ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 1 1. Business risk is: A) a probabilistic category; B) economic category; B) economic risk; D) economic risk and at the same time the possibility of moral and social losses. 2. Which expression reflects the relationship between risk and profit: A) higher risk provides the opportunity to obtain higher profit; B) zero risk ensures high profits; C) higher risk provides the opportunity to obtain lower profits; D) lower risk provides the opportunity to obtain higher profits; 3. Inflation risk is: A) the risk that with the growth of the process of lowering prices and increasing the purchasing power of money, prices will fall, economic conditions for entrepreneurship will deteriorate, and income will decrease; B) the risk that with the growth of the process of depreciation of money and rising prices, the income received depreciates in terms of real purchasing power faster than it grows; C) the danger of foreign exchange losses associated with changes in the exchange rate during foreign economic, credit and other foreign exchange transactions; D) risks associated with the possibility of losses when selling securities or other goods due to changes in the assessment of their quality and cost. 4. Credit risk is: A) the danger of losses from exchange transactions; B) danger due to the wrong way of investing capital, the complete loss of the entrepreneur’s own capital, the inability to pay off obligations; C) the danger that the borrower will fail to pay the principal and interest due to the lender. 5. The nature of risk is: A) the subjective conditions of its occurrence; B) objective conditions of occurrence; C) subjective-objective conditions of occurrence. 6. The amount of risk is determined: A) as the ratio of possible income to the total cost of financial resources; B) as the ratio of possible losses to the total cost of capital; C) as the ratio of profit to the total costs of compensation for losses; 7. A form of examination in which there is a danger of bias is A) closed discussion followed by closed voting or filling out special expert survey questionnaires; B) free expression of his opinion by each member of the expert group without discussion or voting; C) open discussion of the problems posed and assessment of the likelihood of losses, followed by open or closed voting. 8. Risk management: A) is the art of risk management; B) it is a system of methods and techniques for risk management; C) this is a system of measures to eliminate or limit risks; D) this is a set of methods, techniques and measures to reduce risk losses or avoid them. 9. Risk avoidance is: A) risk, at one’s own responsibility; B) avoidance of risk, risky transaction; C) responsibility for the risk is transferred to someone; D) distribution of responsibility for risk among several participants in a project or transaction. 10. Insurance is: A) investing capital in various unrelated objects in order to reduce possible losses; B) a system of restrictions on marginal expenses, sales, loans, etc.; C) a system of measures to create a trust fund through cash contributions, from which the losses of business entities are compensated. ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 2 1. Economic risk is: A) causing moral and social damage under unfavorable conditions; B) the likelihood of losing resources in case of making a wrong decision or making a profit under a favorable combination of circumstances; C) a complex multifaceted category that has many non-coinciding, opposing real bases. 2. Financial losses are: A) additional losses of financial resources in the form of fines, penalties, payment of additional taxes, etc. upon the occurrence of unfavorable conditions in a risky transaction; B) additional losses of raw materials, property, products in the event of unfavorable conditions in a risk transaction; C) loss of working time due to unforeseen, accidental circumstances - illness, accident; D) moral and socio-moral losses. 