New industrial countries: list and description. Newly Industrialized Countries (NIEs)

Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan

KazNU named after. al-Farabi

ABSTRACT

"Newly industrialized countries"

Checked by: Medukhanova L.A.

Completed by: Argynbay N.T.

Almaty, 2011

Plan

I. Introduction

II. Main part

1. Main features and features of NIS development

3. NIS in international economic relations

III. Conclusion

IV. List of used literature

Introduction

So, what is NIS, which has recently increasingly attracted the attention of people, and sometimes even individual countries? Newly industrialized countries are a group of developing countries in which over the past decades there has been a qualitative leap in socio-economic indicators. The economies of these countries in a short period of time made the transition from a backward economy, typical of developing countries, to a highly developed one. This happened so quickly that many probably envied them, since they are now competing with the United States, Japan and the European Union. In these countries, the proportion of literate people has increased, education has become free and accessible to all. Gross domestic income per capita is about $15,000, and its annual growth has stabilized at 7%. Based on all this, we can conclude that the rapid economic development of the NIS countries worries many countries, and the issue of this is relevant today.

However, this list is clearly incomplete. For example, why are Iran, Vietnam and some other countries not included in the NIS?

The purpose of my work is to analyze the sharp qualitative increase in socio-economic indicators, its role in MRI and international economic relations.

1. Main features and features of NIS development

As has always been the case for centuries and millennia, the development of world history, including economic history, even in our computer age is fraught with many unexpected repetitions. Just three or four decades ago, not a single “think tank” could predict the unprecedented rapid development of a group of countries in East and South-East Asia, which received the poetic names of “dragons” and “tigers” for their rapid push towards progress.

The division of countries into “dragons” and “tigers” is purely arbitrary. The "dragons" include the countries of East Asia - South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and the People's Republic of China, which is usually called the "big dragon". “Tigers” are the countries of Southeast Asia: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Brunei, the Philippines, Vietnam, and now India is increasingly being mentioned in this category. The names are more figurative; the only difference they indicate is geographical. By the way, the image of the “dragon” in the imagination of the Chinese and other East Asian peoples did not at all contain a terrifying meaning, as in European and Eurasian mythology, but symbolized the harmony of heaven and earth, the unity of man and nature, strength, prosperity and fertility.

The rapid development of these countries, following Japan, will undoubtedly go down in the history of human civilization as evidence of the enormous capabilities of peoples who have embarked on the path of independent development. Nowadays, the region serves as a shining example, a call to action for former colonies and semi-colonies. The achievements of the “dragons” and “tigers” stand out against the backdrop of the deteriorating situation in most developing countries.

According to the UN methodology, when including a state in the category of “newly industrialized countries”, the following criteria are applied:

Size of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita;

Average annual growth rate;

Share of manufacturing industry in GDP. It should be more than 20%.

Volume of exports of industrial products;

Volume of investments abroad. For all these indicators, “newly industrialized countries” not only stand out from other developing countries, but also often exceed the indicators of a number of industrialized countries.

The newly industrialized countries have adopted a “pursuit strategy,” which involves the development of products that are cheaper than those of their partners and more competitive based on the use of the latest technologies.

The development of these countries serves as a clear confirmation of the long-wave theory of the outstanding Russian scientist N.D. Kondratiev, according to which scientific and technological development occurs in waves with cycles lasting approximately 50 years. “Tigers” and “dragons” used the achievements of the fourth wave and are actively “integrating” into the new, fifth, wave of scientific and technological progress that humanity is experiencing.

There is no single classification of “newly industrialized countries” yet, but some authors distinguish between NIS of the first wave or first generation - South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, as well as three Latin American countries - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico. Among the second generation countries are Malaysia, Thailand, India, Chile; third generation - Cyprus, Tunisia, Türkiye, Indonesia; fourth generation - Philippines, southern provinces of China, etc. (6).

All “new industrial countries” are characterized by a huge variety of conditions, and it would be naive to imagine that their socio-economic development occurs without difficulties and failures, and the author considered it his duty to reveal the reasons for them, to show how pressing problems are solved, what instructive things can be learned from this rich arsenal for our reforms.

that the most favorable conditions exist for mutually beneficial cooperation. Our partners offer us technical innovations and investment funds, various goods, and Kazakhstan, in turn, can become a major supplier of energy resources, non-ferrous and ferrous metals, wheat and other types of agricultural products.

Among the factors ensuring successful progress in the industrialization of the NIS of Southeast Asia, external conditions associated with the expansion of foreign capital played a significant role. Statistics show that for many years these countries were in the zone of the most active penetration of foreign capital. At the same time, political motives had a noticeable influence on the geographical distribution of investments and their sizes. For example, the United States enjoyed particular favor with South Korea and Taiwan, which found themselves in the sphere of US military-strategic interests and received several hundred million dollars in subsidies and loans for their compliance in placing military facilities on the territory of these countries.

Most countries in East and Southeast Asia have switched to an economic model of balanced growth, which involves: first, a consistent transition in development priorities from agriculture to light industry, and then to heavy industry and, finally, to precision technologies; secondly, the transition from labor-intensive to capital-intensive, and then to knowledge-intensive production; thirdly, the transition from a policy of import substitution to a policy of export expansion; fourthly, stimulation of market relations at all stages of economic reform.

