Standard design

Standard design- development of similar designs for buildings, structures, structures, parts and other products intended for serial construction or production. The system for developing (mostly) construction projects is designed for repeated implementation in subsequent construction. The technology is used in particular in the construction of residential, industrial buildings and mass types of public buildings.

19th century

XX century

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the need for standard projects increased greatly. This was especially true in the sphere of industry, transport

• Project of the Vasileostrovsky tram park, built from 1905 to 1908. in St. Petersburg became the first large standard project in the field of urban transport in Russia.

Typical Design Examples

From Ukraine, the RSFSR and other republics, under the leadership of Joseph Krakis, together with a team of employees, over 40 standard projects for secondary schools of various capacities, boarding schools and music schools were developed, for which more than four thousand buildings were built. Such projects include the following.

Project number	Project Description	Years of implementation	Place of construction	Number of buildings constructed
TP No. 2-02-19, 2-02-20, 2-02-24, 2-02-25.	Standard designs of school buildings for 280 and 400 students	- Messrs.	Construction was carried out mainly in the Ukrainian SSR, partly in the RSFSR and other republics of the USSR.	In total, over 600 buildings were built
TP No. 2-02-73 - for 920 students, TP No. 2-02-73/II - for 960 students, TP No. 2-02-520 - for 520 students, TP No. 2-02-560/8 - for 560 students	Model projects of secondary schools. Developed on the basis of a competitive project that received first prize at the All-Union competition in 1956.	- Messrs.	Construction was carried out mainly in the Ukrainian SSR, partly in the RSFSR and other republics of the USSR.	In total, over 3,000 schools were built.
TP No. 2-02-99, 2-02-240, 2-02-330	Boarding schools for 240, 330, 660 students	development - years., construction - in 1958-1963.		About 250 buildings were built.
	A series of standard designs for eleven-year-old secondary school buildings,	Development - gg. Construction since 1961		Over 500 buildings were built (as of 2002).
TP No. 2-02-960 y, 2-02-964 y (1280-1320), 2-02-536 y, 2-02-320	Typical design of a music school for 300 students	Development city Construction in - years.	Carried out in Chernigov, Dnepropetrovsk, Poltava and other cities in - years.

Notes

Literature

• A collection of facades, highly approved by His Imperial Majesty for private buildings in the cities of the Russian Empire
• I. Karakis. Typical design of boarding schools // Construction and architecture. - 1957. - No. 3.
• I. Karakis. Typical project of a seven-year music school for 200-300 students // Technical information / GIPROGRAD. - K., 1958. - No. 7 (134).
• I. Karakis. New standard projects // Technical information / GIPROGRAD. - K., 1958. - No. 10.
• I. Karakis. Standard project for a seven-year music school for 200-300 students // Technical information / GIPROGRAD - K., 1958. - No. 7.
• I. Karakis. New standard projects: About gallery-type houses // Housing Construction. - 1958. - No. 11.
• I. Karakis, V. Gorodskoy. From experiment to mass construction. A comprehensive series of standard projects for schools and boarding schools // Construction and architecture. -1960. - No. 11.

see also

Links

• Typical design of residential and “government” buildings in the first half of the 19th century (Russian)
• § 6. STANDARD DESIGN, APPLICATION OF STANDARD PROJECTS AND UNIFICATION IN CONSTRUCTION (Russian)
• Standard series (Russian)

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See what “Standard design” is in other dictionaries:

Development of projects of standard (same type) buildings, structures, structures, parts and other products intended for mass construction or mass production. See Design, Typing... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Construction development of standard designs of buildings, structures and structures intended for for repeated use per page. In civil This leads to monotony of buildings. It is more expedient to develop standard unifications. builds. products... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

Standard design- development of standard (same-type) structures, parts, assemblies and products, technological processes intended for mass or serial production. (Terminological dictionary of clothing. Orlenko L.V., 1996) ... Encyclopedia of fashion and clothing

standard design- Development of standard designs of structures, buildings, structures and equipment intended for repeated use in construction [Terminological dictionary of construction in 12 languages ​​(VNIIIS Gosstroy USSR)] Topics design,... ... Technical Translator's Guide

Typical- 1. Standard regulations on the shift method of organizing work. Bulletin of the State Committee for Labor of the USSR, 1982, No. 6. Source: Recommendations: Recommendations for the implementation of the rotation method of organizing construction See also related terms: 4.1.26 typical ... ...

Typical design solution- 8. Standard design solution Existing design solution used in design Source: GOST 22487 77: Automated design. Terms and definitions original document See... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Development of standard designs of structures, buildings, structures and equipment intended for repeated use in construction (Bulgarian language; Български) standard design (Czech language; Čeština) zpracovávání typových podkladů… … Construction dictionary

GOST 22487-77: Automated design. Terms and Definitions- Terminology GOST 22487 77: Automated design. Terms and definitions original document: II. Design language A language designed to represent and transform descriptions during design Definitions of the term from various ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Technical schools and colleges: standard regulations- The standard regulations on an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution) were approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 18, 2008 N 543. The document was canceled earlier... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Standard test- Type test – one or more tests carried out to confirm the product’s compliance with all the requirements of the standard. [GOST R 52953 2008] Term heading: Types of tests Encyclopedia headings: Abrasive equipment, Abrasives, ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

Books

• , Giyasov A.I. , The manual discusses the basic techniques for planning the residential cell of apartment premises and planning solutions for non-apartment premises of residential buildings. Standards of planning elements of residential buildings... Category: Miscellaneous Publisher:, Manufacturer: Association of Construction Universities (ACV),
• Methodological guide on the use of normals of planning elements in the design of residential buildings. Residential buildings for urban construction. (for students of architectural and construction specialization), Giyasov A.I. , The manual discusses the basic techniques for planning the residential cell of apartment premises and planning solutions for non-apartment premises of residential buildings. Normals of planning elements of residential buildings... Category:

Standard design is a system for the serial development of architectural and structural projects based on the typification of buildings, their fragments or individual elements for repeated repetition in construction. The standard design system is especially widely used for the construction of residential and public buildings as the only available means of providing design documentation for the colossal volume of mass housing and civil construction. At the same time, standard projects, the development of which is entrusted to the most qualified specialists, ensure the state standard of housing and service. The standard establishes the required quality level of these buildings for the period of the standard project (8-10 years). The main goal of standard design is to ensure the introduction of the most advanced (within the standard) architectural and structural solutions into mass construction. Standard design is a companion to mass construction in a short time. For the first time, the standard design methodology for residential buildings was used during the development of Vasilyevsky Island in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 18th century. Then archit. D. Trezzini developed three groups of standard designs for one- and two-story residential buildings for people of varying property status. These projects were mandatory for use when developing the streets (lines) of the island.

The best architects were involved in the development of standard projects - A. Zakharov, I. Staroe, V. Stasov and others. The possibility of creating stylistic unity of development under conditions of private ownership was achieved through construction using public funds with the subsequent sale of houses (sections) to the population (for example, standard houses on the Volga embankment in Tver). The repeated construction within one complex of the central city square of a number of administrative objects (with minor nuances in the arrangement of details) with their varied arrangement contributed to the creation of individual architectural ensembles of the centers of Poltava, Chernigov, Simbirsk and other provincial cities.

The method of standard design of facades for mass residential development was very widely used during the restoration of Moscow after the devastating fire of 1812. Developers used the products of the newly created state brick, stone processing, and sawmills. The stylistic unity of the development was ensured by the use of samples from albums of façade options developed under the leadership of O. I. Bove for buildings with various standardized schemes of space-planning solutions.

The standard design methodology was formed in a short time in parallel with the development of standard projects and was not free from shortcomings, which required its improvement based on the comparison of parallel development and improvement of two methodological paths - “closed” and “open” typification systems.

Closed system consists in the orientation of the production enterprise towards the complete production of prefabricated products for a series of several types of buildings required by urban planning conditions. This typification system makes it possible to focus production on the production of a relatively small range of products. Therefore, the closed system was the basis for the creation of the domestic house-building industry. This accelerated the commissioning of production capacity and made it possible to sharply increase the volume of housing construction. However, the formation of the development with only one-character standard houses has impoverished it aesthetically.

A departure from these shortcomings of a closed system is ensured by its modern version of block-sectional design, when fragments of the building - block-sections - primarily become objects of typification.

This is the development of building projects and structures intended for repeated construction.
Standard design is used in the construction of residential, public buildings and industrial buildings.

HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPICAL DESIGN

Until 1928, standard designs were used for the construction of various structures, fortresses and even entire cities. Sviyazhsk became a striking example of such construction. According to a standard design, the wooden walls of Arkhangelsk were built in 1584.
In 1714, albums of standard projects by D. Trezzini were published. The decree of Peter I dated April 4, 1714 states: “In what manner should we build houses... take drawings from the architect Trezzini.” This is the first known mention of the introduction of a prototype “series” of standard residential buildings into construction.

