The dependency ratio shows the burden on society and the economy from the population that is not part of the working-age population (dependent part of the population). The non-working-age population is the sum of the population under 15 years of age and the population over 64 years of age. The age of the working-age population (the productive part of the population), respectively, is between 15 and 65 years.

This coefficient directly reflects the financial implications for social policy in the state. For example, with an increase in this coefficient, the cost of construction should be increased educational institutions, social protection, healthcare, pension payments, etc.

Total load factor

The total dependency ratio is calculated as the ratio of the dependent part of the population to the able-bodied or productive part of the population.

For Poland, the total dependency ratio is 39.6%.

The value of 39.6% is relatively low. It shows that the working-age population is more than twice the size of the non-working-age population. This attitude creates a relatively low social burden on society.

Potential replacement rate

The potential replacement rate (child load factor) is calculated as the ratio of the population below the working age to the working age population.

The potential replacement rate for Poland is 20.6%.

Poland is a country located in Eastern Europe, the composition of the population of which is quite homogeneous in terms of nationality. This fact seems truly unusual, especially considering the centuries-old history of this country. However according to official data it is the natives of Poland that form the basis of the population. To find out more accurate information about the population of Poland, you should consider in more detail demographic situation, cultural characteristics and traditions of the population.

Population of Poland and Polish cities in numbers

You can find out the population of Poland and Polish cities, as well as their quantitative statistics over the past 30 years, in an article about.

Demographic situation in Poland

The Central Statistical Agency collects statistical data in Poland. According to him, the population of the country at the end of 2015 amounted to 38.439 million people. Of them men 48.7%, and women 51.3%. The share of the able-bodied population in Poland is 58.7%, and before and after the able-bodied 27.5% and 13.8%, respectively. The population of Poland is quite urbanized, as again evidenced by statistics.

Quantity urban population accounts for 62% of Poles who live in 884 cities, half of which are located in large centers. According to recent data, mortality in Poland slightly exceeds the birth rate. On average, about 1,053 babies are born per day and 1,075 people die. In addition, there is a migration outflow of the population, which also negatively affects its size.

This was especially evident after the country's accession to the European Union, when more than 2 million young people decided to emigrate to more the developed countries Europe. After that, the state developed many programs to retain personnel in the country and prevent the "brain drain". Lifespan in Poland is 73 years (average). For women - 77 years, and for men - 69 years.

Ethnic composition of Poland

Poland is monoethnic state, Poles make up about 97% of the total population of the country. In addition to the dominant ethnic group, Germans (0.8%) also live here, they are mainly concentrated in the regions of Silesia and Pomozh, Ukrainians (0.65%) and Belarusians (0.53%). The remaining ethnic groups - Russians, Slovaks, Lithuanians, Jews, Latvians and Gypsies - are not so significantly represented and account for just over 3% of the total population of the country.

These statistics are not particularly surprising, since the modern independent Polish state in its current territories was formed only after the end of World War II, which claimed the lives of about 20% of the country's population. After the armistice was announced and in accordance with the conclusion between the USSR and Germany of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, more than 12 million people who previously lived and were citizens of Poland found themselves on the territory of Soviet Ukraine.

Also, the wave of migration of the 1980s and 1990s to Canada and the United States reduced the number of ethnic Poles by 500,000. Today, the Polish diaspora has more than 10 million people, who mainly live in the USA, France, Brazil, and also in the CIS countries.

Religious beliefs of the Polish population

In Poland, the majority of the inhabitants are Catholics. According to a survey conducted in 2011 among 92.1% of the population, 87.5% of the population declared themselves Catholics, about 7.1% hid their religious beliefs, 2.4% spoke in support of atheism, and representatives of Orthodoxy and other religious confessions classified themselves less than 1% of the inhabitants. This fact is associated with the events of the Holocaust and its consequences for Polish Jews during the Second World War.

In view of the above statistics, the importance of the role of Catholicism in the life of the state is justified. Therefore, Poland is recognized in Europe the most catholic state among all existing ones. The church acts as a unifying link, a symbol of the unity of the Poles and the preservation of traditions and culture that have developed over many centuries.

Language possibilities of the Poles

The state language is Polish, which is spoken by the majority of the population of Poland. Poles also speak such foreign languages ​​as Russian (26%) - predominantly the elderly population of the country, English (29%) - mostly young and mature residents, as well as German (19%) - representatives of the northern regions of Poland.

Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Slovak, Czech, Armenian, German, Lithuanian, Hebrew were recognized as languages ​​of national minorities, in accordance with the adopted state regulatory legal act. Historians also note Poland as the origin of languages ​​such as Prussian, which is no longer used, and Esperanto, which was artificially created for communication in the scientific community.

Culture and traditions of the Poles

Poland has made the most significant contribution to the treasury of world culture as its literature. The first literary creations in the form of prose and verse, written in Latin and subsidized in the 15th century, by Mikołaj Rey, stood out significantly from other literature, which at that time was predominantly religious in nature.

Further, in the 18th-19th centuries, Polish literature was formed under the influence of already Western Europe. The works of such famous writers as Elzbit Druzbak, Adam Mickiewicz, Alexander Glovatsky saw the light of day. Among contemporaries, science fiction writers stand out - Andrzej Sapkowski and Stanisław Lem.

In turn, with regard to family traditions, it is precisely family and happy family life among the majority of Poles are recognized as the highest value. This is confirmed by the fact that among European countries Poland is one of the last places in terms of the number of divorces. For Poles, the family is above material wealth and professional ambitions.

In addition, the Poles are very polite to others. But, in turn, they also demand respect for themselves. The honor of a woman is one of competitive advantage Polish population among other European states. Also, the Poles should be attributed to the most educated and mobile residents of Europe.

Thus, the population of Poland is mono-ethnic, with a minor presence of other ethnic groups. The founding religion is Catholicism, which left its mark on the traditions and cultural characteristics population of Poland.

