>>Geography: Population size and reproduction

Population size and reproduction

1. World population: very fast growth!

Geographers and demographers widely use population census data in their work. All since the beginning of the 19th century. there were more than 2 thousand such censuses in the world, which today in most developed countries are carried out every five or ten years. .

According to the estimates of statisticians and demographers, over the entire history of mankind, more than 100 billion people were born on Earth. But throughout almost this entire story population growth was slow, and acceleration occurred only in the period of modern and especially modern times. Thus, over the last millennium, the first doubling of the population took 600 years, the second 250, the third about 100, and the fourth a little over 40 years. This means that the world's population has never increased as quickly as in the middle and second half of the twentieth century! In 1950 it reached 2.5 billion, in 1980 4.4 billion, and in 2006 6.5 billion people. .

Example. If at the beginning of the twentieth century. The absolute annual growth of the Earth's population was 10 - 15 million, and in the middle of the century 40-50 million, then in the 80-90s of the twentieth century. it reached 80-85 million people, which exceeds the number of inhabitants in any European state except Russia.

1 Ethnology ( ethnography, from Greek. ethpos tribe, people) - the science of the origin of peoples (ethnicities), their characteristic features and the relationships between them, which are determined by ethnic processes.

2 Demography(from the Greek detos people and ggapho I write) the science of the patterns of population reproduction, studying its numbers, natural growth, age and sex composition, etc.

However, in different regions of the world the population is growing unevenly today: in some slowly, in others faster, and in others very quickly. This is explained by the different nature of its reproduction. (Exercise 1.)

2. The concept of population reproduction.

The scientific theory of population considers the population involved in labor, like g the main productive force of society, the basis of all social production. Constantly interacting with nature (geographical environment), the population plays an active role in its transformation. At the same time, the population, and each of you feels this, acts as the main consumer of all created material wealth. That's why number population is one of the important factors in the development of each country, and indeed of all humanity.

In turn, population growth depends on the nature of its reproduction.

Reproduction (natural movement) of the population is understood as the totality of the processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase, which ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations.

Fertility, mortality, and natural population growth are basically biological processes. But nevertheless, the socio-economic conditions of people’s lives, as well as the relationships between them in society and in the family, have a decisive influence on them. . The mortality rate depends primarily on the material living conditions of people: nutrition, sanitary and hygienic working and living conditions, and development health. The birth rate also depends on the socio-economic structure of society and the living conditions of people. But this dependence is much more complex and contradictory, causing a lot of controversy in science. As a rule, with the growth of wealth and culture, the increasing involvement of women in production and social activities, the lengthening of children’s education and the general increase in the “price of a child,” the birth rate decreases. But rising incomes can also serve as an incentive to increase it.

Wars, primarily world wars, have a very large negative impact on the reproduction of the population, which lead to huge human losses both as a result of direct military action and as a result of the spread of hunger and disease, and the severance of family ties.

In the most simplified, generalized form, we can talk about two types of population reproduction.

3. The first type of population reproduction: demographic crisis.

The first type of population reproduction is characterized by low rates of fertility, mortality and, accordingly, natural growth. It has become widespread primarily in economically developed countries, where the proportion of elderly and old people is constantly growing; this in itself reduces the birth rate and increases the death rate of the population.

However, in addition to the demographic factor, reasons of a socio-economic nature also play an important role, causing increased mortality from diseases, unsettled life, military conflicts, increased crime, industrial injuries, various types of natural and man-made disasters, accidents, as well as from deterioration in the quality of the environment. environment. But even among the countries of the first type of reproduction, three subgroups can be distinguished. Firstly, these are countries with an average annual natural population growth of approximately 0.5% (or 5 people per 1,000 inhabitants, or 5%0). In such countries, examples of which are the USA, Canada, and Australia, quite significant population growth is achieved.

To do this, it is necessary that approximately half of all families have two children, and half three. Over time, two children “replace” their parents, and the third not only covers losses from illnesses, accidents, etc., but also compensates for the lack of offspring among childless people. but also provides sufficient overall growth.

Secondly, these are countries with zero or close to zero natural growth. Such growth no longer ensures expanded reproduction of the population, which usually stabilizes at the achieved level.
Example. All countries of the second subgroup are located in Europe. These are Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, Poland. Sweden. The population in these countries is no longer growing.

