Stalin's houses: between Empire and Khrushchev. Builder is all about Construction, Architecture, Repair, Design! Construction from A to Z! From idea to object

Post-war Stalinist buildings are noticeably poorer, but more comfortable than pre-war ones. And thanks to the absence of bulky architectural decorations, such houses are much better preserved.

As a rule, in neighborhoods built up with standard Stalinist houses, there are always social and trade infrastructure. There are also communal apartments in standard Stalin buildings, but they are sparsely populated - as a rule, for two families: in Soviet times, when orders were distributed, the “temporary” placement of a single pensioner or hard worker in an apartment with a young family was commonplace.

Main typical location areas Stalin's houses in St. Petersburg - block-by-block development of those areas to which - in accordance with the General Plan of 1935 - the new center of Leningrad was supposed to be shifted. First of all, in the courtyards adjacent to Moskovsky Avenue and Stachek Avenue. Such buildings can be found in almost the entire “middle” zone of the city (in the 1950s these were the outskirts).

According to the Center for Research and Analytics of the Real Estate Bulletin Group of Companies, Stalinist apartments are the most expensive product in the secondary housing market (in July, the average price in this segment was 102.7 thousand rubles per sq. m). It is noteworthy that in the spectrum of housing market offers, the share of Stalin buildings ranges from 5 to 6% (despite the fact that over the three decades of the indicated period, slightly less than 15% of the total was built in Leningrad housing stock). Therefore, they are in no hurry to sell Stalinist apartments.

Stalinists after Stalin
The “Stalinist” category in our real estate market includes any houses built from the early 1920s to the mid-1950s. But almost everyone is sure that after the famous resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 4, 1955 No. 1871 “On the elimination of excesses in design and construction,” the development almost immediately degraded to the level of panel “Khrushchev”. Not everything is so simple.

Perhaps not a single house-building period in Russian history did not have such diversity in architecture - it went from angular constructivism to a magnificent Empire style, and in social experiments - from barracks-dormitories to romantic “garden cities” for workers and dominant apartments for the party-Soviet nomenklatura. The three decades that are attributed to the Stalin period included the now dilapidated kirovs, post-war “German cottages” cobbled together “from what was there”, and numerous “collective farm” self-constructions in those secluded nooks where the party bosses did not reach and architects.

But the overwhelming majority of post-war “Stalinist” houses are exactly the same ordinary development that was carried out until the mid-1960s - that is, in parallel with the construction of panel Khrushchev houses.

The ruling on “excesses” is also complicated. From the mid-1930s, architecture began to take shape, showing the imperial ambitions of power. Having appeared in the General Plan of 1935-37, they truly manifested themselves in post-war development. Many European cities lay in ruins, but Moscow and Leningrad had already been completely restored. But behind the richly decorated facades along the main thoroughfares the same overcrowded communal apartments were often hidden.

Today, when studying the memorable resolution, Khrushchev’s irritation becomes understandable. Those in power never gravitated toward a Spartan lifestyle, so there really were excesses. Moreover, those of them that were found in “nomenklatura” (or, in modern terms, elite) houses sometimes resembled a feast during the plague. The document mentions specific examples“unacceptably inflated areas of hallways, corridors and other auxiliary premises” precisely in nomenklatura, and not ordinary houses. In addition, according to the developers of the decree, Soviet people could do just fine without “complex architectural decorations and decorative arcades,” as well as “unjustified luxury (gilding and painting of ceilings, cornices, expensive panels made of precious wood, decorative gilded grilles).” . And it is true. But he could not live without schools, kindergartens and a roof over his head. The decree ordered “to develop new standard designs by September 1, 1956 residential buildings two, three, four and five floors, schools for 280, 400 and 880 students, hospitals for 100, 200, 300 and 400 beds, children's institutions, shops and enterprises Catering, cinemas, sanatoriums, hotels and holiday homes, using the best domestic and foreign experience.”