All NIS are characterized by: a fairly diverse sectoral structure of the economy; widespread industrial forms of labor; large share in the industrial production of capital goods; export of manufactured products.

NIS owns a special industrial niche in the international division of labor; it is determined by the production of individual light industry products, metal-intensive engineering products, as well as microelectronic equipment of a limited range using technologies that have already become widespread in post-industrial countries.

2. NIS in the system of international division of labor

Rising up the steps of socio-economic progress, NIS are beginning to play an increasingly prominent role in the system of international division of labor (ILD). As you know, MRI includes many areas of economic activity. One of its important areas is international trade, which ensures the movement of the majority of all economic resources between countries.
The place and role of NIS in the international division of labor is determined by the totality of their real capabilities. The orientation of Asian NIS to the foreign market contributed to a sharp increase in their share in world exports. It is characteristic that the share of machinery and equipment - the most significant and dynamic group of goods in international trade, in the total commodity and all industrial exports of Asian NIS - grew at a particularly rapid pace in the 80s - early 90s.
Noting the high dynamics of industrial exports of the Asian “newly industrialized countries”, it should be noted that the export of traditional goods still occupied important, and for certain goods, decisive positions in foreign trade turnover.
A distinctive feature of the economic evolution of Asian NIS is that they are increasingly becoming interesting to each other. The prevailing tendency to focus only on the industrialized countries of the West is beginning to be complemented by the search for trade and economic partners in their region and adjacent subregions. This does not mean, however, a decrease in the attention of Asian NIS to increasing the competitiveness of their products. In the mid-2000s, the top five countries in the world in terms of the competitiveness of their goods were Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.
One of the most important components of the formula for success of the NIS, and especially the Asian model, was openness in foreign economic policy, which in turn led to the creation of a favorable investment climate. For example, three East Asian countries: China, Singapore, Malaysia - receive more foreign investment than any other countries. The influx of foreign investment into Latin American NIS has increased noticeably since the second half of the 90s. At the same time, most of the investments are directed both to the creation of new enterprises and to the acquisition - as part of the privatization process - of existing companies. Latin American countries, using the lessons of the financial crises in the 90s, both on their continent (Mexico, Argentina) and in the countries of Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Thailand, etc.), took the path of using administrative and tax instruments to limit access to stock market for short-term, speculative foreign capital.
The geography of capital export from “newly industrialized countries” is quite wide. These are primarily the leading industrialized countries, developing countries of the Asia-Pacific region, and new capital markets. Thus, South Korean firms are conducting targeted export expansion to the United States. By investing their capital in the American economy, South Koreans seek access to the latest technologies. Other Asian “dragons” are also increasing the export of capital. Taiwan's commercial interest in its continental brother China is very noticeable.
Hong Kong entrepreneurs have created more than half of the joint ventures registered in China.
In recent years, Asian NIS have begun to become active in the Russian goods and investment market. Entrepreneurs from the Republic of Korea are leading the way here. Activating trade and economic ties both with NIS and with other countries in this region is an important strategic task for Russia.
Latin American NIS, and above all Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, as they reach a certain “level of saturation” with foreign capital, become a kind of intermediaries between the centers of the world economy and the less developed countries of the region, fulfilling the same role that industrialized countries previously played for them.
The process of internationalization of capital movements is still far from complete even among developed countries, let alone developing ones. Nevertheless, some NIS have already taken significant steps along this path.
The successes achieved in the development of NIS and their integration into the world economy allow us to say with confidence that the prospects for economic growth, improving the standard of living of the people and increasing the foreign economic expansion of these countries are quite favorable. In the 21st century, they will occupy higher places in the global economic hierarchy and demonstrate new significant results. According to World Bank forecasts, over the next 10 years, the average income of each inhabitant of the Earth will increase by 1.9% annually.

The most powerful of which was the first industrial power in the world - Great Britain. Europeans conquered almost the entire world, turned other countries into colonies, sales markets their goods.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the number of industrial countries increased. At the same time, non-European countries began to play an increasing role in world affairs - the United States and Japan, which had embarked on the path of industrial development.

Overall, out of a total world population of 1680 million people, industrial, industrial-agrarian and agrarian-industrial countries at the beginning of the 20th century were home to about 700 million people. About 600 million lived in the colonies (including approximately 400 million in the British).

A special place was occupied by a group of states with a total population of about 380 million people, which were formally independent, but in fact were in the position of semi-colonies of the great powers. At the beginning of the century these included China, Persia (Iran), Turkey, Siam, Egypt, Korea, and a number of others. The signs of a semi-colony were, as a rule, the acceptance by its authorities of unequal terms of trade, the provision of special privileges to foreign citizens, including their immunity from local authorities in the event of crimes committed. Semi-colonies became countries that, due to military-technical backwardness and the weakness of the central government, were unable to resist the colonial empires, but at the same time avoided complete conquest. This was due to the competition of industrial powers, which interfered with each other, and the special geopolitical position of the semi-colonies, which made their conquest difficult.

