The Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937) was marked by the struggle of several trends. On the one hand, there is a continuation of the policy of assault, the “great leap forward”, designed to build a socialist society in the shortest possible time. From this point of view, these years are an organic component of the “socialist offensive.” On the other hand, there is a constant increase in pragmatic principles in the policy of the Stalinist leadership in the field of economics. Awareness of the failures and failures of the experiments of previous years marked the transition to realism. He expressed himself in the adoption of more balanced and moderate development indicators National economy, shifting the focus to increasing labor productivity, increasing attention to the social needs of the population. This fact influenced the psychology of leaders, dictated the need for everyday hard work, and showed that the economy and social life do not change as if by magic. At the same time, the methods for fulfilling planned tasks remained largely the same: directives, instructions, development of competition, reliance on public enthusiasm, faith in one’s own strength and a bright day ahead. The plans did not take into account real possibilities and climatic conditions. The country was still “on the march”, in constant tension. It is impossible to remain in this state for a long time unless one resorts to incentives that are more “effective,” in the opinion of management, than public enthusiasm.

Tightening of domestic policy

The years of the Second Five-Year Plan were characterized by increased administrative, police and ideological pressure in all areas of policy, shackling society with iron hoops, and the increasingly frequent inclusion of punitive mechanisms. A new purge of the party, announced at the January 1933 plenum of the Central Committee, determined that class alien and hostile elements, double-dealers, seemingly faithful to the general line of the party, but in fact disrupting its policies, whiners and people of little faith, questioning the established the party's plans and its decisions are chatter about their unreality and impracticability, degenerates, selfish people, morally corrupt, politically illiterate elements.

XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

An important milestone in the history of the 1930s was the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (January 1934), called the “Congress of the Winners.” The question arises, who were these winners and what kind of victory were they celebrating? An analysis of the composition of the congress suggests that it was attended primarily by representatives of the party and economic nomenklatura of various levels, who came to power in previous years and were nominated with the direct participation of Stalin. The former oppositionists present at the congress, representing the “old party guard,” repented more of their errors and praised the leader, thereby admitting their final defeat.

The literature widely discusses the issue of dissatisfaction among some of the congress delegates with the Stalinist line, attempts to organize the removal of Stalin from the post of party leader, initiated by the “old Bolsheviks,” and his replacement by S.M. Kirov, one of the brightest and most energetic promoters of the period of revolution and civil war, who at that time headed the Leningrad party organization. But even recognizing the presence of such opposition, it must be noted that the balance of power at the congress was far from in its favor. No matter how many votes cast against Stalin in secret elections to the party’s governing bodies are cited, their number turns out to be small compared to the entire mass of delegates. Moreover, we must pay attention to the reaction of the same Kirov to such an initiative, who considered it his duty to immediately inform Stalin about it.

For Stalin, the apparent contradiction between the outward manifestation of loyalty and secret actions directed against him served as further evidence of the existence of a conspiracy against him personally, and therefore against the policy that he personified. This increased the leader’s suspicion of his entourage, which was henceforth doomed to a constant demonstration of devotion, which sometimes took on absurd forms. This also influenced the fate of the congress delegates, most of whom were subsequently repressed.

At the XVII Congress, the target figures for the second five-year plan were actively discussed. As a result of numerous discussions, Stalin’s line, which envisaged a maximum acceleration of the rate of annual production growth to 19% per year, was not supported. The immediate leaders of production sought to somewhat ease the tension that had developed in the previous period and achieved some reduction in planning outlines, although none of the speakers at the congress questioned the correctness of continuing the policy of “socialist offensive.”

For Stalin, as evidenced by his speech at the congress, the main obstacle to the implementation of his plans was the gap between “word and deed,” between party directives and how they are carried out. This was 90% due, in his opinion, to organizational weaknesses, poor staffing, lack of self-criticism, bureaucracy and criminal negligence of local authorities. The main conclusion that followed from this was the need to organize a strict system of control over the implementation of decisions made.

