Enough to say Stalinist houses”- and the imagination immediately draws monumental structures in the imperial Empire style. First of all, of course, skyscrapers - the famous "seven sisters". Then there are the buildings that built up the main Moscow highways - Tverskaya, Leninsky, Leningradsky and other avenues, the Garden Ring. But there is also a fundamentally different type - modest houses with a height of 3-5 floors, sometimes a little higher. No expressive appearance, marble on the facades. Nevertheless, these are the real "Stalins" - at least "by right of birth", built in the thirties and fifties of the last century.

This article is a reference and information material, all the information in it is presented for informational purposes and is for informational purposes only.

Empire was not enough for everyone
The appearance of such buildings offers a simple explanation. The “Stalinki” we are used to are, after all, “front” houses, designed to decorate the city with themselves, and in principle there cannot be many of them. For more mass construction, other projects were required - less costly. Of course save So how they began to do it in later years, under Khrushchev, in the 30-50s was not yet decided. But still, the desire to at least slightly reduce the costs of these houses, as they say, is written on the face.

From the above, you can understand where such houses are located. First of all, these are the outskirts of Moscow - of course, adjusted for the fact that the size of our city at that time was much more modest. They then passed mainly along the Small Ring of the Moscow railway- this is where the automobile Fourth Ring Road is being built today. “Such “Stalins” are on the Kashirskoye Highway, the Highway of Enthusiasts, Shchelkovsky, - lists Olga Selyutina, Head of Department of Secondary Housing, Russian House of Real Estate. - They can also be found on the Oktyabrsky field, in Lefortovo, in the metro area "".

However, often such buildings were built in much more pretentious areas - but in the second or third row from the main highway, so as not to spoil its appearance. They can be found on Kutuzovsky, Leninsky and Leningradsky Prospects, and even on the Garden Ring. Especially a lot, he says Yulia Sokolova, Head of Sales Department of the New Type Real Estate Agency "Open Company", these houses began to be built after the Stalin era, in 1952-63, when, in order to save money and reduce the cost of construction, architects were forced to remove from the projects everything that could be considered decorations that did not carry a semantic load. The people called them "peeling". Judging from a strictly historical point of view, these houses cannot be considered “Stalinist”, since they were built after the death of Joseph Vissarionovich. On the other hand, "Stalinka" in the modern sense is not so much the year of construction as a certain set of consumer qualities, and in this sense the named buildings are definitely "Stalinist".

And the last category - houses that were built after the war by captured Germans. Buildings made of gray brick, 3-4, less often five floors. In the capital, such buildings were practically not built, the authorities preferred to “make happy” the cities of the Moscow region with them. But in 1960, the Moscow Ring Road was built, "cutting" huge territories to Moscow - including several settlements. So the "German" buildings "moved" to the capital - there are a lot of them, for example, in, they are in.

Consumer qualities: pluses ...
Everything is known in comparison - you constantly remember this old wisdom when you compare "thrifty stalins" with other houses available on the secondary market. To contemporaries, these buildings probably seemed disabled (of course, when compared with skyscrapers), but they would have looked at what was built in Moscow in subsequent years!

So, "Stalinka", even the most miserable one, is necessarily a brick building, since there were no panel technologies at that time. The walls are thick, excellent sound and heat insulation, ideal microclimate inside the apartment. The dimensions of the dwellings are quite decent, the areas, for example, of "kopeck pieces", even in "German" houses, are in the region of 50 square meters. m. At the same time, the layouts are rational, rooms of the correct form, large kitchens, ceilings at least 3 m high. In fairness, we note that the apartments in that era were intended for communal settlement - accordingly, it was assumed that more than one family would live in all this splendor, but a few. But we, the descendants, do not care, Why it happened? The main thing is that it worked.

