People are provided with materials used for the construction of various structures in many technological fields. Until the 70s of the last century, the metallurgical industry developed at an accelerated pace, but then there was a slight decline in activity associated with a decrease in metal production capacity. Today, metallurgy has taken a course of development in the following directions:

• targeting consumer needs;
• increased interest in developing transport routes instead of exporting raw materials.
• preference for the development of enterprises with small and medium-sized capacities;
• bias towards the development of the industry in developing countries.

The metallurgical industry is divided into the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

Development of ferrous metallurgy in the world

Ferrous metallurgy involves the following stages:

• development of ore deposits;
• raw materials preparation;
• smelting of materials such as cast iron, steel, rolled products and ferroalloys.

Ferrous metallurgy uses ore containing metals such as iron, chromium and manganese. In addition, many enterprises work with recyclable materials, such as depreciation scrap and metallurgical waste.

The use of scrap can significantly reduce the cost of production, since the stage of casting iron is skipped and the process of producing steel begins immediately. Coking coal is used as fuel for iron production.

Full cycle ferrous metallurgy produces its own product at each stage. Depending on this, there are several types of enterprises, such as:

• small capacity plants;
• metallurgy enterprises;
• full cycle plants;
• enterprises for the production of ferroalloys;
• electric steel plants.

In accordance with the location of coal or iron ore basins, ferrous metallurgy was often inconsistent in its localization. In the current period of scientific and technological breakthrough, the guidelines have shifted towards fuel and raw materials cargo flows.

Thanks to this, the size of enterprises under construction is reduced, and their geographical location does not depend on the deposits. For example, metallurgical plants in Western European countries and Japan are now located in areas with access to a seaport.

Major countries in iron ore mining

Deposits are developed by different countries, however, not all of them. Until the 40s of the last century, the main development of iron ore deposits was carried out by Germany, France, the USA, Great Britain and Sweden. In the post-war years, these countries lost their championship to South Africa, Australia, Canada and the USSR. Today the situation has changed somewhat, and the following countries are leading in this area:

• China;
• Brazil;
• India;
• Australia.

More than 40 countries in the world are engaged in the development of ore deposits, and the total amount of mined minerals is almost 1 billion tons. Approximately 70% of the total ore mined comes from countries such as China (23%), Brazil (17%), Australia (13 %), Russia (9%), India (8%).

Despite the impressive volumes, not all of these countries export this type of raw material. Australia and Brazil are the most important exporters, accounting for more than half of world exports.

Some countries that export iron ore resources also import it. Such countries include China, the USA, Italy and the UK, since their territories contain full-cycle enterprises characterized by increased production material intensity.

In this case, the consumption of raw materials and fuel used exceeds the amount of cast iron produced by 4–5 times by weight. The costs are especially significant compared to coking coal.

For this reason, the most economically advantageous locations for full-cycle plants are areas rich in raw materials and fuel at the same time. Representatives of such states are Ukraine, India, China, Australia. In other cases, centers of ferrous metallurgy arose near iron ore or coal deposits.

The localization of metallurgical centers in coastal areas provides an alternative for sea supplies of coal and iron ore. Sometimes the exploitation of imported raw materials and fuel is more profitable than the development of our own deposits.

In particular, India and Latin America transport iron ore raw materials by sea to the coastal plants of Japan, and Australia and China transport energy raw materials. Coal is supplied to EU countries in the same way from the USA, and ore is supplied by Brazil and South Africa.

Iron production

The main intermediate product in the ferrous metals production process is cast iron, which produces 50% of the world's total steel. Recently, the volume of the cast iron industry has been slowly declining, since it is economically unprofitable and pollutes the atmosphere. Since the early 90s of the last century, China has occupied a leading position in cast iron production; before that, the USSR had the lead.

Leading in steel production

Steelmaking is considered an important process in the iron and steel industry.

Typically, cast iron is supplied as a primary raw material for the production of steel, but increasingly, blast furnace production is being replaced by the use of recyclable materials in the form of scrap metal. Thanks to the scientific and technological revolution, modern technologies have practically replaced the old methods of producing steel.

Electrothermal and methods consume less resources, reduce energy costs and smelting duration. A new technique for producing steel by processing metallized pellets made it possible to abandon classical cast iron production and build steel plants regardless of the location of iron ore deposits.

The main producing countries of ferrous metallurgy are:

• Japan;
• Russian Federation;
• Germany;
• South Korea;
• Brazil;
• India;
• Italy.

Rolling production

The most popular product in the production of ferrous metals is rolled products, which represent the final product of the full cycle. Steel costs several times less than rolled steel, from which about 30 thousand types of products are produced in related industrial areas.

List of countries producing high-quality rolled products:

• Japan;
• EU countries.