As a forum of “winners,” the XVII Congress was marked by another important decision - the restructuring of party committees at all levels along sectoral lines. This meant the further strengthening of the personal-apparatus principle and the strengthening of the role of the party and economic nomenklatura. In fact, in the person of the central party apparatus, directly subordinate to Stalin, a real management structure was created that united all the threads of leadership of the country, with a corresponding gradual decline in the role and prestige of all other bodies and organizations now called upon to perform the executive functions of the party leadership.

The measures taken included the liquidation of the Central Control Commission-RKI in order to strengthen party control and party discipline. The Party Control Commission (CPC) was formed under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks with its apparatus in the center and permanent representatives in the republics, territories and regions, appointed and recalled by the center. The role of the head of the CPC was intended for one of the secretaries of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1935, one of Stalin’s most devoted promoters, N.I., was appointed to this post. Yezhov.

During the work on the second five-year plan, which already covered 120 industries compared to 50 industries in 1928-1932, it turned out that not all of its compilers really understood the real difficulties of the further growth of the Soviet economy and the circumstances on which the their successful overcoming. There was a demand to continue the accelerated development of heavy industry, and at a rate higher than during the first five-year plan.

heavy industry G. K. Ordzhonikidze criticized those who proposed to further expand the scope capital construction and production of the most important means of production. G. K. Ordzhonikidze introduced an amendment to the draft resolution of the congress, which received unanimous support: average annual growth rates industrial products for the second five-year plan were determined at 16.5% versus 18.9 according to the State Planning Committee.

In a fundamentally new way, the congress raised the question of the relationship between growth rates industrial production means of production and consumer goods.
The accelerated development of heavy industry in previous years made it possible to quickly create the foundation for the technical reconstruction of all sectors of the national economy. Now it was necessary to complete the construction of the material and technical base of socialism and ensure a significant increase in the people's well-being. The average annual growth rate of means of production was determined in
14,5%.

Having laid the foundations of heavy industry at the beginning of the second five-year plan and achieved a noticeable predominance of industrial output over gross output Agriculture. The Communist Party did not consider the task of industrializing the USSR to be completely solved. At the XVII Congress, in accordance with the materials of the January (1933) joint Plenum and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the very fact of transferring the country to the rails of industrialization was emphasized and directly spoke about the continuation of the industrialization policy during the years of the second Five-Year Plan.
Unlike the previous period, when the dominant course was to create the foundations of heavy industry, now the center of gravity moved to the plane of the struggle to complete the technical reconstruction of the entire national economy, to strengthen the import independence of the first and then still only proletarian state in the world.

A fundamental feature of the industrialization of the USSR during the years of the second five-year plan was that the entire grandiose program of new construction and the completion of technical reconstruction as a whole had to be completed with a relatively small increase in the number of workers and employees. Within the framework of the entire national economy, an increase of 26% was planned, including in large industry - by 29%. At the same time, the congress approved the task of raising labor productivity in industry by 63% against 41 in the first five-year plan. Thus, the policy was adopted that labor productivity “become a decisive factor in the implementation of the planned program for increasing production in the second five-year period.”

During the years of the second five-year plan, 4.5 thousand large industrial enterprises were built. Of these: Ural Machine-Building, Chelyabinsk Tractor,
Novo-Tula Metallurgical and other plants. Dozens of blast furnaces, mines, power plants. The first metro line was built in Moscow.
The industry of the Union republics developed at an accelerated pace. Ordzhonikidze, who became chairman of the Supreme Economic Council in 1930, called for realism and advocated reducing a number of tasks. It was then, in the mid-30s, that the slogan “Personnel decides everything” came into use. Primary (4th grade) education was introduced as compulsory only in 1930. Even in 1939, every 5th person over 10 years old did not yet know how to read and write.