Population of Poland is monoethnic in composition. But the demographic situation, culture and religion will help you to learn more about the population of Poland.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Demographic development of Poland within its modern boundaries can be conditionally divided into two periods: communist and post-communist. The post-communist period of the country's demographic development, in turn, can be divided into the period before joining the European Union and the period after joining it, when the country's demographic indicators deteriorated markedly due to mass emigration of the population in the most able-bodied, and therefore the most fertile ages. As a result, out of 224 countries, Poland ranks 212th in the birth rate list with a fertility rate of about 1.32 children per woman (2013) . In general, the population of Poland has already completed the demographic transition and is in the stage of intensive aging. In addition to natural decline, emigration also makes a negative contribution to the country's demographic development, since the country's migration balance is traditionally negative or close to zero.

During the Soviet period of the PPR, the population of the country grew quite rapidly due to the lower number of abortions, as well as the maintenance of high birth rates among rural Poles, which was favorably combined with the need to populate the newly annexed territories, torn away from Germany and abandoned by ethnic Germans. Between 1961-1991, the country's population increased by 27% and reached 38 million people. The demographic behavior of the Poles during this period was very similar to the situation in the agrarian Western Ukrainian and Western Belarusian regions of the USSR.

The decrease in state support for the institution of the family in post-Soviet Poland led to a deterioration demographic situation in the country, although this deterioration was not as sharp as in the Russian Federation or Ukraine as a whole: the birth rate in Poland decreased more smoothly, and the death rate did not increase as quickly as in the East Slavic states. Moreover, until 2001 inclusive, the country continued to maintain a gradually decreasing natural population growth.

Accession to the European Union

date	Population	General	including
			Natural	migratory
December 31, 2010	38 529 866	32 708	34 822	-2 114
December 31, 2011	38 538 447	8 581	12 915	-4 334
December 31, 2012	38 533 299	-5 148	1 469	-6 617
December 31, 2013	38 495 659	-37 640	-17 736	-19 904
December 31, 2014	38 478 602	-17 057	-1 307	-15 750
December 31, 2015	38 437 239	-41 363	-25 613	-15 750

National composition

The exceptionally high mono-ethnicity of Poland is a consequence of the historical events of the middle of the 20th century that radically changed the national structure of the country, namely, the Second World War (in particular the Holocaust) and the post-war changes in European borders and the associated mass movements of the German, Polish and Ukrainian population.

Statistics

Before World War II

	Population (thousand)	fertility	Mortality	natural increase	Birth rate (per thousand)	Mortality (per thousand)
1921	27 150	890 000	568 000	322 000	32.8	20.9	11.9
1922	27 860	983 000	555 000	428 000	35.3	19.9	15.4
1923	28 210	1 015 000	494 000	521 000	36.0	17.5	18.5
1924	28 550	1 000 000	519 000	481 000	35.0	18.2	16.8
1925	29 290	1 037 000	492 000	545 000	35.4	16.8	18.6
1926	29 900	989 000	533 000	456 000	33.1	17.8	15.3
1927	30 330	958 000	525 000	433 000	31.6	17.3	14.3
1928	30 760	984 000	505 000	479 000	32.0	16.4	15.6
1929	31 090	988 000	520 000	468 000	31.8	16.7	15.1
1930	31 440	1 016 000	490 000	526 000	32.3	15.6	16.7
1931	31 970	966 000	495 000	471 000	30.2	15.5	14.7
1932	32 383	932 000	487 000	445 000	28.9	15.0	13.9
1933	32 810	869 000	466 000	403 000	26.5	14.2	12.3
1934	33 201	881 615	479 684	401 931	26.6	14.4	12.1
1935	33 601	876 667	470 998	405 669	26.1	14.0	12.1
1936	34 002	892 320	482 633	409 687	26.2	14.2	12.0
1937	34 359	856 064	481 594	374 470	24.9	14.0	10.9
1938	34 923	849 873	479 602	370 271	24.3	13.7	10.6