Leading countries in the production of non-ferrous metals

Non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into two large industries: heavy (production of Pb, Cu, Zn, Sn, Ni) and light (production of Al, Mg, Co, Ti, Li, Be and other metals). In terms of production scale, the metallurgy of ferrous metals exceeds non-ferrous metals by approximately 20 times.

Typically, non-ferrous metallurgy plants are built depending on the location of the deposits, since the amount of valuable metal in the ore is insignificant.

Other factors influencing the localization of non-ferrous metallurgy plants:

• energy;
• consumer;
• transport.

The initial production stages, involving the extraction and enrichment of ore, are localized in third world countries. Countries that do not have large copper reserves are focused on the final products of the production cycle.

The leading countries in copper production are occupied by the following countries:

• Chile;
• Indonesia;
• Canada;
• Russia.

Transporting aluminum ore is more cost-effective than heavy metal raw materials, since the aluminum content of bauxite is about 50%. The total distance of bauxite transportation by sea is more than 7 thousand km, since their main deposits are located in regions with tropical and subtropical climates.

Countries producing the largest volumes of aluminum ore:

• Australia;
• Guinea;
• Jamaica;
• Brazil.

In aluminum production, the leadership is occupied by the USA, Germany, Japan, Norway, Russia, and Canada.

Many countries around the world are using technology to improve the quality of life of their people. The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry, is the most important factor for the development of the state. Which countries are the most technologically advanced in the world? TopSweet gives the answer to this question:

* * *

12. China

China is often touted as a future superpower. Some say that China is already a superpower. The people of this country have surprised the whole world with their major achievements in the field of technology. Gunpowder and the compass were first used in China.

Today, China has focused on areas such as robotics, semiconductors, high-speed trains, supercomputers, genetics and automobiles. It is constantly expanding its space exploration program. China contains the world's largest reserves of some rare earth metals, so necessary for the development of technology.

* * *

11. Netherlands

The Netherlands is home to inventions such as the compact disc, artificial kidney, microscope and telescope. Telecommunications, computer and electronic instrumentation companies have achieved significant success in the Netherlands.

Mechanical engineering, including traditional shipbuilding, is very developed in the Netherlands.

* * *

10. Singapore

Singapore is a high-tech and business-attractive country, or rather a city-state. Singapore has shown the world how a poor country can be transformed into a rich and prosperous society based on knowledge and innovation.

Residents of Singapore have the fastest internet in the world. Every citizen has at least one smartphone. The city is known for its high-tech infrastructure. And Singapore's public transport is the most innovative and convenient in the world.

9. Canada

Canada has a highly developed technology sector. The Government of Canada encourages industrial research. The nation specializes in biotechnology research and development, as well as space exploration.

The Government of Canada allocates 1.8 percent of its GDP to research and development. Canada strives to develop science, innovation and technology to significantly improve the quality of life of its citizens.

Canada is home to such famous brands as Bombardier, ATI Technologies, Corel, International Nickel, Alcan, Magna International, Blackberry, Air Canada.

* * *

8. UK

Great Britain is the most industrialized country in the world. It was the British who gave the world many technological innovations, including the steam locomotive, the jet engine, the Internet, the electric motor, the incandescent light bulb and the commercial electric telegraph.

Currently, the UK is developing in the aviation industry, where it plays a leading role; in the automotive industry, the UK is a major player on the world stage; UK pharmaceutical companies are also among the most modern in the world.

Great Britain is the birthplace of such brands as BBC, British Petroleum, Aston Martin, Rolls-Royce.

* * *

7. Finland

Finland is famous for its high-tech projects. The Finns use their technology for the benefit of the nation. Finland has one of the most modern and technologically advanced healthcare systems.

Finland was home to Nokia, which was the world leader in mobile communications for many years.

Currently, the Finns are focusing on the development of biological sciences, energy and ecology.

* * *

Russia has given the world many brilliant minds. The Russians were the first to launch a man into space; the first to send a lunar rover to the Moon. In addition to space technology, Russia is famous for its developed heavy engineering.

Russia has the latest defense systems in its arsenal. It exports high-tech military equipment to many countries. Russian S300, S400, S500 anti-aircraft missile systems and long-range intercontinental ballistic missiles are very effective and have no analogues in the world.

And the Russian Soyuz are the only spacecraft for safe flights into space.

* * *

Germany has been a high-tech nation for many decades. This country is well known for its achievements in the field of mechanical engineering. The works of German scientists helped in the development of such areas as astronautics, nanotechnology, and mechanical engineering.

Scientific developments are an integral part of the German economy. Scientific research is in demand by many industries in the country.

Germany is home to many scientific research organizations such as the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz scientific community, the Fraunhofer Society and the Max Planck Society.

Automotive technology in Germany is famous for its premium brands such as Mercedes-Benz, Audi, BMW, Volkswagen and Porsche.

* * *

35 percent of the country's export earnings come from technology products. Israel is one of the five countries with developed space technologies.

