So I got to the book "O. Grigoriev: The era of growth. Lectures on neoconomics. The Rise and Fall of the World Economic System. What is interesting in it? This is the basis on which the ideas of various Neocon figures grow, incl. and the notorious Mikhail Khazin. For me, the basis is more important than subsequent settings on it - no matter how beautiful and logical they may seem. Here, a comparison with the design of a conventional building is quite appropriate. It does not matter that the building turned out beautiful - it is important that it stands on a solid foundation. In general, any theory where there is no clearly defined basis and appeal to the final axioms, I classify as conspiracy theories. This does not mean that I immediately brush them aside and ignore them. Rather, it refers to a critical look at them (in the event that they attract me) until an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe basis is formed, which will either confirm this theory or disprove it. Here it should be noted that the basis and its axioms may also not be true, but at least their justification is easier to verify.

That is why I liked a number of Mikhail Khazin's theories, but I looked at them quite critically. The book "The Age of Growth" forms the basis of neoconomics, describing, on the one hand, simply, on the other, in sufficient detail - where certain neoconomic statements come from. For this, a comparison of the presentation of classical economic views from Adam Smith to Marxists and modern figures of modern economic thought with the real state of affairs was used. By and large, those contradictions were revealed in economic theory that were accumulated by the classics, after which an attempt was made to substantiate them from a new point of view. In this regard, the work, on the one hand, is based on existing knowledge, on the other hand, creatively revised.

Neoconomics is based on the consideration of the principle of division of labor. However, those who closely follow Khazin already know this. And one of the tasks of this work was to describe: how the division of labor originated, how it happens and why it has such a serious impact on the economic life of the entire planet. However, the economy is alive not only by the division of labor - other equally important economic moments were discovered and described: for example, the appearance of money. In addition, it was shown: how the economy interacted with social practices and vice versa.

There are plenty of takeaways from the book. It makes no sense to list all of them, since this is the main PR manager of the neocon Khazin, but I will list some of them.

It is clearly shown that modern economy is a conglomerate of vertically hierarchical objects (firms), where there is a deepening of the division of labor and, in fact, the world market, which, however, does not have the significance of the Absolute, but is regulated over a wide range: from the requirement of free trade to strict regulation economic life(including in the capitalist countries).

The West in the modern sense of the word has long been a poor and seedy province of the world economy, which was focused on the big East. The Renaissance of the West was the result not so much of its miraculous features (which, however, also took place), but of a favorable combination of several circumstances. This is also true for other cases of fast economic growth: It's not enough to be a conventionally good guy - it's important to be at the right time and place.

The last statement is shown so well from the point of view of historical retrospective that it creates a feeling of some pessimism that everything is predetermined, and it is impossible to jump above your head. By and large, this means that in the current world configuration - world economy doomed to fade. The maximum that neoconomics can do is to make this fading smoother. However, Oleg Grigoriev himself says that he is a pure economist, therefore he does not see the whole picture as a whole, therefore he cannot issue recipes for saving the world. Moreover, he hopes that there will be people with this wide range, where one of the economic building blocks in their basis will be this book on neoconomics. Which is generally true.

What did you complain about? No matter how ridiculous it is to say, but the demands of our market heralds that everything should be done by a private trader gave a logical result. A new look at the economy - was born in the bowels of a private company. In general, private traders Khazin and Pereslegin are moving the science of the future forward. Funny and sad at the same time.

What attracted attention. monetary policy The Fed in the last crisis is very different from the recommendations given by the modern economic thought. There is a suspicion that they understand something, but do not tell anyone.

And finally, about historical optimism and a global view on the division of labor. I already said a little earlier that, in general, this work looks to the future without optimism, since it is historically confirmed that the main progress in the past was ensured by a favorable combination of circumstances that have now ended (due to the finiteness of the world market, limited by the planet Earth) . The authors of the book do not look deeper, because this is a slightly different topic. Nevertheless, the impossible happened in the historical retrospective - it was the creation of the USSR of its technological zone. Not to say that in this case it arose in spite of everything - some window of opportunity, of course, was present, but, in general, the breakthrough of the USSR contradicts the general concept of neoconomics about economic growth in a single country. In the USSR, according to this work, a miracle happened. Due to both a favorable set of circumstances, and due to the use of economic methods that were original at that time (planned economy), and due to the enormous will to win, which, on the one hand, caused the passionarity of the masses, on the other, harshly and even cruelly suppressed the resistance of the dissatisfied. In general, miracles do not happen out of the blue - they must be prepared and be prepared to pay for the costs. It is this that explains the fact why Industrialization and Collectivization went so hard in the USSR. From the point of view of the economic situation, it is impossible to do this in the usual mode, so a competent afterburner was required, which, alas, was not without flaws.

