Level of government regulation of the industry. State regulation of industrial development

INDUSTRIES AND INTER-INDUSTRY COMPLEXES

V.D. Goncharov, S.V. Koteev, V.V. Rau

STATE REGULATION IN INDUSTRIES OF THE FOOD COMPLEX

The article discusses the issues of regulating market processes in the food complex and its individual sectors. Some directions for increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of its functioning in modern conditions have been identified.

The global crisis phenomena of recent years have once again confirmed the relevance and need to develop effective mechanisms and models of state regulation of market processes in both the world and national economies, as well as in their largest and most significant sectors. The experience of many developed and developing countries leads to the understanding that in the context of globalization, only a rational and scientifically based combination and complementarity of regulatory and market influences can ensure high and sustainable socio-economic efficiency and competitiveness of modern production.

The system of economic and organizational influence on the food market should include forms and methods of both direct and indirect government regulation, ensure the possibility of independent production and commercial activities of all parts of the agro-industrial complex, and increase their economic activity.

Methods of direct influence involve regulation by the state, in which economic entities are forced to make decisions based not on independent economic choice, but on external regulations. As an example, let us cite tax legislation, legal rules in the field of depreciation, and budgetary procedures for public investments. Direct methods are often highly effective due to the rapid achievement of economic results. However, they have a serious drawback - creating real obstacles to the market process.

Methods of indirect regulation are manifested in the fact that the state does not directly influence the economic decisions made by subjects. It only creates the prerequisites for subjects to gravitate towards those options that correspond to the goals of state economic policy when independently choosing economic decisions.

Predominantly, methods of government influence are carried out in relation to industries that are either strategically important or insufficiently effective in the market environment. Such industries, in particular, include agriculture. In other industries, supply and demand are formed primarily by the market, based on the actual situation, state tax policy, and consumer income.

A set of measures to promote the development of the food market and ensure balanced supply and demand should include:

Stimulating the production of domestic products through the use of tax regulators, loans, etc.;

Regulation of prices and tariffs;

Establishing a state order for socially significant food products;

Development of wholesale food markets;

Improving the relationship between agricultural and food enterprises and trade;

Regulation of import and export;

Subsidies and social protection of low-income groups of the population.

An important place in the economic mechanism of state regulation of the food complex is occupied by long- and medium-term forecasting and planning. However, insufficient attention is paid to the issues of strategic planning and forecasting in the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation. Previously existing shortcomings of the planning and distribution system are often automatically transferred to modern planning. In the conditions of the formation of a civilized food market, forecasting and planning as functions of management activities not only retain their place in the system of economic mechanism, but also significantly expand the scope of their influence on agricultural production. At the same time, changes are taking place at all levels of management of the food complex. What principles should forecasting and planning developments meet in modern conditions? First of all, it is necessary that they be primarily advisory (indicative) in nature in relation to domestic producers. At the same time, the latter should have full right to choose those areas of their activities that are most effective in the specific situation emerging on the food market. As a rule, agreement is achieved within the framework of indicative procedures, in which the state develops and presents a comprehensive forecast of macroeconomic development for the short and long term. Indicative planning has long been successfully used in Japan, France, the Netherlands and a number of other countries, where it is part of state socio-economic policy.

In order to bring it closer to practice, it is necessary that the macroeconomic forecast of the development of the agro-industrial complex, firstly, be a detailed and specific document in which appropriate inter-sectoral and national economic proportions should be recorded, and secondly, become a scientific basis for the development of specific economic agreements between the government and rural producers.

When developing forecasting and analytical justifications, it is advisable to include in them the optimization of the territorial division of labor in the food complex, in which each region, based on the specific natural and economic conditions, produces predominantly the most competitive products intended for sale on regional and world markets. The transition to a regulated economy also raises the need to supplement the content of the forecast for the development and distribution of the food complex with justification for the volumes and dynamics of imports and interregional connections, which will improve the overall efficiency of its functioning in the country’s national economic system.

The system of regulation of economic relations in the agro-industrial complex includes financial, budgetary, credit, tax and price regulation. An example is France, where a rather strict regime of state price regulation has been partially preserved to this day. Methodological aspect of pricing

In developed countries, government agencies develop general principles, methods and standards for setting prices. For example, with government regulation of prices for dairy products in the United States, Congress determines the “fair” level of control prices for milk, butter, and cheese. If market prices fall below this level, the state buys the products and uses them for free breakfasts for schoolchildren, support for the poor, food aid to underdeveloped countries, and export to other countries.

The reduction in food production in the Russian Federation in the 1990s, along with a significant increase in consumer prices, created favorable conditions for the influx of imported goods into the domestic market. It should be noted that the constant rise in prices for domestic products reduces their competitiveness not only in the foreign but also in the domestic market. It would seem logical that under the pressure of competition from foreign producers, prices should decline. But they are mostly growing. As a result, neither the population nor, ultimately, the budget benefits.

The effectiveness of public policy in these conditions depends on a well-founded, flexible and differentiated approach to regulating and supporting the food complex. During the transition period, government support should be selective in nature, not leading to imbalance of market mechanisms.

Thus, the state, with the help of economic levers, has a direct and indirect influence on the formation of the economic interests of subjects of the agro-industrial complex. The general goal of state policy is to create a favorable economic, social, legal environment and organizational support for effective and sustainable development.

Let's consider some issues of government regulation using the example of one of the main areas of the food complex - the food industry.

Despite measures taken in recent years to improve the economy of this industry, its situation remains tense. The share of unprofitable enterprises in the production of food products, including beverages, increased from 19.2% in 1995 to 25.1% in 2008. The profitability of food production decreased over the same period from 16.3 to 10.8%. With regard to capital turnover, a rather difficult situation arose: the uncontrolled growth of imports and a significant reduction in agricultural production led to a significant underutilization of production capacity. For example, in 2005, production capacity for meat production was used only by 45%, whole milk products - by 48, rennet cheeses - by 61, flour - by 44, cereals

By 30, margarine products - by 56, animal oil - by 27% (Table 1).

In recent years, the use of production capacity for a number of types of products has improved somewhat, but there are still significant reserves for increasing the output of food products at existing enterprises.