Sviyazhsk

The Trezzini series consisted of several projects of residential buildings with one and two floors of different sizes. The projects were engraved, printed and given to developers in this form. Each print contained the dimensions of the plot, the house plan, the facade with a gate, and a brief explanation indicating the dimensions of the plot and the house.
The unprecedented scale of housing construction in our country during the Soviet years became possible thanks to the steady increase in the level of industrialization of the country.
Soviet years
In the pre- and post-war years, residential buildings were actually built for communal settlement. In accordance with the base of building materials, residential buildings were built mainly from brick according to individual projects, in which standard layouts could be partially used.

A radical change occurred in 1951; a decision was made to create specialized design organizations for standard design.
The massive use of standard projects created a huge number of house-building factories that produced mass-produced building products.
Already 15 years later, it was not houses that were accepted as the object of typification, but the building products themselves, from which space-planning solutions for buildings were formed.
And despite the fact that a huge number of buildings are practically no different from each other, it was the industrialization of standard construction that provided the population with housing, schools, kindergartens and other public buildings.

CHALLENGES THAT CURRENTLY FACE THE APPLICATION OF A STANDARD DESIGN

1. Limited land area.
In the Soviet years, hectares of land were allocated on which a general plan was developed using standard series of houses. Nowadays, the developer often has a small plot on which it is possible to build 1-3 houses. In such limited conditions, choosing a ready-made standard project becomes much more difficult. But probably!
In dense urban conditions, it is not possible to apply a standard project due to the fact that every meter of land must be used for construction.
2. Frequently changing rules in regulatory documentation.
This is inexplicable, but it is a fact. Every year there are changes in regulatory documentation. Requirements for technological equipment, design features of buildings, etc. are changing.
Thus, a project that passed the examination in 2015 cannot be reused, without appropriate adjustments, already in 2016.

CURRENT TYPICAL DESIGN

Currently, the most widespread use of standard projects is in the construction of cottages.
The standards for the development of standard design documentation were abolished, however, registers of standard design documentation began to be created at the state level. Any design organization can submit its project to these registers.
The Ministry of Construction of Russia has developed a draft federal law “On amendments to the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law “Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures”, a draft resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation “On amendments to certain acts of the Government of the Russian Federation”, creating a legal basis for the use standard design documentation.
The adoption of these draft regulatory legal acts will make it possible to create conditions for the use of standard design documentation, as a result of which the construction time of capital construction projects, including socially significant ones, the time frame for passing the state examination of design documentation will be reduced, as well as the costs of budget system budgets for the construction of capital projects will be reduced. construction.
In order to submit a project to the register, you must fill out the “Passport of Standard Design Documentation” and send it to the Ministry of Construction of Russia. On the website http://www.minstroyrf.ru

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPICAL DESIGN

In the previous chapter it was mentioned that standard projects are widely used in the construction of private residential buildings.
From this we can draw a simple conclusion, which generally characterizes the prospects for the development of standard design. Namely, a free economy will always choose the most rational solution.
Despite the fact that modern standard projects of apartment and public buildings are primarily developed as individual ones, the development and use of ready-made standard projects will also depend on the desire and capabilities of the developer in finding the most rational and economical solution.
House-building factories also continue to operate, producing a series of products both for the construction of panel buildings, and a separate range of standard products used in buildings made according to individual projects.
The prospect and need for the development of standard design will be relevant in the future, as it allows us to solve the main problem - construction savings.

Documentation has undergone changes. Many questions arise when using standard design documentation in modern design.

The Codex company has already accumulated extensive experience and an array of information, answering questions from users of the Techexpert systems about the status of standard design documentation, the procedure for its application in design, the use of Indexes and Lists of design documentation, and their compliance with modern legislation.

This article is a summary of the questions that our users most often ask when accessing standard design documentation posted in the Techexpert system in the Techexpert: TPD line of information products. We hope that the knowledge and experience accumulated by our company will be useful to a large number of specialists.

The position of government bodies on the topic of using standard design documentation can be found in the article by the chief specialist-legal adviser of the State Construction Supervision and Expertise Service of St. Petersburg

Often questions asked

What is standard design documentation, does such a concept exist currently?

Can the “old” standard design documentation be considered current? Is it legal to apply the concepts “operational”/“inoperative” to standard project documentation?

Is it possible to use “old” standard design documentation in modern conditions when designing objects? Are there any special features of passing the examination of projects when using TPD? In what form should it be presented for examination if it is part of a new project (structures, components)?

Is it possible to use standard design documentation contained in electronic databases, such as, for example, in the “Techexpert. TPD. Buildings, structures, structures and assemblies” system when designing?

If there were changes in standard series and standard projects, are such changes reflected in the TPDs included in the “Techexpert: TPD” program?

What "Project Documentation Catalogs" are contained in the "Techexpert: TPD" system and what information does it contain?

What is standard design documentation, does such a concept exist currently?

Before the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation came into force (until 01/01/2005), the concept of “standard design documentation”, as well as the procedure for its development and use, were described in various regulatory and technical documents.

Until 2002, the composition and procedure for developing standard design documentation was described in SN 227-82 "Instructions for standard design." Since 01/01/2002, SNiP “Standard Design Documentation” was in force, replacing SN 227-82.

According to SNiP, standard design documentation was described as space-planning solutions developed on the basis of unification and typification and sets of documents included in the Federal Construction Documentation Fund for the creation of buildings and structures, structures, products and assemblies for repeated use in construction, containing text and graphic materials.

Standard design documentation, depending on its purpose, was divided into the following types:

Standard building structures, products and components - for repeated use in design and construction, as well as in mass (serial) production and use at construction industry enterprises and construction sites;

Standard projects - for the construction of buildings and structures, reference to a specific construction site or for the development of individual projects;

Standard materials for design - for methodological support of the design of specific construction projects, linking standard projects.

The decision to assign the developed design documentation the status of “standard” was made by the Federal Authority for Architecture and Urban Planning.

The approved standard design documentation was subject to inclusion in the Standard Design Documentation Fund.

After the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation came into effect, Order No. 62 of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation was adopted on July 9, 2007 “On approval of criteria for classifying project documentation as standard design documentation, as well as modified standard design documentation that does not affect structural and other reliability characteristics and safety of capital construction projects." The order gave a different definition of standard design documentation: “Re-used design documentation of a capital construction project consisting of the following sections (including all drawings, diagrams, etc.): architectural solutions; structural and space-planning solutions, with the exception of decisions on foundations; information on engineering equipment, on networks of engineering and technical support, a list of engineering and technical activities, the content of technological solutions, with the exception of decisions on external engineering networks (hereinafter referred to as standard design documentation), as well as the applicable standard design documentation of a capital construction project, to which changes have been made , which do not affect the characteristics of structures, elements of structural systems of a capital construction project, affecting the reliability of their operation and the ability to maintain the operational qualities of a capital construction project during the service life of such an object (hereinafter referred to as modified standard design documentation that does not affect the structural and other characteristics of the reliability and safety of objects capital construction), is developed in accordance with Article 48 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account the features established by this Regulation." Thus, only design documentation for the facility as a whole, and not individual components and structures, began to be classified as standard. Order No. 62 was canceled by order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation No. 27 dated January 1, 2001.

Since the beginning of 2011, the concept of “standard design documentation” has also undergone changes several times. In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 145 of 01.01.2001, standard design documentation or design documentation for re-use was considered design documentation for seven years from the date of receipt of the initial positive conclusion of the state examination until the date of filing an application for a state examination of the results of engineering surveys, the “zero cycle” "and engineering support networks.

Finally, at the end of 2011, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 791 dated 01.01.2001 “On the formation of a register of standard design documentation and amendments to some regulations of the Russian Federation” was adopted, according to which project documentation that has received a positive conclusion from the state examination of design documentation and re-use.

Can the “old” standard design documentation be considered current? Is it legal to apply the concepts “operational”/“inoperative” to standard project documentation?

Currently, the status of standard design documentation is confirmed by inclusion in the register of standard design documentation. The responsibility for maintaining the register is assigned to the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation.

The register "Federal data bank for the design of capital construction projects and the most cost-effective reuse projects" is posted on the official website of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation:

http://www. *****/activities/urban_development/507/.

The register, in particular, contains materials from the “Catalogues of design documentation for reuse” compiled by OJSC “TsPP” and included in the information product “Techexpert: TPD. Buildings, structures, structures and assemblies” in the form of catalog sheets/passports.