It seems that the reformatting of the future economy will also combine elements of the former Soviet breakthrough: a combination of favorable factors (current economic crisis), the use of original economic and social solutions (remember that the same USSR was primarily a social experiment), and a great strain of forces and means. In this regard, neoconomics sets a rigid corridor of opportunities that must be met with available forces and means. In my opinion, one of the sides of the triangle of a strategic breakthrough into the future has been created. Its technological side is being developed by Pereslegin with his technological packages, and the social side will be implemented based on the resulting narrow corridor of possibilities. In general, in a bright future, we will go on kicks and over corpses, but, I hope, with a relatively reliable compass.

As far as the division of labor is concerned. The closest and simplest example for a person is a family. Try to raise a large number of children in a singular family. It's simply not possible. And in a complete family, it is quite realizable (if there are sufficient funds). Modern world, which appeals to the full equality of the sexes, including measures of economic and legal pressure, leads to the fact that this division of labor is destroyed. Accordingly, a woman is not interested in children due to economic reasons, and the man gets even more so. In this regard, the collapse of the institution of the family is more than obvious. As well as a decrease in the reproduction of the population, because numerous children (more than one) require a normal family with a classical division of labor (a man provides, a woman takes care of the household and children). In general, the issue of demographic reproduction and the structure of society is also tied to the division of labor in society and the family.

If we take a nation, then here we have the same division of labor, which allows society to reproduce within certain limits. Moreover, the social structure is determined not only economic parameters but also cultural. That is why such importance is given to the prosperity of the people / nation. It is in such cultural communities that the next major level of the division of labor takes place, which determines its social structure. With the destruction of a nation, its division of labor (both social and economic) will also be destroyed, which will mean either its integration into a new division of labor at the level of the globalized world, or banal destruction. Therefore, the issue of nationalism is not so much the reaction of a number of extravagant radicals as the urgent need of society for self-preservation. This is especially true if it enters the globalized world in secondary roles, which implies its complete performance, both with the loss of its identity and with the loss of economic independence. In short, they will have this nation in tail and mane, with complete dependence on external control. However, if you believe in the world of pink ponies that poop ambrosia, then you should not worry.

In general, from the point of view of streamlining the modern picture of the world, the book is very worthy. Answering a number of pressing questions and putting the following before the thinking audience.

Why are some countries rich and others poor despite their best efforts? What factors determine economic growth? Answering these questions, the author comes to an unexpected conclusion: the wave of economic growth of the last two and a half centuries is based on a unique set of circumstances in the world economy. economic system XVIII century. However, the initial growth momentum has long been exhausted. Are we able to take control of economic development, or will we have to put up with a slow decline that threatens to turn into a catastrophe at any moment? There is no answer to this question today, however, the understanding of real mechanisms presented in the book economic development can serve as a basis for developing the necessary solutions.

The book will be of interest to specialists, as well as to a wide range of readers interested in economics. Oleg Grigoriev graduated from the Faculty of Economics of Moscow State University, was a researcher at CEMI of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Worked in the Supreme Council, State Duma, in the Economic Department of the President of the Russian Federation. State Councilor First Class.
Over the past 10 years, I have repeatedly undertaken to write a book that would embody the results of my reasoning about the fundamental role of the division of labor in the economy, but each time I encountered insurmountable obstacles. Each advance in analysis required a revision, sometimes radical, of what had been previously written. Something needed to be clarified, something needed to be reworked. And with each new step, the procedure had to be repeated. From a certain point, I realized that the only way to work on the exposition of a new theory is to consistently read courses of lectures on a wide range of economic problems.

With such an iterative approach, it became possible to consistently refine the content of the new economic theory, its system of concepts and internal relationships. Based on the results of the lecture courses, it became possible to look at all the accumulated material in its entirety, critically assess its state, separate the important from the secondary, highlight areas that require further study and outline ways for further research.
The first large course of lectures was organized by order of the EFKO Group of Companies for its corporate university. This still very "raw" course of lectures allowed me to fully appreciate the significance of the new approach to economic theory, its fundamental difference from traditional approaches, and also to determine the main directions of development of the theory.
Further elaboration of the theory was carried out within the framework of more limited courses of lectures, as well as the work of a theoretical seminar organized by me. In 2012, on the initiative of P. Shchedrovitsky, another large course of lectures was organized at the Moscow Higher School of Social and economic sciences(Shaninka). During this course, it was possible to develop a holistic concept of a new approach to economic theory, to create, if I may say so, its skeleton.