Against the backdrop of euphoria about the rate of economic growth in 2001-2008. The problem of food imports remains acute for Russia. The lack of a clear mechanism for regulating industrial and agricultural production and problems with product quality lead to the fact that with rising wages, consumer demand often increasingly shifts in favor of imported, more expensive, but high-quality products. And if the cost of imports of food products and agricultural raw materials in 2000 amounted to 7.4 billion dollars, in 2001 -9.2, in 2005 - 17.4, then in 2008 it increased to 35, $2 billion.

Table 1

Use of the average annual capacity of enterprises for the production of certain types of food products, %

Food products 1992 1995 2000 2005 2008

Granulated sugar from sugar beets 86 86 76 86 86

Bread and bakery products 61 44 40 39 41

Confectionery 61 46 50 62 65

Pasta 89 44 46 63 64

Vegetable oils 71 35 61 70 63

Margarine products 61 20 42 56 60

Beer 66 51 79 74 74

Soft drinks 19 17 37 59 54

Canned fruits and vegetables 51 21 32 66 54

Meat (pair weight) 57 32 18 45 58

Sausages 66 54 52 66 67

Canned meat 61 39 40 45 46

Animal oil 67 35 25 27 32

Whole milk products (in terms of milk) 41 24 32 48 54

Rennet cheeses 72 51 49 61 65

Canned milk 55 48 55 61 58

Flour 79 53 45 44 47

Cereals 62 39 24 30 34

Source: .

Imported agricultural products from non-CIS countries receive significant government subsidies and, therefore, actively compete with domestic food products, the rise in production costs of which is catastrophic, and budget subsidies are chronically insufficient. Drawing Russia into import dependence on food is fraught with a further uncontrollable increase in prices.

Russia imports significant volumes of raw sugar, vegetable oil, and corn. Special mention should be made about poultry meat. In some years, more than a million tons of it are imported into the country. And this is despite the fact that rich domestic experience has already been accumulated in the production of this type of meat, there are modern poultry farms, and with appropriate government support it would be possible to achieve complete self-sufficiency in the near future (Table 2).

During the years of reforms, imports of raw sugar increased sharply. An increase in the share of processed raw sugar in the total volume of sugar produced in the country, along with the apparent profitability of purchasing imported raw sugar (the production cycle of sugar factories is lengthened), has the following negative consequences. Firstly, Russia becomes economically and food dependent on foreign countries. Secondly, uncontrolled imports of raw sugar, leading to a reduction in the production of granulated sugar from domestic raw materials, entails economic and social losses (a sharp reduction in jobs in beet growing, seed production, processing, trade, etc.). Thirdly, even relatively low prices for raw sugar are a ghostly advantage. If, under conditions of increasing commodity intervention, beet sugar production in the Russian Federation is destroyed, exporting countries will at any time sharply increase prices for granulated sugar and raw sugar.

However, in recent years there have been some positive changes in the country's food industry. A positive fact is, in particular, the improvement in the situation with the raw material base of the oil and fat industry. In the second half of the 90s of the last century, up to a third of the harvest was exported from Russia

sunflower seeds. As a result, of all the leading oilseed exporters, only Russia carried out subsequent massive imports of vegetable oil. The capacity of vegetable oil production enterprises was utilized, for example, by 46% in 1998, and by 48% in 1999. The measures taken by the Government of the Russian Federation have made it possible to significantly reduce the export of oilseeds abroad. For example, in 2008, only 85 thousand tons of sunflower seeds, 48 thousand tons of rapeseed, and 53.3 thousand tons of flax seeds were exported from Russia. At the same time, imports of sunflower oil alone to Russia decreased from 176.3 thousand tons in 2002 to 112 thousand tons in 2008. Consequently, further measures to reduce the export of raw materials and reduce the import of vegetable oil still need to be implemented.

table 2

Import of basic food products, thousand tons*

Products 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008

Fresh and frozen meat (without poultry) 1153 1340 1411 1489 1710

Fresh and frozen poultry meat 1383 1329 1283 1295 1224

Fresh and frozen fish 464 787 686 870 881

Condensed milk and cream 59.2 146 145 131 160

Butter and other milk fats 140 133 165 123 140

Potatoes 210 103 376 274 574

Tomatoes 182 355 418 560 685

Onions and garlic 454 543 578 658 503

Grapes 100 291 321 381 407

Apples 367 730 838 935 1064

Tea 166 180 173 182 182

Wheat 265 577 1397 465 179

Barley 171 252 188 273 132

Corn 449 201 295 93.5 362

Vegetable oils 1083 1002 848 956 1121

soybean 473 93.6 24.6 36.6 108

sunflower 176 131 100 132 112

palm 318 600 543 576 688

Raw sugar 4453 2893 2629 3413 2418

White sugar 483 625 350 296 165

Cocoa beans 70.7 68.6 68.6 68.6 60.1

Pasta 40.4 79.4 87.8 75.4 65.4

Coffee 25.8 39.7 55.6 64.6 75.5

*According to the Federal Customs Service, taking into account the import of goods from the Republic of Belarus.

Source: .

Along with the sub-sectors that, after 2000, began to focus more on the problems of exporting food products, there are sub-sectors in the food industry that have a pronounced dependence on imports. The classic example is the meat industry. Thus, in 2008, imports of meat and meat products increased to 3.2 million tons compared to 2.3 million tons in 1995. As a result, the share of imports in total resources increased in the industry from 25% in 1995 to 38 % in 2008

Ensuring food security in Russia involves increasing the volume of domestic meat production with simultaneous import substitution of meat products. However, in practice, there is an increase in imports of meat and meat products with an increase in meat production in the country. Consequently, as livestock farming emerges from the crisis in Russia, adequate import substitution does not occur.

Thus, without modernizing the agricultural sector, food and processing industries and increasing the competitiveness of the food industry,

For these goods, growth in consumer demand may result in changes in the supply structure in favor of imported food products. A clear, financially supported strategy for the development of the country's agro-industrial complex is needed, which would increase food production and improve the standard of living of the population.

The demand for food products, unlike other consumer goods, is not so closely related to the level of income of the population. With the help of market mechanisms alone, it is impossible to maintain the balance of supply and demand for certain types of food products and maintain the stability of the food supply of the population. Therefore, at the state level the issue of regulating prices for certain types of food products must be resolved, taking into account the current situation in food markets in the regions of the country. In all developed countries there are laws on prices, which for a certain period and for a limited assortment allow the state to effectively regulate them. A second option is also possible: to provide assistance to low-income segments of the population in the form of subsidies. At the present stage, this method is also quite logical: the gap in income of different segments of the population is narrowing, which should generally help reduce social tension and increase demand for food products.