Israel is also known for its innovation in the defense industry. It was here that the world's first unmanned aerial vehicle was developed, which operated in real-time surveillance mode.

This state is one of the few that has a modern infrastructure network for recharging electric vehicles. You can see charging points for electric vehicles all over the country.

* * *

South Korea is home to technology companies such as LG, Hyundai and Samsung. These brands compete with global brands such as Apple, Toyota and many others.

South Korean scientists have made significant contributions in areas such as robotics, nanotechnology and others.

The average Internet speed in South Korea is three times faster than the Internet speed in the United States.

* * *

2. United States

Advances in space and military technology play an important role in maintaining the United States' superpower status.

The United States has been a powerhouse of technology development for many years. The USA has made a huge contribution to the development of many areas of science. The United States was the first to create the atomic bomb and send people to the moon.

Space exploration, pharmaceuticals, defense and telecommunications have been the focus of the United States for decades. This nation has the most powerful and technologically advanced army in the world.

The US is home to the world's largest technology companies such as Google, Facebook, Apple, Intel, IBM and Microsoft. These tech giants have changed the way people live all over the world.

* * *

1. Japan

Japan is well known for its scientific developments. The research of Japanese scientists has made enormous contributions in various fields such as automobile manufacturing, electronic engineering, earthquake-resistant construction, optics, industrial robotics and even metallurgy.

The Japanese people have wanted to become less dependent on imported fuel since 1973, and their efforts bore fruit in 2008 when seven nuclear reactors opened in Japan. The share of nuclear energy is about 34 percent of all energy in the country.

Special attention is paid to education and science in the country. Japanese researchers have received many Nobel and other prestigious prizes. Modern Japan is a completely different world - the world of the future, the world of high technology and innovation.

The ranking of the strongest countries in the world is compiled according to the criterion of nominal GDP volume; it also takes into account the ever-increasing influence of the East on the planet’s economy. Russia strengthened its ninth position in the top ten countries.

1. USA

A few facts

GDP US$15,094,025

Capital Washington

Population 313,232,044 people

Year of foundation 1776

Territory 9,518,900 km2 (excluding dependent territories)

US Economy has held the lead for the last 100 years. Its components are the world's largest banking system and stock exchange, transnational corporations, highly productive agriculture and leadership in the innovative and high-tech industry, in particular the computer and telecommunications industry (Apple, Microsoft).

In 1732, Great Britain decided to close hat factories throughout America and obliged the colonists to buy expensive hats made in English factories. They say that such a dictatorship was one of the reasons for the American Revolution and the subsequent economic boom in the country.

Currently, the United States is home to 139 of the world's 500 largest companies, nearly twice as many as any other country. About 60% of the planet's foreign exchange reserves are converted into US dollars and only 24% into euros. The country has one of the most influential financial markets in the world.

In the field of information technology, the United States has no equal. Thus, in the ranking of Business Week magazine, out of 100 companies in the IT field, 75 are from the United States, and in the top twenty there are 17 “Americans,” including Apple, Microsoft, IBM, Adobe and others.

According to statistics, during the US American Football Championship, the average American spends 10 minutes a day discussing matches during work hours. Damage amounts to more than $800 million.

The first skyscraper in the world appeared in 1885 in Chicago. As of 2011, only 4 of the 25 tallest buildings on the planet are located in the United States

In the USA, children of rich parents do not live off their money, but try to build their own careers, relying only on their education and the connections acquired during their studies.

2. China

A few facts

GDP US$7,298,147

Capital Beijing

Population 1,347,374,752 people

Year of foundation 1949 (PRC)

Territory 9,596,960 km2

China at the beginning of the 21st century- a space and nuclear power, which by 2020, according to the plan of the Chinese Communist Party, should overtake the United States in terms of total GDP income. Exports provide 80% of China's government foreign exchange earnings. The country is a leader in the production of more than a hundred types of products, of which the most advanced are automotive and textiles.

The Chinese economy is the fastest growing in the world; its consistent growth rate is about 10% over the past 30 years. The country is also the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods. China's per capita GDP is $7,544. According to average expert estimates, in 8–10 years the absolute figures of China's GDP will catch up with and perhaps exceed those of the United States.

Provinces in China's coastal regions tend to be more industrialized than peripheral regions. By the way, the territories of Hong Kong and Macau are de facto independent and have special status. To visit them you need special permission.

The national currency is the yuan, which measures the value of Chinese “people’s money” Renminbi (RMB). The yuan exchange rate is set by the state, and it cannot be purchased abroad. 1 euro costs about 8 yuan, 1 yuan is a little more than 5 rubles. The Starbucks coffee chain in China is much more famous and stronger in various respects than the fast food restaurant McDonalds.

The population of China in 2012 was more than 1.3 billion people. According to average estimates, it will stop growing by 2030, when it will reach 1.465 billion.