§ 1. Industrial countries: Aggravation of contradictions

By the beginning of the 20th century, the most important characteristic of world development was not only the increase in the number of industrial countries, but also their division into two groups, the first and second waves of modernization, or organic and catching-up industrial development.

Countries of the first echelon of industrial development.

For this group of countries, which included Great Britain, France, the USA, as well as a number of medium-sized and small European countries (Belgium, Holland, Scandinavian states), there was a gradual mastery of the industrial type of production. The Industrial Revolution, then the transition to mass, large-scale conveyor production occurred in stages, as the corresponding socio-economic and cultural prerequisites matured. These included the following.

Firstly, the maturity of commodity-money relations, the large capacity of the domestic market, its readiness to absorb large volumes of industrial products.

Secondly, the high level of development of manufacturing production, which was primarily subjected to modernization.

Thirdly, the presence of a large layer of the poor, people who have no other source of livelihood other than selling their labor, as well as a layer of entrepreneurs who have accumulated capital and are ready to invest it in production.

Thus, in England the industrial revolution began at the end of the 18th century. Heavy industry, mechanical engineering, as an independent industry, began to develop in the 20s. XIX century. Following England, the industrial revolution began in the northern states of the United States, unencumbered by the remnants of feudal relations thanks to the influx of emigrants from Europe with free labor resources. However, industrialization fully developed in the United States after the Civil War of 1861-1865. between the North and the South, which ended the plantation system of agriculture in the southern states, based on slavery, and strengthened the unity of the country's internal market. France, where manufacturing production traditionally existed, drained of blood by the Napoleonic wars, embarked on the path of industrial development after the revolution of 1830.

Countries of the second echelon of modernization.

Germany, Russia, Italy, Japan, Austria-Hungary delayed joining the industrial society for various reasons. For Germany and Italy, with the oldest manufacturing traditions in Europe and already established industrial centers in the 19th century, the main problem was fragmentation into small kingdoms and principalities, which made it difficult to form a sufficiently capacious domestic market. Only after the unification of Italy (1861) and Germany under the leadership of Prussia (1871) did the pace of their industrial development accelerate. In Russia, Japan, and Austria-Hungary, the obstacles to industrialization were the preservation of pre-capitalist relations in the countryside, various forms of personal dependence of the peasantry on landowners, limited internal financial resources, and the predominance of the tradition of investing capital in trade rather than in industry.

The impetus for reforms in Germany and Italy came from ruling circles seeking to further strengthen the positions of their states in the international arena and dreaming of creating vast colonial empires.

In Russia, one of the reasons for the transition to reforms was the defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856. which showed its military-technical lag behind Great Britain and France.

In Japan, modernization was preceded by the threat of bombardment of its ports by a squadron of American ships under Admiral Perry in 1854, which revealed its defenselessness. The forced acceptance of unequal terms of trade and relations with foreign powers meant the transformation of Japan into a dependent country. This caused discontent among many feudal clans, samurai (chivalry), merchant capital, and artisans. As a result of the outbreak of the revolution, Japan became a parliamentary, centralized monarchy headed by the emperor, and embarked on the path of reform and industrialization.

With the great diversity of countries in the second echelon of industrial development, a number of common, similar features emerged, the main one of which was the special role of the state during the period of modernization. Thus, in 1913 in the United States the state controlled only 9% of the gross national product (GNP), while in Germany it was 18%. The special role of the state was explained as follows.

Firstly, it was the state that was the main instrument for implementing reforms designed to create the preconditions for modernization. The reforms were supposed to expand the scope of commodity-money relations, reduce the number of low-productivity natural and semi-natural farms in the countryside and thereby ensure the release of free labor for use in the growing industry.

Secondly, in conditions when the need for industrial goods in the domestic market was previously satisfied by importing them from more developed countries, modernizing states were forced to resort to protectionism, the introduction of increased customs duties on imported products to protect only domestic producers who were gaining strength.

Thirdly, with limited internal resources for modernization and the weakness of domestic capital, the state directly financed and organized the construction of railways, the creation of factories and factories. In Russia, and especially in Germany, the greatest support was provided to the military industry and its service industries. The creation of mixed companies and banks with the participation of state and sometimes foreign capital was typical. The role of foreign sources of financing modernization in various forms (direct investments, participation in mixed companies, acquisition of government securities, provision of loans) was especially great in Austria-Hungary, Russia, Japan, and less so in Germany and Italy.

Most countries that carried out accelerated modernization had no alternative to it, since they were threatened with becoming second-rate, dependent states. Thus, Japan only in 1911 got rid of all the previously unequal treaties imposed on it. At the same time, the accelerated development of the countries of the second echelon of industrialization was a source of aggravation of many contradictions both in the international arena and within the modernizing states themselves.

Exacerbation of contradictions in world development.

One of the reasons for the growth of contradictions was the increase in the number of industrial countries, since the industrial capital of each of them sought to win a place for itself in the national and world markets. Even when England was the main "industrial workshop of the world", in 1825, 1836, 1847, it faced crises of overproduction. All the markets open to her could not absorb the products she produced. In 1857, the first global industrial crisis broke out, affecting not only Great Britain, but also other countries that had embarked on the path of industrial development. The struggle for foreign markets intensified between the industrial capital of these countries, on the possession of which the well-being of the emerging industrial countries depended.