The most important levers for regulating the food industry and the food sector in general are also loans and taxes. Experiencing a lack of working capital, processing enterprises regularly resort to loans. In general, in the food industry, accounts payable at the end of 2008 amounted to 511.6 billion rubles, and accounts receivable - 350 billion rubles. Overdue accounts payable of food industry enterprises for this period amounted to 22 billion rubles, and overdue accounts receivable - 23 billion rubles. However, only a part of the industry's enterprises are able to reliably repay loans and pay interest on them.

One of the reasons for the unsatisfactory state of the industry's economy is high tax deductions from commodity producers, which do not leave them at their disposal financial resources for the development and improvement of production. The unprofitability of some enterprises in the industry is largely a consequence of the significant tax burden.

The idea of tax cuts has many supporters in countries with economies in transition. Much depends on the specific situation. In the United States, reforming the tax system ensured a transition from moderate taxation to even more moderate one. In Russia, we are talking about transferring business entities from conditions of a heavy tax burden to a moderate one. However, in the agricultural sector and food industry, this issue should be approached in a differentiated manner. It is necessary to be guided by the importance of the products produced for feeding the population and the economic situation of the industry. It is unlikely that the production rate of, for example, beer should be increased. At the same time, it is necessary to increase the production of meat and dairy products, cereals, and animal feed. Special mention should be made about compound feeds. Without solving the problem with them, it is impossible to significantly increase the production of meat and dairy products in the near future. Consequently, only by choosing priority areas can the efficiency of the food complex as a whole be improved.

During the transition period, support for enterprises in the agricultural sector and food industry is predominantly selective. The state supports those enterprises that have a higher return on investment

funds. The criterion for selective support is total sales volume, profitability, level of use of material resources.

An important task of state regulation of the agro-industrial complex is also to achieve and maintain parity in exchange relations between agriculture, processing industry and trade. The price disparity that emerged in the 1990s led to severe financial consequences for the majority of rural commodity producers and processing industry enterprises in a number of regions of the country. In this regard, it would be advisable for the bulk of the additional income generated as a result of the liberalization of food prices to move from trade to the production and processing of agricultural products. Currently, the share of the sphere of circulation, for example, for meat and dairy products ranges from 21 to 31.8% of the retail price (Table 3).

Table 3

Structure of retail prices for certain types of meat and dairy products in 2008

(at the end of the year), %

Type of product Cost of raw materials and main materials Production costs, including commercial expenses Total unit cost of production Profit and loss (-) of industrial enterprises Value added tax (VAT), excise duty and other taxes Selling price including VAT and other taxes Payment for delivery of products to customers carried out by the processing enterprise Turnover of the sphere of circulation, including VAT accrued to retail trade organizations

Beef (except boneless meat) 51.7 9.1 60.8 3.1 6.7 70.6 2.5 26.9

Pork (except boneless meat) 50.9 7.0 57.9 3.8 6.2 67.9 0.3 31.8

Premium boiled sausage 45.3 14.7 60.0 7.7 7.9 75.6 0.2 24.2

Poultry meat 46.6 23.6 70.2 0.9 5.0 76.1 0.0 23.9

Pasteurized whole milk 41.4 24.8 66.2 4.3 7.1 77.6 0.5 21.9

Sour cream (15-20% fat) 38.9 23.2 62.1 6.7 7.1 75.9 0.4 23.7

Fat cottage cheese (at least 5% fat content) 39.2 20.2 59.4 7.1 6.7 73.2 0.3 26.5

Low-fat cottage cheese (less than 5% fat) 36.6 209 57.5 6.6 6.3 70.4 0.4 29.2

Butter 60.7 19.3 80.0 -8.4 7.0 78.6 0.2 21.2

Rennet cheeses, hard and soft 42.1 18.6 60.7 2.8 5.8 69.3 0.0 30.7

In many countries of the world, tourism often turned out to be the lever whose use made it possible to improve the entire national economy of the country. Tourism plays a significant role in the formation of gross domestic product, the creation of additional jobs and employment of the population, and the activation of the foreign trade balance. Tourism affects such key sectors of the economy as transport and communications, construction, agriculture, production of consumer goods and others, i.e. acts as a catalyst for social and economic development. Tourism has become one of the most profitable businesses in the world. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), it uses approximately 7% of the world's capital, accounts for one in 16 jobs, accounts for 11% of global consumer spending and generates 5% of all tax revenues. These figures characterize the direct economic effect of the tourism industry. Developed tourism is called one of the main phenomena of the 20th century.

In our opinion, the prospects for the development of the tourism complex largely depend on strengthening state regulation of the tourism sector at the national level, which should be combined with a modern strategy for promoting regional tourism products. State regulation of inbound tourism represents the purposeful impact of the state on the activities of economic entities - participants in this type of business and market conditions to ensure favorable conditions for the development of tourism and the implementation of state priorities. It includes the development of public policy in this area and the choice of mechanisms for its implementation.

Regulation of tourism development is a multi-level system, including:

· coordination and promotion of tourism development on a global scale, which is carried out through the World Tourism Organization with the participation of international financial organizations;
· consistency of tourism policy at the interstate level, which is achieved through regional tourism organizations and special bodies of interstate associations (for example, the European Community);
· consistency of tourism policy at the national and regional levels, which is carried out through specially created government bodies and public associations of tourism organizations.

State regulation of tourism development is the influence of the state on the activities of business entities and market conditions to ensure normal conditions for the functioning of the market mechanism, the implementation of state socio-economic priorities and the development of a unified concept for the development of the tourism sector. This is a complex process that includes the procedure for developing a state policy for regulating tourism development, justifying its goals, objectives, main directions, choosing tools and methods for its implementation (Fig. 4.).

In international practice, three approaches to state regulation of inbound tourism have emerged.

The first approach involves solving issues of tourism development locally (by business entities independently) based on the principles of a market economy.

This approach is effective in developed countries, where private companies of various sizes and specializations predominate. The main condition for this approach: the country must be attractive to foreign tourists in all respects and not need special advertising of its tourism product on the world market. In this case, you can do without special bodies of state regulation of tourism.