The “old” standard design documentation cannot currently be considered as “up-to-date”, “valid” or “inactive”; from the date of entry into force of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, all of it automatically became reference.

Is it possible to use “old” standard design documentation in modern conditions when designing objects? Are there any special features of passing the examination of projects when using TPD? In what form should it be presented for examination if it is part of a new project (structures, components)?

Currently, there is no standard design documentation as such. There is author's design documentation, the use of which is possible by third-party organizations if it has received a positive assessment from the state examination and upon concluding an agreement with the copyright holder.

In connection with changes in the regulatory framework (entry into force of technical regulations, gradual transition to technical regulation within the Customs Union), it is necessary to remember that the “old” standard design documentation can be used to the extent that does not contradict the requirements of technical regulations. Otherwise, the state construction supervision body will subsequently have the right to bring administrative liability for deviations from the requirements of technical regulations. Standard design documentation developed after the entry into force of technical regulations can be used as complying with current standards. For example, when building for government needs, it must be taken into account that any materials and equipment that will be used in this building must meet the requirements of energy efficiency class “A”. This is how the provisions of Article 13 of the technical regulations “On the safety of buildings and structures” are implemented. In development of Article 6 of this technical regulation, the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 01.01.2001 N 1047-r “On approval of the list of standards, the application of which on a mandatory basis ensures compliance with the requirements of the technical regulation “On the safety of buildings and structures”, was adopted.

In accordance with clause 15 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 01.01.2001 N 145, when using standard design documentation, it is necessary to submit a document confirming the right to use it (for example, a license agreement), as well as a document confirming the compliance of climatic and other conditions in which the standard design the documentation is intended to be reused under the conditions under which it was developed for its original use. The form of this document has not yet been established; it must be established by the Ministry of Regional Development. To apply TPD, it is also necessary to submit foundations, utility networks and engineering surveys for state examination. This is necessary in order to “link” the design documentation to a specific construction site.

Please note that at the moment the basic requirements for design documentation are regulated by GOST R 21 (since 03/01/2009). It is mandatory by virtue of the order of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1047-r dated 01.01.2001. Thus, any methodological documents, including those related to the specified lists, for example, MDS 11-9.2000, can be used to the extent that does not contradict GOST R 21..

When using individual “standard products”, for example, ladder-type cable trays of the NLK series, you must remember that these products do not belong to the category of “standard design documentation” in the currently valid meaning. These units, products, parts can be used in project documentation if they comply with current standards, but, in addition to a reference to a specific series, it would be correct to present a sheet from the corresponding album as part of the project documentation. If such a sheet is not drawn up in accordance with GOST R 21., then it must be drawn up in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 21..

Project documentation included in author's catalogs (such as JSC ROSEP, JSC Russian Railways, etc.) can be used as recommendations. At the same time, it is necessary to remember: if departmental requirements are softer than the norms of federal legislation, then it is necessary to use federal norms; if they are stricter, preference can be given to departmental regulations. Departmental standards that are specified in the design contract, within the framework of Article 432 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation or within the framework of the standards and rules of the SRO (Article 55.5 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), if their requirements do not contradict the norms of federal legislation, will be mandatory. For example, the Recommendations for the implementation of construction control on federal highways (ODM 218.7.) give more stringent requirements for executive documentation than in the RD, approved. by order of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision dated January 1, 2001 N 1128.

In connection with what is written above, when using standard project documentation, you need to not only understand whether it has the status of “standard”, but also how much this project “fits” into the current legislation. The fundamental documents in this case are technical regulations, the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1047-r dated 01.01.2001, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 01.01.2001 N 87 “On the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content”, GOST R 21. .

Is it possible to use standard design documentation contained in electronic databases, such as, for example, in the “Techexpert. TPD. Buildings, structures, structures and assemblies” system when designing?

OJSC "TsPP" (formerly CITP) for several decades has been maintaining the Federal Fund of Standard Design Documentation (TPD), which numbers 7.5 thousand standard projects and 4.1 thousand issues of documentation of standard building structures, components and parts, and publishes Indexes and Lists of standard design documentation of the all-Russian construction catalogue. Today there are Index SK-3, Index SK-2, Lists SK-2 and List SK-11.

All these publications, especially Index SK-3, are unique. They are created on the basis of information provided by the developers of standard design documentation. This information formed the basis for the “Techexpert: TPD” product line, including “Techexpert. TPD. Buildings, structures, structures and assemblies.”

The use of standard design documentation included in the “Techexpert: TPD” product line is not only acceptable, but in some cases inevitable due to the lack of analogues in modern design. The old standard design documentation was created through the efforts of entire institutes and design organizations; its quality has been tested by time.

Thus, the “Techexpert: TPD” product line can be used in modern design, its use is allowed by examination, but it is necessary to take into account the requirements of the current regulatory documents listed above. For example, the examination allows attaching to a set of design documentation a printout of any drawing of standard design documentation from the Tekhekspert: TPD product database, provided that the drawing is drawn up in accordance with GOST R 21..

If there were changes in standard series and standard projects, are such changes reflected in the TPDs included in the “Techexpert: TPD” program?

All changes to the TPD registered in (formerly CITP) were published in the Information Bulletin, which was prepared and issued. It was a streamlined, centralized process.

As a rule, the developer of the standard design documentation himself provided this information for publication. Currently, we continue to publish a monthly newsletter; accordingly, our company, as a system developer, monitors all changes to the standard series primarily in accordance with the information published in the newsletter.

What "Project Documentation Catalogs" are contained in the "Techexpert: TPD" system and what information does it contain?

The system "Techexpert: TPD" as part of the information product "Techexpert: TPD. Buildings, structures, structures and assemblies" contains, in particular, the materials of the "Catalogues of design documentation for reuse", compiled by OJSC "TsPP". They are included in the form of catalog sheets/passports.

The product "Techexpert: TPD. Buildings, structures, structures and components" contains catalogs on the following topics:

Low-rise cottage-type residential buildings;

Low-rise urban residential buildings of 2-5 storeys;

Multi-storey brick residential buildings over 5 floors;

Large-panel and block residential buildings over 5 floors;

Residential buildings over 5 floors with a mixed frame with various types of enclosing structures;

Monolithic residential buildings over 5 floors;

Mobile buildings for various purposes.

For each of the projects, brief information and main technical and economic indicators are provided, as well as graphic materials of construction solutions (facades, plans, sections, etc.) for selecting project documentation for use in design and construction.

Material prepared

specialists of the Codex Consortium

with the assistance of the Chief Legal Adviser

State Construction Services

supervision and examination of St. Petersburg

Typical IC design involves creating a system from ready-made standard elements. The fundamental requirement for the use of standard design methods is the ability to decompose the designed IS into many constituent components (subsystems, complexes of tasks, software modules, etc.). To implement the selected components, standard design solutions available on the market are selected, which are customized to the characteristics of a particular enterprise.

A standard design solution (TDS) is a replicable (reusable) design solution.

The accepted classification of TPR is based on the level of system decomposition. The following classes of TPR are distinguished:

elemental TPR - standard solutions for a task or for a specific type of task support (information, software, technical, mathematical, organizational);

subsystem TPR - individual subsystems act as typification elements, developed taking into account functional completeness and minimizing external information connections;

object TPR - standard industry projects that include a full set of functional and supporting IS subsystems.

Each standard solution requires the presence, in addition to the actual functional elements (software or hardware), documentation with a detailed description of the TPR and configuration procedures in accordance with the requirements of the system being developed. To implement standard design, two approaches are used: parametric-oriented and model-based design.

Parametric-oriented design includes the following stages: determining criteria for assessing the suitability of application software packages (APPs) for solving the assigned tasks, analyzing and evaluating available APPs according to the formulated criteria, selecting and purchasing the most suitable package, adjusting the parameters (refinement) of the purchased APPs.

Model-based design consists of adapting the composition and characteristics of a standard IC in accordance with the model of the automation object.

In this case, the design technology should provide unified means for working with both the model of a typical IS and the model of a specific enterprise.

.2. Blocked three-story houses (family accommodation by floor)

Blocked residential building called an apartment-type building consisting of two or more apartments, each of which has direct access to the apartment area. Blocked low-rise buildings consist of several isolated block apartments adjacent to each other. The number of blocks included in the house depends on various factors (nature of the site, terrain, degree of fire resistance of the house, etc.) and can include from 2 to 1 apartments or more.

A block is an indivisible space-planning element consisting of a different set of apartments, usually single-apartment blocks of block apartments (Fig. 1).

The structure of blocked houses retains some principles inherent in the architecture of a single-apartment house. Each apartment has a front and utility entrance, as well as its own plot of land. At the front entrance, flower beds are arranged in front of the facade, and behind the house there is a garden, a vegetable garden, and outbuildings.