Every year China hosts exhibitions of achievements in the field of high technology, the most famous of which is the Canton Fair in Guangzhou (CECF, Canton Fair). It is one of the most important events in the world of production and trade.

3. Japan

A few facts

GDP US$5,869,471

Capital Tokyo

Population 126,400,000 people

Year of foundation 660 BC e.

Territory 377,944 km2

By GDP size and industrial production volume Japan ranks 3rd after the USA and China. High technologies have been developed - electronics and robotics, as well as transport engineering, including automobile, shipbuilding, and machine tools. The fishing fleet makes up 15% of the world's. Agriculture is subsidized by the government, but 55% of food is imported.

For three decades from 1960, Japan experienced rapid economic growth, which was a consequence of the post-war “economic miracle”. The average rate was 10% in the 1960s, 5% in the 1970s and 4% in the 1980s.

Japan has a high degree of economic freedom: the government works closely with the manufacturer, stimulating its development. The main emphasis is on science and high technology. All this, as well as strict labor discipline, contribute to the rise of the Japanese economy.

A distinctive feature of the country is “keiretsu” - associations of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors around powerful banks, as well as relatively weak international competition in domestic markets. In addition, there are many more social than industrial agreements: for example, a guarantee of lifelong employment in large companies.

The country's three main banks - Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG), Mizuho and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) - are now overflowing with deposits.

Japan is the “robot capital” of the world. In terms of the number of industrial robots used, it is even ahead of the United States.

MUFG alone has 129 trillion yen ($1.6 trillion) in deposits and is the world's second-largest bank. The problem is that MUFG does not yet know how to manage this money.

4. Germany

A few facts

GDP US$3,577,031

Capital Berlin

Population 81,751,600 people

Year of foundation 1990

Territory 357,021 km2

Economy of Germany- the largest in Europe. The engine of foreign trade is industry, which makes up a large share of GDP. Agriculture and energy are also developed: the country is a confident leader in the production of wind and solar generators, information and biotechnologies. Germany is the world's second largest exporter: a third of national production goes abroad.

Germany has the leading economy in the European Union and is the main creditor for most European countries, including crisis-ridden Greece. Most of the country's products are related to technology: cars and equipment. The chemical industry is also widely developed. The largest German companies operating in these industries have their branches, research centers and production facilities around the world.

Among them are the famous automobile concerns Volkswagen, BMW, Daimler, chemical companies Bayer, BASF, Henkel Group, the Siemens conglomerate, energy companies E.ON and RWE or the Bosch group. Cities such as Hanover, Frankfurt and Berlin host the largest annual international exhibitions and congresses.

Germany is the leading manufacturer of wind turbines and the main developer of solar energy technologies in the world.

At the end of the 19th century, Great Britain, in an attempt to protect its market from second-rate imports, required that German goods be labeled “Made in Germany.”

Now Germany is experiencing a real “boom” in the automobile industry. It owes this to its key market – China.

However, after a couple of decades, the quality of goods from Germany improved so much that this marking turned into a sign of the highest standard.

5. France

A few facts

GDP US$2,776,324

Capital Paris

Population 65,447,374 people

Year of foundation 843 (Treaty of Verdun)

Territory 674,685 km2

France by total economy occupies leading positions in the EU and consistently ranks among the world's top ten. Leaders in mechanical engineering, chemical and aerospace industries. In terms of agricultural production it is ahead of Germany, and in terms of agricultural exports it is ahead of the United States. Traditionally, the share of wines in exports is high. A major tourism center: more than 75 million travelers visit France every year.

The French economy is the fifth largest in the world and the second largest in Europe (after its main partner, Germany). The country entered the 2008–2009 recession late and was able to exit earlier than most of its peers. From January to March 2011, French GDP growth was more dynamic than expected and amounted to 1%. One of the best indicators in Europe!

France is a nuclear power and one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, and it is the most visited country in the world. Paris can be called the tourist capital of the planet, and the Eiffel Tower is the most popular attraction on Earth. These facts automatically make France a champion of world tourism, which accounts for a large share of the state budget revenue. By the way, tips here are already included in your bill and amount to 15% of the order amount.

It is the most famous wine-producing country in the world. Wine was produced here even during the Roman invasion under the leadership of Julius Caesar. According to statistics, 72% of French people have difficulty understanding numerous wine brands.

Champagne was first produced in France in the 17th century. The drink was immediately nicknamed “devilish” - it exploded the barrels in which it was stored

The legendary Bordeaux alone has more than 9,000 varieties! The world's best liqueurs are also produced in France.

6. Brazil

A few facts

GDP US$2,476,908

Capital Brasilia

Population 189,987,291 people

Year of foundation 1822

Territory 8,514,877 km2

Brazil has the greatest economic potential among Latin American countries and produces a variety of products: from petroleum products, steel and consumer goods to computers, cars and aircraft. One of Brazil's main exports is coffee. The country is also a leader in the production of sugar cane, from which ethanol is produced.