The second approach involves the creation of a special government body endowed with significant powers and financial resources. This approach is effective when the interests of inbound tourism require significant funds to create and maintain a high level of national tourism product and tourism infrastructure, attract foreign direct investment, support small and medium-sized businesses, and ensure the safety of foreign tourists.

There is a third approach, when the functions of state regulation of tourism are assigned to a multifunctional ministry. A specialized unit is being created in the ministry, which is engaged in the development and improvement of the regulatory framework, coordinates ministries, departments and regional authorities on the development of international tourism; establishes connections with other countries and international organizations on tourism development issues, promotes the national tourism product abroad; provides information services to the tourism business.

Regulation of tourism activities in most foreign countries occurs with the participation of the public and private sectors.

Figure 4 - Methods of state regulation of tourism

The results of studies conducted by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) showed the growing participation of private structures in the development of international tourism with their active support from the state.

It is assumed that it is necessary to carry out government regulation globally in two main generalized directions.

The first direction is associated with adjusting market self-regulation by drawing up plans (forecasts) and government programs, taking into account the fairly high degree of spontaneity of the current relationships in the supply-demand systems for many important types of products and services provided.

The second direction ensures the implementation of social programs and the social orientation of a market economy. Market self-regulation without proper government intervention leads to: increased monopolization, accelerated stratification of the country's population into rich and poor, and a reduction in those industries that are not sources of immediate profit (science, culture, art, healthcare, education, etc.).

Thus, government regulation in the field of tourism can be carried out by influencing the expansion of the tourism market and implementing appropriate social policies.

Impact on the expansion of the tourism market requires the development of a market strategy for promoting the tourism product. Strategy is the choice of a long-term optimal model of behavior in the tourism market, based on its characteristics. In any strategic approach, appropriate input from the public and private sectors is required.

The influence from government bodies at various levels is decisive in the formation of the organizational and economic mechanism for managing the domestic tourism sector.

The main objectives of state regulation are:

* making decisions on the development of organizational, economic and social policies in the field of tourism development, as well as preparing and adopting a plan for such development;

* creating conditions for solving problems of social, targeted tourism;

* development of development programs for the public and private sectors, taking into account the areas just listed;

* ensuring effective investment in the public and private sectors;

ѕ ensuring constant monitoring of the progress and direction of tourism development, taking into account its prospects, both in the economy and in the social life of society.

The state regulates the tourism sector directly through the Ministry of Tourism or national tourism organizations (NTOs), as well as indirectly through legal instruments, support of its infrastructure and international policies. The state influences tourism in two ways: by managing demand and income or by managing supply and prices. To manage demand, the government uses the following tools: marketing and promotion, pricing and access restrictions. An integral part of marketing are tourism promotion activities carried out by the state, and are aimed at awakening demand among potential clients. According to WTO recommendations, these activities should be aimed at creating a high-quality image of the country based on its attractive symbolic characteristics. There are different ways to create a high-quality image of the country - these are meetings of specialists with journalists invited to the country, business trips of domestic specialists abroad, appearances on television and radio, free distribution of brochures, slides and video materials, as well as participation in various exhibitions and fairs, for which purchased stand. Since the number of organizations involved in tourism promotion activities is large, coordination of activities, which is usually carried out by representative offices of government organizations abroad, plays an important role. Funds allocated from the budget for activities to promote the country’s tourist image can exceed half of the budget of government organizations, with most of the budget going to finance public relations (from one third to two thirds). The effectiveness of promotional activities can be increased through international cooperation agreements between tourism ministries or organizations responsible for tourism. The purpose of these activities is to exchange or combine promotional efforts (distribution of posters, audio and visual materials, sharing of representative offices, etc.). There are various means by which the state can regulate prices for tourism products. Firstly, many of the country's attractions are under the influence of the public sector, most airlines are controlled by the state, and in many developing countries even hotels are owned by the state. As a rule, social infrastructure and transport networks are considered natural monopolies, and if they are not owned by the state, they should at least be controlled by it. Indirectly, the state can influence the price through economic levers (for example, using foreign exchange controls, which can lead to restrictions on currency exchange, as a result of which tourists will be forced to exchange currency at an inflated price and thereby increase the real price of travel); through sales taxes, opening stores in customs zones, etc. The state, in addition to the above levers, can influence demand through licensing or grading according to the quality of service. This measure is especially often used in the hotel business, when the number of rooms supplied exceeds demand and the government cannot correct this imbalance through price regulation. Price regulation is a very unpopular measure in a market economy, which the governments of some countries still take to restrain domestic companies from the temptation to obtain short-term benefits to the detriment of the long-term interests of the country's tourism business. In addition, the government, by controlling prices, can protect the interests of tourists, protect them from excess costs and, thus, maintain the country's reputation.

Figure 5 - System of state regulation of tourism development

The priority areas of state regulation of tourism activities are the support and development of domestic, inbound, social and amateur tourism.

State regulation of tourism activities is carried out in the following way:

ѕ creation of regulatory legal acts aimed at improving relations in the tourism industry;

ѕ assistance in promoting the tourism product in the domestic and global tourism markets;

* protecting the rights and interests of tourists, ensuring their safety;

* standardization in the tourism industry, certification of tourism products;

ѕ establishing rules for entry into the Russian Federation, exit from it and stay on its territory, taking into account the interests of tourism development;

* direct budgetary allocations for the development and implementation of federal target programs for tourism development;

* tax and customs regulation; providing preferential loans, establishing tax and customs benefits for tour operators and travel agents engaged in tourism activities in the Russian Federation and attracting foreign citizens to engage in tourism;

ѕ assistance in staffing tourism activities;

* development of scientific research in the tourism industry;

ѕ promoting the participation of tourists, tour operators, travel agents and their associations in international tourism programs; provision of cartographic products.

Thus, the scale and importance of tourism indicate that it belongs to the strategic sectors of the country’s economy, which requires direct government regulation in order to ensure proportionality in the development of territorial and sectoral economic complexes, justify employment policy, ensure the growth of budget revenues and manage the balance of payments.

The effective development of tourism is largely hampered by the lack of clear state regulation of tourism development, underdeveloped infrastructure, as well as insufficient study of tourism from a scientific point of view.

The experience of various countries shows that the success of tourism development directly depends on how this industry is perceived at the state level and the extent to which it enjoys government support. Any civilized state, in order to receive budget income from the tourism industry, must invest in researching its territories to assess tourism potential, preparing tourism business development programs, projects for the necessary infrastructure of resort regions and tourist centers, and in information support and advertising.