The capacity of world markets gradually increased. Firstly, this was due to an increase in living standards in industrial countries (the US domestic market was considered especially capacious and dynamic at the beginning of the century). Secondly, with the erosion of the natural and semi-natural economy of the colonies and dependent countries, the development of commodity-money relations in their territories, which accelerated the formation of a global market and expanded consumer demand. At the same time, the development of world markets constantly lagged behind the increasing production capabilities, which led to a deepening of economic crises. The crisis marked the advent of the new 20th century. The slide towards crisis began on the eve of the First World War of 1914-1918.

Crises accelerated the concentration and centralization of capital, contributed to the ruin of weak and ineffective enterprises and, from this point of view, contributed to increasing the competitiveness of the economy. At the same time, causing an increase in unemployment and aggravation of social relations, they created serious problems for industrial countries.

The social consequences of the crises were most painful in the countries of the second echelon of modernization. In countries that embarked on the path of capitalist industrial development later than others, social conflicts between labor and capital were combined with the unresolved agrarian question and the continuing struggle of the peasantry to complete or more equitably implement the agrarian reform. In the countries of the first echelon of modernization, the agrarian question was somehow resolved.

In states where contradictions between entrepreneurs and hired workers made themselves felt back in the last century and gradually worsened, experience in implementing flexible social policies has been accumulated. The workers' struggle for improved working conditions and higher wages was carried out within the framework determined by law, on the basis of bargaining and compromises between trade unions and entrepreneurs. At the same time, maintaining stability in society largely depended on the resources that could be allocated to reduce the severity of social problems. Where pensions were guaranteed for hired workers, an accident insurance system was introduced, acceptable conditions for access to medical care, education, etc. were created, workers had no incentive to express social protest.

In the countries of the second echelon of modernization, the state not only did not have the experience and means to solve social problems, but also, incurring large expenses to support domestic production, was forced to take unpopular measures, raising taxes, seeking other measures to replenish the treasury at the expense of the population.

It is significant that it was Russia, which had much fewer resources for social maneuver than other industrial countries, that experienced the greatest upheavals in the 20th century. Thus, the production of national income per capita in 1913 in Russia (in comparable 1980 prices) was only $350, while in Japan - $700, in Germany, France and Great Britain - $1,700 each. , in the USA - $2325.

The most important source of solving internal problems for the countries of the first wave of modernization, especially England and France, were the colonial empires. Great Britain managed to create the most extensive colonial empire in the world. More than a quarter of the world's population lived in its possessions; their territory exceeded the area of the metropolis by almost 100 times. France became the second colonial power in the world, bringing Northern and Equatorial Africa and Indochina under its control.

The wealth exported from the colonies, the ability to monopolize their markets, receiving super-profits, enriched both the ruling elite and broad sections of the population of the metropolises. The poor, unemployed, not finding work in the metropolises, emigrated to the colonies. This was facilitated by the emerging diamond and gold rushes and the distribution of land on preferential terms. The constant outflow of surplus labor reduced the level of social tension. The colonies had a stable, guaranteed market for their products, which partly mitigated the severity of the crises for the metropolises.

The flip side of prosperity was the constant flight of capital. A high standard of living led to higher labor costs, which made investing in the economy of the metropolises unprofitable. There were no incentives for its development, since the colonial markets turned out to be not too demanding in terms of the range and quality of products. British bankers preferred to invest money in colonies, dominions (colonies populated mainly by immigrants from the mother country and given the opportunity for self-government, Canada - in 1867, Australia - in 1901, New Zealand - in 1907), as well as in the US economy . French capital was invested in government loans of those countries where high profits could be quickly obtained, in particular Russia.

Thus, in the economy of the formerly most developed countries of the world, there have been trends toward stagnation, it has lost its dynamism, and its growth rate has slowed down. On the contrary, in states that did not create extensive colonial empires, such as Germany, the USA, and Japan, most of the capital was directed to the development of national economies. Later, having embarked on the path of industrial development, they equipped the emerging industry with the most advanced technology, and this provided them with advantages in the fight against competitors. This led to the emergence of inconsistencies and contradictions between the levels of development of industrial countries and the distribution of colonies and spheres of influence between them.

An attempt to resolve this contradiction at the beginning of the 20th century, in conditions when the primary division of the world had already been completed, took the form of a struggle for the redistribution of colonies and markets for goods. The first war of the new era for the redivision of the world was the Spanish-American War (1898), as a result of which the United States captured the Philippines, the islands of Puerto Rico and Guam from Spain, and granted independence to Cuba. The second is the Anglo-Boer (1899-1902), as a result of which England established complete control over the south of Africa, capturing the Transvaal and Orange republics, founded by immigrants from Holland.

Germany, Japan and Italy showed the greatest activity and aggressiveness in colonial policy at the beginning of the century. As competition intensified in world markets, colonial policy intensified, and the rivalry between the leading powers on the world stage intensified.

