 1.5 million people were deported to the central regions and east of the USSR in 1939–1941.

By June 1949, 1503.8 thousand ethnic Poles were allowed to return to Poland; in 1956–1958 another 200 thousand Poles repatriated.

More than 20% of the Polish population died during Second World War. At least 500 thousand people, mainly military personnel who fought on the side of the Allies, did not return to their homeland after the war, where power was in the hands of the communists.

Of the 3,440 thousand Polish Jews who lived in the country before the war, approx. 3 million died at the hands of the Nazis; 300 thousand emigrated from the country in the post-war period. In 1981–1990, people emigrated from Poland, mainly to the USA and Canada, approx. 270 thousand Poles.

In German states incorporated into Poland after World War II by decisions Potsdam Conference, in 1939 there were 8.3 million people, including 1012 thousand ethnic Poles. More than 5 million Germans fled to the west during the Red Army advance in 1944–1945. They were not allowed to return, and soon all the Germans who remained here were resettled to Germany.

In pre-war Poland there lived large numbers of national minorities, which made up approximately a third of the country's total population, but after the war, as a result of large population migrations, Poland turned into an ethnically and religiously homogeneous country: 97.6% of its population are Poles, and 95% are Catholics.

Approximately 800 thousand – Lutherans, Protestants And Orthodox. Catholicism plays an important role in the Polish people and its history. National minorities include Germans (1.3%), Ukrainians (0.64%) and Belarusians (0.5%).

POLISH LANGUAGE

The official language in the republic is Polish. German, English, Russian and ethnic languages ​​are also used.

Polish language belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages ​​of the Indo-European language family. Polish is close to Czech, Slovak, Pomeranian (the Kashubian dialect of which is often considered a dialect of Polish), Lusatian and Polabian.

Polish language is native to 50 million people in many countries around the world.