The organizational structure of management and regulation in the communications industry is a hierarchical system based on the subordination of lower-level management subjects to the highest level, which in turn is the object of management by a higher-level body. All management and regulatory bodies in their activities are guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of Russia, international treaties and other normative and legislative acts on issues of communications and information. A diagram of the organization of management and regulation of the country's interconnected communication network is shown in Fig. 2.1.

In accordance with the legislation, the Government of the Russian Federation, as the highest federal executive body, provides general management of the entire economic system, including the communications industry, on the basis of establishing priorities and strategic directions for the development of the country at a specific stage of its development. Control influences are formulated in the form of appropriate resolutions aimed at coordinating the activities of all controlled subsystems to most effectively solve problems of economic development in a specific time interval.

The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Communications and Informatization (Goskomsvyaz of Russia) is a federal executive body that pursues state policy and manages the country's interconnected communications network, and is responsible for its condition and further development. The objectives of the State Communications Committee of Russia are:

Development of proposals and implementation of the main directions and priorities for the development and improvement of communications and informatization,

Improving its quality, accessibility and sustainability of operation;

Regulation of activities aimed at better satisfying the needs of state authorities, local governments, legal entities and individuals for communication and information services;

Carrying out state policy aimed at limiting monopolistic activities in the field of communications and promoting the development of entrepreneurship and competition in the provision of communication services and information technology.

The main functions of the State Communications Committee of Russia include:

Preparation of programs for the development of communication and information infrastructure, development of concepts and schemes for the development and placement of communication means and information systems in the country;

Development of a regulatory and legislative framework for the activities of the VSS of Russia, which is mandatory for all users and producers of communication services, regardless of their organizational, legal forms and forms of ownership;

Intersectoral coordination in the field of electrical, postal communications and information and organization of state examination of design documentation for the construction of communication networks connected to the public communication network;

Issuing licenses to legal entities and individuals for operator activities in the field of communications and information, maintaining records of licensees and organizing control over compliance with license conditions;

Certification of technical communication equipment used on public communication networks (except for those used on special-purpose networks), as well as communication services produced by operators who have the appropriate licenses from the State Committee for Communications of Russia;

Participation in the development and implementation of investment policy in the field of communications and information;

Development of forecasts for the development of communication and information means and services;

Generalization and dissemination of positive experience in the activities of communication and information organizations in the conditions of the formation of market relations, providing them with the necessary advisory, organizational and methodological assistance;

Exercising direct management of subordinate state enterprises and institutions, including organizing work to improve the economic aspects of activities, accounting, statistical reporting and financing of budgetary communications organizations;

Organization of state supervision over communication means and networks and information systems;

Representation and protection of the interests of the Russian Federation in international organizations as the administration of communications and informatization of Russia.

The State Committee for Communications of Russia is headed by a Chairman who has deputies appointed by the Government of the Russian Federation. The most important issues of the industry are considered by the board, which, along with the Chairman of the Committee and his deputies, includes senior management employees, representatives of other federal executive bodies, leading experts and scientists.

To carry out its functions and powers, the structure of the State Communications Committee of Russia has organized special divisions that regulate operational activities, and system-wide divisions whose functions are to solve industry-wide problems. The first group includes the Department of Electrical Communications, the Department of Postal Communications, the Department of Radio, Television and Satellite Communications, and the Department of Mobile and Wireless Telecommunications.

The group of system-wide divisions includes the department of economic and investment policy, the department of organizing licensing work, the department of certification of communication facilities and services, the department of international cooperation, the scientific and technical department and labor protection, the department of personnel and educational institutions, etc.

To consider and develop proposals for the implementation of achievements of domestic and foreign science, engineering, technology, advanced methods of organizing and managing production within the framework of the State Committee for Communications of Russia, a scientific and technical council (STC) operates. At its meetings, the results of the work of research and design communication institutes, the positive experience of enterprises and joint-stock companies in improving innovation, operational and economic activities are heard, which are formalized by the decision of the NTS and are advisory in nature for all telecom operators united in the public network.

Three commissions have been created under the State Committee for Communications of Russia, each of which, on a collegial basis, coordinates work on the implementation of state policy in the most important areas of communication and information technology. The State Telecommunications Commission (GKES) coordinates work in the field of development of federal and other networks that form the interconnected communication network of the Russian Federation. The State Commission on Radio Frequencies (SCRF) organizes work on the distribution and use of the radio frequency spectrum and ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility of radio-electronic equipment produced by national and foreign manufacturers. The State Commission on Informatization (GKI) coordinates work in the field of creation and development of networks and information systems, creation of a market for information services and a unified information space of the country.

The composition of these commissions, which are headed by the chairman of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Communications and Information, along with senior employees of the State Communications Committee, includes representatives of such federal government bodies as the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Antimonopoly Policy and Entrepreneurship Support, the State Committee for Standardization, Metrology and certification, power ministries and departments, Russian Academy of Sciences. Thus, the activities of the commissions are interdepartmental in nature, and their decisions are binding on all individuals and legal entities who are producers and users of communication services.

In addition, within the framework of the State Committee for Communications of Russia there are licensing and certification commissions, commissions for the examination of communications and information development projects, ensuring coordination of work in the relevant field of activity.

A special place in the management structure of the Interconnected Communications Network is occupied by the State Communications Supervision Service in the Russian Federation (Gossvyaznadzor of Russia). It represents a unified system of supervisory authorities and consists of the Main Directorate of State Supervision of Communications under the State Committee for Communications of Russia and regional (regional, regional and republican) departments subordinate to it.

The functions of Gossvyaznadzor are grouped into six main areas: control and supervisory, permitting, prohibitive, international legal protection of frequency assignments, enforcement and regulatory. The main tasks of state supervision of communications in the Russian Federation are:

Monitoring compliance with laws, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, regulatory documents and regulations in the field of communications;

Monitoring the condition of networks and means of electrical and postal communications, the provision of communication services to consumers only under licenses issued in the prescribed manner and in accordance with established quality standards;

Radio monitoring of radiation parameters of radio-electronic equipment;

carrying out (together with SCRF) a technical policy for the use of the radio frequency spectrum, planning, assigning and accounting for operating frequencies, issuing permits for production, import from abroad, implementation, design, construction and use of radio-electronic equipment, ensuring their electromagnetic compatibility;

Control over the use of equipment that has been certified in the prescribed manner on networks and communication structures;

Conducting an examination of newly commissioned electrical, postal communication and electronic networks for compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents and issuing permits for their operation;

Ensuring that activities are carried out with communications administrations of foreign states to coordinate frequency assignments to radio-electronic equipment of the Russian Federation and foreign countries.