3. Deflationary risk is: A) the risk that with the growth of the process of lowering prices and increasing the purchasing power of money, prices will fall, economic conditions for entrepreneurship will deteriorate, and income will decrease; B) the risk that with the growth of the process of depreciation of money and rising prices, the income received depreciates in terms of real purchasing power faster than it grows; C) the danger of foreign exchange losses associated with changes in the exchange rate during foreign economic, credit and other foreign exchange transactions; D) risks associated with the possibility of losses when selling securities or other goods due to changes in the assessment of their quality and cost. 4. Political risks are: A) risks that arise when the norms of international economic relations are violated and for other political reasons; B) risks, the main factors of which are deterioration in the living standards of the population, population decline, increase in morbidity and mortality, etc.; C) risks, the main factors of which are a decrease in GNP per capita, an increase in the inflation rate, a decrease in the country’s competitiveness, and a loss of national wealth. 5. A risk situation is: A) a set of various conditions and circumstances that create the environment for both positive and negative results; B) conditions that cause uncertainty in the outcome of the situation; C) conditions for risk occurrence. 6. The amount of risk can fluctuate in the range: A) -1< Р ≤ 1; Б) 0 < Р ≤ 1; В) 0 < Р < 1; Г) Р ≥ 1. 7. Лимитирование - это: А) вложение капитала в различные не связанные между собой объекта, с целью снижения возможных потерь; Б) система ограничений предельных расходов, продаж, кредитов и т. п.; В) создание специального фонда на случай возникновения непредвиденной ситуации. 8. Форма экспертиз сложных проблем предпринимательской деятельности, при которой возможно более точное определение степени риска - это А) закрытое обсуждение с последующим закрытым голосованием или заполнением специальных анкет экспертного опроса; Б) свободное высказывание каждым членом экспертной группы своего мнения без обсуждения и голосования; В) открытое обсуждение поставленных проблем и оценка вероятности потерь с последующим открытым или закрытым голосованием. 9. Управление риском: А) это искусство управления риском; Б) это система методов и приемов управления риском; В) это система мер, позволяющая исключить или ограничить риски; Г) это совокупность методов, приемов и мер по уменьшению потерь риска или их избежания. 10. Распределение риска - это: А) риск, под свою ответственность; Б) уклонение от риска, от рисковой сделки; В) ответственность за риск передается кому-либо; Г) распределение ответственности за риск между несколькими участниками проекта или сделки. УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМИ РИСКАМИ ТЕСТ № 3 1. Характерной чертой риска является: А) неопределенность; Б) случайность; В) недостаточная информация; Г) возможность получения дополнительной прибыли. 2. Деструктивный аспект регулятивной функции состоит в том, что: А) желание исключить или снизить последствия риска заставляет, стимулирует предпринимателя в исследованиях источников и факторов риска; Б) при реализации решений с недостаточно исследованным риском возникают потери, которые могут привести к снижению эффективности производства или даже к банкротству; В) в процессе предпринимательской деятельности конкуренция и оправданный риск позволяют выделить социальные группы, эффективно использующие экономические ресурсы, а в экономике отрасли и сферы деятельности, в которых риск приемлем. 3. Валютный риск - это: А) риск того, что при росте процесса снижения цен и увеличения покупательской способности денег, происходит падение цен, ухудшение экономических условий предпринимательства, снижение доходов; Б) риск того, что при росте процесса обесценивания денег и росте цен, получаемые доходы обесцениваются с точки зрения реальной покупательской способности быстрее, чем растут; В) опасность валютных потерь, связанных с изменением курса валюты при проведении внешнеэкономических, кредитных и др. валютных операций; Г) риски, связанные с возможностью потерь при реализации ценных бумаг или др. товаров из-за изменения оценки их качества и стоимости. 4. Динамические риски означают: А) возможность получения нулевого или отрицательного результата; Б) возможность принести как потери, так и дополнительную прибыль. 5. Фактор риска - это: А) совокупность различных условий и обстоятельств, которые создают обстановку как для положительных, так и отрицательных результатов; Б) условия, вызывающие неопределенность исхода ситуации; В) условия возникновения риска. 