For the past few years, there have been rumors among the people that, according to the urban renewal plan, a decision was made to demolish the old five-story houses that exist in every city and every region. Does such a guide really exist? And if so, when will it happen?

Unfortunately or fortunately for those people who are not residents of the capital, it is true that such houses have been decided to be demolished, but so far only in Moscow. And only houses of specific "demolished series". Brick is not one of them.

Why demolish five-story buildings

In the second half of the last century, panel, block, and then brick five-story houses, the so-called Khrushchev houses, were actively built in all cities of the country. Initially, they were intended to resettle people from communal apartments while comfortable housing was being built in the country, so they did not differ in any way. convenient layout nor the quality of the materials used.

For reference. Projects of such houses were created in such a way that they would stand for no more than 25 years, after which they would be demolished.
However, it is correctly said that there is nothing more permanent than temporary.
Khrushchev houses still stand to this day, and, according to statistics, more than eight and a half million people live in them.

Reasons for demolition

It is easy to calculate that the estimated service life of these houses has long ended, but experts believe that most of them can stand still for a very long time. Even the figure of 150 years is called, but subject to reconstruction using modern repair technologies.

What causes the demolition?

• Wear first. Moreover, communications wear out and become obsolete faster: heat and electricity supply, water supply, sewerage. Today, every apartment is literally crammed with modern household appliances, which are practically incompatible with obsolete communications, which are already poorly coping with their functions. And in recent years, more and more information has appeared about the catastrophic wear of load-bearing structures.

• The irrationality of financing the reconstruction of houses of certain series. Modern technologies, capable of saving Khrushchev - this is, of course, great, but what will be the price of such a remake? This money is better spent on the construction of more modern and comfortable housing.

For reference. The method developed by engineers for the reconstruction of five-story buildings consists in strengthening them with columns, installing additional heat and sound insulation, increasing the number of storeys and combining apartments.
If we add to this the replacement of communications and the installation of an elevator unit, then about 20 thousand rubles will have to be spent on each square meter.

• Improving the appearance of the city. All those years that have passed after the mass construction of Khrushchev, the city grew and developed, leaving five-story buildings in the historical center. Their design, or rather their absence, does not fit into modern architecture in any way.

• The need to expand or build highways. This is the only reason, apart from the state of emergency, for which houses of unbearable series can be demolished.

Why are they still standing?

The decision to demolish was made several years ago, but most of the houses subject to it are still standing. There are objective reasons for this, among which economic crisis, as well as a change in the leadership of Moscow. After all, so far we are talking only about five-story buildings in the capital: in the regions, no one is going to demolish anything.

According to the new plans, this should happen before 2015, but how feasible these plans are is a big question. The fact is that not all residents of Khrushchev agree to leave their homes. Some of them - mostly elderly people - do not want to move from their usual place.

Others are not satisfied with the proposed exchange options. Many have made high-quality repairs in their apartments, replaced dilapidated communications with their own hands, spending large sums on this. It is clear that they are not happy with the prospect of moving to a new home.

But the main problem for the city authorities was the high cost of dismantling. Five-story buildings are located in areas with high density construction and laying of engineering communications, which directly affects the rise in the cost of destruction.

Tearable and unbearable series

Residents of houses to be demolished in the near future are probably aware of this. And for those who are going to buy an apartment in the old fund, it will be interesting to know which of them should be liquidated in order to correctly assess the financial risks.

Houses of demolished series

These include buildings of the housing stock, created in the late 50s - early 60s of the last century. That is, in the period of mass industrial housing construction. These are panel houses of the K-7, II-32 and II-35, 1-MG-300, 1605-AM series.

This is especially true for the first two episodes.

• K-7 - panel multi-section five-story buildings of various modifications, consisting of ordinary sections with one-, two- and three-room apartments without balconies. The outer walls are cassette reinforced concrete panels 270 mm thick with thermal insulation with mineral wool and foam glass.

• P-32 - houses made of vibro-brick panels, lined with tiles, with balconies on pillars. And a modification of this series - "little families" II-32-130 with a living area of ​​9-13 m 2 and a kitchen of no more than 3.5 m 2.

For reference. At the moment, most of the houses in this series (about 80%) have been demolished.