The next large course of lectures was delivered within the framework of the Research Center "Neoconomics". In its course and in the course of numerous seminars, some important topics that previously remained outside the scope of the study were worked out, and a system of internal interconnections of the theory was formed. This book is based on the materials of the second and third courses of lectures. The main material is based on the course of lectures given in Shaninka, but it is substantially supplemented and refined in accordance with later studies, which are reflected in the next course. This circumstance explains some of the stylistic heterogeneity of the book, but it had to be sacrificed for the sake of the content unity of the material.

Since the emergence of Homo sapiens on this sinful planet, this man has lived in the same economic reality. And this reality was called - The increase in the division of labor. Which led to the emergence of more and more new professions. A constant and continuous increase in the division of labor, the emergence of new professions, has accompanied man throughout his history. It seemed like it would be like this forever. At least until all of humanity is involved in the global division of labor. But then a semiconductor transistor appeared and this (fortunately) came to an end.

The error lies in the fact that according to Oleg Grigoriev's Neoconomics, this process of deepening the division of labor has reached its limit. Covered all of humanity and there is nowhere to expand further. There are no more people on the planet who are not involved in the global division of labor. However, it is not. Moreover, since about 1990, the reverse process began. Since the end of the last century, humanity has entered a new economic reality. And this new reality is called - Reducing the division of labor.

We are talking exclusively about the labor involved in material production. Everything that can be weighed can be attributed to material production. In the literal sense of the word. The product of material labor has a weight that can be measured in kilograms. Everything that cannot be weighed belongs to the Service Sphere. The work of a hairdresser, designer, actor, psychologist, doctor, teacher, etc. It's impossible to weigh. And all this work belongs to the Service Sphere. Material production includes agriculture, the extraction of raw materials and industrial production, everything that can be weighed, everything that has Weight. This is the most important point needed to separate the Service Sphere and Material Production. It will go further, only and exclusively about material production.

Although it is here that an interesting dispute arises as to which type of production to include software, which is becoming more and more significant in the total volume of Gross Domestic Product. The work of a programmer is Material Production or Services. The dispute inevitably comes down to the level of Quantum Mechanics and The Theory of Relativity. The software at the time of its transfer from one place to another, still has this weight. But it is at the moment of transmission, not storage. Photons and electrons involved in the transmission of software have this weight. In any case, the same Photons have energy and this energy can be converted into kilograms, not to mention electrons. But at the moment of its storage, this software has no weight. A hard disk or a laser disk has the same weight, regardless of whether the program is written on it or not. A person who buys such a software disc in a store is actually buying only the weight of the media itself. The purchased program in its place of storage after downloading from the network also has no weight. The program itself, placed on the carrier, cannot be weighed in kilograms. And if at the moment of buying a product or storing a product, this product (program) has no weight, then it belongs to the Service Sphere. In general, all the work of a programmer can be fully attributed to the economy of the Service Industry.

The increase in the division of labor in material production has gone through three stages. The first stage is the level. Division of labor based on natural advantages. We grow grapes and olives, you have sheep and goats. Let's exchange wine and olives for wool, butter and cheese. The second level of the division of labor is based on industrial and raw materials exchange. We give you industrial products (iPhones and gadgets), you give us raw materials and food (oil, gas, hemp and grain). The third level is based on Outsourcing. We assemble and develop the final product, the product itself, you supply us with components and parts for it.

According to the logic of development of the Increase in the division of labor, the entire post-Soviet space should be included in the global division of labor for more high level the third stage or the third phase of its development, at the level of Outsourcing. For example, China and the countries of Latin America are included. However, the entire post-Soviet space is stuck at the second level of development. Raw materials and food in exchange for manufactured goods. And it's not just about bad colonial administration, bad Putin or Yanukovych. With a good Poroshenko, the second level of the division of labor is even more fixed. It's all about the global process that began around 1990 of the last century. Mankind has entered a new economic reality - Reducing the level of division of labor. To understand why the reverse process began and what the transistor has to do with it, you need to start from afar and trace all the stages of development of the Increase in the division of labor.

At the very beginning of history, there was only one natural economy. Then began a gradual process of exchange - trade, based on natural advantages. At this stage, settled settlements began to appear. Then the second stage of development began, raw materials and food in exchange for industrial (handicraft) products. At this stage, cities and towns of artisans began to appear. The third stage, Outsourcing, the removal of the production of parts and components to places with a lower income level. At this stage, Trans national or Trans urban companies began to appear. Settlements and cities at the top of technological chains began to stand out.