In general, in terms of most consumer characteristics, “thrifty Stalinists” outperform not only Khrushchevs, but also most of the panel houses of the 70s. The picture is somewhat spoiled, however, by the wooden interfloor ceilings (it’s normal to live in such conditions, but in the event of a fire the house burns down within a few minutes), gas water heaters that are found here and there, as well as the lack of an elevator and a garbage chute. But the listed defects relate exclusively to "German" buildings - all other inexpensive "Stalin" are free from them. “Comparing with Khrushchevs is simply incorrect, these are completely different housing,” sums up Olga Selyutina (“Russian House of Real Estate”).

"Stalinka" is an opportunity to live in a relatively central area in a fairly spacious house, and at the same time for not very big money, ”says Vadim Martynenko, Director of the Department of the Secondary Market of the Rescor Corporation. Fans of these houses even consider that this is the best real estate today: footage commensurate with modern economy class buildings, often a very good location and a reasonable price. Today apartments of this category are sold from $5,600 to $6,000 per sq. m. m.

…and cons
Three of them were found. The first is the old age and dilapidation of these houses. Real estate is not cognac, it does not grow stronger over the years. And, despite the fact that in the Stalin years they built, unlike in the later years, they were built much better than in subsequent times (the situation in the country, you know, was such that one could sit for 10 years for a stolen brick), all the same, the “Methuselah age” affects . Much is rotten, turned into dust. Electrical networks do not withstand heavy loads - it is absolutely impossible to arrange a warm floor or a sauna in an apartment.

By the way, the severity of this factor will only increase over the years. The point is not only that aging continues - various options for reforming the housing and communal services system are being discussed in Russia, and the main emphasis is on the fact that the burden of maintaining the entire house as a whole will increasingly be shifted to apartment owners. How much will such constant patching of holes cost? It's hard to answer, but here's an interesting example. At a recent exhibition in the Central House of Artists, the head of a Czech real estate company spoke. According to him, he had two apartments in Prague - one of 50 square meters. m in the old house and another 100 in the new modern. And the monthly maintenance of the first (smaller!) was 20% more expensive than the second. It looks like the same prospect awaits Moscow real estate.

The second drawback of apartments in the "Stalinka" - a dubious environment. No matter what realtors say, there are only a few old houses where absolutely all communal apartments would be settled. In almost every entrance there is an apartment whose residents refuse to leave - and all neighbors will be forced to admire the traces of their life in the elevator and on the stairs every day.

And the third - the prospect of recognizing the house as emergency and demolition. Everyone knows that this process is, to put it mildly, opaque. The truth of life here is that the technical condition of the building has nothing to do with the matter - the only question is the presence of an investor who wants to build something “super-mega-elite” on this site. So the residents of any house, even if it is a thousand times strong and reliable, cannot feel completely safe.

Summary
Inexpensive "Stalinka" occupied a well-defined niche in the Moscow market. This housing is for non-pompous people - those who want to get the maximum quality for a reasonable price. Convenient layouts, brick walls, as a rule, a good location - all this provides these buildings with a well-deserved love of buyers.

On the other hand, these apartments cost noticeably less than modern economy class monoliths, and it would be naive to hope that these apartments are of the same level. The dilapidation of these buildings, the need for expensive repairs in apartments and throughout the house, often inadequate social environment - all these are factors that pull this category down. And explaining why it is inexpensive.

Examples of offers of apartments in Stalin's "five-story buildings"

Address	Apartment	The cost of the object (rub.)
Krasnokazarmennaya street (metro station Aviamotornaya)	room, 19 sq.m.	2 800 000
3rd St. Maryina Grove (m. Rizhskaya)	2 rooms, 64 sq.m.	8 700 000
Zhukovsky, st. Kalugina	5 rooms, 138.2 sq.m.	9 500 000
Pervomayskaya st. (metro station Izmailovskaya)	3 rooms, 68 sq. m.	9 900 000
Selskokhozyaystvennaya street (m. Botanical Garden)	3 rooms, 72.2 sq.m.	12 500 000
Raskova St. (metro Belorusskaya)	3 rooms, 74.1 sq.m	12 800 000

What should a person who decides to buy a Stalinist know about? What are its features, pros and cons? We analyze in detail the housing of the period of Stalinist housing construction and continue detailed analysis a story about houses belonging to the ordinary.