6. Оценка риска - это: А) возможные убытки, ожидаемые затраты на снижение или возмещение всех потерь; Б) определение количественной меры риска, его возможной величины; В) вероятность потерь, а также размер возможного ущерба от них; Г) причина, условие, вызывающее неопределенный исход ситуации. 7. Форма экспертиз, которая позволяет исключить влияние мнений отдельных экспертов и превалирование какой-то отдельной идеи - это А) закрытое обсуждение с последующим закрытым голосованием или заполнением специальных анкет экспертного опроса; Б) свободное высказывание каждым членом экспертной группы своего мнения без обсуждения и голосования; В) открытое обсуждение поставленных проблем и оценка вероятности потерь с последующим открытым или закрытым голосованием. 8. Соотношение 2:1 нормальной степени ликвидности показывает, что: А) предприятие имеет достаточно средств для погашения своих краткосрочных обязательств; Б) предприятие платежеспособно; В) предприятие нерационально использует финансовые ресурсы; Г) все ответы верны. 9. Переда риска - это: А) риск, под свою ответственность; Б) уклонение от риска, от рисковой сделки; В) ответственность за риск передается кому-либо; Г) распределение ответственности за риск между несколькими участниками проекта или сделки. 10. Страховая сумма - это: А) плата за страхование, которую страхователь должен внести страховщику в соответствии с условиями договора; Б) денежная сумма, определенная при добровольном страховании или установленная при обязательном страховании; В) денежная сумма, которая возмещается страхователю вследствие наступления страхового случая. УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМИ РИСКАМИ ТЕСТ № 4 1. Характерной чертой риска является: А) случайность; Б) противоречивость; В) недостаточная информация; Г) возможность получения дополнительной прибыли. 2. Социально-экономическая функция состоит в том, что: А) желание исключить или снизить последствия риска заставляет, стимулирует предпринимателя в исследованиях источников и факторов риска; Б) при реализации решений с недостаточно исследованным риском возникают потери, которые могут привести к снижению эффективности производства или даже к банкротству; В) в процессе предпринимательской деятельности конкуренция и оправданный риск позволяют выделить социальные группы, эффективно использующие экономические ресурсы, а в экономике отрасли и сферы деятельности, в которых риск приемлем. 3. Риски ликвидности - это: А) риск того, что при росте процесса снижения цен и увеличения покупательской способности денег, происходит падение цен, ухудшение экономических условий предпринимательства, снижение доходов; Б) риск того, что при росте процесса обесценивания денег и росте цен, получаемые доходы обесцениваются с точки зрения реальной покупательской способности быстрее, чем растут; В) опасность валютных потерь, связанных с изменением курса валюты при проведении внешнеэкономических, кредитных и др. валютных операций; Г) риски, связанные с возможностью потерь при реализации ценных бумаг или др. товаров из-за изменения оценки их качества и стоимости. 4. Возможность принести как потери, так и дополнительную прибыль - это: А) спекулятивный (динамический) риск; Б) статический риск; В) простой риск; Г) чистый риск. 5. Природа риска - это: А) совокупность различных условий и обстоятельств, которые создают обстановку как для положительных, так и отрицательных результатов; Б) условия, вызывающие неопределенность исхода ситуации; В) условия возникновения риска. 6. Назовите три предельных значения показателей риска по Б. Райзбергу: А) допустимый риск 0,1 (10%); критический риск 0,01 (1%); катастрофический риск 0,001 (0,1%); Б) допустимый риск 0,01 (1%); критический риск 0,1 (10%); катастрофический риск 0,001 (0,1%); В) допустимый риск 0,01 (1%); критический риск 0,1 (10%); катастрофический риск 1,0 (100%); 7. Среднеквадратичное отклонение, как инструмент статистического метода означает: А) возможность получения одинакового результата в определенном интервале; Б) изменение (колеблемость) количественной оценки признака при переходе от одного случая к другому; В) средневзвешенное из квадратов отклонений действительных результатов от средних; Г) разброс, т. е. возможное отклонение ожидаемого значения рассматриваемого показателя от его среднего значения. 8. Для характеристики платежеспособности предприятия не используют коэффициент: А) автономии; Б) конкордации; В) маневренности; Г) заемного капитала. 