Erected among the first, the five-story buildings of the series listed above have thin walls with poor thermal insulation properties. They are not subject to reconstruction, since even the use of modern building technologies is not able to qualitatively improve their condition.

Houses of Unbearable Series

Unbearable primarily include brick houses of series 1-447, 1-511 and small families II-34. Built on a fundamentally different constructive system, they are characterized by higher performance.

And although low-quality building bricks were used for construction, they are designed for a fairly long service life.

• 1-447 and 1-447C are the most common brick five-story buildings in the regions of Russia, which were built from 1958 to the end of the 70s everywhere - both in large and small cities. External walls 38-40 cm thick, interior partitions made of concrete panels - 8 cm.

• 1-511 - houses of this series were built only in Moscow from the late 50s to the mid-60s. There are early and late modifications of the houses of this series, which differ in the type of roof, the height of the ceilings and the quality of the brick used in the construction, comparable to the quality of the double silicate brick M 150. The thickness of the walls is 38-40 cm, and in houses of earlier construction - up to 51 cm. Such houses were not built in the regions. (see also article)

This is interesting. In the capital, there is already a completed project for the reconstruction of a five-story brick building of series 1-511 with an addition of two floors, an extension of an elevator unit and the construction of bay windows that increase the area of ​​​​kitchens.
The reconstruction was carried out without the resettlement of residents.

• II-34. Only 10 such houses have been built, and only in Moscow - there are none in the region and regions.

Officially, brick five-story buildings are not included in the list of demolished series. Their liquidation is possible only if the house is recognized as dilapidated emergency housing, not subject to repair and reconstruction.

The prospect of demolition is also possible in a situation where this is required by the plan for the comprehensive reconstruction of the quarter, the construction of road junctions or the expansion of highways.

So far, only isolated cases of demolition are known. brick Khrushchev. For example, a house of series II-34 in the Moscow district of Zyuzino fell under it.

• 1-335D;
• 1-464A and 1-464D;
• 1-467A and 1-467D;
• 1-468-A, 1-468-B, 1-468-D;
• 1-507;
• 1-510;
• 1-515/9;
• 1-605A and others.

The strength and heat-shielding properties of the outer walls of these houses are good, the physical wear of the supporting structures is not critical (as a rule, no more than 20 percent), and the layout of the apartments is more successful than in the houses of the demolished series. However, in almost all homes, a complete replacement of intra-house communications is required. (See also article

The era of mass construction of standard housing began under the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Nikita Khrushchev. In Moscow, Khrushchev-built houses were erected until 1972, and in the Moscow region and in many regions of the country - until the mid-1980s. The people began to call these houses "Khrushchev". At first they were built of brick, and after the 1960s, in order to speed up and significantly reduce the cost of the process, they were made of reinforced concrete panels.

Distinctive features of "Khrushchev" - low ceilings, small kitchens, combined or separate bathroom, poor sound insulation of internal walls, lack of elevators, garbage ducts and attics. In the brick series, under the window in the kitchen, they made a niche with a wall thickness of half a brick, which could serve as a refrigerator in winter.

"Khrushchev" demolished series were designed for 25 years. They were meant to be a temporary solution housing problem, but some of them are still used for their intended purpose. "Khrushchev" unbearable series had an estimated resource of 50 years, but with timely overhauls their resource can be extended up to 150 years.

Demolished include panel houses of series K-7, II-32, II-35, 1605-AM, 1MG-300. In Moscow, they are being dismantled in accordance with the city's program for the comprehensive reconstruction of five-story building areas in the first period of industrial housing construction. The program included 1,722 five-story buildings to be demolished in accordance with the Decree of the Moscow Government dated July 6, 1999 No. 608.

What series of houses are being demolished in Moscow today

• 1605-AM
• 1MG-300 (MG-300)
• II-32
• II-35
• K-7

1605-AM

Most of the houses of the 1605-AM / 5 (1-605A) series were built in the Moscow districts of Fili, Davydkovo, Kuntsevo, Ochakovo, Solntsevo, Belyaevo, Zyuzino, Perovo, Zelenograd (mkr. 3, 6, 8). In small volumes, such houses were built in a number of other sleeping areas, and in the center of Moscow there is a house of series 1605-A in the Khamovniki district. Outside the capital, such houses were built in some cities of the Moscow region (Balashikha, Odintsovo, Dolgoprudny, Mytishchi, Pushkino, etc.) in single quantities.