After World War II

	Population (thousand)	fertility	Mortality	natural increase	Birth rate (per thousand)	Mortality (per thousand)	Natural increase (per thousand)	total fertility rate
1946	23 777	570 000	335 000	235 000	24.0	14.1	9.9
1947	23 970	630 000	271 000	359 000	26.3	11.3	15.0
1948	23 980	704 772	268 000	436 772	29.4	11.2	18.2
1949	24 410	725 061	284 000	441 061	29.7	11.6	18.1
1950	24 824	763 108	288 685	474 423	30.7	11.6	19.1
1951	25 271	783 597	312 314	471 283	31.0	12.4	18.6
1952	25 753	778 962	286 730	492 232	30.2	11.1	19.1
1953	26 255	779 000	266 527	512 473	29.7	10.2	19.5
1954	26 761	778 054	276 406	501 648	29.1	10.3	18.7
1955	27 281	793 847	261 576	532 271	29.1	9.6	19.5
1956	27 815	779 835	249 606	530 229	28.0	9.0	19.1
1957	28 310	782 319	269 137	513 182	27.6	9.5	18.1
1958	28 770	752 600	241 435	511 165	26.2	8.4	17.8
1959	29 240	722 928	252 430	470 498	24.7	8.6	16.1
1960	29 561	669 485	224 167	445 318	22.6	7.6	15.1	2,98
1961	29 965	627 624	227 759	399 865	20.9	7.6	13.3	2,83
1962	30 324	599 505	239 199	360 306	19.8	7.9	11.9	2,72
1963	30 691	588 235	230 072	358 163	19.2	7.5	11.7	2,70
1964	31 161	562 855	235 919	326 936	18.1	7.6	10.5	2,57
1965	31 496	546 362	232 421	313 941	17.3	7.4	10.0	2,52
1966	31 698	530 307	232 945	297 362	16.7	7.3	9.4	2,33
1967	31 944	520 383	247 705	272 678	16.3	7.8	8.5	2,30
1968	32 426	524 174	244 115	280 059	16.2	7.5	8.6	2,24
1969	32 555	531 135	262 823	268 312	16.3	8.1	8.2	2,20
1970	32 526	545 973	266 799	279 174	16.8	8.2	8.6	2,22
1971	32 805	562 341	283 702	278 639	17.1	8.6	8.5	2,25
1972	33 068	575 725	265 250	310 475	17.4	8.0	9.4	2,24
1973	33 363	598 559	277 188	321 371	17.9	8.3	9.6	2,24
1974	33 691	621 080	277 085	343 995	18.4	8.2	10.2	2,26
1975	34 022	643 772	296 896	346 876	18.9	8.7	10.2	2,27
1976	34 362	670 140	304 057	366 083	19.5	8.8	10.7	2,31
1977	34 698	662 582	312 956	349 626	19.1	9.0	10.1	2,33
1978	35 010	666 336	325 104	341 232	19.0	9.3	9.7	2,30
1979	35 257	688 293	323 048	365 245	19.5	9.2	10.4	2,39
1980	35 578	692 798	350 203	342 595	19.5	9.8	9.6	2,42
1981	35 902	678 696	328 923	349 773	18.9	9.2	9.7	2,34
1982	36 227	702 351	334 869	367 482	19.4	9.2	10.1	2,38
1983	36 571	720 756	349 388	371 368	19.7	9.6	10.2	2,41
1984	36 914	699 041	364 883	334 158	18.9	9.9	9.1	2,36
1985	37 203	677 576	381 458	296 118	18.2	10.3	8.0	2,33
1986	37 456	634 748	376 316	258 432	16.9	10.0	6.9	2,21
1987	37 664	605 492	378 365	227 127	16.1	10.0	6.0	2,15
1988	37 862	587 741	370 821	216 920	15.5	9.8	5.7	2,12
1989	37 963	562 530	381 173	181 357	14.8	10.0	4.8	2,08
1990	38 119	545 817	390 343	155 474	14.3	10.2	4.1	2,04
1991	38 245	547 719	405 716	142 003	14.3	10.6	3.7	2,05
1992	38 365	515 214	394 729	120 485	13.4	10.3	3.1	1,91
1993	38 459	494 310	392 259	102 051	12.9	10.2	2.7	1,86
1994	38 544	481 285	386 398	94 887	12.5	10.0	2.5	1,78
1995	38 588	443 109	386 084	57 025	11.5	10.0	1.5	1,65
1996	38 618	428 203	385 496	42 707	11.1	10.0	1.1	1,58
1997	38 650	412 635	380 201	32 434	10.7	9.8	0.8	1,52
1998	38 666	395 619	375 354	20 265	10.2	9.7	0.5	1,44
1999	38 654	382 002	381 415	587	9.9	9.9	0.0	1,37
2000	38 649	378 348	368 028	10 320	9.8	9.5	0.3	1,35
2001	38 248	368 205	363 220	4 985	9.6	9.5	0.1	1,32
2002	38 231	353 765	359 486	−5 721	9.3	9.4	−0.1	1,25
2003	38 205	351 072	365 230	−14 158	9.2	9.6	−0.4	1,22
2004	38 183	356 131	363 522	−7 391	9.3	9.5	−0.2	1,23
2005	38 166	364 383	368 285	−3 902	9.5	9.6	−0.1	1,24
2006	38 141	374 244	369 686	4 558	9.8	9.7	0.1	1,27
2007	38 121	387 873	377 226	10 647	10.2	9.9	0.3	1,31
2008	38 126	414 499	379 399	35 100	10.9	10.0	0.9	1,39
2009	38 152	417 589	384 940	32 649	10.9	10.1	0.9	1,40
2010*	38 529,866	413 300	378 478	34 822	10,73	9,82	0,90	1,38
2011*	38 538,447	388 416	375 501	12 915	10,08	9,74	0,34	1,30
2012*	38 533,299	386 257	384 788	1 469	10,02	9,99	0,04	1,30
2013*	38 495,659	369 576	387 312	-17 736	9,60	10,06	-0,46	1,26
2014*	38 478,602	375 160	376 467	-1 307	9,75	9,78	-0,03	1,29
2015*	38 437,239	369 308	394 921	-25 613	9,61	10,27	-0,67	1,27

National composition

The national composition of Poland according to the 2011 census, which allowed one or two answers about nationality
Nationality	population all answers (thousand people)	including those who indicated first nationality (thousand people)	including those who indicated as the only nationality (thousand people)	share all answers %	share who indicated first nationality %	share who indicated as the only nationality %	Difference since 2002 (thousand people)
Poles	36 085	36 007	35 251	93,72 %	93,52 %	91,56 %	▼ 899
Silesians	809	418	362	2,10 %	1,09 %	0,94 %	▲ 636
Kashubians	228	17	16	0,59 %	0,04 %	0,04 %	▲ 223
Germans	109	49	26	0,28 %	0,13 %	0,07 %	▼ 44
Ukrainians	48	36	26	0,12 %	0,09 %	0,07 %	▲ 17
Belarusians	47	37	31	0,12 %	0,10 %	0,08 %	▼ 2
gypsies	16	12	9	0,04 %	0,03 %	0,02 %	▲ 3
Russians	13	8	5	0,03 %	0,02 %	0,01 %	▲7
Americans	11	1	1	0,03 %	0,003 %	0,003 %	▲9
Lemkos	10	7	5	0,03 %	0,02 %	0,02 %	▲4
English	10	2	1	0,03 %	0,01 %	0,003 %	▲9
other	87	45	34	0,23 %	0,12 %	0,09 %
not determined	1 862	1 862	-	4,84 %	4,84 %	-	▲ 1087
Total	38 501	38 501	38 501	100,00 %	100,00 %	100,00 %	▲ 271