9. Стоимость риска: А) возможные убытки, ожидаемые затраты на снижение этих у4бытков или общие затраты по возмещению всех потерь; Б) целевое выделение средств для покрытия возможных потерь при проведении рисковых сделок; В) обобщенная количественная характеристика ожидаемого результата. 10. Страховое возмещение - это: А) выплата определенной денежной суммы при наступлении страхового случая, связанного со страхованием жизни; Б) денежная сумма, определенная при добровольном страховании или установленная при обязательном страховании; В) денежная сумма, которая возмещается страхователю вследствие наступления страхового случая. УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМИ РИСКАМИ ТЕСТ № 5 1. Неопределенность - это: А) такая ситуация, когда нельзя оценить вероятность конечного результата; Б) столкновение объективно существующих рискованных действий с их субъективной оценкой; В) необходимость выбора решений или действий из нескольких вариантов; 2. Материальные потери - это: А) дополнительные потери финансовых ресурсов в виде штрафов, пени, уплаты дополнительных налогов др. при наступлении неблагоприятных условий в рисковой сделке; Б) дополнительные потери сырья, имущества, продукции в случае наступления неблагоприятных условий в рисковой сделке; В) потери рабочего времени по непредвиденным, случайным обстоятельствам - болезни, несчастный случай и т. д. Г) потери времени при нарушении технологического процесса. 3. Страновой риск является разновидностью: А) политического риска; Б) экономического риска; В) социального риска. 4. Ресурсный риск может возникнуть: А) при недостатках в организации труда и работ во всех сферах деятельности субъекта хозяйствования; Б) при недостатках материальных, трудовых, финансовых и др. видов ресурса; В) при вероятности потерь имущества при недостатках в его хранении, охране, выходе из строя технологических систем и компьютерной техники, невозврат кредита и др. 5. Безрисковая зона наступает, когда: А) предприниматель не несет никаких потерь; Б) потери меньше расчетной прибыли; В) потери равны стоимости всего имущества предприятия; Г) потери превышают величину расчетной прибыли и достигают в пределе величины расчетной выручки 6. Зона приемлемого (минимального) риска наступает, когда коэффициент риска: А) до 0,25; Б) от 0,25 до 0,5; В) от 0,5 до 0,75; Г) свыше 0,75. 7. Идентификация: А) это целевое выделение средств с целью защиты имущественных интересов при наступлении определенных событий; Б) это комплекс организационно-технических мероприятий, предпринимаемых с целью минимизации размеров ущерба при рисковых операциях; В) это выявление источников опасности, способных нанести ущерб имущественным интересам; Г) это определение количественной меры риска, вероятности потерь и их стоимостной величины. 8. Концентрическая диверсификация - это: А) пополнение ассортимента новыми товарами, которые раньше не производились; Б) расширение ассортимента изделий, товарами похожими на товары, которые производит предприятие, но более качественные. 9. Хеджирование - это: А) система мер, позволяющая исключить или ограничить риски финансовых операций в результате неблагоприятных изменений курса валют, цен на товары, процентных ставок в будущем; Б) совокупность методов, приемов и мер, которые позволяют определить проявление риска, его стоимость и разработать конкретные мероприятия по уменьшению потерь или их избежания; В) система управления риском. 10. Система, предполагающая возмещение ущерба в заранее обусловленных границах - это: А) система первого риска; Б) система пропорциональной ответственности; В) система предельной ответственности; УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМИ РИСКАМИ ТЕСТ № 6 1. Основным элементом риска или последствием является: А) вероятность получения дополнительной прибыли; Б) вероятность отклонения от выбранной цели, которое может иметь как положительное, так и отрицательное свойство; В) неудача при неблагоприятных обстоятельствах. 2. Специальные виды потерь в денежном выражении можно выразить: А) с помощью перевода в часы простои предприятия; Б) как снижение плановой прибыли; В) как повышение издержек в процессе производства; Г) точному расчету эти виды потерь не подлежат. 3. Селективный риск - это: А) общий риск вложения денежных средств в ценные бумаги; Б) риск неправильного выбора ценных бумаг; В) риск покупки или продажи ценной бумаги в неудачное время; Г) риск потерь, если изменяются процентные ставки; Д) риск потерь для инвестора, если произойдет отзыв ценной бумаги в связи с превышением фиксированного уровня процентных ставок по ним над текущими рыночным процентом. 