“Moving to a new apartment”, A.I. Laktionov (1952)

Houses built in the USSR are usually called by the name of the leader under whom these houses were built: Stalin, Brezhnevka, Khrushchev. And the stalins in this series are the most interesting from the point of view of architecture. This period covers more than twenty years: then urban planning plans were adopted that determined the appearance of many cities in the post-Soviet space. Stalinki are recognizable buildings of an individual or small-scale project, and in this they fundamentally differ from faceless large-scale ones, and in particular -.
It is interesting that both the beginning and the end of the Stalin period in the architecture of the USSR were not associated with natural development or some emerging trend in architecture, but with a strong-willed decision of the country's leadership. The beginning of the Stalinist period in art, including architecture, was marked by a de facto ban, and ended by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU of 1955 "On the elimination of excesses in design and construction." Then the course was taken for the construction of cheap mass housing, and the Stalinists became living history.

Residential stalins can be divided into several types: elite housing for the nomenclature, which we are talking about, ordinary stalins and low-rise cheap housing. We will analyze the last two types of stalinok today.

Ordinary steels of improved quality

Serial stalinkas, as a rule, are significantly inferior in quality to elite houses, which, as you know, were built according to individual projects (you can read about the advantages and disadvantages of both). But some improved series occupy an intermediate position between the elite and the ordinary.

For example, these are brick 8-10-story buildings of the series SM-6, of which only about 130 houses were built. The main location is on Leninsky, Lomonosovsky, Universitetsky and Nakhimovsky avenues, in the area of ​​Sokol, Airport, etc. brick walls sand color and bay windows. Some of the houses were used to serve the diplomatic corps at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, but they will not choose a bad one. The total area of ​​a two-room apartment here is 44-60 m², a three-room apartment is 67-84 m², a four-room apartment is 92-103 m². The kitchen is from 7.5 to 10.5 m², and these dimensions give odds even to some nomenclature houses. But the height of the ceiling is completely “non-Stalinist” - some 2.7 m.

House series CM-6

Series II-02 It is also represented by brick houses, but already lined with red tiles. From 1952 to 1958, about 20 such houses were built in Moscow on the street. Builders, st. Kuusinen and st. B. Galushkina. There are few entrances in each house - three each, the number of storeys is still impressive - 7 or 8, and the ceiling height of 2.9 still speaks of the Stalinist scope. The areas of the apartments here are as follows: one-room apartment - about 45 m² (25 of them are living space), two-room - 69 m² (residential - about 45 m²), four-room - about 100 sq.m. (residential - 64 sq.m.). Kitchen area starts from 10 m².

House in the center - series II-02

Floors of brick houses series II-08 the same as that of its architectural "predecessor" - 7 or 8. In the period from 1957 to 1962, about 45 houses were erected on Kutuzovsky and Leninsky avenues, on Presnya, in Fili and in some other areas. There is, but the garbage chute, which has become a kind of sign of stalinok, is missing. The total area of ​​a one-room apartment in the house is 34 m² (residential - 18 m²), a two-room apartment - 56-62 m² (residential - 35-40 m²), a three-room apartment - 68-80 m² (residential - 46-51 m²). The kitchen in the "odnushka" occupies 7 m², in the "kopeck piece" and "treshka" - 8.5-13 m².

Series II-04- This is the first typical post-war block series, fundamentally new at the time of development. For six years - from 1954 to 1960 - about 45 houses with a height of 6-8 floors were built on Khoroshevsky Highway, Khamovnichesky Val, Lyublinskaya Street and in the areas of VDNKh and metro stations. There is no elevator and garbage chute, but the ceiling height is 3 meters, and the rooms are isolated. The outer walls are cinder-concrete blocks 50 cm thick, the thickness of gypsum concrete partitions is 15 cm, and the ceilings are made of reinforced concrete slabs - 22 cm. 53 m²). The kitchen area in II-04 is from 8 to 10 m².