The national composition of Poland according to the 2002 census:

	number (pers.)	%	Main settlement areas (%)
Total	38230080	100,00 %
Poles	36983720	96,74 %	all voivodeships
non-Poles, including:	471475	1,23 %
Silesians	173153	0,45 %	Silesian Voivodeship (86%), Opolskie Voivodeship (14%)
Germans	152897	0,40 %	Opolskie Voivodeship (70%), Silesian Voivodeship (21%)
Belarusians	48737	0,13 %	Podlaskie (95%)
Ukrainians	30957	0,08 %	Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (39%), West Pomeranian Voivodeship (13%), Subcarpathian Voivodeship (11%)
gypsies	12855	0,03 %	Lesser Poland Voivodeship (13%), Lower Silesian Voivodeship (10%), Masovian Voivodeship (10%)
Russians	6103	0,02 %	Masovian Voivodeship (22%), Lower Silesian Voivodeship (11%), Podlaskie Voivodeship (11%)
Lemkos	5863	0,02 %	Lower Silesian Voivodeship (53%), Lesser Poland Voivodeship (27%), Lubelskie Voivodeship (13%)
Lithuanians	5846	0,02 %	Podlaskie (88%)
Kashubians	5062	0,01 %	Pomeranian Voivodeship (98%)
Slovaks	2001	0,01 %	Lesser Poland Voivodeship (81%)
Vietnamese	1808	0,00 %	Masovian Voivodeship (60%)
French people	1633	0,00 %	Masovian Voivodeship (30%), Silesian Voivodeship (12%), Lower Silesian Voivodeship (12%)
US Americans	1541	0,00 %	Masovian Voivodeship (24%), Lesser Poland Voivodeship (16%)
Greeks	1404	0,00 %	Lower Silesian Voivodeship (38%), West Pomeranian Voivodeship (12%)
Italians	1367	0,00 %	Masovian Voivodeship (23%), Lesser Poland Voivodeship (10%)
Jews	1133	0,00 %	Masovian Voivodeship (38%), Lower Silesian Voivodeship (18%)
Bulgarians	1112	0,00 %	Masovian Voivodeship (35%), Silesian Voivodeship (10%)
Armenians	1082	0,00 %	Masovian Voivodeship (24%)
other	16921	0,04 %
nationality not specified	774885	2,03 %

Belarusians

Belarusians, whose number according to official data is about 50,000 people (and according to unofficial data - up to 230 thousand), live compactly in the Podlaskie Voivodeship, and in 12 gminas the Belarusian language is used at the official level.

Jews

According to Israeli media reports, 7-8 thousand people are officially registered in various Jewish communities in Poland or receive assistance from the Joint; approximately 10 - 15 thousand are of Jewish origin and have expressed an interest in returning to their roots; all those who had Jews in their family, according to rough estimates - from 30 to 50 thousand.

The main organization supporting Jewish education programs aimed at reviving Jewishness is the Ronald Lauder Foundation.

Kashubians

The composition of the Polish people includes a sub-ethnic group of Kashubians. In the 2002 census, only 5,100 people reported Kashubian as their nationality, although according to the same census, Kashubian is the native language of 51,000 inhabitants of Poland. Obviously, the Kashubians consider themselves an ethnic group of Poles rather than an independent people. According to most experts, the total number of Kashubians is 300,000 people, but estimates of their number may vary from 50,000 to 500,000.

The Kashubians live mainly on the coast of the Baltic Sea, in the region of Gdańsk. Historically, their area of ​​residence is known as Pomerania, although they themselves prefer to call their region Kashubia. The capital of Kashubia and the cultural center of Kashubian culture is Gdansk, although in the city itself Kashubians make up an insignificant part of the population.

Ukrainians

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An excerpt characterizing the population of Poland

Having received this news late in the evening, when he was alone at. in his study, the old prince, as usual, the next day went for his morning walk; but he was silent with the clerk, the gardener, and the architect, and, although he looked angry, he said nothing to anyone.
When, at the usual time, Princess Mary came in to see him, he stood behind the machine and sharpened, but, as usual, did not look back at her.
- A! Princess Mary! he suddenly said unnaturally and dropped the chisel. (The wheel was still spinning from its swing. Princess Marya remembered for a long time this dying creak of the wheel, which merged for her with what followed.)
Princess Mary moved towards him, saw his face, and something suddenly sank into her. Her eyes couldn't see clearly. She saw from her father’s face, not sad, not killed, but angry and unnaturally working on herself, that now, now, a terrible misfortune, the worst in life, a misfortune that she had not yet experienced, an irreparable, incomprehensible misfortune, hung over her and crushed her. the death of the one you love.
– Mon pere! Andre? [Father! Andrei?] - Said the ungraceful, awkward princess with such an inexpressible charm of sadness and self-forgetfulness that her father could not stand her gaze, and turned away with a sob.
- Got the message. None were taken prisoner, none were killed. Kutuzov writes, - he shouted piercingly, as if wanting to drive the princess away with this cry, - killed!
The princess did not fall, she did not become faint. She was already pale, but when she heard these words, her face changed, and something shone in her radiant, beautiful eyes. As if joy, the highest joy, independent of the sorrows and joys of this world, spilled over the strong sorrow that was in it. She forgot all her fear of her father, went up to him, took his hand, pulled him towards her and hugged his dry, sinewy neck.
“Mon pere,” she said. Don't turn away from me, let's cry together.
- Scoundrels, scoundrels! the old man shouted, pulling his face away from her. - Destroy the army, destroy the people! For what? Go, go, tell Lisa. The princess sank helplessly into an armchair beside her father and wept. She saw her brother now at the moment he was saying goodbye to her and to Liza, with his gentle and at the same time arrogant air. She saw him at the moment when he tenderly and mockingly put the icon on himself. “Did he believe? Did he repent of his unbelief? Is he there now? Is it there, in the abode of eternal peace and bliss? she thought.
– Mon pere, [Father,] tell me how it was? she asked through tears.
- Go, go, he was killed in a battle in which they led the Russians to kill the best people and Russian glory. Go, Princess Mary. Go and tell Lisa. I will come.
When Princess Mary returned from her father, the little princess was sitting at work, and with that special expression of an inward and happily calm look, peculiar only to pregnant women, she looked at Princess Mary. It was evident that her eyes did not see Princess Marya, but looked deep into herself - into something happy and mysterious that was happening in her.
“Marie,” she said, moving away from the hoop and waddling back, “give me your hand here.” - She took the hand of the princess and put it on her stomach.
Her eyes smiled expectantly, the sponge with the mustache rose, and childishly happily remained raised.
Princess Mary knelt before her and hid her face in the folds of her daughter-in-law's dress.
- Here, here - do you hear? It's so strange to me. And you know, Marie, I will love him very much,” said Lisa, looking at her sister-in-law with sparkling, happy eyes. Princess Mary could not raise her head: she was crying.
- What's wrong with you, Masha?
“Nothing ... I felt so sad ... sad about Andrei,” she said, wiping her tears on her daughter-in-law's knees. Several times, during the morning, Princess Marya began to prepare her daughter-in-law, and each time she began to cry. These tears, for which the little princess did not understand the reason, alarmed her, no matter how observant she was. She didn't say anything, but looked around uneasily, looking for something. Before dinner, the old prince, whom she had always feared, entered her room, now with a particularly restless, angry face, and, without saying a word, went out. She looked at Princess Marya, then thought with that expression of eyes of inward-turning attention that pregnant women have, and suddenly burst into tears.
Did you get anything from Andrew? - she said.
- No, you know that the news could not come yet, but mon pere is worried, and I'm scared.
- Oh nothing?
“Nothing,” said Princess Marya, looking firmly at her daughter-in-law with radiant eyes. She decided not to tell her and persuaded her father to hide the terrible news from her daughter-in-law until her permission, which was supposed to be the other day. Princess Marya and the old prince, each in his own way, carried and hid their grief. The old prince did not want to hope: he decided that Prince Andrei had been killed, and despite the fact that he sent an official to Austria to look for the trace of his son, he ordered a monument to him in Moscow, which he intended to erect in his garden, and told everyone that his son is killed. He tried not to change his former way of life, but his strength betrayed him: he walked less, ate less, slept less, and became weaker every day. Princess Mary hoped. She prayed for her brother as if she were alive, and waited every minute for news of his return.