Thirdly, these are countries with negative natural increase, i.e. those where mortality exceeds birth rate.
As a result, the number of their inhabitants not only does not grow, but even decreases. Demographers call this phenomenon depopulation 1(or demographic crisis). It is most typical for Europe.

Example. At the beginning of the 21st century. In Europe, there were already 15 countries with negative natural population growth. Among the CIS countries, these include Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, where the socio-economic crisis that occurred in the 90s affected the indicators of natural population growth. XX century (see table 12 in the “Appendices”).

1 D e p o p u l i c i a(from French depopulation) a decrease in the population of a country or region as a result of narrowed reproduction, leading to its absolute decline.

The transition from a large family, typical of old Russia, to a small family took place in our country during the existence of the Soviet Union. But in the 90s. XX century First of all, with the emergence of a deep socio-economic crisis, a real “collapse” in the indicators of natural population growth began. The birth rate in Russia (10.4 people per 1000 inhabitants) and at the beginning of the 21st century. remains very low.

Until relatively recently, the type of population reproduction that has developed in economically developed countries was often called rational. However, in the first half of the 90s of the twentieth century. its indicator dropped to 2% 0, and at the beginning of the 21st century. actually became zero. At the same time, many European countries have already entered the demographic crisis, which negatively affects or may affect in the future their entire development.

4. The second type of population reproduction: demographic explosion.

For in second type of reproduction The population is characterized by high and very high birth rates and natural growth rates and relatively low death rates. It is typical primarily for developing countries.

After gaining independence, these countries were able to make wider use of the achievements of modern medicine, sanitation and hygiene, primarily to combat epidemic diseases. This led to a fairly sharp reduction in mortality. The birth rate for the most part remained at a high level.

Of course, this is largely due to the persistence of the thousand-year-old traditions of early marriages and large families. . The average family size is still 6 people; As a rule, this is a three-generation family (parents, their children and grandchildren). In addition, it remains the main means of maintaining a living wage and children continue to serve as the main support for parents in old age. And child mortality in these countries remains significant. Factors such as the predominance of the rural population, insufficient level of education, and weak involvement of women in production continue to have an impact.

At the beginning of the 21st century. the average annual rate of natural growth in developing countries was 1.6%, i.e., it was 16 times higher than in economically developed countries!

But even against this background, the least developed countries, where 800 million people live, or more than 1/10 of the total population of the planet, especially stand out. They are distinguished by the highest rates of fertility and natural increase (2.4%); that is why it is among them that one should look for “world record holders.”

“Record holders” for average annual population growth can be found among the countries of Tropical Africa and South-West Asia. . (Task 2.)

This phenomenon of rapid population growth in countries of the second type of reproduction in the mid-twentieth century. received a figurative name in the literature population explosion. Today, these countries (together with China) account for more than 4/5 of the planet's total population and more than 95% of its annual growth. This means that of the 130 million children born each year, 124 million are born in developing countries. In particular, the population of Asia increases annually by about 40 million people, Africa by almost 30 million, and Latin America by more than 9 million.

If in 1900, of the 15 largest countries in the world by population, seven were in Europe, five in Asia and three in America, then in 2005 only two European countries remained on this list (Germany and Russia), but there were eight Asian countries (China, India , Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Japan, Vietnam, Philippines), as well as three American (USA, Brazil, Mexico), two African (Nigeria, Egypt) (see Table 14 in the “Appendices”).

Along with this, one cannot help but pay attention to the fact that in some more “advanced” developing countries a rather noticeable decline in the rate of natural population growth has already begun. Examples of this kind of measures include Brazil, India, Turkey, Morocco, and Tunisia. And China, Argentina, Chile, Sri Lanka, Thailand have actually already moved into the group of countries of the first type of reproduction.

Nevertheless, developing countries have and will continue to have a decisive impact on the size and reproduction of the population, primarily determining the demographic situation throughout the world.(Creative task 3.)

5. Demographic policy, management of population reproduction.

Nowadays, most countries of the world strive to manage the reproduction of the population by conducting state demographic policy.