4. Имущественный риск может возникнуть: А) при недостатках в организации труда и работ во всех сферах деятельности субъекта хозяйствования; Б) при недостатках материальных, трудовых, финансовых и др. видов ресурса; В) при вероятности потерь имущества при недостатках в его хранении, охране, выходе из строя технологических систем и компьютерной техники, невозврат кредита и др. 5. Главным фактором принятия рискового решения такие индивидуальные черты личности: А) склонность к риску; Б) сложившаяся ситуация; В) конкурентная борьба; Г) агрессивность предпринимателя. 6. Зона критического риска наступает, когда коэффициент риска: А) до 0,25; Б) от 0,25 до 0,5; В) от 0,5 до 0,75; Г) свыше 0,75. 7. Количественный анализ риска: А) установление всех возможных рисков и их негативных проявлений; Б) определение числовых показателей вероятности наступления рисковых событий и их последствий; В) показывает объем прибыли при благоприятном стечении обстоятельств; 8. Горизонтальная диверсификация - это: А) пополнение ассортимента новыми товарами, которые раньше не производились; Б) расширение ассортимента изделий, товарами похожими на товары, которые производит предприятие, но более качественные. 9. Защитные оговорки - это: А) особые договорные условия, оговаривающие пересмотр суммы платежа в процессе исполнения и в целях страхования валютных и других рисков; Б) право выбора из определенных вариантов валютных условий контракта, связанных с формой, способами и местом платежа; В) система мер, позволяющая исключить или ограничить риски финансовых операций в результате неблагоприятных изменений курса валют, цен на товары, процентных ставок в будущем; 10. Система предусматривающая возмещение страхователю той доли ущерба, какую страховая сумма составляет по отношению к оценке имущества - это: А) система первого риска; Б) система пропорциональной ответственности; В) система предельной ответственности; УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМИ РИСКАМИ ТЕСТ № 7 1. Основным элементом риска или последствием является: А) вероятность получения дополнительной прибыли; Б) вероятность отклонения от выбранной цели, которое может иметь как положительное, так и отрицательное свойство; В) неудача при неблагоприятных обстоятельствах. 2. Трудовые потери - это: А) дополнительные потери финансовых ресурсов в виде штрафов, пени, уплаты дополнительных налогов др. при наступлении неблагоприятных условий в рисковой сделке; Б) дополнительные потери сырья, имущества, продукции в случае наступления неблагоприятных условий в рисковой сделке; В) потери рабочего времени по непредвиденным, случайным обстоятельствам - болезни, несчастный случай и т. д. Г) потери времени при нарушении технологического процесса. 3. Капитальный риск - это: А) общий риск вложения денежных средств в ценные бумаги; Б) риск неправильного выбора ценных бумаг; В) риск потерь для инвестора, если произойдет отзыв ценной бумаги в связи с превышением фиксированного уровня процентных ставок по ним над текущим рыночным процентом. 4. В хозяйственном механизме к внешним факторам, вызывающим риски относят: А) природно-географические условия; Б) форс-мажорные обстоятельства; В) социально-политическая ситуация в стране; Г) организационная структура предприятия. 5. Степень риска - это: А) вероятность получения желаемого положительного результата; Б) вероятность наступления отрицательных последствий; В) вероятность потерь и размер возможного ущерба от них; Г) вероятность отклонения от выбранной цели. 6. Зона катастрофического (недопустимого) риска наступает, когда коэффициент риска: А) до 0,25; Б) от 0,25 до 0,5; В) от 0,5 до 0,75; Г) свыше 0,75. 7. Оценка риска: А) это целевое выделение средств с целью защиты имущественных интересов при наступлении определенных событий; Б) это комплекс организационно-технических мероприятий, предпринимаемых с целью минимизации размеров ущерба при рисковых операциях; В) это выявление источников опасности, способных нанести ущерб имущественным интересам; Г) это определение количественной меры риска, вероятности потерь и их стоимостной величины. 