First there was a stick. And besides the stick, man produced nothing. Then, there was an increase in the variety of sticks - products. A stick for knocking fruit on a tree, a stick for dripping roots, a stick - a baton for hitting the head. The process of increasing the number of products produced by man began. Man gradually learned to produce clothes, shoes, dishes from ceramics. Build housing - a hut. The variety of products produced by man has constantly increased. As the variety of products increased, an equally interesting process began in their production. In some products, an increase in the number of parts of which these products consisted began. And this is the second important point in production.

An increase in the variety of products leads to the emergence of new professions and, as a result; Increases the level of division of labor. An increase in the number of parts in one product leads to the emergence of new professions that produce different parts for the product and, as a result; Increases the level of division of labor. The sailing ships in 1492, on which Columbus and company crossed the Ocean, contained no less than a thousand individual parts, knocked together and assembled into one product called Caracca. Three carracks, Pinta, Nina and Santa Maria as a result of this action, went down in history as the ships of Columbus. Subsequently, every hundred years there was a doubling of the number of parts in one product, referred to as a sailing ship. The galleons of the early 17th century contained two to two and a half thousand parts. Three-masted galleons of the 18th century, with several rows of sails on one mast, could contain up to four to five thousand parts.

It is difficult to model when the increase in the number of parts in ships began, but you can definitely tell how it all began. And it all started with two things. A dugout boat, one detail and an oar from a single piece of wood, the second detail. It is easy to see that with an increase in the number of parts in ships, it became possible to move the production of individual parts to places where income - wages were lower. Not so much the urgent need to move part of the production to another city, but the opportunity to reduce the cost and increase production - the assembly of ships. Including an increasing number of people in the division of labor in the production of one final product. A city or a village with a shipyard, with such a division of labor, was at the top of the technological chain, controlling the development and final assembly of the product, getting the maximum profit, and the owners of the shipyard turned out to be at the head of the Trans city company with suppliers of manufacturers in other cities - settlements.

The first Ford cars contained 1.5 thousand parts. Now, the simplest car of the same company contains about 20-30 thousand parts and hundreds of suppliers of these parts, often in other countries. Boeing 747 contains over half a million parts. Boeing 787 contains about a million parts and thousands of suppliers around the world. It seems that the number of various products and the number of parts in the product is steadily growing, and with it the increase in the division of labor with the transition to the third level, Outsourcing. However, it is not.

The increase in the number of products and parts in them is gradually growing, but already much more slowly than before and, most likely, will reach its limit very soon, after which the reverse process will begin. But the number of parts in electronics products has already begun to decline. Early VCRs contained more detail than DVD players. The laser disc itself is one detail. The cassette for the tape recorder contained up to forty details. Now the players themselves are disappearing. Even in televisions, the number of parts is decreasing and every TV in the near future will be both a computer and a game console, consisting of two parts. A wire with a plug and a single-crystal computer on transistors. These same transistors, before the eyes of one generation, practically destroyed the entire film industry. Film and photo film, magnetic tape for tape recorders and all equipment using them. It is hard to imagine how many people were involved in these productions and what was the scale of Outsourcing, the removal of the production of parts and components by transnational companies. And the first computers occupying entire floors of buildings on vacuum tubes and punched cards. And the vacuum tubes themselves. But that's not all.

Computers themselves, with software, fired entire factory institutes involved in drawing drawings by hand on paper. A computer connected to the machine and becoming a numerically controlled machine, which dramatically increased labor productivity, sent an entire army of machine operators into oblivion. Peter Martin and Harald Schumann wrote a book - The Trap of Globalization. Where they described the threat to the world order, from the transition to society 20 = 80%. Where only twenty percent of the population will be employed in material production. And in agriculture, and in the extraction of raw materials and industrial production, due to the increase in labor productivity associated with the massive introduction of computers in all areas of production. Already now in such countries as Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, which have yet to develop and develop to the level developed countries, have a percentage close to 20-80%. Already now in these countries 60% of the population is employed in the service sector, not to mention the developed countries, and this percentage is steadily growing. It is the reduction of the population employed in material production that is the result of the process that has begun - the reduction of the division of labor.