And now attention, the main intrigue. Ten months were allotted to solve the large-scale task: an unrealistic period. In other words, the development of the topic of industrial housing construction began long before Khrushchev’s experiments. The party leader, of course, wanted to force the pace of events and, perhaps, appropriate the merits and achievements of the city planners of the former majestic era. But decisions about a gradual transition to prefabricated housing construction were discussed even before the war! For this purpose, an industrial base and large construction organizations were created. But the war happened, and after it - devastation. But here life itself has forced us to build a lot, to design rationally: that is, to introduce strict planning standards and re-use successful projects.

Typical solutions: pros and cons
What is a Stalinist model of the 1950-1960s? As a rule, these are the same architectural “classics”, only simplified: with the same high mezzanine, pitched roofs covered with galvanized iron, cold attics. True, during this period many ready-made elements began to be used - concrete floor slabs, flights of stairs, balcony railings, window and door blocks. Mass scale, speed and quality, of course, benefited from this.

But there is another side to the coin. In houses built according to standard designs of the 1950s, there are most often no adjacent rooms, the hallways are cramped, but the kitchens are relatively spacious, and sometimes even larger than in “nomenklatura” houses. After all, one of the requirements that was presented to the designers was the possibility of temporary (until better times) communal settlement.

Another feature of post-war development is centralized heating (pre-war houses often had a stove, and they also built adjacent boiler rooms). Finally, during this period, Leningrad new buildings were massively gasified: shale gas coming from Estonia replaced primus stoves from kitchens and bulky wood-burning heaters from bathrooms.

Even before the start of the fight against “excesses,” new houses lost their stucco decoration. As a rule, since the beginning of the 1950s, plaster finishing was used only for facades facing main roads. And energy resources for firing ceramic bricks were in short supply, so in mass construction they began to use sand-lime brick, as well as concrete blocks with different fillers (slag or expanded clay). Such materials are less durable and have a higher moisture absorption capacity compared to ceramic bricks. Therefore, they need additional protective “clothing”. But with the plaster it turned out, as they say, as always: it was left “for later,” and when the rush started, it was completely forgotten.

Why do we like Stalin's houses?
By today, the once elegant, almost white facades have turned black from city soot. But, despite this, typical “Stalinist” neighborhoods with grocery stores, cafes and beauty salons within walking distance to this day are an example of a comfortable urban environment.

Why do today's apartment buyers like late Stalinist buildings? Not only because of the high-quality construction (all sorts of “mistakes” happened here), but mainly because of the environment of the Stalinist quarters, which was commensurate with the needs of the city dweller. There is a paradox here. During the period when townspeople moved from basements and war-damaged housing into bright rooms, the authorities hardly thought about the external infrastructure; it was left to the designers. But no one was going to give up imperial ambitions. It turned out that all the objects where residents of individual apartments and sparsely populated communal apartments could meet - grocery stores and bakeries, hairdressers and libraries - in the development of the 1950s appeared primarily where the architecture required it. That is, behind huge display windows along the lines of the front facades, and often in interiors with a “palace” cubic capacity. Such meeting places were conducive to leisurely walks along the avenues and, as it were, “accustomed” the city dweller to both architecture and interaction with the environment.

With the beginning of industrialization housing construction designers began to think big: no longer in yards and blocks, but in districts and entire cities. With the installation of the construction complex on industrial-panel rails, the main planning unit in construction became a residential area with kindergartens 150-200 meters from the entrances, schools - 200-400 meters, glass grocery stores - half a kilometer away. The increase in scale ultimately led to the depersonalization of the development: it lost its details, became dull, empty and disproportionate.

Neither demolish nor compact
What are the current prospects for Stalinist development? The 1935 General Plan of Leningrad provided for a low density standard for new residential areas(no more than 3 thousand square meters of living space per 1 hectare), but a little later it was decisively revised, raising this figure to 5.5 thousand square meters. m. The developers, as they say, looked into the water. As a result, today's residents of Stalin's quarters have the entire city at their fingertips. But, on the other hand, developers have nothing to profit from here: it is impossible to radically densify prestigious neighborhoods with exceptionally advantageous locations.