- Ma bonne amie, [My good friend,] - said the little princess on the morning of March 19 after breakfast, and her sponge with a mustache rose from the old habit; but as in all not only smiles, but the sounds of speeches, even gaits in this house, from the day the terrible news was received, there was sadness, even now the smile of the little princess, who succumbed to the general mood, although she did not know its cause, was such that she even more reminiscent of the general sadness.
- Ma bonne amie, je crains que le fruschtique (comme dit Foka - cook) de ce matin ne m "aie pas fait du mal. [My friend, I'm afraid that the current frischtik (as Chef Foka calls it) would not make me feel bad. ]
What about you, my soul? You are pale. Oh, you are very pale, said Princess Marya in fright, running up to her daughter-in-law with her heavy, soft steps.
“Your Excellency, why not send for Marya Bogdanovna?” - said one of the maids who were here. (Marya Bogdanovna was a midwife from a district town, who had been living in Lysy Gory for another week.)
“And indeed,” Princess Marya picked up, “perhaps, for sure. I will go. Courage, mon ange! [Don't be afraid, my angel.] She kissed Lisa and wanted to leave the room.
- Oh, no, no! - And besides pallor, the face of the little princess expressed a childish fear of inevitable physical suffering.
- Non, c "est l" estomac ... dites que c "est l" estomac, dites, Marie, dites ..., [No, this is the stomach ... tell me, Masha, that this is the stomach ...] - and the princess began to cry childishly, suffering, capriciously and even somewhat feignedly, breaking their little arms. The princess ran out of the room after Marya Bogdanovna.
— Mon Dieu! Mon Dieu! [My God! My God!] Oh! she heard behind her.
Rubbing her full, small, white hands, the midwife was already walking towards her, with a considerably calm face.
- Maria Bogdanovna! It seems to have begun, ”said Princess Marya, looking at her grandmother with frightened open eyes.
“Well, thank God, princess,” said Marya Bogdanovna without adding a step. You girls don't need to know about this.
“But why hasn’t the doctor arrived from Moscow yet?” - said the princess. (At the request of Lisa and Prince Andrei, they were sent to Moscow for an obstetrician by the deadline, and they were waiting for him every minute.)
“It’s okay, princess, don’t worry,” said Marya Bogdanovna, “and without a doctor everything will be fine.”
Five minutes later the princess heard from her room that something heavy was being carried. She looked out - for some reason the waiters were carrying into the bedroom a leather sofa that stood in Prince Andrei's office. There was something solemn and quiet on the faces of the carrying people.
Princess Marya sat alone in her room, listening to the sounds of the house, occasionally opening the door when they passed by, and looking closely at what was going on in the corridor. Several women walked to and fro with quiet steps, looked back at the princess and turned away from her. She did not dare to ask, shut the door, returned to her room, and either sat down in her chair, or took up her prayer book, or knelt before the kiot. To her misfortune and surprise, she felt that prayer did not calm her excitement. Suddenly the door of her room quietly opened and on the threshold appeared her old nurse, Praskovya Savishna, tied with a handkerchief, who almost never, due to the prince's prohibition, did not enter her room.
“I came to sit with you, Mashenka,” said the nanny, “yes, she brought the prince’s wedding candles in front of the saint to light, my angel,” she said with a sigh.
“Oh, how glad I am, nanny.
“God is merciful, dove. - Nanny lit candles entwined with gold in front of the icon-case and sat down at the door with a stocking. Princess Mary took the book and began to read. Only when footsteps or voices were heard did the princess look frightened, inquiringly, and the nanny looked at each other reassuringly. At all ends of the house, the same feeling that Princess Mary experienced while sitting in her room was overflowing and possessed everyone. According to the belief that the fewer people know about the sufferings of the puerperal, the less she suffers, everyone tried to pretend to be ignorant; no one talked about it, but in all people, apart from the usual degree and respectfulness of the good manners that reigned in the prince's house, one could see one kind of general concern, softened heart and consciousness of something great, incomprehensible, happening at that moment.
There was no laughter in the big girls' room. In the waiter's room, all the people sat in silence, ready for something. On the courtyard they burned torches and candles and did not sleep. The old prince, stepping on his heel, walked around the study and sent Tikhon to Marya Bogdanovna to ask: what? - Just tell me: the prince ordered to ask what? and come and tell me what she will say.
“Report to the prince that the birth has begun,” said Marya Bogdanovna, looking significantly at the messenger. Tikhon went and reported to the prince.
“Very well,” said the prince, shutting the door behind him, and Tikhon no longer heard the slightest sound in the study. A little later, Tikhon entered the office, as if to fix the candles. Seeing that the prince was lying on the sofa, Tikhon looked at the prince, at his upset face, shook his head, silently approached him and, kissing him on the shoulder, went out without adjusting the candles and without saying why he had come. The most solemn sacrament in the world continued to be performed. The evening passed, the night came. And the feeling of expectation and softening of the heart before the incomprehensible did not fall, but rose. Nobody slept.