1MG-300 (MG-300)

Houses of the 1MG-300 (MG-300) series were built in the areas of Cheryomushki, Medvedkovo, Khovrino, Koptevo-Mikhalkovo-Likhobory, Beskudnikovo. Such houses were not built inside the Garden Ring, and there are none outside of Moscow either. The 1MG-300 series was introduced to replace the structurally less durable K-7 and II-32 series. Sometimes this series of houses is mistakenly called 1MG-510.

II-32

Most of the II-32 series houses were built in the Moscow districts of Cheryomushki, Izmailovo, Zyuzino, Vernadsky Prospekt, Khovrino. Houses of series II-32 were not built inside the Garden Ring. Outside the city, houses of this series were erected in some cities of the Moscow region in single quantities. The original name of the series: VK-32 (from the term "vibro-brick" (panels). The reason for the termination of construction is the rejection of vibro-brick panels due to their weak structural characteristics.

II-35

The first house of the II-35 series was built on the 2nd Novoostankinskaya street. Also, construction was carried out in the areas of Kuzminki and Kuntsevo. Such houses were not built inside the Garden Ring and outside Moscow. The II-35 series was experimental, it was on its example that practical methods for calculating the thermal protection of external panels were worked out not only in flat areas, but also in junctions. As a result, it was decided to abandon the shell structure of vertical walls, this design scheme was later used only for floors.

K-7

Years of construction	1958-1966 (Moscow), 1959-1969 (other cities)
Distinctive features;	lined with small light square tiles, without balconies, blind ends, protruding panel elements from the inside of the building
wall material	panel
Advantages	separate bathrooms, kitchen areas more than in all other Khrushchev
Number of entrances	from two
Number of floors	5 (rarely 4), the first floor is most often residential
Ceiling height	2.50 m.
Balconies	only in one of the early versions (K-7-3-3); in the 1st microdistrict. Zelenograd
Number of apartments per floor	3

Houses of the K-7 series can be seen in many frames of the films We'll Live Until Monday, Operation Y and Shurik's Other Adventures (short story Partner). Most of the houses of the K-7 series were built in the Moscow districts of Khoroshevo-Mnevniki, Beskudnikovo, Vernadsky Prospekt, Medvedkovo. The series was also massively built in the areas of Northern Tushino, Khovrino, Zelenograd (mkr. 1, 2, 3, 8), Degunino, Butyrsky Farm, Sviblovo, Izmailovo, Kuzminki, Cheryomushki, st. Innovators, st. 1905 and others. No such houses were built inside the Garden Ring.

According to the materials of the sites russianrealty.ru,
advancerealty.ru

A series of houses K-7 (the letter "K" means "frame") - a series of multi-entrance five-story houses, designed by architect Vitaly Lagutenko, an institute specialist Mosproekt. Such houses were built in 1958-1966 in Moscow, and in 1959-1969 - in other regions.

In the capital, houses K-7 were built in the districts of Khoroshevo-Mnevniki, Beskudnikovo, Vernadsky Prospekt, Medvedkovo, Northern Tushino, Khovrino, Zelenograd (mkr. 1, 2, 3, 8), Degunino, Butyrsky Khutor, Sviblovo, Izmailovo, Kuzminki, Cheryomushki , st. Innovators, st. 1905, etc. These houses were not built inside the Garden Ring.

IN Moscow region houses K-7 were built in Lyubertsy, Balashikha, Zheleznodorozhny, Elektrostal, Mytishchi district, Sergiev Posad district, Dmitrov and Dmitrovsky district, Dubna, Taldom district, in Klin and Klin district, Solnechnogorsk and Solnechnogorsk district, Odintsovo district, Pushchino, Podolsk and Podolsky district, Troitsk and other settlements.

Also houses of the K-7 series were built in Saratov, Tula, Tolyatti and Tselinograd (now Astana, Kazakhstan). In Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), houses of this design were built under the name OD, and two of them have 9 floors.