Ordinary stalinkas

Most of the ordinary stalinok is represented by ordinary brick five-story buildings, the only difference is which brick was used as a building brick. Pre-war buildings were built mainly from red brick, and post-war buildings from silicate (often they were not plastered). There were apartments in these houses - for those who were not lucky enough to become a nomenklatura worker, but sometimes housing in them was also used as separate apartments. Such houses were built up in working quarters near enterprises and on the outskirts of the city, so the decor of the facades here, to put it mildly, is minimal and does not at all resemble what the elegant stalins of the beginning of this architectural period are famous for. The ceilings in the houses are usually under three meters, the rooms are quite large. Internal partitions are often made of wood and covered with plaster on the shingles, of course, there is no elevator and garbage chute. What can I say - sometimes even hot water was not provided here and the bath was absent as a phenomenon. Ordinary stalinkas of late construction were also built from cinder blocks. Their quality, of course, is lower than that of brick ones, and the layout is poorer.

Houses of several series belong to ordinary stalins.

Exclusively Moscow Series II-01, II-03 and II-14 are represented by late-Stalin brick five-story buildings (years of construction - 1952-1964). Total built in the capital: about 70 houses of the series II-01(Districts Presnya, Izmailovo, Sokolniki, Tekstilshchiki, Koptevo, Rogozhskaya Zastava, Butyrsky Khutor), 180 houses of the series II-03(practically in all areas being built up at that time - Airport, Sokol, Lefortovo, Izmailovo, Sokolniki, Oktyabrskoye Pole, Nagatino, Tekstilshchiki, Savelovsky, Kozhukhovo, Kuntsevo, etc.) and a record 550 series of houses for stalinok II-14(in various districts of Moscow).

The characteristics of the houses of these series are as follows: the number of floors is from 3 to 6, mandatory availability, separate bathrooms, the absence of a garbage chute and an elevator, in the early houses of the series - gas water heaters. The outer walls are made of bricks 50 cm thick, the inner ones - 40 cm thick. The thickness of the gypsum concrete partitions is 15 cm, and the ceilings are made of reinforced concrete slabs - 22 cm.

House Series II-14

For series houses II-01 the total area of ​​a three-room apartment is 75-78 m², a four-room apartment is about 100 m², the rooms are isolated, the kitchen is from 8 to 11 m², the ceiling height is about 3 meters. The total area of ​​houses of the series II-03: the footage of a two-room apartment is about 50 m², a three-room apartment is 66-76 m², a four-room apartment is 85-91 m². The kitchens here are also more modest, as is the height of the ceilings: 7.5-9 m² and - 2.7 m, respectively. The total area of ​​houses of the series II-14 no worse, and in some ways even better than their "predecessors": a one-room apartment is 34 m², a two-room apartment is 43-55 m², a three-room apartment is 71 m² (kitchen - from 7.5 to 8.5 m²).

The series belongs to the same class. MG-1- a compact four-story brick house, square in cross section. In total, in 1955-60, approximately 80 such houses were built in different parts of Moscow and the region. The total area of ​​a one-room apartment is 33-38 m², a two-room apartment is 56-59 m², a three-room apartment is 77-79 m² (kitchen - from 8 to 10.5 m²). Ceiling height - 3 meters.

low-rise housing

Basically, low-rise housing is represented by two-story brick, sometimes cinder-block houses for no more than two dozen apartments. The people called them “German”, because they were often built by captured Germans - after the war and until the transition to block and panel construction in the late 50s. Outwardly, low-rise housing is not very remarkable: the facades were plastered and decorated with simple stucco decoration. Such houses had a multi-pitched complex roof, wooden floors and did not have a basement. Sometimes they lack even the most necessary communications: water and sewerage. They could also be carried out in two versions - with central heating and with a stove, when it was impossible to connect to a CHP.

Low-rise housing was usually built on the outskirts and in small towns - not pointwise, but quarterly, like the Khrushchev panel later, only not on such a scale. And the quality of this kind of houses is often even worse than Khrushchev.