There is also nothing to demolish yet: the standard service life for Stalinist houses pre-war period is 125 years, for the post-war period - 150. Therefore, supporters of renovation with the “Great Migration” will have to be patient until the next century.

Typical late Stalinist houses

Series 1-405

The most massive Stalinist series of houses in St. Petersburg. Five-story houses with external walls made of sand-lime and ceramic bricks were built from the mid-1950s to 1967. There is a seven-story modification of this series (1-415) with external elevators in glass shafts.

Series 1-505

Five-story buildings, mostly made of unplastered sand-lime brick. The main difference of the series is the large, square-shaped, three-leaf windows. Analogue of the all-Union series 1-460.

Transitional series (1-528KNP, 1-528KP)

In real estate catalogs, such houses can be listed as both Stalinist and Khrushchev-era. A characteristic detail of the early houses of the 1-528KP series are triangular bay windows, more characteristic of Stalinist than Khrushchevite buildings.

Text: Philip Urban Photo: Alexey Alexandronok

Today I'll go through episodes 300 and 400 a little. They were built in the 50s.
And they are the predecessors of mass series of the era of industrialization of construction.
As a rule, buildings of these series were erected from sand-lime brick or from large blocks, using concrete floors from PRT slabs, or later from hollow-core slabs.
As a rule, they are not supplied with hot water supply, they are gasified.
They were built in remote working-class areas at that time.
The material is poor, don't blame me...

Series I-305

Characteristics of houses of series 1-305:

House type - brick

Floor height 270cm.
Number of floors - 3
Apartments - 1,2,3 rooms

Series 1-405

Characteristics of the series of houses 1-405:

House type - brick
Reinforced concrete floors (PRT, hollow-core) on crossbars.
Floor height 270cm.
Number of floors - 5
Apartments - 2,3 rooms
Years of construction - 1950s-1960s.
Cities of distribution - St. Petersburg

Layout of apartments in houses of series 1-405:

Series Mm1-3

Mm1-3 is one of the not very well-known series of five-story residential buildings,
You can find houses in this series in the north of the capital.

Characteristics of the Mm1-3 series:

House type - brick
Number of storeys - 4-5
Reinforced concrete floors (round hollows).
longitudinal load-bearing walls.
Height of living quarters - 248 cm
Apartments - 1, 2, 3 rooms
Manufacturer - local building materials
Years of construction: 1956-1959
Cities of distribution - Moscow (north of the city), pos. Rublevo

Options for apartment layouts in the Mm1-3 series:

Series 1-440

Photo of house 1-440

Characteristics of the 1-440 series:

House type - brick (large blocks or brick)
Round hollow reinforced concrete floors
Longitudinal load-bearing walls.
Floor height 250cm.
Number of floors - 3-5
Apartments - 1,2,3 rooms
Manufacturer - local concrete factories
Cities of distribution - USSR (all-Union series).
In Moscow, 3 houses were identified in the Kapotnya district
Developer: Workshop named after. Vesnina, 1958

Stalinka: brick houses series 1-405

Construction of substations.

Plastic windows maco. This concludes my story to you, dear readers. Tiles are fireproof and hygienic material. Trying on the trim without glue. Sometimes the summer resident gets so tired. And it’s easy to get injured as a result of such measures. The second type of wallpaper is used on smooth, even walls. IN modern world awnings are becoming very popular. After connecting all systems, the jacuzzi is attached to the floor. With this application, the interior will become original.

People seeking liberation prefer to surround themselves with this color. And the weight of the load that they can lift reaches 32 tons. Where is the best place to purchase suspended ceilings?