Blocking a house can be done from a wide variety of combinations of block apartments. In Fig. examples of apartment blocking are presented. The simplest and most common method is to connect block apartments with side walls and form a house of a simple rectangular shape.

In such a house, all apartments have a two-way orientation and cross ventilation. The same simple house design and even greater building density are achieved by double-row blocking. However, this technique, with a large number of block apartments in the house, worsens the sanitary and hygienic qualities of the apartments, which receive a one-way orientation and are deprived of cross ventilation.

Therefore, double-row blocking is used, as a rule, in four-apartment buildings, in which the apartments receive double-sided orientation and corner ventilation. This type of blocking is called cross blocking.

To improve the isolation of individual blocks or orientation conditions, blocking is used with the blocks moving relative to each other or L-shaped with internal courtyards.

The same simple house design and even greater building density are achieved by double-row blocking. However, this technique, with a large number of block apartments in the house, worsens the sanitary and hygienic qualities of the apartments, which receive a one-way orientation and are deprived of cross ventilation.

Blocked houses are most often built as one- and two-story houses (Fig. 20, .21), and recently, to increase the density of urban development, three- and four-story houses with a more complex volume-spatial structure are used (Fig. 22).

Layout of apartment areas of manor and block houses.

Apartments in manor (individual) and block houses are closely connected with the land plot, which plays a significant role in the everyday and economic life.

The role of the site and the nature of its use in different settlements are different.

In the suburbs and urban settlements, it can be intended for cultivating a vegetable garden and recreation.

In villages, in addition to farming, the plot is also used for raising livestock and poultry.

houses can be attributed to the incomplete isolation of the apartment areas from one another.

For rural settlements, the standards provide for a plot of land with an area of ​​1200-100 m2 for an individual manor house, 600 m2 for a blocked building, and 1200-100 m2 for a semi-detached building.

In some cases, to increase the building density, three-story mixed-type block houses are used, in which two floors are occupied by cottage-type apartments with apartment plots, and on the upper or lower floor there are apartments with premises on the same level - most often small one- or two-room apartments connected by a corridor or a gallery (depending on the climate) with stairs located at the ends of the house.

Special types of blocked houses. In foreign practice, with limited plot sizes, three-story blocked houses are used, the first floor of which houses a garage, front room, storage room and other utility rooms (laundry, workshop), and living rooms are located on the second and third floors.

To increase the building density, three-story blocked houses are also used, where the first two floors contain cottage-type apartments with apartment areas, and the third floor contains small apartments opening onto a corridor or gallery, with stairs at the ends of the house.

Sometimes on the ground floor there are one-story apartments, occupying the width of two blocks, with an apartment area and an entrance on one side of the house; The second and third floors are occupied by cottage-type apartments with separate entrances from the apartment areas located on the other side of the house.

Ticket 2.3. General education schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges, schools of fine arts.

SCHOOL BUILDINGS.

Classification of schools Depending on the purpose, they distinguish: - general education schools and boarding schools; - specialized schools and boarding schools for in-depth training of children; - health and sanatorium-forest schools; - special schools for children with retarded physical and mental development.

General educational institutions include: - primary, basic, secondary schools; - secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects; - gymnasium and lyceum.

According to the level of education, general education schools have three levels of education: - I stage of education includes students in grades 1-4; - II stage of education includes students in grades 5-9; - III stage of education includes students in grades 10-11.

According to sanitary standards, the capacity of newly built city schools should not currently exceed 1000 people, rural small schools for the first stage of education - 80 people, I and II levels of education - 250 people, II and III levels - 500 people. School sites General education schools are located in a microdistrict with a maximum radius of accessibility from housing of 500 m. It is advisable to locate the school site adjacent to green areas. The area of ​​the school site depends on the capacity of the school and the nature of its space-planning scheme. The school site is intended for educational and auxiliary activities in the open air, children's recreation during breaks, various sports and mass activities, school-wide assemblies, and for classes with children in extended-day schools. The length of the pedestrian path from home to school is assumed to be 500 m. The capacity of schools is determined at the rate of 180 places per 1000 residents.

Functional zones of school areas: - sports and recreational area, - educational and experimental area, - recreation area, - economic area.

There are certain requirements for the location of the sports area:

Sports grounds for playing with a ball and throwing must be at least 25 m away from the building windows and have a perimeter fence at least 2.5-3 m high; - other sites - no less than 10 m. Sites must be designed in such a way that access to them and the possibility of a circular detour for fire engines are provided.

Space-planning solution.

School buildings should be no more than 3 floors. When placing general education institutions in previously built 4-5-story buildings, the fourth and fifth floors must be allocated for rarely visited students and classrooms. The height of the floors of school buildings is 3.3 m, the height of the sports and assembly halls is 6-7 m. The degree of fire resistance of school buildings must be at least II.

The occupancy of each class should not exceed 25 people. All school premises are divided into two main groups:

1. Educational premises: - classrooms for grades 1-4 (I stage of education); - classrooms and laboratories with laboratory assistants for grades 5-11 (II and III levels of education); - premises for labor training and vocational guidance. 2. General school premises: - assembly and physical education halls; - catering unit; - workshops; - administrative and utility premises; - library, etc.

Educational sections for grades 1-4 are designed separately, allocated in a separate block, impenetrable for students of other age groups. The composition of the premises: - classrooms - a workshop for labor training, - a universal room for extended-day groups, - recreation and - sanitary blocks.

Study sections for grades 5-11 are formed on the basis of classrooms and laboratories. Educational premises include: - a work area (placement of study tables for students), - a teacher's work area, - additional space for placing educational visual aids, technical teaching aids (TSO), - an area for individual lessons of students and possible active activities.

Institutions with in-depth study of individual subjects, gymnasiums and lyceums should have a lecture hall. Its dimensions are established based on the capacity of the age group of students in it, consisting of no more than 3 classes, at the rate of 1 m2 per seat. It is advisable to design recreation facilities in modern educational institutions of the hall type.

School buildings, depending on the nature of the relative position of the main groups of premises, are conventionally divided into three types: linear, perimeter, block / main compositional options for school buildings: a - linear; b - perimeter; in - block

Linear the composition can be expressed in several variants - H-shaped, cross-shaped, etc. It is quite compact and simple in design. P erimetrical the composition is characterized by the placement of groups of rooms around an open courtyard, which is intended for relaxation during breaks and various school rituals. This composition is quite compact even with a large school capacity . Block the composition is the most flexible, it can be presented in many options. With this composition, the school building is divided into functional blocks connected to each other by transitions or blocks adjacent to each other without transitions

The composition of school buildings can also be represented by the following types: - Pavilion the type of school building ensures maximum differentiation of students, taking into account age, and allows blocks to be divided according to functional characteristics. -Centralized block The type underlies the standard projects that are most common in domestic practice. -Perimeteral the type is formed around a closed courtyard space. - Type with developed center used for large schools, it allows for the most rational organization of extracurricular activities. - Compact type with large internal space. -Concentrated ultra-compact with a flexible layout provides significant space efficiency and overcomes the rigidity of the cellular structure of traditional schools. Rice. 5-3.

Specialized schools

An example of specialized schools is children's art schools. These schools have four departments: - preparatory; - musical; - choreographic; - Department of Fine Arts. The preparatory department should function separately from the rest of the children's art school. Includes the following premises: - a music class, - a drawing and modeling class, - a storage room, - a room for storing musical instruments and art funds, - a multi-purpose hall, - showers, - sanitary blocks.

The music department must be planned in such a way that equal rooms, depending on functional, acoustic, soundproofing and structural requirements, are blocked into separate sections and differentiated vertically and horizontally from other rooms.

The choreographic department includes: - a hall for classes in rhythm and dance, - halls for classes in classical, folk stage, and modern dances, - a class of theoretical disciplines, - a costume workshop, - changing rooms, - showers, - sanitary facilities. The Fine Arts Department includes: - workshops of drawing, painting, composition, sculpture.

When designing special boarding schools For children with physical and mental disabilities, it is necessary to ensure quick communication with medical institutions and at the same time try to locate buildings in a quiet, green area. When designing special schools, specific cycles of treatment, education, and everyday life must be taken into account. For example, in special schools for children with musculoskeletal disorders it is required to design ramps; Classroom settings vary depending on specific requirements. The height of the building in this case should not exceed 2 floors. Rice.

Types of educational complexes

A multifunctional educational complex is a complex of public buildings in which an educational institution is equally and interconnectedly included simultaneously with another institution (for example, educational and cultural, educational and medical, educational and industrial, educational and scientific complexes, etc.).