8. Количественный анализ риска: *А) установление всех возможных рисков и их негативных проявлений; Б) определение числовых показателей вероятности наступления рисковых событий и их последствий; В) показывает объем прибыли при благоприятном стечении обстоятельств; 9. Несистематический риск вызывается: А) военными действиями; Б) увеличением численности трудовых ресурсов предприятия; В) уменьшением производственных мощностей предприятия. Г) судебными процессами предприятия. 10. Своп сделки - это: А) купля-продажа валюты с поставкой в будущем по курсу, оговоренному в момент заключения сделки; Б) срочные, заключаемые на биржах сделки купли-продажи валюты по ценам, действующим в момент сделки, с поставкой и оплатой в будущем; В) покупка или продажа валюты на условиях «спот» с одновременным заключением обратной форвардной сделки для покрытия валютного риска. УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМИ РИСКАМИ ТЕСТ № 8 1. Основным элементом риска или последствием является: А) вероятность получения дополнительной прибыли; Б) вероятность наступления отрицательных последствий при выборе неверного решения; Г) неудача при неблагоприятных обстоятельствах. 2. Потери времени - это: А) дополнительные потери финансовых ресурсов в виде штрафов, пени, уплаты дополнительных налогов др. при наступлении неблагоприятных условий в рисковой сделке; Б) дополнительные потери сырья, имущества, продукции в случае наступления неблагоприятных условий в рисковой сделке; В) потери рабочего времени по непредвиденным, случайным обстоятельствам - болезни, несчастный случай и т. д. Г) потери при нарушении технологического процесса. 3. Риск, связанный с вложением капитала - это: А) валютный риск; Б) инвестиционный риск; В) имущественный риск; Г) торговый риск. 4. В хозяйственном механизме к внешним факторам, вызывающим риски относят: А) природно-географические условия; Б) форс-мажорные обстоятельства; В) законодательная база в стране; Г) организационная структура предприятия. 5. Стоимость риска - это: А) все возможные потери прибыли; Б) потеря всего имущества; В) возможные убытки. 6. Зона допустимого (повышенного) риска наступает, когда коэффициент риска: А) до 0,25; Б) от 0,25 до 0,5; В) от 0,5 до 0,75; Г) свыше 0,75. 7. Предотвращение риска: А) это целевое выделение средств с целью защиты имущественных интересов при наступлении определенных событий; Б) это комплекс организационно-технических мероприятий, предпринимаемых с целью минимизации размеров ущерба при рисковых операциях; В) это выявление источников опасности, способных нанести ущерб имущественным интересам; Г) это определение количественной меры риска, вероятности потерь и их стоимостной величины. 8. Удержание риска - это: А) риск, под свою ответственность; Б) уклонение от риска, от рисковой сделки; В) ответственность за риск передается кому-либо; Г) распределение ответственности за риск между несколькими участниками проекта или сделки. 9. Систематический риск вызывается: А) военными действиями; Б) изменением ставки процента по налогам; В) уменьшением производственных мощностей предприятия. 10. Недиверсифицируемый риск вызывается: А) внешними факторами; Б) внутренними фактора. УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМИ РИСКАМИ ТЕСТ № 9 1. Важнейшим источником неопределенности является: А) случайность; Б) противоречивость; В) альтернативность; Г) ограниченность. 2.Специальные потери - это: А) различные штрафы, пени, уплата дополнительных налогов, не возврат долгов, снижение курса ценных бумаг; Б) дополнительные затраты ресурсов или прямые потери сырья, имущества, продукции, которые не были предусмотрены в планах предпринимательской деятельности; В) потери времени по непредвиденным, случайным обстоятельствам - болезни, несчастный случай и т. д.; Г) моральные и социально-нравственные потери. 3. Риски, связанные с покупательской способностью денег - это: А) финансовые риски; Б) имущественные риски; В) инновационные риски; Г) производственные. 4. В хозяйственном механизме к внешним факторам, вызывающим риски относят: А) природно-географические условия; Б) форс-мажорные обстоятельства; В) изменение контрагента, перемены в целевых установках партнеров. Г) организационная структура предприятия. 