It was one of those March nights when winter seems to want to take its toll and pour out its last snows and snowstorms with desperate anger. To meet the German doctor from Moscow, who was expected every minute and for whom a set-up was sent to the main road, to the turn into a country road, horsemen with lanterns were sent to lead him along the bumps and gaps.
Princess Mary had long since left the book: she sat in silence, fixing her radiant eyes on the wrinkled, familiar to the smallest detail, face of the nanny: at the strand of gray hair that had come out from under the scarf, at the hanging bag of skin under the chin.
Nanny Savishna, with a stocking in her hands, in a low voice, without hearing or understanding her own words, told hundreds of times about how the deceased princess in Chisinau gave birth to Princess Marya, with a Moldavian peasant woman, instead of a grandmother.
“God have mercy, you never need a doctor,” she said. Suddenly a gust of wind blew on one of the exposed frames of the room (by the prince’s will, one frame was always set up with larks in each room) and, having beaten off the poorly pushed bolt, ruffled the damask curtain, and smelling of cold, snow, blew out the candle. Princess Mary shuddered; the nanny, putting down her stocking, went up to the window, and leaning out began to catch the open frame. A cold wind ruffled the ends of her handkerchief and gray, stray strands of hair.
- Princess, mother, someone is driving along the prefecture! she said, holding the frame and not closing it. - With lanterns, it must be, dokhtur ...
- Oh my god! God bless! - said Princess Mary, - we must go to meet him: he does not know Russian.
Princess Marya threw on her shawl and ran to meet the travelers. When she passed the front hall, she saw through the window that some kind of carriage and lamps were standing at the entrance. She went out onto the stairs. A tallow candle stood on the railing post and flowed from the wind. The waiter Philip, with a frightened face and with another candle in his hand, was standing below, on the first landing of the stairs. Even lower, around the bend, on the stairs, steps could be heard moving in warm boots. And some kind of familiar voice, as it seemed to Princess Mary, was saying something.
- God bless! said the voice. - And the father?
“Go to sleep,” answered the voice of the butler Demyan, who was already downstairs.
Then a voice said something else, Demyan answered something, and steps in warm boots began to approach faster along an invisible turn of the stairs. "This is Andrey! thought Princess Mary. No, it can’t be, it would be too unusual, ”she thought, and at the same moment as she thought this, on the platform on which the waiter was standing with a candle, the face and figure of Prince Andrei in a fur coat with a collar sprinkled with snow. Yes, it was him, but pale and thin, and with a changed, strangely softened, but anxious expression on his face. He entered the stairs and hugged his sister.
- You didn't get my letter? he asked, and without waiting for an answer, which he would not have received, because the princess could not speak, he returned, and with the obstetrician, who came in after him (he had gathered with him at the last station), with quick steps again entered the ladder and hugged his sister again. - What a fate! - he said, - Masha is dear - and, throwing off his fur coat and boots, he went to the half of the princess.

The little princess was lying on pillows, in a white cap. (Suffering had just let go of her.) Black hair curled in strands around her inflamed, sweaty cheeks; her ruddy, lovely mouth, with a sponge covered with black hairs, was open, and she smiled joyfully. Prince Andrei entered the room and stopped in front of her, at the foot of the sofa on which she was lying. Brilliant eyes, looking childish, frightened and agitated, rested on him without changing their expression. “I love you all, I didn’t harm anyone, why am I suffering? help me,” her expression said. She saw her husband, but did not understand the meaning of his appearance now before her. Prince Andrei walked around the sofa and kissed her on the forehead.
“My dear,” he said, a word he had never spoken to her. - God is merciful. She looked inquiringly, childishly reproachfully at him.
- I expected help from you, and nothing, nothing, and you too! her eyes said. She was not surprised that he came; she did not understand that he had come. His arrival had nothing to do with her suffering and its relief. The torment began again, and Marya Bogdanovna advised Prince Andrei to leave the room.
The obstetrician entered the room. Prince Andrei went out and, meeting Princess Marya, again approached her. They started talking in a whisper, but every minute the conversation fell silent. They waited and listened.
- Allez, mon ami, [Go, my friend,] - said Princess Mary. Prince Andrei again went to his wife, and sat down in the next room waiting. Some woman came out of her room with a frightened face and was embarrassed when she saw Prince Andrei. He covered his face with his hands and sat there for several minutes. Pathetic, helpless animal moans were heard from behind the door. Prince Andrei got up, went to the door and wanted to open it. Someone held the door.
- You can't, you can't! said a frightened voice from there. He began to walk around the room. The screams ceased, a few more seconds passed. Suddenly a terrible scream - not her scream, she could not scream like that - was heard in the next room. Prince Andrei ran to the door; the cry ceased, the cry of a child was heard.
“Why did they bring a child there? Prince Andrei thought at first. Child? What? ... Why is there a child? Or was it a baby? When he suddenly understood all the joyous meaning of this cry, tears choked him, and, leaning on the windowsill with both hands, he sobbed, sobbing, as children cry. The door opened. The doctor, with his shirt sleeves rolled up, without his coat, pale and with a trembling jaw, left the room. Prince Andrei turned to him, but the doctor looked at him in bewilderment and, without saying a word, passed by. The woman ran out and, seeing Prince Andrei, hesitated on the threshold. He entered his wife's room. She lay dead in the same position in which he had seen her five minutes earlier, and the same expression, despite the fixed eyes and the pallor of her cheeks, was on that lovely, childish face with a sponge covered with black hairs.
“I love you all and have done no harm to anyone, and what have you done to me?” her lovely, pitiful, dead face spoke. In the corner of the room, something small and red grunted and squeaked in Marya Bogdanovna's white, trembling hands.