The objects of control and licensing activities of the service in accordance with the tasks assigned to it are organizations and institutions, regardless of their form of ownership and departmental affiliation, as well as individuals providing postal and electrical communication services.

From the one shown on rice. 2.1 The diagram shows that the competence of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Communications and Informatization and the structures created under it extends to all operators forming the public communications network, regardless of their departmental affiliation and forms of ownership.

The Ministry of Antimonopoly Regulation and Entrepreneurship Support (MAP of Russia) plays a similar role in relation to the objects of influence. It includes the Department for the Regulation of Natural Monopolies in the Field of Communications, whose competence includes regulating the economic aspects of the activities of electric and postal operators providing services related to the sphere of natural monopolies. The main objectives of the MAP of Russia are state regulation of the activities of natural monopolies in the field of communications in order to respect the interests of the Russian Federation, its constituent entities, producers and consumers of services, the formation of a national market for communications services and increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the public communications network and its economic entities.

To fulfill the assigned tasks, MAP of Russia performs the following functions:

Develops proposals for state regulation of the activities of natural monopolies in the field of communications, including proposals for improving competitive relations and changing the regime of centralized influence on business entities, aimed at increasing the efficiency of their work and protecting consumer rights;

Ensures the development of a regulatory framework for state regulation of subjects of natural monopolies in the field of communications and mechanisms for its implementation;

Forms and maintains a register of subjects of natural monopolies in the field of communications, in respect of which state regulation and control is exercised;

Analyzes and forecasts economic situations developing in the country in the process of implementing measures of state regulation of natural monopolies in the field of communications;

Carries out price regulation by establishing tariffs or their maximum level, and also determines the circle of consumers subject to mandatory servicing and establishes a minimum level of provision of communication services to them in the event that it is impossible to satisfy their needs in full;

Regulates the formation of a common market for communication services, the interaction of natural monopoly entities providing public electric and postal communication services, on issues of pricing and mutual settlements for mutually provided network resources and services;

Exercises control over the investment activities of natural monopolies in terms of their impact on tariffs established for communication services;

participates in the work of international organizations on issues of pricing and regulation of the activities of natural monopolies in the field of communications and carries out scientific and technical cooperation in this area, as well as performs other functions provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The structure of the Department for Regulation of Natural Monopolies in the Field of Communications of the MAP of Russia includes two main system-wide divisions: the Department of Tariff Regulation and Economic Interaction of Telecom Operators and the Department for Regulating the Activities of Business Entities of Natural Monopolies. The first includes departments for the methodology of tariff regulation, price regulation, analysis and control of the activities of natural monopolies. The main divisions of the second are the department of registry and marketing of the communication services market and the department of antimonopoly control.

MAP of Russia must exercise its powers to regulate natural monopolies in the field of communications at the level of constituent entities of the federation through its territorial bodies.

The State Committee for Communications and the Ministry of Aviation Administration of Russia carry out constant interaction with the aim of forming a unified economic policy to improve the efficiency of communication authorities, increase consumer access to basic communication services, improve their quality and respect national interests in the markets of communication means and services.

The main objects of management and regulation are economic entities - communication organizations (enterprises), which are direct producers of services.

Communication organizations are business entities that have administrative and economic independence. They carry out their activities in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and on the basis of licenses issued by the State Committee for Communications of Russia. The most important signs of administrative and economic independence are the presence of an enterprise charter and its registration with the relevant local authorities, an independent balance sheet with a complete accounting and reporting system, a bank account, the rights and responsibilities of a legal entity. The latter predetermines organizational unity, property responsibility and independent performance on one’s own behalf when interacting with other legal entities and individuals in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

All economic entities of communication are classified according to departmental and industry affiliation, organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, level of specialization and degree of completeness of the production cycle, place in the communication network in terms of participation in the production process and sale of services, as well as on a territorial basis.

Depending on their departmental affiliation, communications organizations are divided into those subordinate to the State Committee for Communications of Russia; subordinate to other ministries and departments, regional and local governments; independent commercial enterprises created by legal entities or individuals.

On the basis of industry there are postal organizations (for example, post offices, railway post offices, mail transportation departments), electrical communications enterprises (long-distance telephone exchanges, city telephone networks, telecommunications companies, etc.), radio communications, radio broadcasting, television and satellite communications enterprises (for example , regional radio and television centers - ORTPS).

With the introduction of market relations in the communications industry, business entities with various organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership are represented, including state unitary enterprises (for example, postal service enterprises), joint-stock companies (including open and closed ones with a state share in the authorized capital and without it), joint ventures with the participation of foreign capital, personal (individual) enterprises, as well as other business entities.

From the point of view of specialization, a distinction is made between dedicated (specialized) enterprises that provide services to one sub-industry of communications (for example, independent city telephone networks, long-distance telephone exchanges, enterprises providing cellular telephone services) and integrated enterprises that provide services to consumers in various sub-industries (for example, regional joint-stock companies of telecommunications, which organize the work of almost all types of communications except postal).

Many industry organizations involved in the provision of network services (postal, telegraph, long-distance telephone companies) are characterized by an unfinished production cycle in terms of creating the final product - a service. Each of them performs a certain set of works on transmitting messages at a specific stage (outgoing, transit, incoming) of the production process. At the same time, there are enterprises within which a complete service is created, that is, a completely completed production cycle is carried out. Such organizations include dedicated city telephone networks, city radio broadcast networks, cellular networks, and personal radio calls.

The role of communication organizations is also unequal in terms of their participation in the process of creating and implementing communication services. The bulk of them are engaged in both production and direct customer service (post offices, long-distance telephone exchanges, city telephone networks, etc.). In the course of their activities, they are in direct contact with subscribers, enter into contractual relations with them, receive income for the services provided, and bear responsibility, including legal responsibility, for the obligations assumed regarding the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the services created. Another part of the enterprises is not directly connected with subscribers, but carries out technological functions to ensure the process of transmitting messages and servicing equipment and communication facilities. Typical representatives of this group are postal service enterprises engaged in the processing and transportation of mail (PZDP, OPP), OJSC Rostelecom and its branches - Territorial Intercity Communication Centers (TCMC), which provide maintenance of backbone and partially zonal telecommunication networks.