By educational is meant the entire set of premises associated with theoretical training - classrooms, offices, laboratories, lecture halls, and a library. The term practice includes all premises and facilities intended for vocational training and practical training. This concept should include: in the cultural sector - concert halls and conservatory auditoriums, educational theaters; in medicine - clinics; in pedagogy - kindergartens, schools and other basic educational institutions, the function of serving students is carried out in premises at large educational complexes - in buildings for catering, consumer and medical services, culture and recreation for students. This group also includes dormitories. A monofunctional sectoral educational complex - a complex of buildings and structures formed by educational institutions on the basis of the unity of the teaching function - unites educational institutions of different levels of education and advanced training, but of the same industry. They should be divided depending on the affiliation of the cooperative institutions into educational complexes of departments and educational complexes of large enterprises and production associations.

Determination of the area and volume of the building.

DETERMINATION OF THE VOLUME AND AREA OF THE BUILDING

The area of ​​residential and public buildings is determined by the size of individual surfaces of walls and partitions enclosing the premises. The area of ​​niches with a height of at least 2 m is included in the area of ​​the room in which they are located. The total area of ​​premises of residential buildings is determined as the sum of the areas of living rooms without taking into account built-in wardrobes. The usable area is determined taking into account the built-in cabinets.

Areas occupied by protruding structural elements or heating stoves are not included in the area of ​​premises.

The working area of ​​public buildings is defined as the sum of the areas of the main, service and auxiliary purposes (with the exception of staircases, corridors, vestibules and passages, as well as technical premises intended to accommodate energy and plumbing equipment). Staircases, corridors, etc. included in the usable area of ​​public buildings.

Volume of residential and public buildings. The volume of a basement or semi-basement is determined by multiplying the horizontal sectional area of ​​the building at the level of the first floor (above the basement) by the height measured from the level of the finished floor of the basement or semi-basement to the level of the finished floor of the first floor.

The volume of the above-ground part of a building with an attic floor is calculated by multiplying the horizontal sectional area of ​​the building along the outer contour at the level of the first floor (above the basement) by the full height of the building, measured from the level of the finished floor of the first floor to the top of the attic floor backfill.

The volume of the above-ground part of a building, in the presence of floors of different sizes, is calculated as the sum of the volumes of its parts. The volume of the attic floor is determined by multiplying the horizontal sectional area of ​​the attic along the outer contour of the walls at the level of the attic floor to the top of the attic floor backfill. If the attic has a curved outline, its average height is assumed.

Area of ​​industrial buildings. The useful (total) area of ​​industrial buildings of industrial enterprises should be considered as the sum of the areas located on all floors, working, utility, storage and auxiliary premises, measured within the internal finished surfaces of the external walls, minus the areas occupied by staircases, through shafts, internal walls, supports and partitions.

The working area of ​​industrial buildings is defined as the sum of the areas located on the floors of industrial buildings, as well as on mezzanines, service platforms, shelves, galleries, overpasses, basements and other premises intended for the manufacture of products, including the area intended for placement of semi-finished products .

Utility area is defined as the sum of the areas of premises intended for intra-plant transport, for the installation and maintenance of sanitary and energy equipment, including the area occupied by boiler rooms with auxiliary premises, boiler rooms, water supply and sewage pumping rooms. Utility rooms also include ventilation chambers, transformer substations, open and closed switchgears, corridors, vestibules, passages and technical premises, for example, the area of ​​technical floors intended to accommodate engineering devices and communications.

Warehouse area is defined as the sum of areas intended for the storage of raw materials, various materials and products necessary for the production of products and repair of equipment, communications, as well as for the storage of finished products.

Ticket 3.2. Functional principles of apartment design.

Living rooms are the main part of the apartment. They have different purposes and are divided into common (living room) and bedrooms.

There should be free space in the seating area. If the seating area will be used for sleeping, then it is necessary to provide a cabinet for bedding near the sofa, which will also serve as a night table. The sleeping area is recessed into the room. Dining area This area is recommended to be located closer to the kitchen, preferably near one of the walls; there should be free access to the dining table so that it can be easily served. In order to have a correct idea of ​​the area occupied by one dining area, it is necessary to show in plan the dining table with fully extended chairs and take into account all possible options for its position. In addition to the dining table and chairs, the dining area should have cabinets and shelves for dishes, and a serving table. If you have a well-equipped kitchen, you can use the dishes in it. Then only those dishes that can be an element of decorative decoration are left in the common room. Sometimes an opening is made in the wall separating the kitchen and the living room to serve dishes from the kitchen. Then the dining and work tables are placed close to the wall with an opening. If there is a partition closet between the kitchen and the common room, then all the necessary containers for organizing the dining area are made in it. In this case, one of the sections of the partition will serve as a transfer window. Work zone. This zone is organized in the common room only if there is not enough space for it in the bedroom. This area should be isolated to some extent. It is usually installed in front of or next to a window so that natural light falls on the table from the front or left side. For work, it is necessary to provide a chair or work chair, as well as shelves or cabinets for books and various tools. Regardless of the number of residents and the area of ​​the common room, in accordance with the rules for arranging the necessary furniture, the minimum width of this room should be 3 m. This width is obtained by summing up the dimensions of the equipment in the recreation area and the width of the entrance door to the room when it is located in the end wall.

The presence of each family member having their own room - bedroom - is an indicator of the comfort of the home. Bedroom Designed for sleeping, studying, storing clothes, books, and for children's games. It is desirable that the bedrooms should be impenetrable (Fig. 3.7). Functional areas of a personal living room: 1. sleep and individual rest, 2. activities (professional and amateur), 3. storage of dresses and linen, 4. storage of leisure items, 5. physical exercise and games, 6. cosmetic toilet.

The bedroom should be large enough, bright and calm.

The sleeping area is located near the internal walls in the back of the room in such a way that the head of the sleeper is oriented to the east (south) and the legs to the west (north).

In this case, it is advisable to place the beds against the transverse wall away from the doors and not in the corner.

The sleeper's face should not be against the light.

The study area is located by the window, and clothing storage is often in the back of the room near the entrance.

The distance from the outer wall to the end of the bed must be at least ≤40 cm, and from the longitudinal wall of the bed no more than ≥80 cm.

All living rooms are designed as non-passable.

It is preferable to make entrances to the bedrooms from the corridor, bypassing the common room, especially in bedrooms for children.

It is advisable to direct the bedroom windows towards the courtyard towards green areas, taking into account the visual isolation from the windows of other apartments.

Sleeping rooms must have natural light and this is taken into account when calculating.

Children's room. This room is a bedroom, which also serves as a place for children to stay during the day, and is a place for children's games and activities, and for receiving guests.

It is most convenient to place a children's room near the parents' bedroom.

The room should have bookshelves and a wardrobe.

It is preferable to orient windows to the south and southeast.

Rooms for adult children are arranged more independently in terms of apartments; they are used in many ways: as a bedroom, as an office, as a living room.

Utility rooms include a hallway with utility corridors and storage closets, a kitchen, sanitary facilities, and summer rooms.

Front (hallway) The front (hallway) provides the comfort of the entrance node and connection with the premises of the apartment. The front one provides a functional connection between family members and the corridor environment. The front hall is a kind of lobby for the apartment. The appearance of the entrance forms the first impression of the apartment and the owner, and the layout of the entrance helps to orientate oneself in the space of the apartment.

Kitchen intended for cooking and eating. There are three main types of kitchens: kitchen-niche, working kitchen, kitchen-dining room (Fig. 3.8). The kitchen is designed for preparing food and storing dishes, washing dishes, setting the table and other family housekeeping processes, and frequent use of food. The difference between the kitchen and other areas of the apartment is its special microclimatic environment associated with gas pollution, increased temperature and humidity. Therefore, the kitchen must have good ventilation and lighting. The kitchen area must be ≥ 8 m2. The kitchen is located in the common family part of the apartment in convenient connection with the entrance. A full-fledged kitchen consists of two main parts: a work area and a meal area. The kitchen is located in the family part of the apartment in convenient connection with the entrance. A full-fledged kitchen consists of two main parts: a work area and a meal area. The eating area can vary in size - from a small table for one person in an economical home to a normal breakfast table and a table for everyday lunches in a comfortable space. The kitchen must be equipped with a sink for washing dishes.

Functional areas of the kitchen. 1. Storing raw foods, 2. preparing food and washing dishes, 3. preparing food (dishes), 4. setting the table, 5. eating.

Working kitchen This isolated room, intended only for food preparation, must have natural light and ventilation. The entrance to the working kitchen is made from the front room or from the corridor. Minimum area 8 m2. Furniture arrangement can be L-shaped, single-row, U-shaped.