Brazil operates one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, with its GDP growing at an average rate of more than 5% per year. The country still maintains a high level of social inequality, inherited from the days of long colonization by Portugal. However, it has declined in recent years.

The 1970s marked the beginning of the Brazilian “economic miracle.” It was at this time that a successful national program was initiated to replace gasoline with more environmentally friendly and cheaper ethanol. As part of it, the government also obliged the largest automobile concerns to assemble only those models that can run on ethanol.

Currently, more than a third of GDP is provided by agriculture. The most important fact: Brazilians own 46% of the world market for Arabica coffee - the best type of coffee. At the same time, this state is the most controversial in Latin America in terms of investment. All large companies, as a rule, are extremely monopolized, and management is carried out by closed groups with state participation. The country has a number of customs bans on imports, which makes it difficult to purchase household appliances.

You can get to Mount Corcovado, where the statue of Christ the Savior stands, by rail - a train with two carriages rushes up the jungle-tangled slopes

According to Forbes (2011), Brazil has the eighth largest number of billionaires in the world.

7. UK

A few facts

GDP US$2,417,570

Capital London

Population e 62,698,362 people.

Year of foundation 1801

Territory 243,809 km2

Main export items– mechanical engineering, industrial goods and chemicals. The industrial corporation British Petroleum, which ranks 2nd in Europe in the ranking of the largest, allows you to save on the import of petroleum products and generates significant profits. The UK is also the world's second largest exporter of white clay, from which porcelain is made.

Many historians are inclined to believe that if Russia had passed the Great October Revolution, the country would have developed along the path of Great Britain. Today Britain is one of the most globalized countries in the world. London, along with New York, is the world's largest financial center and has the largest GDP of any city in Europe.

The pharmaceutical industry and oil production play an important role in the British economy - the country has oil and gas reserves in the North Sea worth about £250 billion. Britain carries out 10% of the world's exports of services - banking, insurance, brokerage, consulting, as well as in the field of computer programming. The country is currently ranked 4th in the world (and 1st in Europe) in the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index.

The United Kingdom's National Health Service is the third largest employer in the world after the Chinese Red Army and the Indian Railways.

According to tradition established at the beginning of the twentieth century, the birthday of the monarch is celebrated in Great Britain on one of the Saturdays in June - regardless of the actual date

Despite the deep integration (including economic) of all countries of the Kingdom, you will be refused if you wish to pay in Scottish pounds in shops in England, Wales or Northern Ireland. Most Britons don't even know what this money looks like!

8. Italy

A few facts

GDP US$2,198,730

Capital Rome

Population 56,995,744 people

Year of foundation 1946

Territory 301,340, with islands 309,547 km2

Italy is a global supplier household appliances, one of the leaders in the automotive and industrial equipment industries. Exporter of food products: cheese, pasta, wine, olive oil, canned fruit and vegetables, as well as ready-made clothing and leather shoes. However, Italy has few natural resources and imports most raw materials and more than 80% of energy.

After World War II, Italy went through a long journey of significant economic transformation: starting from a total lag, it achieved a developed industrial economy. Per capita income was three times less than in the United States during the same period. Almost half of the country (42.2%) was employed in agriculture. At the moment, according to the IMF and the World Bank, Italy's economy is the eighth in the world and the fourth in Europe in terms of nominal GDP, as well as the tenth in the world and fifth in Europe in terms of GDP calculated by PPP.

Italy is significantly focused on foreign trade. Many of its food products are famous all over the world. Thus, legendary Italian wines, cheeses, and pizza are exported. Almost all products are marked with a special DOC mark (Denominazione di origine controllata), which is a designation of the highest quality - this helps foreign consumers to “weed out” simply similar products (for example, German Gambozola cheese is an imitation of Italian Gorgonzola).

Italian fashion houses Versace, Gucci, Prada, Cavalli, Dolce & Gabbana, Armani and others have become widely known.

The Italian sports car Ferrari 250 GTO of 1962, sold in 2012 for $35 million, acquired the status of the most expensive car.

Car enthusiasts are well familiar with the names of Italian car brands: Ferrari, Maserati and Lamborghini.

9. Russia

A few facts

GDP US$1,850,401

Capital Moscow

Population 143,030,106 people

Year of foundation 862 (beginning of Russian statehood)

Territory 17,098,246 km2

Russian economy characterized by significant dependence on energy prices. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, 65.9% of Russia's exports consist of mineral raw materials. The remaining share includes metals and precious stones (16.3%), chemical products, machinery and equipment.

Russia is historically rich in intellectual resources. Unfortunately, most of them realize their potential in the West. For example, the founder of the Max Factor company was Maximilian Faktorovich, who opened his first store in Ryazan and emigrated in 1904. It is also worth remembering Google founder Sergei Brin and Daimler engineer Boris Lutsky.