Demographic policy is a system of administrative, economic, propaganda and other measures through which the state influences the natural movement of the population (primarily the birth rate) in the direction it desires. It is clear that the direction of demographic policy depends primarily on the demographic situation in a particular country.

In countries of the first type of population reproduction, demographic policies aimed at increasing fertility and natural population growth prevail. It is carried out mainly with the help of various stimulating economic measures such as one-time loans to newlyweds, benefits at the birth of each child, monthly benefits for children, paid vacations, etc. Examples of countries pursuing an active demographic policy are France, Japan, and Russia.

Most countries of the second type of reproduction in recent decades have begun to implement demographic policies aimed at reducing the birth rate and natural population growth. Perhaps the greatest efforts in this regard are made by the two largest countries in the world, China and India.

Example 1. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China states that spouses must carry out planned childbearing. A committee for planned childbirth has been created; permission from local authorities must be obtained to give birth to a child. A later age for marriage has been set. During the period of study at the institute, marriages, as a rule, are not permitted. The main motto of the PRC's demographic policy is: “One family, one child.” The implementation of this policy has already yielded results.

Example 2. India was the first developing country to adopt a national family planning program as an official government policy back in 1951. The age of marriage was significantly raised, mass voluntary sterilization of the population was carried out, and a family of four was promoted under the motto: “We are two, we are two.” As a result of these measures, the birth rate and natural increase decreased slightly, but nevertheless, almost 1/5 of all newborns in the world are children born in India.

However, many difficulties arise in the implementation of demographic policy, not only financial and economic, but also moral and ethical. In the 90s of the twentieth century. The issue of a woman’s right to terminate a pregnancy, which was sharply opposed by the Catholic Church, caused especially great debate. . Many Muslim Arab countries, especially in South-West Asia, generally reject any measures for “family planning” for reasons of religious morality. The majority of the least developed countries of Tropical Africa do not pursue any demographic policy.

6. Theory of demographic transition.

An important scientific basis for demographic policy is the theory demographic transition, which explains the sequence of changes in demographic processes. The scheme of such a transition itself includes four successive stages.

For first stage, which covered almost the entire history of mankind, was characterized by very high birth and death rates and, accordingly, very low natural increase; Nowadays it almost never occurs.

Second phase characterized by a sharp reduction in mortality (thanks primarily to the successes of medicine) while maintaining the traditional high birth rate. This “fork” between the first and second indicators became the initial cause of the demographic explosion.

The third stage is characterized by the persistence of low mortality rates (and sometimes even a slight increase in them associated with the “aging” of the population). The birth rate also decreases, but usually still slightly exceeds the death rate, ensuring moderate expanded reproduction and population growth.

When going to fourth stage Birth and death rates are the same. This means a transition to population stabilization. (Task 4.)

7. Quality of population as a new complex concept.

Recently, in science and practice, indicators characterizing not only the quantity, but also the quality of the population are becoming increasingly important. This is a complex, comprehensive concept that takes into account economic (employment, per capita income, caloric intake), social (level of health care, safety of citizens, development of democratic institutions), cultural (level of literacy, provision of cultural institutions, printed materials), environmental (state of the environment) and other living conditions of people.

Recently, the UN and other international organizations, when determining the quality of a country's population, have paid the main attention to the state of its health, which, in turn, largely depends on the level of healthcare and general standard of living. In the second half of the twentieth century. Notable progress has been made in this regard, including in developing countries. However, many problems still remain unresolved.

Example. The world average infant mortality rate is 55 children per 1000 live births. In economically developed countries it is only 8 children, while in developing countries it is 60, and in the least developed countries it is 100. Moreover, in Africa and Asia there are also countries where this figure reaches 150-160 (Liberia, Niger, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan ).

Another important generalizing criterion for the health status of a nation is the indicator average life expectancy 1 . At the beginning of the 21st century. it is on average 66 years for the whole world (64 years for men and 68 years for women). The corresponding figures for economically developed countries are 72 and 80, for developing countries 62 and 66, and for least developed countries 51 and 53.

Example 1. The world's highest average life expectancy in Japan is 82 years (men 79, women 86). Sweden, Iceland, Spain, and Canada have almost the same indicators (see Table 15 of the Appendix).