Two hours later, Prince Andrei with quiet steps entered his father's office. The old man already knew everything. He stood at the very door, and as soon as it opened, the old man silently, with senile, hard hands, like a vise, clasped his son's neck and sobbed like a child.

Three days later, the little princess was buried, and, saying goodbye to her, Prince Andrei ascended the steps of the coffin. And in the coffin was the same face, although with closed eyes. "Oh, what have you done to me?" everything said it, and Prince Andrei felt that something had come off in his soul, that he was guilty of guilt, which he could not correct and not forget. He couldn't cry. The old man also entered and kissed her wax pen, which lay high and calm on the other, and her face said to him: “Ah, what and why did you do this to me?” And the old man turned away angrily when he saw that face.

Five days later, the young Prince Nikolai Andreevich was baptized. Mammy held the diapers with her chin, while the priest smeared the boy's wrinkled red palms and steps with a goose feather.
The godfather, the grandfather, fearing to drop, shuddering, carried the baby around a crumpled tin font and handed it over to the godmother, Princess Marya. Prince Andrei, trembling with fear lest the child be drowned, sat in another room, waiting for the end of the sacrament. He joyfully looked at the child when his nanny carried him out, and nodded his head approvingly when the nanny informed him that the wax with hairs thrown into the font did not sink, but floated along the font.

Rostov's participation in the duel between Dolokhov and Bezukhov was hushed up through the efforts of the old count, and Rostov, instead of being demoted, as he expected, was appointed adjutant to the Moscow governor general. As a result, he could not go to the village with the whole family, but remained at his new position all summer in Moscow. Dolokhov recovered, and Rostov became especially friendly with him at this time of his recovery. Dolokhov lay ill with his mother, who passionately and tenderly loved him. Old Marya Ivanovna, who fell in love with Rostov for his friendship with Fedya, often spoke to him about her son.
“Yes, count, he is too noble and pure in soul,” she used to say, “for our present, corrupted world. No one likes virtue, it pricks everyone's eyes. Well, tell me, Count, is this fair, is it honestly from Bezukhov's side? And Fedya, in his nobility, loved him, and now he never says anything bad about him. In St. Petersburg, these pranks with the quarterly were joking there, because they did it together? Well, nothing to Bezukhov, but Fedya endured everything on his shoulders! After all, what did he endure! Let's say they returned it, but why not return it? I think there were not many brave men and sons of the fatherland like him. Well now - this duel! Do these people have a sense of honor! Knowing that he is the only son, challenge him to a duel and shoot so straight! It's good that God has mercy on us. And for what? Well, who in our time does not have intrigue? Well, if he is so jealous? I understand, because before he could make you feel, otherwise the year went on. And well, he challenged him to a duel, believing that Fedya would not fight, because he owed him. What meanness! That's disgusting! I know you understand Fedya, my dear Count, that's why I love you with my soul, believe me. Few people understand him. This is such a high, heavenly soul!
Dolokhov himself often, during his recovery, spoke to Rostov such words that could not be expected from him. - They consider me an evil person, I know, - he used to say, - and let them. I don't want to know anyone except those whom I love; but whom I love, I love him so that I will give my life, and I will hand over the rest to everyone if they stand on the road. I have an adored, invaluable mother, two or three friends, including you, and I pay attention to the rest only as much as they are useful or harmful. And almost all are harmful, especially women. Yes, my soul, - he continued, - I met men who were loving, noble, exalted; but women, except for corrupt creatures - countesses or cooks, all the same - I have not yet met. I have not yet met that heavenly purity, devotion, which I am looking for in a woman. If I found such a woman, I would give my life for her. And these!…” He made a contemptuous gesture. – And do you believe me, if I still value life, I value it only because I still hope to meet such a heavenly being who would revive, purify and elevate me. But you don't understand it.
“No, I understand very well,” answered Rostov, who was under the influence of his new friend.

In autumn the Rostov family returned to Moscow. At the beginning of winter, Denisov also returned and stopped at the Rostovs. This first time of the winter of 1806, spent by Nikolai Rostov in Moscow, was one of the happiest and most cheerful for him and for his entire family. Nikolai attracted many young people to his parents' house. Vera was twenty years old, a beautiful girl; Sonya is a sixteen-year-old girl in all the beauty of a freshly blossomed flower; Natasha is half young lady, half girl, sometimes childishly funny, sometimes girlishly charming.
At that time, some special atmosphere of love arose in the Rostovs' house, as happens in a house where there are very nice and very young girls. Every young man who came to the Rostovs' house, looking at these young, receptive, for some reason (probably their happiness) smiling, girlish faces, at this lively bustle, listening to this inconsistent, but affectionate to everyone, ready for anything, filled with hope, babble of a woman's young people, listening to these inconsistent sounds, now singing, now music, experienced the same feeling of readiness for love and expectation of happiness that the youth of the Rostov house itself experienced.
Among the young people introduced by Rostov, was one of the first - Dolokhov, who liked everyone in the house, except for Natasha. For Dolokhov, she almost quarreled with her brother. She insisted that he was an evil person, that in a duel with Bezukhov, Pierre was right, and Dolokhov was to blame, that he was unpleasant and unnatural.
“There is nothing for me to understand,” Natasha shouted with stubborn self-will, “he is angry and without feelings. Well, after all, I love your Denisov, he was a carouser, and that’s all, but I still love him, so I understand. I don't know how to tell you; He has everything planned, and I don't like it. Denisova…
“Well, Denisov is another matter,” answered Nikolai, making it feel that even Denisov was nothing in comparison with Dolokhov, “you need to understand what kind of soul this Dolokhov has, you need to see him with his mother, it’s such a heart!