Thanks to economic reforms in the 1990s, Russia privatized most industrial assets, with the exception of energy and defense enterprises. The country's main problem is its heavy dependence on energy resources, in particular oil and gas. The stock market is also on the path of its formation and is assessed by many as speculative. By the way, since 2011, Moscow has had the highest concentration of billionaires in the world.

According to the calculations of the consulting giant PricewaterhouseCoopers, by 2014 Russia will overtake Germany in terms of GDP and enter the top five countries.

Negotiations on Russia's accession to the WTO began in 1995, and the accession itself will take place in September 2012

A large influx of foreign investment and a new stage in economic development, according to experts, should follow in the near future - they are associated with world-scale sporting events: the Sochi Olympics in 2014 and the FIFA World Cup in 2018.

10. India

A few facts

GDP US$1,430,020

Capital New Delhi

Population 1,210,193,422 people

Founded 1950 (full independence from Great Britain)

Territory 3,287,590 km2

Economy of India covers all sectors: from agricultural production to industry. 67% of the working population is directly dependent on agriculture, which accounts for a third of GDP. India is the largest tea exporter and has the world's largest cattle population. At the same time, the defense, nuclear and space industries are highly developed

In the 17th century, India was the richest country in the world - until the arrival of colonialists from Great Britain. The Dutch, Danes, French, Portuguese and other peoples fought to gain trading privileges here. The country is the birthplace of algebra, trigonometry and chess. Now India is a vibrant and diverse state, its economy is increasingly integrated with the world.

The economic reforms carried out in the country since 1990 have had far-reaching consequences. General Electric Capital considers this country unique, PepsiCo finds it the fastest growing, and Motorola is confident that India is becoming one of the leading powers on the planet. Currently, the state is dynamically ascending to the position of a world leader in the IT sector.

One of the main advantages of India is high qualifications and relatively low labor costs, which are actively used by transnational corporations. India is now in 4th place in the world in terms of GDP at purchasing power parity, and in 2050 its volume will overtake the US.

The Taj Mahal monument-mausoleum is a symbol of the tender love of King Shah Jahan for his beautiful wife Mumtaz Mahal

Despite rapid economic growth, India continues to face problems of social inequality and high unemployment.

Text by Dmitry Zolotavin, financial consultant at A-Club in Tyumen, Alfa-Bank

The volume of industrial production in China is 2.5 times larger than the USA!!!

When China overtook the United States in industrial production in 2011. production, there was no particular noise (according to IMF and World Bank data on PPP). Now, they say, we have post-industrial and information societies, so “old-fashioned” industry “does not work.”

In 2014, the IMF and the World Bank “admitted” that China had surpassed the United States in terms of GDP at PPP. There was no noise either. They say that in the USA the population is 4 times smaller, therefore the GDP per capita in China is 4 times less than the US. That is, the states are still “cooler”.

But over the past five years, the situation has changed again. Although China has slowed down its growth rate to 6-7%, industry already 2.5 times larger than the USA. Although per capita it is still 1.8 times less.

I think that industry is more important than the GDP indicator or the volume of the service sector in GDP, since I believe that industrial production is “primary” to the service sector, and rural production is now without tractors, diesel fuel and chemicals. fertilizers are hard to imagine.

1. Table of the TOP 20 countries by industrial production volume by PPP.

2. “Debriefing”, or my amateur analysis of the table.

3. In conclusion, let’s compare the initial energy positions of China and the United States before the battle of the giants.

1. Table of the TOP 20 countries by industrial production volume by PPP.

Before presenting the TOP 20 countries by industrial volume. production, a few words about sources of information.

There's some strangeness here. Since GDP is divided only into three parts, industry, agriculture and services, but where construction “disappeared” is not indicated. Apparently construction has been “added” to industry according to one of the “modern” classifications.

Quote about one of the “modern” classifications.

“According to this model, the GDP of each state is divided

1) for the primary sector (agriculture: agriculture and forestry, fishing, hunting),

2) secondary sector (industry: mining and manufacturing industries, construction, utilities, including electricity, gas and water supply)

3) tertiary sector or service sector (services: trade, finance, real estate, communications, transport and warehousing, information services, science, education, healthcare, consumer services, culture, tourism, management, defense).”

For example, this is the case for the world.

Knowing the world GDP at PPP is 120 trillion dollars ($119,428,098,290,000), it is not difficult to calculate in dollars.

Like this (2016, CIA).

By performing this operation for all countries and sorting, we obtain the desired table.