Example 2. The lowest life expectancy in the world is in the African countries of Zambia and Sierra Leone (32-34 years). Similar indicators are slightly higher for some other countries of Tropical Africa (see Table 15 of the Appendix).

1 Average life expectancy - the expected life expectancy of the population, which is determined using calculations based on probability theory. Depends both on biological and hereditary characteristics, as well as on nutrition, work, and living conditions. Measured in number of years.

Average life expectancy in Russia in the 90s. under the influence of the socio-economic crisis, it decreased, amounting to about 65.3 years in 2005 (59 years for men and 72 years for women). By the way, there is no such huge gap between the indicators of both sexes in any other country in the world.

Another important indicator of the quality of the population is the literacy level. In economically developed countries, illiteracy has been virtually completely or almost completely eliminated. But in developing countries, despite recent progress, the educational level in general is still quite low, especially among rural residents.

Example. In Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso, more than 80% of all residents are illiterate, in Somalia more than 70%, in Senegal, Liberia, Ethiopia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh more than 50%.

According to the UN, in 1990 about 960 million people could neither read nor write. Since then, as the population explosion continues, the total number of illiterate people has fallen by 150 million. The absolute number of illiterate people is especially high in South and East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In South Asia, illiterates make up about half of the total population.

Nation Vitality Quotient

World population dynamics and natural increase

Types of population reproduction.

The main historical types of population reproduction (see lecture and Volgin).

Most often, demographers There are two types of reproduction.

Type I - simple reproduction if during the change of generations the population does not increase, or narrowed when more people die than are born.

II type - expanded reproduction, when the number of the next generation is greater than the previous one.

First type of reproduction The population is characterized by low rates of fertility, mortality, and natural increase. It is typical for European countries (including Russia), North America, Australia and Oceania. In a number of countries, simple reproduction is maintained, for which it is necessary that half of all families have 2 children, and half - 3 (2 children, as it were, “replace” the parents, and the third “covers the loss” from accidents, illnesses, “compensates” absence of offspring among childless people). In demographics, there is an indicator for this - 2.5 children per family.

The problem for countries of type I reproduction is the need to use paternalistic (from the Latin pater - “father”) demographic policy to stop the process of depopulation of the population at the level of simple reproduction.

Second type of reproduction The population is characterized by high and very high fertility and natural increase rates and relatively low mortality rates. This type is most characteristic of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The problem for these countries is the need to reduce the birth rate and overcome the “demographic explosion” through the implementation of family planning programs.

There is another version of the typology of reproduction processes. So, Yu.A. Simagin identifies three types of natural population movements.

1) traditional - high birth rate (about 45%) corresponds to high mortality (about 35%) - natural increase is low. The traditional type is associated with the dominance of agricultural production. Currently, in its pure form, it is found much less frequently than before;

2) transition - in connection with the achievements of socio-economic progress, the mortality rate decreases sharply (up to 10%), the birth rate decreases more slowly, and a high natural increase is formed (up to 40%). It is this type that corresponds to the “demographic explosion” that the most developed countries experienced in the 19th century. The bulk of developing countries passed the “peak” of the population explosion in the 60s. XX century, and in the most backward countries (mainly African) it continues to this day;

3) modern - low birth rate (about 10%o) and low mortality (about 10%o), natural increase is low or fluctuates around zero (in some years there is a slight increase, in others there is a slight decrease). The modern type of reproduction is currently observed in developed countries of the world.

Naturally, different types of reproduction correspond to different age structures of the population. In developed countries, the proportion of the population of older ages is significant (up to 25%), and it is growing quite quickly. The share of children, on the contrary, is insignificant and is gradually decreasing (as a rule, no more than 25%). The population is aging.

In 2000 There were 69 million people in the world aged 80 years and older. By 2050, according to demographers, the number of people of this age will reach 579 million - 4% of the total future population, incl. 3.2 million people will cross the 100-year mark. Among the countries with the largest share of centenarians are Japan, Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland.

Developing countries have a very high proportion of children. In a number of African countries, for example, it even exceeds 50%. At the same time, the proportion of elderly people is very low (5% or less).