5. Зона критического риска наступает, когда: А) предприниматель не несет никаких потерь; Б) потери меньше расчетной прибыли; В) потери равны стоимости всего имущества предприятия; Г) потери превышают величину расчетной прибыли и достигают в пределе величины расчетной выручки 6. Сущность статистического метода оценки риска заключается: А) в изучении статистики потерь и прибылей, других показателей деятельности и с помощью математических расчетов устанавливается вероятность наступления риска; Б) в использовании субъективных критериев, которые базируются на предположениях, полученных путем обработки мнений опытных предпринимателей и специалистов; В) в определении риска путем объединения нескольких отдельных методов или их отдельных элементов; Г) в оценке финансовой устойчивости с помощью системы различных показателей. 7. При экспертной оценке риска шкала измерения риска принимается: А) от 0 до 10; Б) от 0 до 100; В) от 0 до 1; Г) сами эксперты выбирают шкалу измерения; Д) все варианты верны. 8. Политика риска: А) это все действия по управлению риском; Б) это условия возникновения риска; В) это столкновение объективно существующих рискованных действий; Г) это стратегия и приемы управления риском. 9. Корреляция - это: А) связь между признаками, которая показывает изменение средней величины одного их них, в зависимости от изменения значения другого; Б) отражает оборотных средств ко всему заемному капиталу; В) показатель согласованности оценок экспертов; Г) численное определение величины отдельных рисков. 10. Фьючерсные сделки - это: А) купля-продажа валюты с поставкой в будущем по курсу, оговоренному в момент заключения сделки; Б) срочные, заключаемые на биржах сделки купли-продажи валюты по ценам, действующим в момент сделки, с поставкой и оплатой в будущем; В) покупка или продажа валюты на условиях «спот» с одновременным заключением обратной форвардной сделки для покрытия валютного риска. УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМИ РИСКАМИ ТЕСТ № 10 1. Основным элементом риска или последствием является: А) вероятность получения дополнительной прибыли; Б) вероятность получения желаемого положительного результата; В) неудача при неблагоприятных обстоятельствах. 2. Имущественные риски - это: А) риски, связанные с убытком от остановки производства вследствие воздействия различных факторов или с внедрением в производство новой техники и технологий; Б) риски, связанные с вероятностью потерь имущества по причине кражи, диверсии, халатности и т. п.; В) риски, связанные с убытком из-за задержки платежей, отказа от платежа; Г) риски, связанные с вероятностью потерь денежных средств. 3. Риск прямых финансовых потерь - это: А) риск наступления косвенного финансового ущерба в результате неосуществления какого-либо мероприятия; Б) риск вложения денег в ценные бумаги; В) риск наступления прямого финансового ущерба в результате неосуществления какого-либо мероприятия; 4. Организационный риск может возникнуть: А) при недостатках в организации труда и работ во всех сферах деятельности субъекта хозяйствования; Б) при недостатках материальных, трудовых, финансовых и др. видов ресурса; В) при вероятности потерь имущества при недостатках в его хранении, охране, выходе из строя технологических систем и компьютерной техники, невозврат кредита и др. 5. Зона допустимого риска наступает, когда: А) предприниматель не несет никаких потерь; Б) потери меньше расчетной прибыли; В) потери равны стоимости всего имущества предприятия; Г) потери превышают величину расчетной прибыли и достигают в пределе величины расчетной выручки 6. Сущность экспертного метода оценки риска заключается: А) в изучении статистики потерь и прибылей, других показателей деятельности и с помощью математических расчетов устанавливается вероятность наступления риска; Б) в использовании субъективных критериев, которые базируются на предположениях, полученных путем обработки мнений опытных предпринимателей и специалистов; В) в определении риска путем объединения нескольких отдельных методов или их отдельных элементов; Г) в оценке финансовой устойчивости с помощью системы различных показателей. 7. Метод согласованности оценок экспертов: А) когда мнения экспертов полностью совпадают; Б) когда оценки экспертов совпадают на 60%; В) используют коэффициент конкордации; Г) когда разница между оценками двух экспертов по виду риска не превышает 10%. 8. Финансирование риска: А) это целевое выделение средств с целью защиты имущественных интересов при наступлении определенных событий; Б) это комплекс организационно-технических мероприятий, предпринимаемых с целью минимизации размеров ущерба при рисковых операциях; В) это выявление источников опасности, способных нанести ущерб имущественным интересам; Г) это определение количественной меры риска, вероятности потерь и их стоимостной величины. 