TOP 20 countries by industrial production volume by PPP(2016).

		industrial production in $ at PPP	industrial production	Population	industrial production in $ at PPP per person	industrial production per person in %
	The whole world	37 142 138 568 190		7 515 284 153
		9 082 290 000 000
2	USA	3 860 480 000 000	10,39%	326 474 013	11 825	239%
		2 572 695 000 000
	Russia	1 340 710 000 000
5	Japan	1 311 912 000 000	3,53%	126 045 211	10 408	211%
	Indonesia	1 295 984 000 000
7	Germany	1 201 658 000 000	3,24%	80 636 124	14 902	302%
	Saudi Arabia
	South Korea
	Brazil
13	Great Britain	549 236 000 000	1,48%	65 511 098	8 384	170%
14	France	528 241 000 000	1,42%	64 938 716	8 134	165%
15	Italy	524 156 000 000	1,41%	59 797 978	8 765	177%
16	Canada	483 786 000 000	1,30%	36 626 083	13 209	267%
	All 20 countries	28 109 159 000 000

China produces a quarter of the world's industrial output (24.45%).

China + USA produce 35%.

All 20 countries in the Top 20 produce 75%.

2. “Debriefing”, or my amateur analysis of the table.

A) Prom. production per capita.

Saudi Arabia surprised (two rightmost columns). Almost 25 thousand industrial dollars. products per capita! 5 times higher than the world average (502%)!!!

I always thought that the leaders were Germany (302%) or Japan (211%). But it turned out that Japan has even less than the United States (239%) and slightly more than Russia (189%).

Great Britain (19th century Workshop of the World) is worse than Russia. Only 170% of the world average.

China (132%) will catch up with England in five years, since the growth rate, although decreased to 6-7%, is much higher than the world average, and even more so for England.

Let's take another look at two fast-growing giants.

China is 1.32 times higher than the world average (132%), but it will be more difficult to move further due to Energy shortages.

India is still very backward (39%), 2.5 times below the world average. With Energy, it will also be difficult for it, like China, but the “low base effect” should help.

B) Let's move on to volumes prom. production.

The Big Three (2016).

China is the undoubted leader, accounting for a quarter of world production (24.45%).

The USA is already 2.5 times behind (10.39%).

India is “sneaking” behind the USA and since its growth rate is higher than the USA, then in 2026 India will overtake the USA.

As we can see, these three countries with 41.77% determine the entire world industry and therefore the world economy, and represent three different worlds.

1) The USA is the core and the “richest” part of the “Golden Billion”, the face of the “civilized world”.

2) China is the “Golden Mean”. Industrial leader. Competitor for energy for the “golden billion”.

3) India is still in the shadows. Poor part of the world, but what prospects!!!

These three countries are the world's largest economies in terms of GDP (total 41%), population (total 41%) and energy consumption (44%).

The Big Three (2016).					China+USA+India
GDP at PPP (%)
Volume of industrial production by PPP (in%)
Energy data for 2014.
Total Primary Energy Consumption (%)
Electricity production per year (in%)

Although Russia is only slightly inferior to India in energy consumption, this is not for long. But you know about the territory.

In general, further analysis of the table could be stopped here, since the Big Three determines the world industry (41.77%), and therefore the world economy. The rest of the “small fry” only “get in the way.” But the Big Three are followed by the Little Four, where Russia is present, so it is necessary.

B) Small Four(apparently 2016) .

		industrial production	Population
	The whole world		7 515 284 153
	Russia
5	Japan	3,53%	126 045 211
	Indonesia
7	Germany	3,24%	80 636 124

It’s nice that Russia is in 4th place, ahead of Japan and Germany (in terms of GDP, Japan is ahead, but we compete with the Krauts). But if we remember that the RSFSR in the eighties produced 12% of the world's industrial output. production, and now the Russian Federation is only 3.61%, it becomes sad. Although, of course, “the numbers are oh-so-very” not accurate. I took the data profitable for the Russian Federation from here http://www.proza.ru/2009/10/01/311

Quote .

“According to the US CIA, the USSR’s GNP in 1989 was $2.66 trillion, which was equal to 51% of that of the United States. If in 1960 the volume of industrial production of the USSR compared to the USA was 55%, then after 20 years, in 1980 - already more than 80%. During the period from 1950 to 1981, the GNP of the USSR, according to the same CIA, grew by an average of 4.6% per year, while the growth of US GNP over the same period averaged 3.4% per year. In 1985, the USSR economy accounted for about 20 % world industrial production. The share of Russia in 1913 was 5.3%, the RSFSR in 1985 was about 12% “Russia’s share in 2000 was 4.4%, in 2013 about 3.2%.”

In Russia, Japan and Germany, the population is decreasing, so at best, these three will retain their share in the global industrial sector. production, but Indonesia will take 4th place.

And we will complete the “debriefing” with England, the former leader.

		industrial production in $ at PPP	industrial production	Population
	The whole world	37 142 138 568 190		7 515 284 153
13	Great Britain	549 236 000 000	1,48%	65 511 098
14	France	528 241 000 000	1,42%	64 938 716
15	Italy	524 156 000 000	1,41%	59 797 978
16	Canada	483 786 000 000	1,30%	36 626 083

Yes. The world factory of the 19th century ranks 13th, with a pitiful 1.48%, behind its former semi-colony Iran, and the gap per capita industrial. production with Iran is not very large. All.