Most of the houses in this series were built on 5 floors, less often on 4 floors. The number of sections in the houses of the K-7 series is 2 or more. There is no elevator at the entrances. In the first modifications of the houses of the K-7 series, there were no balconies. The garbage chute is available only in later series (K-7-3-3 and K-7-3-5). On the floor there are three apartments (1-room, 2-room and 3-room or three 2-room apartments).

The bathrooms in the apartments are separate, the bath is standard. The kitchen is equipped gas stove. Ventilation is provided by natural exhaust.

The outer walls are made of hinged reinforced concrete panels insulated with foam keralite. Their thickness is 30 cm. The internal load-bearing walls are reinforced concrete beam-walls, which are reinforced concrete I-beams with a vertical wall thickness of 40 mm, an upper shelf width of 240 mm and a lower shelf width of 170 mm. The living rooms of adjacent apartments are separated by two beams with channel-section walls installed with a gap of 40 mm. Overlappings - separate often ribbed reinforced concrete panels.

Bearing walls are internal.

Some of the houses are unlined, while in others the outer walls are lined with small square white or beige tiles. The roof is flat, made of ribbed slabs with insulation.

More about redevelopment of Khrushchev read the link.

Five-story buildings type series K-7 became the first mass housing project in the Soviet Union and gave impetus to the planting of "" throughout the country. The series contained a lot of shortcomings (inefficient heaters and sound insulation), so many of its modifications and differences in layouts appeared.

In Moscow, frame-panel houses of the K-7 series were built in the main areas of mass development in the 1950s - in the 1960s. Most of the houses of the K-7 series were built in the Moscow districts: Khoroshevo-Mnevniki, Beskudnikovo, Vernadsky Prospekt, Medvedkovo. Also, the series was massively built in the areas: Northern Tushino, Khovrino, Zelenograd, Degunino, Butyrsky Khutor, Sviblovo, Izmailovo, Kuzminki, Cheryomushki, st. Innovators, st. 1905. In terms of prevalence, the series took 4th place in Moscow among five-story buildings of all periods with a market share of 19.7%.

In the Moscow region, houses of the K-7 series were built in the cities: Lyubertsy, Balashikha, Zheleznodorozhny, Elektrostal, Dmitrov, Dubna, Klin, Solnechnogorsk, Pushchino, Podolsk and Troitsk.

In the regions of Russia, the K-7 series was built in the cities: Saratov, Tula and Tolyatti. In Leningrad, a series of analogues were built - OD-4 and OD-6 (Obukhov DSK).

At one time, the K-7 series (“K” means “frame”) was a real breakthrough and allowed the transition from individual construction to mass industrialization. The cost of construction of 1 m² of living space was 119 rubles, in 1961 prices this is the lowest figure (along with) among the Moscow series (and the fourth cheapest figure in the history of industrial housing construction). As a result, the K-7 series turned out to be cheap, prefabricated, which made it possible to quickly provide Soviet citizens with housing.

To date, according to the requirements for energy efficiency and housing comfort, K-7 is hopelessly outdated, and therefore is subject to demolition. Mass demolition of K-7 houses has been carried out in Moscow since the mid-1990s. Absolutely all houses have been demolished in Zelenograd, South Autonomous District and Central Administrative District, and in other districts the demolition will be completed in 2015. In St. Petersburg, the corresponding decision was made in the early 2000s, but the demolition has not yet begun. In the Moscow region, the decision to demolish was made in 2007.

Houses of the K-7 series can be seen in many frames of the films "We'll Live Until Monday", "Operation Y" and Shurik's Other Adventures.