The contradictions between the metropolises and the peoples of colonial and dependent countries began to become increasingly acute. With the development of commodity-money relations in these countries, the emergence of a layer of national bourgeoisie and intelligentsia who received a European education, protest movements against the colonial status intensified. Anti-colonial movements were often supported from outside by countries seeking to redistribute the world and expand their own spheres of influence. Thus, on the eve of the war with Spain, the United States showed solidarity with the liberation movement in the Philippines and Cuba, which, however, did not prevent them from including these countries in their orbit of influence after the victory. The slogan “Asia for Asians” was popular in Japan, implying that Asian countries should free themselves from the rule of white colonialists and enter the Japanese sphere of influence.

Table 1.
Changes in the share of leading industrial countries in world industrial production, 1860-1913.

Table 2.""
Population of the colonial possessions (millions of people), 1875-1914.

Questions and tasks

1. Describe the main groups of countries in the world according to the level of their industrial development at the beginning of the 20th century. What place did Russia occupy among them?

2. What features were inherent in the countries of the first echelon of industrialization?

3. What differentiated the countries of the second echelon of modernization from the most developed industrial states?

Industrial countries have had a more than tangible impact on the world economy. They promoted progress and changed the status of specific regions. Therefore, the history and characteristics of these states deserve attention.

What is meant by industrialization?

When this term is used, we are talking about an economic process, the essence of which boils down to the transition from agricultural-craft production to large-scale machine production. It is this fact that is the key feature by which the industrial countries of the world are determined.

It is worth noting the following feature: as soon as machine production begins to predominate in the state, economic development moves into an extensive mode. The transition of a particular country to the industrial category is due to the influence of factors such as the development of new technologies and natural sciences in industry. Such changes are especially active in the field of energy production and metallurgy.

In fact, any industrial country is the product of competent implementation of reforms in the field of legislation and politics. At the same time, of course, this cannot be done without forming a significant raw material base and attracting a large amount of cheap labor.

The consequence of such processes is the fact that the secondary (raw materials processing sector) begins to dominate over the primary (agriculture, resource extraction). Industrialization contributes to the dynamic development of scientific disciplines and their subsequent introduction into the production segment. This, in turn, makes it possible to significantly increase the income of the population.

First industrial country

If you look at historical data, you can draw an obvious conclusion: it was the United States that was at the forefront of the industrial movement. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, a large base was created here for dynamic industrial growth, which was facilitated by a significant influx of labor. The components of this base were significant raw materials, the absence of outdated equipment and ensuring absolute freedom for economic activity.

Considering the history of development, it should be noted that tangible changes in this area occurred at the beginning of the twentieth century. They manifested themselves through the growth in the rate of development of heavy industry. This fact was facilitated by the built transcontinental railway lines.

An industrial country like the United States is interesting because it became the first state in the history of world economic development in whose territory the following fact was recorded: the share of heavy industry exceeded other indicators of total industrial production. Other countries were able to reach this level much later.

Another change that an industrial country must inevitably make concerns the political and legislative sphere. At the same time, the necessity of having a sufficient amount of cheap labor and raw materials is inevitable.

One of the key goals of production within an industrial economy is to produce as many finished goods as possible. As a result, significant volumes of goods allow companies to enter the global market.

Changing structure of US heavy industry

Considering that North America is a territory where an industrial country experienced its formation, becoming the first in this economic format, it is worth noting the following information: similar changes were achieved through changes in the structure of US heavy industry.

We are talking about the impact of scientific and technological progress, which caused the emergence and development of such new industries as oil, aluminum, electrical engineering, rubber, automobile, etc. At the same time, automobile production and oil refining had the most significant impact on the development of the American economy.

Since electric lighting was quickly introduced into everyday life and production, kerosene was rapidly losing its relevance. At the same time, the demand for oil grew steadily. This fact is explained by the dynamic development of the automotive industry, which inevitably led to an increased volume of purchases of gasoline, for the production of which oil was used.

It is worth noting the fact that it was the introduction of the automobile into the lives of US citizens that had a significant impact on the structure of production, allowing the oil refining industry to become dominant.

The methods of rational organization of labor also experienced changes. The development of mass serial production had a key influence on this process. We are talking primarily about the flow method.

It was thanks to these factors that the United States began to be defined as an industrial country.

Other representatives of the industrial economy

The USA, of course, became the first state that could be considered industrial. If we consider the industrial countries of the 20th century, we can distinguish two waves of modernization. These processes can also be called organic and catch-up development.

The first echelon countries include the USA, Great Britain, France and other small European states (Scandinavian countries, Holland, Belgium). The development of all these countries was characterized by a gradual transition to an industrial type of production. First, there was a transition to mass and large-scale production of the conveyor type.

The formation of such processes was preceded by certain cultural and socio-economic prerequisites:

High level of development of manufacturing production, which was affected by modernization in the first place;

The maturity of commodity-money relations, leading to the maturity of the domestic market and its ability to absorb significant volumes of industrial products;

A significant layer of poor people who do not have the opportunity to earn money in any other way other than providing their services as labor.

The last point also includes those entrepreneurs who managed to accumulate capital and were ready to invest it in actual production.

Second tier countries

Considering industrial countries at the beginning of the 20th century, it is worth highlighting states such as Austria-Hungary, Japan, Russia, Italy and Germany. Their introduction to industrial production was somewhat delayed due to the influence of certain factors.