The ranking in terms of life expectancy among women is led by (80 years and more) Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, France, Australia, Canada, Spain, the Netherlands, Greece, Belgium, Norway, USA, Austria; bring up the rear (less than 50 years): Mali, Mozambique, Burkina Faso, Rwanda, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Zambia, Afghanistan, Malawi, Sierra Leone; Among men, the leaders (75 years and older) are: Japan, Sweden, Greece, Australia, Switzerland, Israel, Spain, the Netherlands, Italy, Canada. Bringing up the rear (less than 50 years): Zimbabwe, Burundi, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Chad, Congo, Central African Republic, Somalia, Angola, Benin, Niger, Mali, Guinea, Mozambique, Zambia, Burkina Faso, Rwanda, Uganda, Afghanistan, Malawi, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone.

There are also groupings of countries in terms of life expectancy. Most often, according to this indicator countries are divided into three groups:

1) states with high life expectancy, on average at least 70 years. These are mainly countries with developed economies and high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. These include: Japan (average life expectancy has reached 80 years, including 83 years for women), Sweden and Switzerland (average 78 years), the Netherlands, Norway, France, Australia (77 years), USA, Canada, Austria , Great Britain, Germany, Israel, Finland (75 - 76 years old);

2) states with average life expectancy (55 - 70 years). Among the countries with such an indicator are China, Romania, Russia, Poland, India, Mexico, Brazil, most CIS republics, etc.;

3) states with low life expectancy rates (below 55 years). This group includes many countries in Africa, South and Southeast Asia: Sierra Leone, Gambia, Mauritania, Niger, Chad, Afghanistan, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Somalia.

The purpose of the lesson : To form an idea about the types of population reproduction, about the demographic policy of states with different types of population reproduction.

Educational tasks : identify patterns in the dynamics of the world population, consolidate the concept of “natural population movement” and an idea of ​​the features of its dynamics, the concept of “demographic policy”, improve skills in working with statistical materials.

Improving the ability to work with additional materials on the topic of the lesson, the ability to analyze problems, establish cause-and-effect relationships:

Development of detailed oral response skills, the ability to clearly express one’s thoughts;

didactic - formation of knowledge about the peculiarities of population changes in the modern period and the processes affecting the natural movement of the population;

psychological - practicing techniques for independent oral activity;

educational - formation in students of a natural-scientific worldview and a culture of family relationships.

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World population size and reproduction

(geography lesson in 10th grade)

The purpose of the lesson : To form an idea about the types of population reproduction, about the demographic policy of states with different types of population reproduction.

Educational tasks: identify patterns in the dynamics of the world population, consolidate the concept of “natural population movement” and an idea of ​​the features of its dynamics, the concept of “demographic policy”, improve skills in working with statistical materials.

Improving the ability to work with additional materials on the topic of the lesson, the ability to analyze problems, establish cause-and-effect relationships:

Development of detailed oral response skills, the ability to clearly express one’s thoughts;

didactic - formation of knowledge about the peculiarities of population changes in the modern period and the processes affecting the natural movement of the population;

psychological - practicing techniques for independent oral activity;

educational - formation in students of a natural-scientific worldview and a culture of family relationships.

Means of education: political map of the world, atlases, multimedia installation

During the classes

Lesson topic motivation

We are studying the course “Social and Economic Geography of the World”. What does the word “social” mean in this title?

Why is it impossible to study the economy without getting to know the population?

Why is the population studied even earlier than the economy?

Place concept boards on the board in the correct sequence.“nature”, “economy”, “population”.Explain your proposed sequence.

From all that has been said, we can conclude that getting to know the population in economic geography lessons is simply necessary! Just do not forget that geography does not study population, but only the patterns of its distribution. Therefore, in lessons on this topic we will use the knowledge of other sciences. Remember these sciences.

Remember what demography studies?

What does ethnography study?

So, where to start? Where does one usually begin to get acquainted with the population of a country, region, or world? Of course, in terms of numbers and the processes that influence them. This is the topic of our lesson, let's study its Information.

The question of how many people live in the world today may seem idle and insignificant to some. Is it any wonder that the first attempts to answer it relate only to XVII 1st century and belong to the English economist William Petit . He suggested that320 million people live on Earth. Human. According to modern scientists, he made a big mistake, since at that time the population was twice as large. And no wonder, because his assumption was based on guesswork. What is being done now to clarify the population size? (Population census.)