Alisa Orlova

Illustrations: Anastasia Timofeeva

The word "Stalinka" has long been a household name, and the meaning is usually positive - excellent quality of construction, high ceilings, location in the city center. The disadvantages include the age of such buildings. What other flaws can hide behind the majestic facades?

The so-called "Stalinka" were erected in the post-war period, from 46 to 55, as an elite housing. The later "Khrushchev" and "Brezhnevka" were inferior to the "Stalin" in many respects. Now, choosing between resale and, many will prefer new housing. But "Stalinka" among the secondary housing stock still occupy an advantageous position.

Advantages of "Stalinist" houses

Square
The spacious rooms of Stalinist apartments, with wide corridors and closets, still attract potential tenants. The ceiling height in such apartments varies from 3 meters 20 cm to 4 meters. Kitchen areas are usually more than twelve square meters. The entrances are a bonus - with the same high ceilings and a large area of ​​stairwells. Two or three apartments per floor also contribute to a more comfortable stay in "Stalinka".

Quality
First of all, the quality of the construction of "stalinok" is reflected in the strict observance of construction technology. The load-bearing walls of the houses, as well as the outer ones, were made of brick in four layers. This rule provides excellent thermal insulation, as well as sound insulation.

Central location
Elite luxury houses in the post-war period were built in the central parts of cities. Now "Stalinki" are located near administrative buildings, parks and museums, city attractions and theaters, near shops in "busy" places. In addition to the developed infrastructure, large yards are attracted to such buildings, which can accommodate both a playground and a small square.

Cons of "Stalin"

Legacy equipment
The engineering networks of Stalin's houses are very worn out, the electrical wiring is not designed for the abundance of electrical appliances of a modern city dweller. Replacing the electrical wiring in a particular apartment does not always save the situation: the power grid in the entrance of such a house may burn out.
Old wall insulation in Stalinist buildings can smell bad and cause allergies in residents. Wooden floors in some types of "stalinok" are flammable.
Water is supplied to the houses from the bottom up, and while using, for example, bathtubs, residents of the upper floors observe poor pressure. However, the installation of special pumps will solve the problem.

No elevator or garbage chute
In Moscow "Stalinka", especially multi-storey buildings, there are such amenities. But this cannot be said about ordinary five-story buildings. The lack of an elevator is especially annoying for young parents with small children in strollers, as well as for people with limited mobility.

Social heterogeneity of the composition of residents
Expensive comfort-class new buildings usually gather a homogeneous group of the population, budget new buildings attract the younger generation - families and students. In the case of the Stalinists, the rule of homogeneity of the social composition does not apply, since this is old housing. This situation is not uncommon: an expensive apartment in the city center belongs to a dysfunctional family. This shortcoming of the “Stalin” does not appear so often, but it should not be discounted either.

Three types of apartments "reign" in the secondary housing market in most Russian cities: "Stalinka", "Khrushchev" and "Brezhnevka". It is important for those interested in selling or buying these apartments to clearly see the differences between them, as well as to know the key advantages and disadvantages of such apartments.

Main types of apartments

Before you find out how "Brezhnevka" differs from "Khrushchev" and "Stalinka", let's analyze all the main types of apartments in Russia:

• Stalinist apartments. Living quarters in houses built during the reign of I.V. Stalin - in 1930-1940.
• "Khrushchev". Apartments in brick or massively built in 1950-1960.
• "Brezhnevka". Standard apartments in those built in 1960-1980.
• "Improvements". Improved planning apartments in houses of the 1980s. They were distinguished by an increased area, a separate bathroom, a spacious kitchen and balconies (loggias); the house had a garbage chute, an elevator.
• Modern monolithic houses. Spacious with different heights of ceilings, with strong and durable walls.
• Apartments in modern panel and block houses.

In order to understand how "Khrushchev" differs from "Brezhnevka" or "Stalinka", we will briefly characterize each group of apartments.

"Stalinki": spaciousness and high ceilings

Stalin's houses are in some way also beautiful creations in the spirit of neoclassicism, 2-5 floors high. The main material for them was brick (white, red), which was covered with plaster at the finishing stage. An interesting point: in the pre-war "Stalinka" only the first and the ceiling of the last floor were concrete, and the interior floors were wooden. In post-war houses, all floors were made of reinforced concrete.