In general, you shouldn’t pay attention to such “small fry”. England's population is less than one percent of the world's population. Prom. production is 1.5%, GDP according to PPP is also weak, only 2.4%.

On this sad note (for those who adore England) we will conclude our amateur review of the Top 20 table. Let's move on to the final part.

3. In conclusion, let’s compare the initial energy positions of China and the United States before the battle of the giants.

First, I present a table from the IEA.

The data can be checked here on page 5.

TOP 10 countries in 2014 by TPES and comparison with 1971.

( TPES or TPES - apparently Total Primary Energy Consumption)

		OPPE in 2014
	China
	India
	Russian Federation
	Germany
	Brazil
	The rest of the world

We see that the leader has changed. In 1971, the US consumed 29% of the world's energy. Considering that the entire world population at that time was 3.7 billion people, and in the United States 203 million, we find that 5.5% of the US population consumed 29% of the energy. That is 29%/5.5% = 5.3 times the world average.

Now (2014) the US share in energy consumption has decreased to 16%, they have been overtaken by China (22%). But per capita the gap is colossal.

US = energy/population = 16%/4.4% = 3.6 times higher world average level.

China = energy/population = 22%/18.5% = only 1.2 times higher world average level.

India = energy/population = 6%/18% = 1/3 of the world, that is, 3 times less than the world average!!!

In these “figures” (USA 3.6 times higher, China 1.2 times above, but here India 3 times below average world level) I see the main contradiction of our time.

China and India will tell the Golden Billion that they need to share energy.

The situation is aggravated by the fact that third energy crisis.

In 1929, “peak coal” arrived in the United States. All the “cream” from the coal fields was skimmed off, and the cost of coal production increased sharply. All this resulted in the Great Depression and the first falling global energy consumption after the start of the industrial revolution.

But a way out was found. Oil. Therefore, the growth in energy consumption continued, including per capita of the population of planet Earth.

Second crisis came in 1972. The predicted “peak oil” has arrived in the United States.

Again, the world's energy consumption fell in 1974 and especially in 1981. There was no cheap substitute for oil here. Neither atom, nor gas, nor coal could replace cheap oil.

Since 1980 shower world energy consumption stopped growing.

In the 20 years from 1960 to 1980, energy consumption per capita increased worldwide 1,435 times. My details.

1.16 times. Data from the first figure of the article.

CONCLUSION. Since 1980, per capita consumption in the world has practically not grown.

As I thought.

Period 1960-1980.

Population

in 1960 there were 3,035 million people.

That is, it increased by 4442/3035= 1.464 times

World energy production.

in 1960 there were 5,000 million tons of fuel equivalent.

in 1980 there were 10,500 million tons of fuel equivalent.

That is, it increased by 10500/5000= 2,100 times

Conclusion. Over 20 years, per capita consumption increased by 2.1/1.464= 1.435 times.

Period 1980-2014.

Population

in 1980 there were 4,442 million people.

in 2014 there were 7,270 million people.

That is, it increased by 7270/4442= 1.64 times

World energy production. This is from the article's graph.

in 1980 it was on schedule 284 Quadrillion BTU

in 2014 it was on schedule 541 Quadrillion BTU

That is, it increased by 541/284= 1.90 times

Conclusion. Over 34 years, per capita consumption increased by 1.90/1.64= 1.16 times.

I repeat the conclusion.

From 1960 to 1980, energy consumption per capita increased worldwide 1,435 times..

In the 34 years from 1980 to 2014, energy consumption per capita increased globally by 1.16 times.

CONCLUSIONSince 1980, per capita consumption in the world has practically not grown.

Total energy consumption is growing, but the rate of growth is almost identical to the growth of the Earth's population.

The third crisis began in 2008. Energy consumption fell in 2009, and even global GDP fell for the first time since 1945.

It’s not clear what’s going on here yet. But apparently all three crises merged. And “Peak Oil” and “Peak Coal” and “Peak Gas”.

At least in China, coal production peaked in 2013.

I'm afraid that at best, the world's per capita energy consumption will not fall.

And for this it is necessary to urgently build nuclear power plants and increase coal production. But, most likely, the “green demons” will not allow this scenario to proceed.

Therefore, in the Baseline Scenario, I think there will be a slight decrease in per capita consumption of the planet's population.

They will build nuclear power plants, increase capital investments in coal mining, etc.

But the “Energy Catastrophe” scenario is also possible. Politicians “will not agree” and there will be a “battle for energy” between China, India and the rest of the Golden Billion. The United States will not participate in this fight with the help of the “shale revolution” (see).