Slide 3. The first censuses took place only inat the end of the 18th century in Scandinavia, Austria-Hungary, the USA, in the 19th century - in England, Russia, Latin America; in Asia - after World War II; in Africa - at the end of the 50s of the XX century. In many developing countries, these censuses were the first and last, so there is no absolutely accurate data on their population.

For example: Nigeria had a population of 79 million in 1973. According to forecasts, by 1985 the population was expected to increase to 95 million people. In reality, in 1991, only 86 million people lived in the country. The population of Bangladesh is known to range from 120 to 140 million people. The error of 20 million is very large, which does not allow us to accurately determine the place of this country in the top ten giant countries by population.

From all this it follows that the size of the Earth's population is known only approximately, and according to estimatesUN in 2004 it amounted to 6.4 billion. Human. We take this figure for granted. And to understand it, you need to compare it with something. But with what? Only our planet is inhabited in the solar system, which means that the population of the Earth can only be compared with the population of the Earth that only lived here at another historical time. Scientists believe that throughout the entire history of human habitation on Earth, 89 billion people , therefore in England they say about a deceased person:“He joined the majority.”But never before have so many people lived on Earth at the same time! And never before has it increased at such a rapid pace!

“An ominous meaning is hidden in the curve of the world’s population tending to the vertical.” What is “evil” about population growth? (We listen to the answers, summarize). Surely you are right. People need to breathe. Is there enough clean air for everyone?

I need to drink. Will there be enough fresh water for everyone?

We need to eat. Is there enough arable land to grow food?

You have to live in houses, dress, and travel by transport. Are there enough resources?

And finally, is there enough living space for everyone?

Answers to these questions, as well as to the global question: “How many people can the Earth support?” began to appear already in the 60s, when the population explosion began. True, different schools and scientific movements put forward very different hypotheses. Some believe that the Earth can support more than 10 billion people, others - 12 billion. Still others, that the number is generally unlimited. Fourth, that population growth will stabilize at around 7 billion people. There is also such a point of view: man is a biological product of nature; if she created it, then she will do everything possible to feed it or “take measures” to regulate its numbers in the direction it needs. Maybe this is already happening today: devastating disasters, natural disasters that claim hundreds of thousands of lives (more than 160 thousand people died during the tsunami in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004), unprecedented diseases for which humanity cannot find a cure, etc. d.?

And one more answer to the question: “Is it enough...?” - already today there is not enough! Therefore, in recent years the term “golden billion” has appeared - this is the population of the planet, which today has enough of everything (raw materials, energy, money). Where does this billion live? This is the combined population of the USA (280 million), Western Europe (600 million) and Japan (126 million). They consume 50% of global energy production and create 75% of total waste. The rest of the world's population is already beyond this prosperity. Today they already lack something (work, food, housing, resources, etc.).

Today, 650 million people are hungry in the world, and 35 thousand people die from hunger every day, 12 million people annually. At the same time, the Earth's population increases annually by 96 million people. Schiller's famous quote“Love and hunger rule the world”has now become a biological law. Hunger is holding back population growth. What does love lead to?

Fertility leads to continuous reproduction of the population.

Working with atlases

So, list and show on the map: countries that are leaders in population, leaders in reproduction

Information.

In the economy of any state, a person acts as the main producer of goods and their main consumer. Therefore, population size is one of the main factors in the development of a country. The size of a country's population depends on the nature of its reproduction.

Reproduction (natural movement) of the population is a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations.

Epr = P – C

EPR - natural population growth (calculated per 1000 people);

P – birth rate;

C – mortality.

If P>C, Epr is positive;

If P

If P=C, Epr is zero.

On the “Population Reproduction” map, countries with minimum and maximum population reproduction rates are highlighted in color.

Which region of the world has the lowest rate of natural population growth?

Which region of the world has the highest rates of natural population growth?

Natural population growth

Very tall (over 30/1000)	High (20/1000)	Average (10/1000)	Short (2-10/1000)	Very low (less than 2/1000)
Kenya Zimbabwe Nigeria Libya Tajikistan Egypt	Mongolia Philippines Bangladesh Pakistan Ethiopia Mexico	China India Türkiye Cuba Brazil Argentina	Poland Sweden France Great Britain USA Canada	Russia Hungary Germany Bulgaria Austria Italy

Answer the questions using the table:

Countries with what level of economic development have very high natural population growth?