"Stalinki" are mainly multi-room apartments (3-4 rooms), very rarely among them there are one-, two-room apartments. The premises are distinguished by good footage, spacious kitchens and hallways, rooms isolated from each other, and in some cases balconies. But most of all, "Stalinka" is valued for the height of the ceilings - 2.8-3.2 m.

"Khrushchev": small, but its own

Continuing to talk about how "Khrushchev" differs from "Brezhnev", we will analyze the characteristics of the premises built during the reign of Stalin's successor. The motto of the erection residential buildings, launched in 1955 under the decree "On the development housing construction in the Soviet Union", became the slogan: "Each family - a small, but their own housing!"

"Khrushchev" are typical brick or panel houses 3-5 floors, with low ceilings (2.5 m), without access amenities (elevator and toilet). Such buildings did not represent architectural value - they were built only to eliminate the shortage of housing. Single and two-room apartments differed by poor sound insulation, the presence of adjacent non-isolated rooms, a small combined bathroom.

"Brezhnevka": improved skyscrapers

What is the difference between "Khrushchev" and "Brezhnevka", the photo eloquently shows: the houses of the era of Leonid Ilyich are already skyscrapers of 5-14 floors. All of them were built, changed, modernized according to one document - the Unified Catalog of Building Details. "Brezhnevka" became in many respects the prototypes of modern comfortable new buildings. The layout of such apartments has improved significantly, garbage chutes and elevators have appeared in the entrances, and flights of stairs and landings have become more spacious.

Inside the apartment of the Brezhnev era, you can already see a separate bathroom and toilet, waterproofing in the bathrooms, a large area of ​​​​the rooms. However, the same cramped kitchen, corridor and sanitary facilities remained. That, in fact, is all. Now you know how "Khrushchev" differs from "Brezhnevka" in planning.

Clear Benefits

Like everything else, the apartments listed above have their pros and cons. To have full view about the differences between the Khrushchev apartment and the Brezhnevka and Stalinka apartments, consider all their advantages:

• "Stalinki": good location (in most cities such apartments are located in the center), spacious layout, high ceilings, excellent heat and sound insulation, large windows, isolated rooms, warm and dry brick houses, smooth walls and ceilings.
• "Khrushchev": affordability, location, if not in the center, then in an area with a fairly well-developed infrastructure.
• "Brezhnevka": isolated rooms, good location in the city, the presence of an elevator and a garbage chute, comfortable layout, the relative "youth" of the building, in panel houses - perfectly even walls and ceilings.

Important disadvantages

To fully understand how "Khrushchev" differs from "Brezhnevka" and "Stalinka", let's get acquainted with the repulsive characteristics of such apartments:

• "Stalinka": the first floors are guaranteed to be devoid of loggias and balconies (not counting the initiative of the former owners), unreliable ceilings, the high cost of the apartment itself and repairs in it, tangible wear and tear of both the building itself and its communications, lack of modern infrastructure - an elevator, a garbage chute, underground parking, etc.
• "Khrushchev": high degree wear, the possibility of cracks and fungus on the walls, low ceilings (2.5 m), noticeably poor sound insulation, poor thermal insulation (hot in summer and cold in winter), adjacent or walk-through rooms, uncomfortable narrow corridors and stairwells, small kitchens and rooms , combined bathroom, the recommended service life of the building is 25 years.
• "Brezhnevka": small kitchens, walls that require frequent repairs (leaks in the outer walls, open seams in the inner ones), there is no elevator in the 5-story buildings, it is cold in winter because of the batteries built into the wall, the floor becomes noticeably uneven due to subsidence of concrete .

Thus, "Stalin" - the most expensive, but also less in demand. "Khrushchev" and "Brezhnevka" find a buyer faster, attracting with their availability. At the same time, all types of secondary housing have a large list of both advantages and disadvantages.