There were about 1 million specialists with higher education. Personnel grew at a rapid pace. Young people occupied leadership positions. Communists and Komsomol members rallied the collective and were a vivid symbol of the heroism of the times of industrialization. (Magnitostroy was headed by 26-year-old Yakov Gugel). People believed in victory and that production would not suffer, they worked with enthusiasm, sometimes seven days a week and for 12-16 hours at a time.

Construction began beyond the Arctic Circle. For example, a metallurgical plant in Norilsk, mines in Vorkuta, as well as railways. There were not the required number of volunteers for this construction. And then dozens of camps with hundreds of thousands of prisoners appeared in the right places. Their labor built the Belomorkanal, Railway Kotlas-
Vorkuta. They were called enemies of the people, they were turned into a labor force that does not require any costs, is easily commanded and transferred.

The upsurge grew until 1937. It was then that the double meaning of the slogan “Personnel decides everything” was revealed. Stalinist repressions fell on industry workers back in the late 20s. Kalinin, Molotov, Kaganovich reported on mass sabotage in almost all areas of industrialization.

Other measures were also taken:
Heavy industry switched to self-supporting; managed to minimize money issue; the country has almost stopped importing agricultural machinery and tractors; import of cotton, costs for the purchase of ferrous metals from 1.4 billion rubles. in the first five-year plan decreased in 1937 to 88 million rubles. Export made a profit.

The national economic plan, planned for 1933-1937, was completed ahead of schedule - in four years and three months. The decisive role in achieving such a high result was played by the working class, primarily those groups of it that were employed in the industrial sphere of production - in industry, construction, and transport.

Over the entire period of the Second Five-Year Plan, labor productivity in industries of group “A” increased by 109.3%, that is, more than doubled, slightly exceeding planned targets, which were also considered stressful. Among those who exceeded their targets were mechanical engineers and workers in the ferrous metallurgy; the latter even surpassed the successes of mechanical engineering workers: they achieved the highest growth in industry - 126.3%. The shifts in reducing the cost of industrial products in Group A industries were also impressive.

Analyzing the objective factors that did not allow the priority development of light industry to be organized during the Second Five-Year Plan, Soviet economists expressed the opinion that the level of development of the leading industries of group “A” at that time was still insufficient to ensure the planned growth rate of consumer goods.

During the second five-year plan, our country essentially stopped the import of agricultural machinery and tractors, the purchase of which abroad during the previous five-year plan cost 1,150 million rubles. The same amount of money was then spent on cotton, which has now also been removed from import. Costs for the purchase of ferrous metals decreased from 1.4 billion rubles in the first five-year plan to 88 million rubles in 1937. In 1936 specific gravity imported products in general, the country's consumption decreased to 1-0.7%. By the end of the second five-year plan, the trade balance of the USSR became active and brought profit.

Provided the country's food needs at fixed prices.

Main tasks of the five-year plan

At the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the following tasks were determined for the second five-year plan for the development of the national economy:

1. The liquidation of capitalist elements and classes in general, the final liquidation, on the basis of the complete completion of collectivization of peasant farms and the cooperation of all handicraftsmen, of private ownership of the means of production; eliminating the multi-structured economy Soviet Union and the establishment of the socialist mode of production as the only method of production, with the transformation of the entire working population of the country into active and conscious builders of a socialist society;
2. Completion of the technical reconstruction of the entire national economy of the USSR on the basis created during the First Five-Year Plan and following the path of further rapid growth of industry producing means of production (heavy industry);
3. A more rapid rise in the well-being of the working and peasant masses and at the same time a decisive improvement in the entire housing and communal services in the USSR;
4. Strengthening the economic and political positions of the proletarian dictatorship on the basis of an alliance of the working class with the peasantry for the final liquidation of capitalist elements and classes in general;
5. Further strengthening of the country's defense capability.