What is the rate of natural population growth in countries with a high level of economic development?

As can be seen from the formula, natural population growth depends on the processes: What are they called? (fertility and mortality).

Let's take a closer look at the first process - fertility.

Every year about 140 million people are born in the world (almost the population of Russia). Every second 3 people are born, every minute - 175 people, every hour - 10,400, every day - 250 thousand new earthlings.

SLIDE Scientists identify three historical types of population reproduction. The transition from one type of reproduction to another is called the demographic revolution or demographic transition.

Factors influencing low fertility rates: LIST THEM

High level of urbanization (> 75%);

High quality of life;

High level of education and long period of study;

Increased child support costs;

Changing the status of women;

Increasing proportion of elderly people;

Consequences of wars and conflicts;

Increasing the age of marriage.

Factors influencing high birth rates: LIST THEM

Low standard of living;

Predominance of rural lifestyle;

Religious customs that encourage large families;

Traditions of having many children;

Servitude of women, early marriages;

Increasing level of medicine.

IDENTIFY THE STATES WITH THE LOWEST AND HIGHEST FERTILITY RATES

Mortality: Factors influencing the mortality rate:

Nutrition;

Working and living conditions of the population;

Level of development and accessibility of healthcare;

Political disasters.

IDENTIFY THE STATES WITH THE LOWEST AND HIGHEST MORTAL RATES

b) Information.

Where, according to the population reproduction scheme, is present-day humanity? The American scientist Frank Notestein, who developed the theory of demographic transition back in 1945, tried to answer this question. Based on it, most of the planet's population is at the stage of the second demographic transition, i.e. transition from traditional to modern reproduction. The transition takes place in three phases

Depending on various indicators of fertility and mortality, and therefore the rate of natural population growth, countries are conventionally divided into two large groups, i.e. countries with type I and type II reproduction

Characteristics of types of reproduction)

Birth rate:

Mortality rate:

Natural increase rate:

Typical type of countries (developed/developing):

Share of children in the country's population:

Share of elderly people in the country's population:

Based on these indicators, characteristics of types I and II of population reproduction are given

To regulate the population, the state pursues a demographic policy.

Definition of Population Policy).

Demographic policy is a system of various measures taken by the state with the aim of influencing the natural movement of the population and solving population problems specific to a given country.

GETTING TO KNOW DEM. POLICIES OF DIFFERENT STATES.

Testing is carried out to consolidate the material covered.

ADDITIONALLY

When studying the world's population, we must not forget that we live in Russia. What demographic processes are characteristic of our country? (We listen to the students’ answers, generalize, add).

Russia's leadership in population:

1st place in the world in the number of abortions;

II - by the number of divorces;

II - by the number of murders (per 1000 people);

II - by the number of prisoners (per 1000 people);

100th place - in life expectancy.

We have the lowest natural growth, the largest population decline, and the highest infant mortality rate among developed countries. A new demographic concept “Russian cross” has appeared

Fig.5. “Russian Cross”

Do we have a future? Certainly. You are our future! Future parents. How many children would you like to have in your future families?

Tell the people on duty how many “little men” you want to have. We will place them on the “Future of 10-B Class” stand and count them.

And when you make such a decision in adulthood, I hope you will remember today’s lesson and make the right choice. So, it’s not in vain that we study this topic!

World population Population size Population reproduction First type of reproduction Second type of reproduction Population composition Sex composition Age composition, labor resources Ethnic composition Religious composition Level of education Placement and migrations of the population Placement and density of the population Population migrations Urban and rural population Urbanization Levels and rates Urban population Rural population Population and environment

Dynamics of the world population since the beginning of our era

World population Population size Demographic policy Population reproduction First type of reproduction Second type of reproduction Population composition Sex composition Age composition, labor resources Ethnic composition Religious composition Level of education Placement and migration of the population Placement and density of the population Population migration Urban and rural population Urbanization Levels and rates Urban population Rural population Population and environment Demographic policy Demographic policy Demographic policy

Demographic policy in countries of the first type of reproduction is aimed at increasing the birth rate. Examples of countries pursuing an active demographic policy are France or Japan, which have developed economic incentive measures such as: a) one-time loans to newlyweds; b) benefits at the birth of each child; c) monthly benefits for children, d) paid vacations, etc.