Despite the fact that many countries were moving towards industrialization, the development of all states had common features. The key characteristic was the significant influence of the government during the period of modernization. The special role of the state in these processes could be explained by the following reasons.

1. First of all, it was the state that played a decisive role in the implementation of reforms, the purpose of which was to expand commodity-money relations, as well as reduce the number of semi-natural and natural farms, which were characterized by low productivity. This strategy made it possible to obtain more free labor for the efficient development of production.

2. To understand why industrial countries have always been characterized by a significant share of state participation in the modernization process, it is worth paying attention to such a factor as the need to introduce increased customs duties on the import of imported products. Such measures could only be taken at the legislative level. And thanks to such a strategy, domestic producers, who were at the beginning of their development, received protection and the opportunity to quickly reach a new level of trade turnover.

3. The third reason why the active participation of the state in the modernization process was inevitable is the lack of funds from enterprises to finance production. The weakness of domestic capital was compensated by budgetary funds. This was expressed in the financing of the construction of factories, factories and railways. In some cases, even mixed banks and companies were created, using state and sometimes foreign capital. This fact explains why industrial countries, in addition to exporting products, were focused on attracting funds from foreign investors. Such investments had a particularly strong impact on the modernization process of Japan, Russia and Austria-Hungary.

The place of industrial countries in the modern economy

The modernization process did not stop its development. Thanks to this, new industrial countries managed to form. The list looks like this:

Singapore,
South Korea,
Hong Kong,
Taiwan,
Thailand,
China,
Indonesia,
Malaysia,
India,
Philippines,
Brunei,
Vietnam.

The first four countries especially stand out from the rest, which is why they are called During the 80s, each of the countries listed above showed its ability to ensure annual economic growth above 7%. Moreover, they were able to quickly overcome socio-economic underdevelopment and approach the level of countries that can be defined as developed.

Criteria by which industrial countries are determined

The UN constantly monitors the situation in the world, paying special attention to the economic development of various regions. This organization has certain criteria by which they identify newly industrialized countries. Their list can only be supplemented by a state that meets certain standards in the following categories:

Volume of exports of industrial products;

Size per capita;

Share in GDP (should not be less than 20%);

Volume of investments outside the country;

Average annual GDP growth rates.

For each of these criteria and for all of them in total, industrial countries, the list of which is steadily growing, should differ significantly from other countries.

Features of the NIS economic model

There are certain reasons, both internal and external, that have had a significant impact on the economic development of newly industrialized countries.

If we talk about external factors of economic growth that are characteristic of all countries, then first of all attention should be paid to the following fact: regardless of which industrial countries are considered, they will all be united by the presence of interest on the part of developed industrial countries. Moreover, we are talking about both economic and political interests. As an example, we can cite the clear interest that the United States shows in relation to South Korea and Taiwan. This is explained by the fact that these regions contribute to opposition to the communist regime that dominates East Asia.

As a result, America provided these two states with significant military and economic support, which created a kind of impetus for the dynamic development of these states. This is why industrial countries, in addition to exporting goods, are largely focused on foreign investment.

As for the South Asian countries, their progress is due to the active support of Japan, which in recent decades has opened numerous branches of corporations that have created new jobs and raised the level of industry as a whole.

It is also worth noting the fact that in the newly industrialized countries located in Asia, most of the entrepreneurial capital was directed to the primary industries and manufacturing industries.

As for Latin American countries, in this region investment was focused not only on the manufacturing industry, but also on the service sector, as well as trade.

At the same time, one cannot help but notice the fact of global economic expansion of foreign private capital. This is why industrial countries, in addition to their own resources, have a certain percentage of foreign capital in virtually every economic sector.

Latin American NIS model

In modern economics, there are two key models through which the structure and principles of development of modern industrial countries can be characterized. We are talking about the Latin American and Asian system.

The first model is focused on import substitution, while the second model focuses on exports. In other words, some countries are domestically oriented, while others obtain the bulk of their capital through exports.

This is one of the answers to the question why industrial countries, in addition to exporting goods, are actively focused on import substitution. It all comes down to using a specific model. It is worth noting that the strategy of saturating the domestic market with national products has helped many states achieve economic progress. To do this, it was necessary to diversify the economic structure in the country. As a result, important production capacities were formed, and the level of self-sufficiency in many areas increased significantly.

In fact, in every country that has placed emphasis on developing production that allows it to effectively replace imported goods, a serious crisis is recorded over time. As the reasons for this outcome, it is worth identifying the loss of efficiency and flexibility of the economic system, which is due to the lack of foreign competition.

It is difficult for such countries to take a confident position in the world market due to the lack of driving industries that take the production sector to a new level of efficiency and relevance.

An example is the countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico). These states have managed to diversify their national economies in such a way as to achieve a significant position in the global market. But they still failed to catch up with the export-oriented ones in their level of economic progress.

Asian experience

The export-oriented model, which was implemented by NIS Asia, can be defined as the most effective and quite flexible. At the same time, it is worth noting the fact of parallel import substitution, which was competently combined with the main scheme of economic development. Surprisingly, it turns out that two models with different accents can be combined quite effectively. At the same time, depending on the specific period, priority may be given to the most relevant of them.