Kitchen-dining-living room The kitchen-dining-living room is a large room in which you receive guests, dine and prepare food. In addition to the main functional areas, a place for relaxation and family communication, watching TV and doing homework is being designed here.

Toilet includes rooms where a bath or shower tray, washbasin and toilet are located. In one-room and small two-room apartments, combined bathrooms are installed, where all sanitary fixtures are located in one room. Apartments for large families have a separate bathroom. Dimensional diagrams and placement of sanitary fixtures in sanitary units are shown in Fig. 3.9.

Shower room: shower tray, washbasin, toilet. Combined bathroom - washbasin, bathtub, toilet, washing machine, plan size: 1.98 (2.5) x 1.73 (1.5) m. Bathroom: washbasin, bathtub, washing machine, plan size : 1.5 x 1.73 m, 1.75 x 1.73 m, 1.9 x 1.73 m. Lavatory (inward door): toilet, Plan size: 0.8 x 1.2 m Lavatory (door outwards): toilet, washbasin,

Summer premises 3.2. When choosing the type of open space - a balcony, loggia or terrace - you should be guided by the climatic conditions of the construction area, the need to save materials, construction and operating costs, the architectural design and location of the building.

1.Rules for calculating areas and volumes. Residential building area should be determined as the sum of the areas of the floors of the building, measured within the internal surfaces of the external walls, as well as the areas of balconies and loggias . Area of ​​apartments and houses should be determined as the sum of the areas of living rooms and utility rooms without taking into account loggias, balconies, verandas, terraces and cold storage rooms, vestibules . Construction volume of a residential building is defined as the sum of the construction volume above the +-0.000 mark (above-ground part) and below the mark (underground part). Building area is defined as the horizontal sectional area along the external contour of the building at the base level, including protruding parts. The area under the building located on poles, as well as the passages under it, are included in the building area.

2.Functional-spatial. diagram of a house on two levels. From the correct organization of functional spaces. The structure of the house depends on the convenience of living in it, so the design should be approached comprehensively. The difference between an individual house and a city apartment lies in the presence of two separate zones: residential and utility, which, due to hygiene conditions, must be separated from each other. In two-level housing, zoning occurs arbitrarily. In a two-story or attic building, the night zone is located on the second floor and during the daytime it is rarely visited or not visited at all. As a rule, bedrooms, children's rooms and dressing rooms are located there. With a high level of comfort, bathrooms (showers) and a toilet must be placed in the night area. The night area is usually adjacent to balconies that serve for relaxation in the evening. In the daytime area there is usually a hall (entrance hall), a common room, a kitchen and a room for eating.

3. Physical education, sports and physical education and leisure facilities. Classification of sports facilities. Sports facilities are divided into: open and closed; summer and winter; volumetric and planar; universal and specialized types. According to the main purpose, they are distinguished: educational and training; demonstration; physical education and recreation; children's sports facilities. Sports facilities include playgrounds and fields for games, weightlifting and athletics, artistic and rhythmic gymnastics, running and skating tracks, swimming pools, stadiums and sports palaces. Sports facilities can be indoor or indoor, separate for a particular sport (tennis court, basketball and volleyball courts, swimming pool, etc.) and complex, consisting of several buildings of a pavilion or block composition. Open facilities are divided into sports fields, playgrounds and tracks. Sizes and proportions are strictly regulated by international standards.

1.Technical and economic indicators in housing. Technical and economic indicators characterize primarily efficiency and convenience. Character uh. indicators may vary. 1) territory area 2) building area (includes the area under the plinth and protruding elements) 3) hard surface area 4) landscaping area 5) table (territory balance). Technical and economic indicators of a residential building: 1) number of floors 2) building area 3) total area (residential and auxiliary) 4) volume = area per height 5) coefficients K1 = Sliv/Stotal, K2 = volume/Stotal (approximately 4.5)

2. Summer premises (drawings, diagrams). The open summer rooms of the apartment are an integral part of a comfortable apartment. A residential cell is a unity (complex) of closed and open living spaces. The purpose of open spaces is varied and is determined by the purpose of the room in which it is located. The collective image of the function of the open spaces of the apartment is the improvement of the family. A balcony is an enclosing area protruding from the plane of the facade, used for relaxation in the summer. A French balcony consists of a single or double-leaf door with a window and a fence installed outside. A veranda is a glazed, unheated room attached to or built into a building. A loggia is a room covered and fenced in plan on three sides, open to the outside space. The terrace is a fenced open extension to the building in the form of a recreation area. Apartment courtyard is a plot of land fenced on three sides, used for recreation (1-fralcony, 2-consular balcony, 3-corner balcony, 4-balcony-loggia, 5-loggia, 6-terrace).

3. Sports facilities: winter and summer stadiums, stadiums (open and closed), ski jumps, boathouses, hippodromes, indoor roller skating rinks, riding arenas. Classification. Sports facilities are divided into: open and closed, summer and winter, volumetric and flat, universal and specialized types. Based on their main purpose, they are divided into: educational and training facilities, demonstration facilities, physical education and recreation facilities, and children’s sports facilities. Open planar sports facilities: stadium, grounds for sports games: for badminton 15*8m, for basketball 28*16m, for volleyball 24*15m, for towns 30*15m, for tennis 40*20m, for table tennis 12*6m, running tracks athletics and speed skating tracks, space-planning solutions for indoor sports facilities. Sports facilities include three groups of premises: for athletes, for spectators, and auxiliary premises.

Ticket 6.1. Single-section houses (schemes).

Sectional residential buildings are the most common type of residential buildings used in villages, towns and cities. They are acceptable in any climatic regions and have a wide range of apartment types. They are the most widespread. Almost 80% of the population lives in such houses.

A residential section (block section) is a cell consisting of several apartments located around one communication node (entrance, vestibule, staircase, elevator shafts).

According to the type of staircase-elevator unit, sections are divided into three groups: 1) with a transverse staircase; 2) with distribution corridors (pockets); 3) with longitudinal ladder

In sections of the first group, entrances to apartments are provided directly from the floor platforms

In the sections of the second group, the transverse staircase landing is expanded by constructing a short corridor or hall (pocket). The pocket is a dead end and is illuminated by artificial light

In the sections of the third group, the airbox is located at the middle longitudinal axis of the building. Or the stairs are adjacent to the balcony or loggia.

Rice. Schemes of single-section residential buildings with different plan shapes: a, b, d – compact plan shape; c, e, f, g, i, j – complex dissected plan form.

Single-section tower-type residential buildings represent a structure of floor-to-floor apartments grouped around a single node of vertical communications of the staircase-elevator block. This type of residential building makes it possible to enrich the development; they play the role of accents; increase insolation and ensure cross ventilation of apartments

Rice. Schemes of one-section residential buildings with different plan shapes: a, b, d – compact plan shape; c, e, f, g, i, j – complex dissected plan form.

Ticket 6.2. Planning solutions for the estate territory.

Manor-type residential buildings

Low-rise individual residential buildings with attached plots are called estate-type houses. They are divided into one- and two-unit apartments. Manor houses most fully meet the needs of a rural resident's life. The main advantage of a manor house is the direct connection with the garden plot and utility rooms, which unites them into a single whole, i.e. home Manor residential buildings are common in rural settlements and small towns. Recently, the construction of manor houses has also been permitted in large cities on specially designated plots for cottage development.

Single-family manor houses

According to architectural and planning techniques, single-apartment houses are divided into three types: one-story (on the same level); attic; two-story with apartments on two levels. One of the main indicators of apartments is the number of rooms.

In a single-apartment house, the entire area can be divided into three groups: residential, utility

and communication. The residential group includes a common room (living room), bedrooms, children's rooms, and rooms for intellectual work. The household group includes a clean kitchen (for cooking), a feed kitchen, pantries for food and seasonal clothing, a garage, a workshop, etc. The communication group of premises includes the entrance area (vestibule, front), corridors, hall, stairs. A one-story residential building is suitable for relatively small apartments with the number of rooms from 2 to 5.

Depending on the size of the house and the plot, it is provided with one or two entrances - the main entrance from the street, the other - a utility entrance from the plot. A basement (underground) is arranged for storing pickles, vegetables and other products. In other cases, a separate cellar is built on the site. The attic is arranged to be ventilated, seasonal items are stored in it, clothes are dried, medicinal herbs, etc. Summer rooms (verandas, terraces, loggias) increase the usable total area of ​​the house in the summer and connect the apartment with nature.

Single-family houses with apartments on two or three levels and also with a usable basement

floors are called cottages. The main advantage of a house of this type is the architectural and planning compactness of the building area and the clear isolation of the main zones - residential (2nd floor) and utility (1st floor). Cottage-type houses are usually built so that the areas and heights of the first, second and last floors are equal. The roof can be flat or pitched. The floors are connected to each other by an internal staircase.