Also, based on the results of the congress, the Resolution “On the Second Five-Year Plan for the Development of the National Economy of the USSR” was approved, with target indicators for the development of the national economy of the USSR including:

• target figures for production volume, freight turnover by main modes of transport;
• total capital investments in the amount of 133.4 billion rubles. (in 1933 prices) versus 50.5 billion for the first five-year plan;
• the volume of new and reconstructed enterprises commissioned with a total value of 132 billion rubles. against 38.6 billion rubles. in the first five-year plan;
• directions for the implementation of technical reconstruction of the national economy and personnel training programs;
• placement directions productive forces(including the creation of new support bases for industrialization in the eastern regions of the USSR (Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, Bashkortostan, Far East, Kazakhstan and Central Asia).

results

Growth in the physical volume of gross industrial output of the USSR during the 1st and 2nd Five-Year Plans (1928-1937)

Products	1932	1937	1932 to 1928 (%) 1st Five Year Plan	1937 to 1928 (%) 1st and 2nd five-year plans
Cast iron, million tons	6,2	14,5	188 %	439 %
Steel, million tons	5,9	17,7	137 %	412 %
Rolled ferrous metals, million tons.	4,4	13	129 %	382 %
Coal, million tons	64,4	128	181 %	361 %
Oil, million tons	21,4	28,5	184 %	246%
Electricity, billion kWh	13,5	36,2	270 %	724 %
Paper, thousand tons	471	832	166 %	293 %
Cement, million tons	3,5	5,5	194 %	306 %
Granulated sugar, thousand tons.	1828	2421	142 %	189 %
Metal-cutting machines, thousand pcs.	19,7	48,5	985 %	2425 %
Cars, thousand units	23,9	200	2988 %	25000%
Leather shoes, million pairs	86,9	183	150 %	316%

As a result of the implementation of the second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR, 4,500 large state industrial enterprises were put into operation. The share of industrial output in the total volume of agriculture increased from 70.2% in 1932 to 77.4% in 1937. 80% of all industrial output was obtained at enterprises newly built or completely reconstructed during the years of the 1st and 2nd Five-Year Plans.

To support the growth of industrial and agricultural production, as well as in connection with the development of new industrial areas, a large-scale railway construction program was implemented, and large water transport facilities were put into operation. Freight turnover of railway transport has more than doubled over the five years. Labor productivity in industry increased by 90%, which was the result of increased technical level and mastering new technology.

The documents of the second congress of collective farmers-shock workers (February 1935), then approved by the government as a law, gave a certain guarantee for the maintenance and expansion of personal subsidiary farms. As historian Oleg Khlevnyuk notes, the household plots of collective farmers, thanks to this, developed at a particularly rapid pace during the Second Five-Year Plan, which contributed to a slight increase in agricultural production and an improvement in the country's food situation. In 1937, in the total volume of gross output of the collective farm sector, the share of household plots was 52.1 percent for potatoes and vegetables, 56.6 percent for fruit crops, 71.4 percent for milk, and 70.9 percent for meat.

Largest enterprises

• Tashkent textile mill;
• Barnaul Cotton Mill and many other enterprises.

Transport infrastructure

• In 1935, the first stage of the Moscow Metro was put into operation.
• The construction of the first Soviet highways Moscow-Minsk and Moscow-Kyiv with asphalt concrete pavement and a design speed of 120 km/h began.

During the second five-year plan, 210 thousand kilometers of roads were built in the country, including 600 km of asphalt concrete, 5,400 km of black highways, 10 thousand km of crushed stone highways, 6,500 km of cobblestone roads, 7,500 km of gravel highways, 157,600 km of improved dirt roads. The share of simple dirt roads decreased from 88.8% to 75%. Nevertheless, paved roads were built with a lag of 15%. In 1936, all roads in the country were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Main Directorate of Highways (Gushosdor) of the NKVD of the USSR.

Capital investments in the road industry increased 2.5 times, to 4 billion 457 million rubles. The average annual volume of investments already in the first two years increased to 432.5 million rubles compared to 268 million rubles in the years of the first five-year plan.