But the fact remains unchanged that before the state moves to the stage of dynamic export expansion, it must undergo import substitution and properly stabilize its percentage in the overall economic model.

Asian NIS were characterized by the development of labor-intensive, export-oriented industries. Over time, the emphasis shifted to capital-intensive high-tech industries. At the moment, the main goal of such countries within the framework of the current economic strategy is the production of products that can be characterized as knowledge-intensive. In turn, low-profit and labor-intensive production is transferred to the newly industrialized countries of the second wave.

Thus, we can conclude that its place in the world market depends on the economic strategy of a particular industrial country.

Introduction

World economy- a multi-level, global economic system that unites the national economies of the countries of the world on the basis of the international division of labor through a system of international economic relations. Developed countries serve as the basis of the world economy.

Currently, developed countries are moving from industrial development to post-industrial development. In other words, the main goal of the economic development of these states is the reorientation of material-, resource-, and labor-intensive industries into knowledge-intensive ones. In the world, not counting industrialized and developing states, there is a group of states that occupy an intermediate position between them.

These countries are united in the NIS, they have shown impressive rates of economic growth and growth in the service sector.

So, what is NIS, which has recently increasingly attracted the attention of people, and sometimes even individual countries? Newly industrialized countries are a group of developing countries that have experienced a qualitative leap in socio-economic indicators over the past decades. The economies of these countries in a short period of time made the transition from a backward economy, typical of developing countries, to a highly developed one. This happened so quickly that many were probably jealous of them, since they are now competing with the USA, Japan and the European Union. In these countries, the proportion of literate people has increased, education has become free and accessible to all. Gross domestic income per capita is about $15,000, and its annual growth has stabilized at 7%. Based on all this, we can conclude that the rapid economic development of the NIS countries worries many countries, and the issue of this is relevant today.

All “new industrial countries” are characterized by a huge variety of conditions, and it would be naive to imagine that their socio-economic development occurs without difficulties and failures, and that is why I consider it my duty to reveal the reasons for them, to show how pressing problems are solved, what is instructive can be drawn from this rich arsenal for the reforms of our country.

The experience of economic development of NIS is relevant for Russia, since at the moment the Russian Federation is not competitive in many sectors of the economy, and the development of the service sector provides a chance for non-price competition between Russian commodity producers and foreign ones, increasing economic potential.

Concept, essence, main features of NIS

Newly industrialized countries (NICs) include a number of countries in Asia and America, which are characterized by high rates of economic growth. NIS emerged from developing countries in the 60s of the twentieth century. The formation of the NIS can be divided into 4 stages. At the first, four countries of Southeast Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea) and three countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico) quickly achieved large socio-economic changes and practically became equal to the states that had consistently high economic growth rates. growth. At the second stage, Malaysia, Thailand and India were added to these countries. At the third stage, the NIS group began to include Cyprus, Tunisia, Turkey and Indonesia, and at the fourth stage - the Philippines and China. Entire regions have emerged that can be declared industrial and steadily growing.

The criteria by which certain states are classified as NIS (following the UN methodology):

1. the size of gross domestic product per capita;

2. average annual growth rate;

3. the share of the finishing industry in GDP (it should be greater than 20%);

4. volume of exports of industrial products and their share in total exports;

5. volume of direct investment abroad.

Attracting attention are such characteristics of newly industrialized countries as high growth rates, dynamic macroeconomic and intra-industry structural changes, the growth of the professional level of the workforce, intensive participation in the international division of labor, and the widespread use of foreign capital.

The main emphasis of the restructuring of the NIS economy is:

· industrialization based on the latest scientific and technical achievements with a focus on the foreign market;

· accessibility and high level of education within the country;

· to maximize the use of foreign capital.

The factors that determined the emergence of NIS can be divided into external and internal.

External factors are:

1. The country found itself in the sphere of special political or economic interests of industrialized countries, primarily the USA and Japan. Consequently, everything possible will be done for it to ensure high stability and high loyalty of its population to the economic system of capitalism. This is how the United States acted after World War II - it provided a variety of assistance and support to West Germany and Japan with the aim of turning them into the main centers of countering the spread of socialism to Western Europe and Southeast Asia. The United States, declaring South Korea and Taiwan a zone of special national interests, wanted to turn them into the main countries that would resist communist influence from the PRC, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Socialist Vietnam. Huge economic aid and military support were provided to South Korea and Taiwan. Between 1950 and 1990, Taiwan received over US$24 billion in foreign investment. During the 1998 financial crisis, the United States and other developed countries, through international financial institutions, provided nearly US$70 billion in loans to South Korea. Certain countries of Latin America, and above all Mexico, also fell into the sphere of economic and political interests of the United States. In 1995, the United States allocated $50 billion to Mexico to support financial stability, with $20 billion coming from the special presidential stabilization fund. The countries of Southeast Asia have been and are a sphere of special economic and political interests of the United States and Japan.

2. Structural restructuring of the economy, which began in industrialized countries thanks to the scientific and technological revolution in the 50-60s. Transnational corporations of industrialized countries quickly mastered the production of cars, semiconductors, computer equipment, and consumer electronics not only within their home country, but also in developing countries. In the 1980s, direct investments in the NIS economy accounted for over 40% of all direct investments made by industrialized countries in the economies of developing countries.