Example 1. In India: a) a national family planning program has been adopted; b) the age of marriage has been raised: men - 21 years, women - 18 years; c) mass voluntary sterilization of the population is carried out; d) political motto: “We are two - we are two.” Example 2. In China: a) a birth planning committee has been created; b) a late age for marriage has been established: men - 22 years, women - 20 years; c) the state pays extra monthly for one child in the family; d) political motto: “One family - one child.” Demographic policy in countries of the second type of reproduction is aimed at reducing the birth rate.

Population geography studies the size, structure and distribution of the population, considered in the process of social reproduction and interaction with the natural environment. Recently, two trends have been observed in population geography. The first is geodemographic, which studies the size and structure of the population, the main demographic indicators (mortality, birth rate, average life expectancy) and population reproduction, the demographic situation and demographic policy in the world, individual regions and countries. The second is the actual geographical one, which studies the general geographical picture of the distribution of population in the world, individual regions and countries, and in particular the geography of settlement and populated areas. In this direction, geourbanism has received the greatest development.

Throughout human history, the population has grown very slowly. The acceleration of population growth occurred during the period of modern history, especially in the 20th century. Currently, the annual population growth is about 90 million people. At the end of the 90s. The world population was 6 billion people. But population growth is uneven in different regions of the world. This is explained by the different nature of population reproduction.

Population reproduction is understood as the totality of the processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase, which ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations. Reproduction is influenced by the socio-economic conditions of people's lives, relationships between people and family relationships.

Currently, there are two types of reproduction. The first type is characterized by relatively low rates of fertility, mortality and natural increase. This type is typical for economically developed countries, where natural population growth is either very low, or natural population decline predominates. Demographers call this phenomenon depopulation (demographic crisis). The second type of reproduction is characterized by high rates of fertility and natural population growth. This type is typical for developing countries, where the achievement of independence led to a sharp reduction in mortality, while the birth rate remained at the same level.

At the end of the 20th century. The highest rates of fertility and natural increase were observed in Kenya, where the birth rate was 54 people per thousand, and the natural increase was 44 people. This phenomenon of rapid population growth in countries of the second type of reproduction is called a demographic explosion. Currently, such countries account for more than 3/4 of the world's population. The absolute annual increase is 85 million people, i.e. developing countries are already and will continue to have a decisive impact on the size and reproduction of the world's population. Under these conditions, most countries seek to manage population reproduction by pursuing demographic policies. Demographic policy is a system of administrative, economic, propaganda and other measures through which the state influences the natural movement of the population in the directions it desires.

In countries of the first type of reproduction, demographic policy is aimed at increasing the birth rate and natural increase (Western European countries, Russia, etc.); in countries of the second type of reproduction - to reduce the birth rate and natural increase (India, China, etc.).

An important scientific basis for demographic policy is the theory of demographic transition, which explains the sequence of changes in demographic processes. The scheme of such a transition includes four successive stages. The first stage covered almost the entire history of mankind. It is characterized by high birth and death rates and, accordingly, very low natural growth. The second stage is characterized by a sharp reduction in mortality while maintaining the traditionally high birth rate. The third stage is characterized by maintaining low mortality rates, and the birth rate begins to decline, but slightly exceeds the death rate, ensuring moderate expanded reproduction and population growth. When moving to the fourth stage, the birth and death rates coincide. This means a transition to population stabilization.

Recently, in science and practice, indicators characterizing the quality of the population are becoming increasingly important. This is a complex concept that takes into account economic (employment, income, caloric intake), social (level of health care, safety of citizens, development of democratic institutions), cultural (level of literacy, provision of cultural institutions, printed materials), environmental (state of the environment) and other conditions people's lives.

One of the most important general indicators of the health status of a nation is the average life expectancy. At the end of the 20th century. the global average was 66 years (63 for men and 68 for women). Another important indicator of the quality of life of the population is the literacy level.