To develop Kolyma

Created in Kolyma in 1931, Dalstroy began intensive construction of a network of roads connecting gold mines and mineral deposits with transshipment bases on the sea coast, and, first of all, with Nagaev Bay. Until 1936 this was the main central direction of his activities.

Already in December 1933, the port in Nagaev Bay began to be used to service arriving steamships, for which a single berthing line 50 m long, consisting of wooden and stone rows, was built. At the same time, the village of Magadan was built near the port, which later became the administrative center of the territory where Dalstroy operated. In June 1936, the port of Nagaevo was included in the list of ports of the USSR.

40% of all employees at Dalstroy in 1933-34 worked on the construction of the Kolyma highway (739 km), which in its main part (600 km) was built in 4 years through the impassable taiga, almost manually, without road-building equipment.

1937 In the USSR, departmental kindergartens began to be organized at large factories and enterprises for the children of their employees. Many of them were better funded and provided for than public child care institutions. At the same time, a form of early child care appeared - a nursery, where infants were accepted starting from 2 months, that is, at the end of the mother's maternity leave. To continue breastfeeding, mothers were given special breaks during the workday.

Culture and art

Movie

In 1934, Lenfilm began operating on the basis of the Leningrad film factory "Soyuzfilm", in 1936, on the basis of the "Moskinokombinat" - the film factory "Mosfilm" and on the basis of "Mezhrabpomfilm" - the children's and youth film studio "Soyuzdetfilm".

In 1934, the musical film by Grigory Alexandrov “Jolly Fellows” with L. Utyosov and L. Orlova in the lead roles was released, from which the actress’s “star” path began

As we remember, the task of the first five-year plan was to create a basis for the industrialization of the country.
XXVII Party Congress as main political tasks second five year plan named eliminating the causes of exploitation person by person. To do this, it was necessary to complete the modernization of the economy. Therefore r lava economic the task of the second five-year plan was determined
- completion of the industrialization of the country based on the latest technology
- complete socialist transformation the entire national economy.
Large scientific forces were involved in the development of the 2nd Five-Year Plan - the USSR Academy of Sciences, 200 scientific institutes, hundreds of leading scientists of the country, 24 all-Union scientific and technical conferences and meetings were held, coordinated by the State Planning Committee. The plans for the second five-year plan were widely discussed in factories throughout the country.
Now we were talking about construction 4.500 industrial facilities (in the 1st five-year plan - 1,500). The task of accelerating the industrial development of the Union republics also arose. Great importance was attached to increasing labor productivity because there was a shortage of labor.
A distinctive feature of the 2nd Five-Year Plan was the wide scope socialist competition, Stakhanov movement .
On December 30, 1936, a new Constitution of the country was adopted, which officially declared the victory of socialism in the USSR.
It was during these years that the catchphrase appeared "Personnel decides everything". There was an acute shortage of qualified specialists, and there was a rapid growth in higher professional education. Young people occupied leadership positions. For example, 26-year-old Yakov Kugel headed Magnitostroy.
Second five year plan was successfully completed ahead of schedule - instead of five years in 4 years and 3 months.


Azovstal

By the end of the second five-year plan, the socialist reconstruction of agriculture was also largely completed: 240,000 agricultural artels united 93% of peasant households and more than 99% of sown areas. More than 456,000 tractors, 128,000 combines and 146,000 vehicles worked on the fields of state and collective farms.
Industrial giants built:
Metallurgical plant in Norilsk (beyond the Arctic Circle);
The Ural-Kuznetsk Combine is a coal and metallurgical base in the east of the country;
Kramatorsk Heavy Engineering Plant;
Ural Heavy Engineering Plant;
Moscow metro (the first line was launched in 1935);
Azovstal (metallurgical plant);
Zaporizhstal (metallurgical plant);
Ural Carriage Works;
Krivoy Rog Metallurgical Plant;
Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant;
Novotulsky Metallurgical Plant;
Tashkent textile mill;
Barnaul Cotton Mill;
White Sea Canal (227 km);
Channel named after Moscow (128 km);
Dubrovskaya CHPP;
Novomoskovskaya State District Power Plant;
Kemerovo State District Power Plant;
Sredneuralsk GRES;
Nizhnesvirskaya hydroelectric power station;
Rioni hydroelectric power station;
Kanakerskaya hydroelectric power station.
3,600 schools were built in cities and 15,000 in rural areas.