Based on territorial characteristics, communication organizations are divided into international, intercity, zonal (regional) and local. This status is determined by a license that defines the scope of activity of a particular operator and the level of its connection to the public network.

Being the object of management and regulation by federal bodies, enterprises, in turn, exercise management functions in relation to their constituent branches, structural units and divisions. At this level, management decisions of higher authorities are specified in relation to the tasks facing the immediate executors, and a system of operational and production management of enterprise facilities, processes and resources is formed. Thus, an optimal combination of state influence on business entities is ensured with the expansion of the rights of direct producers in the direction of liberalization of the industry management system.

Currently, state regulation of the construction industry at the federal level is carried out by several federal executive authorities, the main one of which is the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation. The development and implementation of state policy by the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia is carried out in three main areas.

The first direction is the sphere of technical regulation in construction. The basic legislative act here is the Federal Law “On Technical Regulation”. In accordance with current legislation, this authority is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. If before the adoption of this federal law, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation had the right to approve territorial construction standards (TCN), containing technical requirements for design, survey and construction and installation work, then after its entry into force, the regions do not have such an opportunity.

The second direction is the regulation of urban planning activities, or urban regulation. The basic legislative act on which state policy in this area is based is the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation. This direction, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, is implemented by three levels of public authority: federal, regional and municipal.

The third direction is estimated rationing and pricing in construction. The basic law here is the Federal Law “On investment activities carried out in the form of capital investments.” This power is exercised by the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Of course, the above division of spheres of activity is to a certain extent conditional. For example, for the construction of a specific facility, it is necessary to resolve issues of urban planning, technical, and cost estimates, and at the level of state regulation, all three areas are closely interconnected, interdependent and complement each other. First of all, this applies to the areas of technical and budget regulation. These areas of regulation are interconnected and interdependent, since they contain similar scope of work, common terminology, and are developed according to a common methodology. In this case, the primary ones are technical standards, on the basis of which estimate standards are developed.

Currently, after the liquidation of Rosstroi, the Ministry of Regional Development is carrying out both the development and implementation of state policy in the construction industry.

Technical regulation. The main task in this area is the development and approval of technical standards, which, on the one hand, when implemented, will ensure the safety of the construction and operation of the building and structure and, on the other hand, will not be an obstacle to the introduction of new technical solutions, the use of new technologies and materials.

It must be admitted that in this area we are lagging behind the real needs of the construction industry. For almost four years from the adoption of the Federal Law “On Technical Regulation” until amendments were made to it last year, no work was carried out in this area. The Ministry of Regional Development of Russia or any other federal executive body was not vested with the authority to update existing technical regulatory documents. In addition, it was not possible to develop technical regulations on the safety of buildings, since the law in the previous version did not take into account the characteristics of construction products.

Slide 1 (Fig. 2) presents the three-level structure of documents in the field of technical regulation, within the framework of which our work is based. The first level of documents is technical regulations. These are the only documents that (after they come into force) will contain mandatory requirements for buildings and structures as objects of technical regulation. The main ones here are two technical regulations: “On the safety of buildings and structures” and “On the safety of building materials and products”. The first technical regulations have already been developed, passed all the necessary procedures, including public discussion, agreed with the federal executive authorities and submitted to the Government of the Russian Federation. After consideration by the government, it will be submitted to the State Duma. According to the second technical regulations, competitive procedures were carried out, the winner was determined, and now a government contract is being concluded. This technical regulation is adopted in the form of a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation.

These are not the only regulations that will establish requirements for buildings and structures. The technical regulations “On Fire Safety” have already been adopted, and the technical regulations “On the Safety of Elevators” are being developed. The task of the Ministry of Regional Development is to coordinate this process: when agreeing on such technical regulations, we ensure that their content in relation to buildings and structures does not contradict our technical regulations. It is quite possible that in the future it will become clear that the Ministry of Regional Development will also need to develop additional technical regulations, for example, “On the safety of high-rise buildings.” Time will show.

The second level of documents are documents in the field of standardization, national standards and codes of practice. These are documents of voluntary use, which are the evidence base for compliance with the mandatory requirements of technical regulations. Voluntary use means that designers, for example, can use them or not. In the first case, the state guarantees that the safety requirements that are laid down in the technical regulations will be ensured and it will monitor compliance with the requirements of codes of rules and national standards in the process of state examination, state construction supervision during the commissioning of the facility.

In fact, in the new system of technical regulation, without the development of sets of rules, the provisions of technical regulations will be difficult to implement. If in relation to technical regulations we can say that they establish “what must be ensured”, then in relation to sets of rules we say “how to do it”.

It must be said that the designer has the opportunity not to use sets of rules, but to go, as they say, his own way, but then he will have to prove to government agencies that the safety of construction and operation in design solutions is ensured, which will be problematic.

Codes of rules will contain both their own technical standards and reference standards to third-level documents, that is, to building codes and regulations, PPB, Sanitary Regulations, etc. And this is their close relationship. Speaking about the system of sets of rules, we assume that there will be six priority ones in accordance with the types of safety defined in the technical regulations “On the safety of buildings and structures.” We conventionally call them general sets of rules. Then special sets of rules will be developed, for example, for individual residential buildings, for complex engineering structures, etc.

On slide 2 you can see what a huge amount of work needs to be done to create an evidence base for one technical regulation. And only after this it will be possible to say that the minimum in terms of regulatory regulation has been created that will allow all construction participants to actually design and build objects.

Speaking about updating documents, it must be said that work is currently underway on 11 priority SNiPs, and we think that by the end of the year we will introduce them in a new edition. This work is also slow, because... documents are necessarily reviewed one, two or more times by the expert commission of the Ministry of Regional Development; accordingly, there are comments, then they are eliminated, etc. The ministry’s order “On the procedure for developing and agreeing on special technical conditions...” was also issued and registered with the Russian Ministry of Justice. Work has now been organized to review, examine and coordinate them with the order. As of September 1, 2012, materials have been received for 131 objects, special technical conditions have been agreed upon for 57 objects.