Poland is one of the ten largest states in Europe, ranking ninth in this ranking. Its territory is approximately 312 thousand square meters. kilometers. If compared with other European countries, then the territory of Poland can be compared with the territory of Italy or, for example, Germany.

This country is considered mono-ethnic, about 97% of Poles live here. The population of Poland in 2016 is 38,625,853 people. The Department of Economic and Social Affairs, which launched its activities under the auspices of the UN Population Division, maintains the most thorough and accurate statistics on the population of countries. Consider a comparative characteristic-dynamics of demographic indicators for the annual period 2015/2016.

Population of Poland in 2015

At the beginning of 2015, the population of this country was 38,463 thousand people, and at the end of this year - about 38,439 thousand people. At the same time, the annual population growth was -0.06%.

• male population - approximately 18 million 538 thousand people;
• female population - approximately 19 million 901 thousand people;
• 385 thousand babies were born;
• 392 thousand people died;
• the total increase in the entire population of Poland in a natural way: 22 thousand people;
• the total increase in the entire population of Poland by migration: - 18 thousand people.

Population of Poland in 2016

As already mentioned, the population of Poland in 2016 is 38 million 626 thousand people.

Related news:

But it should be noted that it is customary to calculate and analyze all demographic data at the end of the year, so below are forecasts and statistical calculations, which are supplemented by information from the Population Counter of Poland as of May 10, 2016.

• it is expected that the population will decrease to 38 million 415 thousand people (this is the figure they plan to see at the end of 2016);
• about 385 thousand babies will be born;
• 391 thousand people will die;
• the total increase in the entire population of Poland by natural means will be 22 thousand people;
• the total increase in the entire population of Poland by migration will be -15 thousand people;
• average birth rate - 1,054 children / day;
• the average death rate is 1,071 people/day.

Population of Poland 2016 at the beginning of the year was the following distribution by age:

1. 14,7% population under 15;
2. 71,6% population aged 15 to 65;
3. 13,7% population over 65 years of age.

Another important basic demographic indicator is life expectancy. Today in Poland it averages 76 years 1 month for women and men. If we consider life expectancy separately for each sex, then Polish women live up to 80 years, Polish men - up to 72 years 1 month.

Literacy of the population of Poland

According to estimates, 32,712,074 Poles aged 15 and over can write and read in a particular language (most often Polish, Russian, English). In the statistical table, the percentage reaches 99.79% for the entire adult population. For men, the literacy rate is 99.92%, for women it is 99.68%. Interestingly, for young people (aged 15-24) the literacy rate is 100%, and it is the same for both males and females.

The largest cities in the country(according to 1996 estimate) are (thousand people) Warsaw (1628.5), Lodz (818.0), Krakow (740.7), Wroclaw (640.6), Poznan (550.8), Gdansk (462, 3), Szczecin (418.8) and Bydgoszcz (386.6).

Poles belong to Western branch of the Slavs and are a nation with a long history and rich culture.

Population as of July 2004, it amounted to 38.63 million people.

In the mid-1950s, per 1,000 inhabitants in Poland there were about 30 births, but liberal abortion laws, government incentives for family planning, and other social factors led to a decline in the birth rate to 10.54 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2004.

Then, as a result of a change in the demographic policy of the state and living conditions, the birth rate, gradually increasing, reached 19 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1975 and began to decline again (to 14 in 1990 and 10.47). In January 1993, a law was passed restricting abortions.

Mortality rate since the 1950s, it has ranged from 8 to 10 per 1,000 inhabitants. Child mortality is high and in 2003 it reached 8.95 per 1000 births.

Population growth in Poland in 200 was equal to 0.02% per year. The female population outnumbers the male population due to significant male losses during World War II; in 1997 there were 100 men for every 105 women in Poland. The average life expectancy in the country is 70.04 for men and 78.52 for women.

As a result German-Soviet Treaty of 1939 on the Partition of Poland, approximately 13 million people ended up in the territories that went to Soviet Union(including about 5 million ethnic Poles), of which at least 1.5 million people were deported to the central regions and to the east of the USSR in 1939–1941.

By June 1949, 1503.8 thousand ethnic Poles were allowed to return to Poland; in 1956–1958 another 200,000 Poles repatriated.

More than 20% of the population of Poland died during Second World War. At least 500 thousand people, mostly military personnel who fought on the side of the Allies, did not return to their homeland after the war, where power was in the hands of the Communists.

Of the 3440 thousand Polish Jews who lived in the country before the war, approx. 3 million died at the hands of the Nazis; 300 thousand emigrated from the country in the post-war period. In 1981-1990 they emigrated from Poland, mainly to the USA and Canada, approx. 270 thousand Poles.

In the German lands included in Poland after World War II by decisions Potsdam conference, in 1939 there were 8.3 million people, including 1012 thousand ethnic Poles. More than 5 million Germans fled to the west during the advance of the Red Army in 1944-1945. They were not allowed to return, and soon all the Germans who remained here were resettled in Germany.

In pre-war Poland lived large in number national minorities, which accounted for approximately one third of the total population of the country, but after the war, as a result of large migrations of the population, Poland turned into an ethnically and confessionally homogeneous country: 97.6% of its population are Poles, and 95% - Catholics.

Approximately 800 thousand - Lutherans, Protestants And Orthodox. Catholicism plays an important role in the Polish people and its history. National minorities include Germans (1.3%), Ukrainians (0.64%) and Belarusians (0.5%).

POLISH LANGUAGE

The state language in the republic is Polish. German, English, Russian and languages ​​of ethnic groups are also used.

Polish language belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of the West Slavic languages ​​of the Indo-European language family. Polish is closely related to Czech, Slovak, Pomeranian (whose Kashubian dialect is often regarded as a dialect of Polish), Lusatian and Polabian.

Polish language is native to 50 million people in many countries around the world.