In the Moscow metro. 1930s.

Construction of the canal named after. Moscow

Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937)

At the end of the first five-year plan, a new five-year plan was already adjusted. Having learned from the bitter experience of the previous five-year plan, the new project did not overly raise the bar for the industrialization of the country. True, the new indicators were higher than the previous ones, but it was believed that after a relatively successful first five-year plan, this plan could be implemented, since it turned out to be more balanced. Another difference from the first five-year plan was the increase in the budget for light industry, this amounted to 18.5% and 14.5% growth per year. The main emphasis was placed on improving living standards by increasing wages and a decrease of 35% retail price. It was expected to increase the level of consumption among the population two or three times.

New methods were developed for industrialization in the country. Heavy industry switched to working without subsidies, based on the example of the Makeevka Metallurgical Plant. In 1936, the experience of economic settlement was expanded. People's Commissars were allowed to manage the funds of an industrial enterprise and also have an account in State Bank, engage in product sales. But the new policy did not mean the legalization of private capital.

In industrial production, separate wages are being introduced, where wages depend on productivity. This is a new system for stimulating the working class, forcing people employed at the enterprise to improve their qualifications. It becomes prestigious to be a specialist in your field. The main motive is to “catch up and overtake the developed countries, to prove that the Soviet worker is in no way inferior to the workers of other countries." Already in 1935, the result of such a policy was noticeable, expressed in an increase in labor productivity.

The ruble was not left without attention; a policy was carried out to strengthen it. On January 1, 1935, ration cards for bread went out of use, followed by ration cards for meat, fats, granulated sugar and potatoes on October 1 of the same year. In January 1936, the card distribution system was abolished.

At the same time, the Stakhanovist movement was born, which consisted of a narrow distribution of labor, when each worker specialized only in his own work. This distribution significantly increased the quality and speed of plan implementation. The stimulation of the Stakhanovites was not only moral, but also monetary, thanks to this their number grew tirelessly. “Stakhanov schools” appear, in which more experienced workers pass on their knowledge to less experienced ones. This is another factor in increasing labor productivity.

Unfortunately, the second five-year plan was not without its drawbacks. Forced labor was still used. After the first five-year plan, the number of prisoners only increased and at the end of the second five-year plan their number was 1,668,200 people. The labor of special settlers was also used. Such work could be called almost free. The incentive for such “workers” was early release, material rewards, medals and orders. In my opinion, it was precisely this kind of work that played an important role in the development of industrialization. Over two million workers who work, one might say, on incentive alone. It was with their help that the Moscow-Volga, Magnitka and White Sea-Baltic canals were built. Of course, the result of such work was high mortality.

Now let's turn to the statistical data (Table No. 3), see Appendix.

From it we see what a leap was made during the years of the second five-year plan compared to the end of the first.

Table No. 4.

The percentage of fulfillment of planned targets increased by 29% compared to the previous five-year plan. As in the first and second five-year plans, it was not possible to achieve the planned average annual growth rate, but it was still possible to significantly increase it.

Table No. 5

Second Five Year Assessment

Observing the growth of indicators, we can say with certainty that the economic policy of the USSR was on the right track. The second five-year plan did not repeat the mistakes of the first, but created other problems for itself. Such as a decrease in the standard of living on collective farms, a decrease in the growth rate of agriculture, long queues for food and cronyism. But if you close your eyes to all these disadvantages, the USSR created a powerful military-industrial complex. It came out on top in Europe in terms of production volume.

Now let's look at the third five-year plan.

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