During the reign of which these houses were built. The name "Stalin's house" is more common in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Apartments in houses are usually called “Stalinka”, the expression “Stalinist apartment” is less commonly used. In addition, the names “full-size” or “full-length” apartment, abbreviated as “full-length”, are used.

History and period of construction

Stalin's houses were built from 1935 to 1960. According to the date of construction, buildings are divided into pre- and post-war. The construction of Stalinist houses was sharply reduced in 1956, when the guidelines for industrial mass housing construction were adopted, which led to the appearance of arrays of "Khrushchev". However, individual buildings were completed in 1960 as well.

Layouts

As a rule, a Stalinist apartment has a significant number of rooms - usually three or four, rarely two or more than four. One-room stalinkas were built to a limited extent. Rooms can be either separate or adjacent (in three-room stalins, two rooms are usually combined).

The total area of ​​the stalinok is usually:

• 1-room - 32-50 sq.m. ;
• 2-room apartment - 44-66 sq.m.;
• 3-room apartment - 57-85 sq.m.;
• 4-room apartment - 80-110 sq.m.

According to the design of buildings and the layout of apartments, Stalinka buildings are divided into two types: "nomenklatura" and "ordinary" Stalinist houses.

Nomenclature housing

Nomenklatura houses ("director's" stalins, "houses for bosses") were built for the upper strata of Soviet society. They were mainly inhabited by party, Soviet and economic leaders, senior military officials and employees of law enforcement agencies, major representatives of the technical and creative intelligentsia.

Nomenclature houses have a good layout with halls and 2-4 large apartments per floor. Many apartments provided for offices and nurseries, libraries and rooms for servants, spacious kitchens, separate bathrooms, initially large rooms - from 15 to 25, and in some places even up to 30 square meters. m, utility rooms.

Usually "director's" houses have classical architectural forms and poor decor, the buildings themselves are large, with a high mezzanine. During construction, the buildings were plastered and decorated with stucco decoration; floors - reinforced concrete or combined. In houses above 5 floors, elevators and individual garbage chutes in the kitchens are required. Ceilings in nomenklatura houses have a height of 2.9-3.2 or more.

Buildings of this type were erected in the center of the city, during the development of avenues and main streets, near the squares. Usually they are built according to individual projects and are architectural landmarks of the city.

Row houses

Ordinary "stalinkas" were built for workers (often for communal settlement) and are more modest housing. In the houses there are both classic three- and four-room apartments for that period, as well as post-war "corridor" apartments - originally dormitories. The area of ​​apartments is less than in houses for the nomenclature (but still more than in Khrushchev and later houses), there are adjoining rooms. The architecture is utilitarian, there are no decorations, the facades are almost flat with standard stucco decoration.

The outer walls of buildings made of red or silicate bricks were sometimes not plastered, the ceilings were mainly wooden. Workers often lack a bathroom and hot water. The working stalinas do not have a garbage chute and an elevator - this is due to their lower number of storeys. A common type of working stalk are two-storey houses- their construction did not require the use of special construction equipment.

Ordinary stalins were built, as a rule, in workers' settlementslocated near factories, on the outskirts or in the depths of neighborhoods. During construction, copying of the project was used, which led to the emergence of the same type of residential areas.

Design

Building

The main building material used in the construction of Stalin's houses was brick, red was mainly used in pre-war buildings, and white in later ones. Mostly Stalinist houses were covered with plaster. Cinder blocks were also used - cinder block houses became harbingers of the coming mass construction based on industrial blocks and panels. In the late 40s - early 50s, the first large-panel houses were built. brick houses, as a rule, are distinguished by a more refined facade, spacious apartments, better sound insulation. Internal partitions are usually made of wood and plastered.

The roof in Stalinist houses is usually two- or multi-pitched, forming a large attic; rafters and crate - wooden. Slate or roofing iron was used as roofing material.

Two-story stalinkas were usually built without cellars. Large houses have impressive basements. Also, some Stalinists (including post-war ones) have bomb shelters in case of war.