Semi-detached manor houses

Two-apartment manor houses, paired, are a block consisting of two isolated apartments that have one common wall and are united by one roof (Fig. 3.16). Such a house has a number of advantages over a single-family house: a smaller perimeter of external walls, less fuel consumption for heating, the presence of blocking of engineering equipment, a smaller plot width, which, in turn, reduces the total length of the street and all communications. In terms of layout, semi-detached houses can be designed with apartments on one and two levels, as well as with a floor-to-floor arrangement of apartments.

Ticket 6.3. Buildings and premises of health care and social services. Health care institutions: hospitals with hospitals, medical centers, etc. Health care institutions: outpatient clinics and health care institutions.

BUILDINGS OF TREATMENT AND PREVENTIVE INSTITUTIONS

Master plans. Site requirements

Medical and preventive institutions and pharmacies should be located in accordance with the approved master plans of settlements and detailed planning projects. The placement of antenatal clinics, dental clinics and pharmacies is allowed in residential and public buildings as built-in and attached structures.

On the land plots of hospitals, maternity hospitals, dispensaries with hospitals, the following functional zones should be allocated: - medical buildings for non-infectious patients. Separate garden and park areas should be allocated for patients in infectious diseases, obstetrics, children's, tuberculosis and psychosomatic departments. The food preparation service should be located in the area of ​​medical buildings for non-infectious patients, or in the utility area in separate buildings, or in extensions to utility buildings and medical buildings for non-infectious patients. Access to the buildings of medical institutions and pharmacies should be provided for road transport. Driveways or lanes suitable for the passage of fire trucks should be designed on both longitudinal sides of medical buildings of hospitals, dispensaries and maternity hospitals at a distance of at least 5 m and no more than 8 m from the walls of medical buildings. On the hospital land plot it is necessary to provide separate entrances to the areas: - medical buildings for non-infectious patients; - medical buildings for infectious patients; - pathological-anatomical building; - economic. The pathological and anatomical building, the driveways to it and the parking of funeral cars should not be visible from the windows of the medical buildings and the garden and park area. In front of the main entrances to hospitals, clinics, dispensaries and maternity hospitals, areas for visitors should be provided at the rate of 0.2 m2 per bed or one visit per shift, but not less than 50 m2.

Space planning and design solutions

The structure and composition of the premises of medical institutions are determined by the design assignment, taking into account the profile, capacity of institutions and the centralization of clinical diagnostic laboratories, pathology departments, central sterilization departments, administrative services, food preparation services, laundries, garages. The height of buildings of medical institutions should be no more than 9 above-ground floors. Ward departments of children's hospitals should be located no higher than the 5th floor of the building, wards for children under 7 years old - no higher than the 2nd floor. Medical and preventive institutions must be equipped with elevators and freight lifts. The height of the above-ground floors of buildings of medical institutions and pharmacies should be 3.3 m. The height of X-ray rooms with non-standard equipment and operating rooms in hospital operating blocks is set depending on the size of the equipment.

The premises of medical institutions and pharmacies must have natural light. Second-light lighting or only artificial lighting may be provided in the premises of sanitary facilities in wards, darkrooms, showers for staff, anesthesia, preoperative, equipment, washrooms, microbiological boxes, sanitary passages, as well as in accordance with the design assignment in operating rooms and procedural X-ray diagnostic rooms offices. The corridors of ward departments should have natural light - windows in the end walls of buildings or windows in the light pockets of the corridors.

At least two evacuation exits should be provided from each floor of a medical institution building. The use of external fire escapes for evacuating patients from hospital buildings is not permitted. The construction of open staircases to the full height of buildings in hospitals is not permitted. It is allowed to install open staircases (without enclosing internal walls and partitions) from the lobby to the second floor.

Hospital inpatient units Hospital inpatient facilities usually consist of the following groups of premises:

reception departments, discharge rooms, specialized boxes; - ward departments; - operating units; - departments of anesthesiology and resuscitation and intensive care; - departments of functional diagnostics; - departments of rehabilitation treatment; - blood transfusion departments; - sterilization departments; - pharmacies; - cooking service; - laundries; - office and household premises.

Reception departments, discharge rooms, specialized boxes

The main tasks and functions of the emergency department: - reception, registration and medical triage of patients entering the emergency department; - establishing a preliminary medical diagnosis based on examination, diagnostic studies and, if necessary, the conclusion of medical consultants; - organization of dynamic monitoring of patients with unclear and questionable diagnoses in diagnostic wards or isolation and diagnostic boxes; - deciding on the need for inpatient or outpatient treatment; - provision of necessary medical care; - carrying out, if necessary, sanitary treatment of patients hospitalized in non-infectious departments; - ensuring measures to prevent the introduction and spread of infectious diseases among patients and personnel; - organizing the transfer of patients in need of treatment in other inpatient facilities.

The reception departments should include the following premises: lobby; expected; registration and information desk; a room for temporary storage of patients' belongings; reception and inspection box; observation room; sanitary pass; procedural; dressing; x-ray diagnostic room; operating room for urgent operations; laboratory for urgent analyses; room for the duty nurse; pantry; premises for washing and sterilizing vessels, cleaning, sorting and temporary storage of dirty linen; doctor's office; staff room; storage room for clean linen; sanitary blocks for staff. Rooms for patient discharge: nurse's room; changing cabins; waiting room for discharged patients.

Ward departments Each hospital inpatient department consists of ward sections and rooms common to the department.

The ward section must be impassable. A gateway should be provided at the entrance to the ward section. The number of beds in the ward section, except for infectious diseases and psychiatric departments, should be 30, and in the section for children under one year of age - 24. Each section of the children's department should have two boxes or half-boxes. In addition to the wards, the ward sections include boxes and half-boxes, a duty nurse's post, a doctor's office, a treatment room, a pantry, a dining room, washing kitchen and tableware, a sanitary passage for patients, washrooms, baths, sanitary units for washing and sterilizing vessels, a storage room for clean linen , day care facilities for patients. Premises common to the department: the manager’s office, the head nurse’s office, a storage room for portable equipment, a staff room, sanitary blocks.

Operating blocks The operating room should be designed with one operating table.

The operating unit, as a rule, should have two closed compartments: septic and aseptic. The number of beds in postoperative wards should be provided at the rate of two beds per operating room. Chambers should be located outside the operating room. The operating unit includes the following rooms: operating room, preoperative room, sterilization room, anesthesia room, hardware room, room for storing and preparing blood, laboratory for urgent tests, instrumental and material room, room for the heart-lung machine, plaster room, storage room for portable equipment, room for storing a portable X-ray machine and a photo laboratory, an office of the head of the department, an anesthesiologist's office, a surgeon's office, a nurses' room, a storage room for clean linen, and a storage room for cleaning equipment.

Departments of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Resuscitation and Intensive Care. Their composition

premises include: a resuscitation room, a pre-resuscitation room, an urgent analysis laboratory, a sterilization room, a storage room for equipment, intensive care wards, a nurse's station on duty, a room for washing and sterilizing vessels, a pantry, the office of the head of the department, an anesthesiologist's office, a staff room, a sanitary block, a storage room cleaning equipment.

Departments of functional diagnostics Hospitals with 400 or more beds should provide

two departments of functional diagnostics: one department - for receiving hospital patients, the other department - for receiving visitors to the outpatient department. In multidisciplinary hospitals with fewer than 400 beds, one department should be provided for the reception of inpatients and visitors to the outpatient department.

Rehabilitation departments Physiotherapy departments are planned to be divided into

a “dry” zone (electrical, light, heat treatment rooms) and a “wet” zone (hydrotherapy, mud therapy), which is associated with different requirements for the level of humidity, electrical safety and decoration of the premises. Rooms for treatment with movement in water also belong to the “wet” zone; it is recommended to locate them adjacent to the hydrotherapy rooms, as a rule, on the ground floor. The premises of the “dry” zone of the physiotherapy department can be located on any floor, however, taking into account the organizational unity of the department, convenient communication of zones should be provided.

Electrosleep treatment room must be located in soundproof conditions. Recommended

place it in a no-passage area of ​​the department, taking into account the need to orient the windows to the quietest area of ​​the site. The office must have a walk-through equipment room with a viewing window for observation, acting as a soundproof gateway. Light and sound-proof curtains should be provided. Fotaria is intended for group procedures of preventive irradiation with ultraviolet rays. The fotaria provides a dressing room for patients and a control room with an area of ​​4 m2, where a nurse’s workplace is organized. The control room must have a glass observation window and an audible alarm. The entrance to the control room is organized from the treatment room.