The rest, as they say, is a matter of technique. At. Stage six: Advice. Modern stretch ceilings. Step 2. You can order high-quality doors on the website. Polymer mixtures protect against moisture. For columnar foundation pits with vertical walls are required. The width of the seams can be set from 1.5 mm to 16 mm. Weed control on the site. A soft peach color is perfect as a background. Gasoline generators for summer cottages. Such doors look good in any interior. As a result, energy costs will not be very high. Used when diluting thickly grated paints, for diluting paints.

Step 5. Analyze your financial capabilities. Transparency.

"Stalin": brick houses series 1-405

The series of brick residential buildings 1-405 belongs to the “Stalinka” type houses. Such houses are very common in St. Petersburg. House buildings were erected in 1950-1960. Series 1-405 are five-story buildings with two- and three-room apartments. Typical projects residential buildings specified series provided that one apartment in such a house has a total area slightly exceeding 40 m2. The external walls consist of reinforced concrete panels; fibreboards were used for the floors, which helped improve sound insulation. The advantage of series 1-405 houses is that kitchens are equipped with built-in furniture. In our time, the layout of houses and their equipment have taken on a more modern look, but at that time it fully satisfied the needs of the residents.

Article keys: Stalinka: brick houses series 1-405. construction of substations

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Series I-305

Characteristics of houses of series 1-305:

House type - brick

Floor height 270cm.
Number of floors - 3
Apartments - 1,2,3 rooms

Series 1-405

Characteristics of the series of houses 1-405:

Layout of apartments in houses of series 1-405:

Series Mm1-3

Mm1-3 is one of the not very well-known series of five-story residential buildings,
You can find houses in this series in the north of the capital.

Characteristics of the Mm1-3 series:

House type - brick
Number of storeys - 4-5
Reinforced concrete floors (round hollows).
longitudinal load-bearing walls.

Apartments - 1, 2, 3 rooms
Manufacturer - local building materials
Years of construction: 1956-1959
Cities of distribution - Moscow (north of the city), pos. Rublevo

Options for apartment layouts in the Mm1-3 series:

Series 1-440

Photo of house 1-440

Characteristics of the 1-440 series:

Layout 1-440:

Series 1-460

Buildings of the 1-460 series can be found in several cities of Russia, including Moscow,

Photo 1-460 in Moscow

Characteristics of houses series 1-460:

House type - brick
Round hollow reinforced concrete floors
Longitudinal load-bearing walls.
Number of storeys - 4-5
Height of living quarters - 248 cm
Apartments - 1,2,3 rooms
Manufacturer - local building materials
Years of construction: 1950s - 1960s.
Cities of distribution - Moscow, Veliky Novgorod, Tolyatti, Klimovsk

Series 260

Characteristics of houses series 1-260:

House type - brick
Round hollow reinforced concrete floors on crossbars
Longitudinal load-bearing walls.
Number of storeys - 4-5
Height of living quarters - 270 cm
Apartments - 1,2,3 rooms
Manufacturer - local building materials
Years of construction - 1950s.
Cities of distribution - Moscow,

Layouts and section

Lock:

;
And a bonus

episode 418

But without photos and descriptions.

Series I-305

Characteristics of houses of series 1-305:

House type - brick

Floor height 270cm.
Number of floors - 3
Apartments - 1,2,3 rooms

Series 1-405

Characteristics of the series of houses 1-405:

Layout of apartments in houses of series 1-405:

Series Mm1-3

Mm1-3 is one of the not very well-known series of five-story residential buildings,
You can find houses in this series in the north of the capital.

Characteristics of the Mm1-3 series:

Options for apartment layouts in the Mm1-3 series:

Series 1-440

Photo of house 1-440

Characteristics of the 1-440 series:

Layout 1-440:

Series 1-460

Buildings of the 1-460 series can be found in several cities of Russia, including Moscow,

Photo 1-460 in Moscow

Characteristics of houses series 1-460:

Series 260

Characteristics of houses series 1-260:

Layouts and section

Lock:

;
And a bonus

episode 418

But without photos and descriptions.