Many Stalinkas have balconies (loggias were not usually built at that time). The balconies were made in the form monolithic slab, lying on two or more beams, which was cast on the spot. In houses built in the 50s, ready-made slabs were used.

The height of the ceilings in stalinkas is generally not lower than 3 meters. In workers' stalins, this is due to the calculation for communal settlement - for several people to live in one room, a certain amount of air was required. The first floor of the building was often built higher - it housed shops, post offices and other socially significant facilities.

Communications

Stalin's houses vary greatly in terms of the provision of communal amenities.

Cold water supply and sewerage in stalinkas - centralized, bathroom - separate. Heating - water, mostly central, often with top filling. There are also houses with built-in boiler rooms - later, most of these buildings were nevertheless connected to the central heating supply.

During the construction of stalinok in the cities, there was no gas supply (gas appeared in Moscow in 1949), so wood-burning stoves were installed in the kitchens. For their operation, powerful chimneys were provided in the design of the stalins. Hot water supply could initially be both centralized and local - solid fuel boilers (“titans”) were used to heat water. To store fuel, places in the basements or woodsheds were used, which were built in the yards. During the gasification of cities, gas cookers were installed in stalinkas, and wood-burning water heaters were either replaced by gas water heaters, or central hot water was supplied.

There could be no bathroom in the working stalins - the bathroom consisted only of a washbasin and a toilet bowl. In this case, there was usually no hot water supply in the house. Later, baths or showers were installed in the kitchens, or redevelopment was carried out to increase the area of ​​​​the bathroom.

Electrical wiring in stalinkas could be both hidden and open, made with a flexible wire on rollers; both aluminum and copper wires were used. Electric meters were usually located in apartments. At the time of construction, the wiring was laid with a large margin, but now the power of the electrical wiring is often not enough.

In houses above 5 floors there were elevators and garbage chutes. Garbage chute hatches were usually located in the kitchens. Also, the kitchens often housed a winter refrigerator - a closet under the window, connected to the street. Since at the time the houses were built, an electric refrigerator was not available to the majority of the population, a winter refrigerator turned out to be useful for storing food.

Advantages and disadvantages

Stalin's houses are quite prestigious housing. First of all, this is due to the high resistance of buildings - the strength of walls and ceilings, high noise and heat insulation, high ceilings and a good area of ​​​​apartments. Stalinki are often located in central and adjacent areas, with good transport accessibility and infrastructure.

The disadvantages of stalinok are the deterioration of buildings (primarily communications), the lack of modern infrastructure (in particular, underground garages). Wooden floors are also a disadvantage - they are prone to decay and fire hazard. In addition, in Stalinkas the social composition of the inhabitants is heterogeneous and communal apartments are often found.

In the 1990s, the demand for stalins was extremely high - it was the best housing built in the Soviet period. Later, with the start of construction of business and premium class housing, the demand for Stalinist houses fell. However, even now the nomenklatura and ordinary "Stalinka" remain quite expensive and prestigious housing.

Accommodation

In St. Petersburg, Stalin's houses are located along Moskovsky Prospekt, Stachek Prospekt, on Okhta, Ivanovskaya Street. Ensembles of stalinok stand on Svetlanovskaya Square, Kalinin Square. Separate houses are also found in other areas. Cinder block "stalinkas" are present in significant numbers in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bFrunze Street, Yu. Gagarin Avenue, Altaiskaya Street, and the Avtovo metro station. Apartments in brick "Stalinka" are noticeably more expensive than those located in houses assembled from cinder blocks.

see also

Links

Notes

Typical architecture
residential buildings	Stalinka Khrushchevka Brezhnevka (Gostinka) Series: 1-335 1-510 1-511 sch-5416 1-515/5 1-515/9sh 111-90 111-96 111-121 111-134 121-60-25 II-18/9 II-32 II-49 II-60 BPS-6 IP-46S APPS K-134 K-7 GI Pruit-Igou P-46
non-residential buildings	Shopping center (glass) Supermarket Kindergarten Polyclinic School Cinema Hotel
Related concepts	Blocked development House-building plant Lanehouse Townhouse

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