With this trend, the number of countries where the high-tech industry will be preserved will also decrease. The world of Elysium and the rest of the Cyberpunk world, where there will be endless Hunger Games that have already begun in the Middle East and the former Ukraine, this is the bright future of mankind. This is due to the fact that as labor productivity grows and the number of people employed in industrial production decreases, there is a great desire to transfer this production to one's home, in developed world, leaving the neighbors only the extraction of raw materials, and agriculture. This process began at the end of the last century and will inevitably reach its logical end. The upheavals and social cataclysms that will accompany all this action will by no means be inferior to the upheavals that humanity experienced during the change of previous economic formations.

Previous wars were caused by the desire of individual countries to climb to the top of the technological chains. Today's wars will be caused by the desire to stay on these heights. The dispute between the US and Europe over who will remain has already begun.

And before that, Central Europe, without any war, destroyed the technological industry of its eastern competitors - neighbors. After 1990, the high-tech industry disappeared in the countries of the former socialist bloc, Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, the USSR. It is believed that jobs from here moved to China. But this is not true, by and large they have not moved anywhere. It's just that in central Europe labor productivity has increased and enterprises in the east working for European outsourcing, supplying parts and components to final assembly sites, have become unnecessary, just as direct competitors are not needed. The total number of people who lost their jobs in the technology industry of these countries far exceeds the number of people employed in China's export areas. In China itself, for the rest of the world, only 20-40 million people work.

This is in pseudo-liberal myths, the whole of China is working for the rest of the world for a cup of rice. Half of China's population is employed in agriculture and does not export rice and wheat. The service sector employs 30% of the population. The remaining thirty percent or two hundred million people are employed in the production itself. Of these, only ten, twenty percent, work in export areas of production. The adult uncles who run the Western world themselves did not understand what they had done with China, pumping it with technology in pursuit of cheapness. In order to have forty million Chinese working for them for low wages, they essentially raised a technological monster and a competitor to their Western head, for a place in Elysium. To destroy the industry in the post-Soviet space, preventing it from becoming an analogue of Latin America technologically dependent on developed countries, for the sake of exploiting forty million Chinese, and in fact for the sake of the Chinese, this must be done.

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Why are some countries rich and others poor despite their best efforts? What factors determine economic growth? Answering these questions, the author comes to an unexpected conclusion: the wave of economic growth of the last two and a half centuries is based on a unique set of circumstances in the world economic system of the 18th century. However, the initial growth momentum has long been exhausted.
Are we able to take control of economic development, or will we have to put up with a slow decline that threatens to turn into a catastrophe at any moment? There is no answer to this question today, but the understanding of the real mechanisms of economic development presented in the book can serve as a basis for developing the necessary solutions.
Oleg Grigoriev relies on the original concept of the decisive role of the division of labor.
The book will be of interest to specialists, as well as to a wide range of readers interested in economics.
Oleg Grigoriev graduated from the Faculty of Economics of Moscow State University, was a researcher at CEMI of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He worked in the Supreme Council, the State Duma, in the Economic Department of the President of the Russian Federation. State Councilor First Class. Since 2012 - founder and scientific director of Oleg Grigoriev's Research Center "Neoconomics".

Our scheme of monocultural interaction between the two countries is similar to the theory of comparative
advantages of D. Ricardo, but in reality there are fundamental differences between them.
If we compare our model and the well-known model of D. Ricardo from a purely mathematical (rather arithmetic) point of view, then we get the impression that we are talking about the same model. However, both ours and Ricardo's models are economic, but from an economic point of view, the differences are very significant.
From an economic point of view, it is not the numbers that are important, but the exact description of the situation to which they refer. We and Ricardo are considering different situations - respectively, and the course of reasoning, and the conclusions we have are different.
The most important difference is the following. We consider the interaction of two countries under the assumption that they differ in the level of technological division of labor. As for Ricardo, his reasoning is based on the natural division of labor based on natural or acquired advantages. At the same time, some of Ricardo's remarks give grounds to assume that he knows about the technological division of labor, however, even in these cases, doubts remain: is it really a technological division of labor, or a natural one based on acquired advantages.

CONTENT
Words of gratitude
LECTURE 1 On the division of labor
LECTURE 2: Interaction between developed and developing states. Monocultural interaction
LECTURE 3: Interaction between developed and developing states. Investment interaction
LECTURE 4: Reproductive Circuit
LECTURE 5: Interaction of reproductive circuits: money
LECTURE 6: Interaction of reproductive circuits: rent
LECTURE 7: Technological division of labor. Firm
LECTURE 8: Scientific and technological progress
LECTURE 9: Formation of the modern economic system
LECTURE 10: Economic crises
Conclusion Literature

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