Detailed characteristics of the series

entrances	from 2
number of storeys	5 (rarely - 4). The first floor is most often residential (versions with a non-residential 1st floor were built in Khoroshevo-Mnevniki and Lefortovo)
Ceiling height	2.50 m.
elevators	No
Balconies	Only in one of the early versions (K-7-3-3), the place where the first microdistrict was built. Zelenograd
Apartment per floor	3
Years of construction	Moscow: 1958-1966 Regions: 1959-1969
Built houses	990
Apartment areas	1-room apartment total: 30 m², residential: 16 m², kitchen: 6.5-6.7 m² 2-room apartment total: 44-46 m², residential: 29-32 m², kitchen: 6.8-7 m² 3-room apartment total: 61.4 m², residential: 47 m², kitchen: 6.8 m² 4-room apartments were found only in the K-7-3-3 version in the 1st microdistrict of Zelenograd
bathrooms	Separate, bathtubs: standard
stairs	without common fire balcony
Garbage chute	only in versions K-7-3-3, K-7-3-5
Ventilation	Natural exhaust, in the kitchen and bathroom
Walls and ceilings	External walls are hinged concrete panels with insulation with a total thickness of 16 cm, partitions are thin-walled ribbed panels (inter-apartment - 8 cm, interior - 4 cm), floors - from 2 ribbed reinforced concrete panels, maximum thickness 16 cm, average thickness - 5 cm.
load-bearing walls	Frame (panels are an integral part of it). "K" in the name of the series means "framework"
Colors and finishes	Colors: white, light gray, the ends of many houses are red Facing: small square tiles, less often - stone chips; there are houses with mosaics in the auction, some of the houses were not faced
roof type	Flat, combined with comforter. The comforter was abandoned in later modifications in favor of a ventilated one.
Advantages	Separate bathrooms even in one-room apartments, kitchen areas are larger than in other Khrushchevs
Flaws	Mediocre sound insulation, fragile foundation structures, smudges are possible on the ceilings of the last floors.
Manufacturer	Krasnopresnensky Concrete Concrete Plant (in 1961 it became part of the Moscow DSK-1), Dmitrovsky DSK (houses in the Moscow region modification K-7-2-4)
Designer	Mosproekt (workshop No. 7). Chief Project Engineer: Vitaly Lagutenko

Preamble:
Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 4, 1955 No. 1871 “On the elimination of excesses in design and construction” (excerpts, if in a nutshell, N.S. Khrushchev called for building more and cheaper):
... Being carried away by the ostentatious side, many architects are mainly engaged in decorating the facades of buildings, do not work on improving the internal layout and equipment of residential buildings and apartments, neglect the need to create amenities for the population, the requirements of the economy and the normal operation of buildings.
....Despite the indisputable technical and economic feasibility of building according to standard designs, many ministries and departments consider the development of standard projects to be a secondary matter and do not fulfill standard design plans.
…..In Leningrad, out of 353 residential buildings under construction, only 14 houses are built according to standard designs. In the years Kharkov, Rostov-on-Don, Voronezh, Gorky, Tbilisi and other cities, the construction of 4-5-storey residential buildings is carried out mainly according to individual projects.
....Soviet architecture should be characterized by simplicity, rigor of forms and cost-effectiveness of solutions. An attractive appearance of a building and structure should not be created by the use of far-fetched, expensive decorative ornaments, but due to the organic connection of architectural forms with the purpose of buildings and structures, their good proportions, as well as the correct use of materials, structures and details and high quality work.
The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR believe that decisively overcoming shortcomings in design and construction, the rapid and complete elimination of excesses in architecture will make it possible to save significant funds and direct them to the further expansion of housing, cultural, domestic, industrial and agricultural construction, as well as to the expansion landscaping works in cities and towns….
The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR decide:
….4. In order to implement housing and civil construction according to high-quality standard projects that provide a sharp reduction in the cost of construction and improve the living conditions of the population, it is considered necessary to develop by September 1, 1956 new standard projects residential buildings with 2, 3, 4 and 5 floors, schools for 280, 400 and 880 students, hospitals for 100, 200, 300 and 400 places, children's institutions, shops and enterprises Catering, cinemas, sanatoriums, hotels and rest houses, using the best domestic and foreign experience in design and construction.
.... When developing conditions for holding competitions, provide for bonuses for best projects submitted to the competitions, setting awards for each type of buildings and structures in the following amounts:
first prize - 30-50 thousand rubles,
second prize - 15-30 thousand rubles;,
third prize - 10-15 thousand rubles
incentive bonuses of 5 thousand rubles.
.... To deprive the architect Rybitsky of the title of laureate of the Stalin Prize, awarded to him for a residential building on Chkalov Street in Moscow, in the project of which major excesses and shortcomings in architectural and planning solutions were allowed ....
Secretary of the Central
Committee of the CPSU
N. Khrushchev
Chairman of the board
Ministers of the USSR
N. Bulganin