Thermotherapy A utility room for heating should be designed in the office

paraffin and ozokerite, equipped with a fume hood. A room for aerosol, electroaerosol therapy (inhalator) requires placing a compressor for individual inhalation devices next to them or in an adjacent room. Compressors for inhalation units for several treatment places should be located in the basement or semi-basement.

Contrast baths carried out in two adjacent pools measuring 1.75 by 1.75 m and a depth of 1.2 (1.3)

m. The transition from one pool to another is carried out using the stairs between the pools.

Next to the spinal traction rooms a rest room should be located, since

After these procedures, rest in a horizontal position is required.

Mud therapy e Premises for mud therapy, hydrogen sulfide and radon baths should not be

located directly under the ward departments. The mud therapy room should consist of separate cabins with adjacent shower cabins and two cabins for undressing patients. Entrance for patients is provided only through changing cabins and showers.

Electromud procedures must be carried out in a separate isolated room,

planned to be included in the mud therapy premises, but arranged in compliance with the requirements for electrolight therapy premises. To store peat mud, a mud storage facility should be provided.

1. Taking into account natural and climatic factors when designing a home (insolation).Engineering-geological conditions characterized by outside air temperature, presence of groundwater, degree of subsidence, etc. Temperature and humidity conditions characterized by the temperature of the outside air and its humidity. Wind mode characterized by the direction, speed and repeatability of air flows. Insolation-irradiation of residential premises and adjacent areas with direct sunlight; characterized by duration and measured in hours. Providing the required insolation creates the sanitary and hygienic comfort a person needs in residential premises. Terrain characterized by slope in degrees.

2. Types of stairs in apartments (diagrams, drawings). An internal staircase provides connection between the premises of an apartment located on several levels. The staircase is located in the front or common room, free of sleeping space. The maximum slope of the stairs is 1:1.25, the minimum width is 90cm. Types of stairs: 1-single-flight, 2-L-shaped, 3-spiral, 4-U-shaped.

3. Spectacular buildings - cinema buildings. According to their structure, cinemas are classified as hall-type buildings and are the most common type of entertainment buildings. The norms provide for the provision of 20-30 places per 1000 residents. All types of cinemas are characterized by the following characteristics: by the nature of operation - year-round, seasonal and combined operation; by the number of seats in the auditorium - 200,300,500,800,1200,1600 for year-round and 2500 for summer open areas; by the number of halls - one-, two-, three- and four-hall. All premises of the cinema are divided into the following complexes and groups: premises of the visual complex - a box office lobby with a ticket office, an entrance vestibule, a foyer, a buffet with utility rooms, a smoking room and sanitary facilities; premises of the demonstration complex - auditorium, premises for technological support of the cinema hall, stage in cinemas with universal halls, administrative and economic, production and technical premises. Cinemas are divided into: year-round (multiple screens, single screens) and seasonal (summer open and summer closed).

1. Classification of residential buildings by number of floors. Classification of residential buildings by number of storeys. Low-rise 1-2 floors; 3-5 of average difficulty, no lift; 6-9 (one elevator), 10-16 (two), more than 16 (3-4 elevators) - multi-storey, with an elevator, the stairs must be smoke-free.

2. Functional and spatial organization of bedrooms (drawings, diagrams). The bedroom is intended for relaxation, located in the depths of the apartment; if possible, the bedrooms are located on the 2nd floor. Dimensions for 1 person = 8-9 sq. 2 people=12 sq.m. Occupancy type: for 1 person, for 2 people - children of the same sex, children of different sexes up to 9 years old, married couple. Functions in addition to sleeping space, space for closets should be provided. There should be close accessibility to bathrooms; for large apartments, 2 sanitary blocks should be provided. Bedrooms should not be walk-through rooms. It is not recommended to place beds near external walls. The mental activity area should be located near light openings at a distance of no more than 1.5 m. For small areas of personal rooms, built-in wardrobes are the best type of equipment.

3. Spectacular buildings - theater buildings. Buildings of theaters, opera and ballets, philharmonic society. They are located within the city with good transport connections. It should be 40 m away from adjacent buildings along the main façade and 20 m along the rest. The Tatras are classified as hall-type buildings in terms of their structure. According to their purpose (the nature of the action), they are: dramatic, music-dramatic, opera and ballet, musical comedy, puppet, touring. Based on their layout, theater premises are divided into auditorium, stage and production and warehouse premises. In domestic and foreign theater design practice, six schemes for constructing a deep grate stage are used, differing in the degree of spatial development and the volume of opportunities that, in principle, this stage can provide: 1-stage with two pockets and a rear stage, 2-stage with one pocket and a rear stage, 3 -stage with two pockets without rear stage, 4-stage with one pocket, 5-stage with rear stage, 6-stage without pockets and without rear stage.

1. Classification of residential buildings according to planning structure (schemes): 1) estate, 2) blocked, 3) atrium, 4) multi-sectional, 5) single-section, 6) corridor, 7) gallery, 8) corridor-sectional, 9) gallery-sectional, 10) mixed structure.

2.Functional and spatial organization of kitchens (furniture equipment). 1) storage of raw foods, 2) preparing food and washing dishes, 3) preparing food (dishes), 4) setting the table, 5) eating food (dining room). The main processes carried out in the kitchen determine the composition of the equipment. Functional zones are placed sequentially in the direction from the depths of the room to the light front: pantry (refrigerator) - additional table - sink - work table - stove - serving table - dining table for breakfast. A niche kitchen is a kitchen whose equipment is placed in a niche in the living room, dining room or hallway. A working kitchen is an isolated room intended only for food preparation and must have natural light and ventilation. The main layouts of equipment in a working kitchen: 1) single-row (linear), 2) double-row, 3) l-shaped, 4) U-shaped, 5) island. The kitchen-dining room is designed for preparing and eating food. In addition to kitchen equipment, it contains a table and chairs.

3.Entertainment buildings - Clubhouses, meeting buildings, clubhouses and leisure-entertainment buildings. institutions. Museum and exhibition buildings. Exhibitions are: periodic and permanent; by purpose: thematic and complex. Fundamental museum buildings are located in the city center with good access, axial and frontal orientation in relation to city highways. Club buildings are extremely diverse. They are designed for entertaining leisure time, classes in clubs, various creative activities, communication based on interests or age composition. The most common type of yavl is clubs with two main types of activities: entertainment and circle (club). In all clubs, the premises of the entertainment and club parts are located in such a way that their operation can be separate. For club buildings, compact centralized or block planning schemes are used.

1. Sanitary facilities (equipment diagrams, furniture). Sanitary units - sanitary-hygienic group. premises of the apartment, for example, the bathroom and toilet. To ensure comfortable conditions, bathrooms are equipped with exhaust ventilation. The bathroom is one of the most expensive and equipment-rich areas of the apartment. Depending on the size of the apartment, different types of bathrooms are used: in one-room apartments a combined bathroom is allowed, in multi-apartment apartments one separate bathroom is designed, in large apartments it is possible to install two bathrooms. Traditional placement of bathrooms - in the depths of the apartment along the transverse wall, as a rule, the bathroom of another apartment is located adjacent. The composition of the equipment in the sanitary premises of the apartment: shower-shower tray, washbasin and toilet, bathtub, washing machine; restroom-toilet (washbasin).

2. Blocked houses, one-story (drawings, diagrams). One-story block apartments are economically inferior to two-story apartments; in terms of architectural and planning solutions, they are close to rural estate houses. Small apartments are designed on one floor, less often four-room apartments. The living room is oriented towards the main façade and the kitchen towards the area. One-room block apartments are designed with an entrance from the corner of the main facade or the middle of the side facade. Two-room block apartments come in two options: 1) with one-sided arrangement of living rooms, 2) with two-sided arrangement of living rooms. Three-room block apartments have a significant width along the front of the main facade, which reduces their economic efficiency. The entrance is located in the center of the apartment, which allows you to place a common room and kitchen on one side, and bedrooms on the other.

3. Buildings and trade establishments: department stores, shops, retail and small wholesale trade enterprises. Indoor markets, multifunctional shopping centers. Space-planning solution for stores. Stores are divided into the following groups of premises: retail premises, premises for receiving and storing goods, preparing them for sale, utility rooms, administrative and service premises, technical premises. Space-planning schemes for 2-story stores assume the following main types of relative arrangement of retail and non-retail premises: frontal, deep, corner, mixed. The trading floors of stores should, as a rule, have natural consecration, but it is allowed to place trading floors in the basements for the sale of food products, dishes and other fireproof materials. The following basic layouts of commercial equipment can be identified: linear (single-line and two-line), island, box, salon. Multifunctional shopping complexes are currently one of the actively developing types of commercial buildings. The architecture of multifunctional centers can vary in accordance with the internal content and the context of the tasks assigned.