The main internal factors that led to the economic growth of the so-called NIS are:

1. Relative political stability and political regimes loyal to developed capitalist countries. The leadership of the countries was ready to implement political and economic reforms aimed at the interests of capitalist countries, in particular, fully guaranteeing the security of their investments, distancing themselves from socialist theory and practice, and supporting the actions of developed countries in international organizations. Countries that are developing normalized their legal acts in such a way that they allowed TNCs from the USA, Japan and their allies to almost freely use cheap labor, cheap raw materials and fairly capacious domestic markets and also freely export their products.

2. An economic strategy that was productive in terms of achieving the final result, which consisted of several stages. At the first stage, countries gradually replaced imports of similar products from abroad with domestic products, thereby saving foreign currency and at the same time saturating the domestic market with basic consumer goods. At the second stage, export potential was created and the capacity of basic sectors of the economy was increased. At the same time, the NIS of Southeast Asia created enterprises from the production of predominantly labor-intensive consumer goods, while Latin America gave preference to the development of high-tech capital-intensive industries, such as the finishing and mining industries. The third stage of implementation of the economic strategy is characterized by the creation of its own research base and the development of knowledge-intensive industries, and the inclusion of the country in the process of capital export. Moreover, East Asian countries are trying to invest most of their capital in the finishing industry and service sector of North America and Western Europe, thus trying to gain access to the latest technologies.

3. Development of productive forces, that is, the means of production and man as the main productive force of society. NIS of Southeast Asia have made huge investments in updating the means of production in traditional sectors of the economy and created new, previously absent industries based on the latest equipment and technology. Moreover, they invested in physical capital due to the high rate of domestic savings, which amounted to over 30% of the gross domestic product. At the same time, the NIS of South-West Asia invested in primary and secondary education, the development of scientific and technical potential and retraining of personnel, so the local workforce was ready for highly efficient work with complex high-tech technology.

4. The economy optimally combines the market mechanism and government regulation. Although the economic role of the state in each of the NIS is different, in general it was sufficient to supplement market mechanisms where they were objectively unable to ensure high rates of economic development. It was thanks to state regulation of foreign economic relations that Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore had a positive balance of payments for a long time. Asian governments controlled measures to maintain macroeconomic stability, avoiding high inflation and unemployment. In South Korea, all leading sectors of material production are clearly export-oriented. Revenues from foreign trade make up the bulk of budget revenues.

5. Effective, opposite to traditional, income policy. The governments of South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan have ignored traditional Western theories that argue that income inequality is necessary to stimulate economic growth because the rich tend to save more than the poor. The more wealthy, traditional theories say, the greater the savings and the greater the opportunity for investment in economic development. East Asian countries have taken the path of ensuring more equitable distribution, overcoming income inequality, which has strengthened the motivation of direct producers - the main productive force of society.

Consequently, the emergence of the NIS was not determined by the economic system of capitalism itself, but by its optimal adaptation to modern global processes. This adaptation occurs along the lines of productive forces, production relations and the economic mechanism. Moreover, it occurs to a large extent through the use of methods, methods, and principles of socialism.

Newly industrialized countries (NIS) - group developing countries , in which over the past decades there has been a qualitative leap in socio-economic indicators. The economies of these countries in a short period of time made the transition from a backward economy, typical of developing countries, to a highly developed one.

NIS models

There are two main models of NIS: Asian and Latin American

Asian NIS model

Examples: Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong (Hong Kong).

NIS AsiaExport-oriented policy is combined with effective import substitution, ensuring the economic progress of the region. There is no single development model; there are common features. Focused on external sources of financing, few natural resources.
Characteristic:

Increasing economic growth rates under the influence of international factors - expansion of TNCs in developed countries
Creation of “world factories” for the production of shoes, clothing, and electronic goods.
The active role of the state in stimulating the business sector.
System entrepreneurialplanning, stimulation of scientific and technical progress.
Confucianism (the power of the people, the dignity of man, the desire for work, education).
The strength of the commercial sector is growing

Latin American NIS model

In the 60s - early 70s. import substitution (along with other factors) has made it possible for Latin America to become one of the most dynamically developing regions of the world. Since the mid-70s. economic development begins to slow down. In the 80s Latin America was shaken by a deep socio-economic crisis - the “lost decade”, which set back the economies of Latin American countries. In the 90s the decline gave way to a rise. The economic situation of many countries has improved. One of the catalysts for the rise was the new export-oriented model of industrial development for Latin America. Gradual integration, the development of transnationalization processes, and the privatization of previously unprofitable state-owned enterprises (which previously operated in “hothouse” conditions) have yielded results. Export orientation “spurred” economic development.

NIS features:

1) High rates of economic development up to 8% of GDP per year

2) The leading ones are not the mining, but the processing industries of the economy

RV "second wave": Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Uruguay ("Latin American pumas ");

NIS "third wave": Malaysia, Thailand, India, Cyprus, Tunisia, Türkiye, Indonesia;

NIS "fourth wave": China, Philippines, Vietnam.