Regulation of urban planning activities. In accordance with the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, town planning activities include territorial planning, town planning zoning, territory planning, engineering surveys, design and construction of buildings and structures. This area can be conditionally divided into two blocks: the first is the regulation of the actions of public authorities of all levels in the preparation, coordination, approval and implementation of territorial planning documents, urban zoning and territory planning; the second is the regulation of the activities of economic entities - participants in construction to conduct engineering surveys, design and construction of buildings and structures.

I would like to briefly dwell on the first block. The main difference between this block of urban regulation and the sphere of technical regulation is that the issues included in its composition are regulated by public authorities at all levels. Moreover, the center of gravity here is shifted towards the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments. An important norm that should help ensure that authorities implement the norms of the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation regarding the development of urban planning documentation is, firstly, a mechanism for forcing public authorities to carry out urban planning activities by establishing responsibility for inaction. Thus, in the absence of territorial planning documents, from January 1, 2010, it is not allowed to make decisions on the reservation, withdrawal and transfer from one category to another of land plots owned by private individuals for state or municipal needs. In the absence of land use and development rules, from January 1, 2010, it is not allowed to provide private individuals with land plots for construction allocated from state and municipal lands.

Procedures have also been introduced for the preparation and provision of land plots for housing construction at auctions. Auction procedures should replace procedures for preliminary approval of the locations of construction projects.

In addition, a draft Federal Law “On Amendments to the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts” has now been prepared (adopted in the 1st reading), which introduces auction procedures for all land plots (not only in relation to housing construction projects) .

And finally, the institution of control over urban planning activities was introduced. This control should be exercised by the subjects of the activities of municipalities and the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia - by the activities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. All these measures should improve the situation with the development of urban planning documentation, but an analysis of activities in this area shows that not everything is in order here, primarily at the municipal level. In the coming years, at the regional and local level, the tasks of preparing and approving programs for the development of local urban regulation systems (as part of regional programs) must be solved; preparation and adoption of land use and development rules; plans for the implementation of master plans, including comprehensive schemes for the development of utility networks, priority projects (in connection with the volumes and timing of financing the construction of priority local facilities).

At the federal level, the following work has been carried out in this regard: appropriate changes have been made to the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation; a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation was adopted on the procedure for approving territorial planning schemes; forms of urban development plan for the land plot, construction permits, permission to put objects into operation have been approved; a draft model law of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation on urban planning activities has been prepared; methodological recommendations have been prepared for the development of land use and development rules; the procedure for approval by the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia of the structure of executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of control over urban planning activities carried out by local governments was approved; a form for reporting on the progress of control by constituent entities of the Russian Federation over urban planning activities carried out by local governments has been approved. Not all issues, of course, have been resolved, not all necessary regulatory legal acts have been adopted. In this case, the main task is to develop territorial planning schemes for the Russian Federation.

Now about regulating the activities of construction participants. Here the main role belongs to the federal level and, first of all, the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia. In order to regulate the issues of engineering surveys, design, and construction, the ministry, together with other federal executive authorities, has done the following work: a government decree on the procedure for conducting engineering surveys for the construction of facilities has been prepared and approved; the procedure for the approval by the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia of regulatory acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation regarding the conduct of engineering surveys on their territories has been approved; it is now being registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia; a government decree on the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content was approved; amendments and additions to decree 87 are now being prepared; two orders of the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia “On the procedure for organizing and carrying out construction” and “On the procedure for mothballing capital construction projects” have been prepared and are being approved by the federal executive authorities; a number of documents necessary for the functioning of the unified state examination of design documentation have been adopted, the main one of which is Resolution No. 145 “On the procedure for conducting state examination of design documentation”; a draft resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the procedure for conducting non-state examination of project documentation” has been prepared and is in the Government of the Russian Federation; A resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation was adopted on the procedure for conducting unified state construction supervision, and in its development a number of regulations were adopted that regulated the issues of state construction supervision. I would like to dwell on one more issue that directly regulates the activities of engineering survey organizations, design and construction organizations - the introduction of self-regulation in construction. Amendments to the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, which came into force on July 25, 2008, introduce this institution, eliminate state licensing of construction activities as an independent form of state regulation, and introduce a transition period from licensing to self-regulation. I would like to note that some provisions of this law were not adopted in the wording on which we insisted, and now there are numerous requests from organizations on precisely these same controversial issues: the size of the compensation fund; the minimum number of organizations required to acquire the status of a self-regulatory organization; validity period of previously obtained licenses.

The Ministry of Regional Development of Russia is very careful about forecasts - it is very difficult to say now how this process will go. Will the state, as a result, receive an even more bureaucratic machine represented by non-governmental organizations in comparison with state licensing, about which there were so many complaints? “In any case, we will monitor this process and, based on the results of law enforcement, we will develop appropriate proposals. In this part, we are currently preparing lists of works in the field of engineering surveys, design and construction that affect the safety of capital construction projects, and perhaps here we will be able to smooth out some aspects of the adopted law,” says the head of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation Igor Slyunyaev.

Based on the research carried out in the first chapter, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Based on the many definitions considered, it can be argued that the modern Russian construction complex is a set of structures of an institutional, economic and production type, characterized by economic, organizational, technical and technological interaction in obtaining the final result? production of construction products.

The structure of the construction complex includes enterprises in the construction industry, construction organizations, enterprises in the building materials industry, installation and contracting organizations, design and research institutes, and design bureaus.

The system of management methods includes: administrative methods, which include legislative regulation; regulation based on authority; organizational and economic methods.

Recent changes in federal legislation and reforms in the field of construction indicate the relevance of the issue of modernization and development of the construction complex in Russia and indicate its high role in increasing the sustainable development of the state. (APPENDIX A).

The legal basis for the activities of the construction complex is the following legislative and regulatory documents: Federal Law “On licensing of certain types of activities”, Federal Law “On the protection of the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs in the exercise of state control (supervision) and municipal control”, Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation Land Code of the Russian Federation Housing Code of the Russian Federation Federal Law “On Self-Regulatory Organizations”, Federal Law “On Placing Orders for the Supply of Goods, Performance of Work, Provision of Services for State and Municipal Needs”, Federal Law “On Technical Regulation”, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On Licensing Activities in the Field of Design and Construction” ; Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the procedure for organizing and conducting state examination of design documentation and engineering survey results,” etc. The listed documents are intended to have a positive impact on the formation of the external environment of the construction complex

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Level of government regulation of the industry. State regulation of industrial development

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