9. На основании какого показателя окончательно устанавливается уровень риска: рассматриваемых объектов при статистическом методе оценки риска: А) коэффициент вероятности (чем он меньше, тем рискованнее ситуация); Б) коэффициент вариации (чем он больше, тем рискованнее ситуация); В) коэффициент дисперсии (чем он меньше, тем рискованнее ситуация); 10. Форвардная валютная сделка - это: А) купля-продажа валюты с поставкой в будущем по курсу, оговоренному в момент заключения сделки; Б) срочные, заключаемые на биржах сделки купли-продажи валюты по ценам, действующим в момент сделки, с поставкой и оплатой в будущем; В) покупка или продажа валюты на условиях «спот» с одновременным заключением обратной форвардной сделки для покрытия валютного риска. УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИМИ РИСКАМИ ТЕСТ № 11 2. Защитная функция предпринимательского риска выражается: А) в поиске методов и форм защиты от нежелательной реализации риска; Б) в обеспечении дополнительного дохода, по сравнению с плановым, при стечении благоприятных условий, как компенсацию за предпринимательский риск; В) в поиске нетрадиционного решения проблем и внедрении новых прогрессивных технологий; Г) в проведении детального анализа риска, рассмотрении всех возможных вариантах принимаемых решений. 2. Производственные риски - это: А) риски, связанные с убытком от остановки производства вследствие воздействия различных факторов или с внедрением в производство новой техники и технологий; Б) риски, связанные с вероятностью потерь имущества по причине кражи, диверсии, халатности и т. п.; В) риски, связанные с убытком из-за задержки платежей, отказа от платежа; Г) риски, связанные с вероятностью потерь денежных средств. 3. Риск банкротства - это: А) опасность потерь от биржевых сделок; Б) опасность из-за неправильного способа вложения капитала, полной потери предпринимателем собственного капитала, неспособности рассчитаться по взятым обязательствам; В) опасность неуплаты заемщиком основного долга и процентов, причитающихся кредитору. 4. Экономические риски - это: А) риски, которые возникают при нарушении норм международных экономических отношений и другим политическим причинам; Б) риски, основными факторами которых являются ухудшение жизненного уровня населения, сокращение численности населения, рост заболеваемости и смертности и др.; В) риски, основными факторами которых являются уменьшение ВНП на душу населения, рост уровня инфляции, снижение конкурентоспособности страны, утрата национального богатства и др.; 5. В хозяйственном механизме внутренние факторы риска зависят: А) от выбора сферы деятельности; Б) от окружающей внешней среды; В) от взаимоотношений внутри коллектива; Г) от изменения партнеров, при появлении более выгодных предложений. 6. Сущность комбинированного метода оценки риска заключается: А) в изучении статистики потерь и прибылей, других показателей деятельности и с помощью математических расчетов устанавливается вероятность наступления риска; Б) в использовании субъективных критериев, которые базируются на предположениях, полученных путем обработки мнений опытных предпринимателей и специалистов; В) в определении риска путем объединения нескольких отдельных методов или их отдельных элементов; Г) в оценке финансовой устойчивости с помощью системы различных показателей. 7. При полной согласованности действий экспертов и достоверности экспертных оценок коэффициент конкордации равен: А) w=0; Б) w=1; В) w> 0.5. 8. A means of resolving risk risks is: A) risk diversification; B) transfer of risk; C) limiting risk; D) risk insurance. 9. The insurance rate is: A) payment of a certain amount of money upon the occurrence of an insured event associated with life insurance; B) the insurance fee that the policyholder must pay to the insurer in accordance with the terms of the contract; C) the rate of insurance premium per unit of sum insured or object of insurance. 10. A system providing for full compensation for damage is: A) a first-risk system; B) a system of proportional responsibility; B) a system of maximum responsibility; ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 12 1. The analytical function of business risk is expressed: A) in the search for methods and forms of protection against unwanted realization of risk; B) in providing additional income, compared to the planned one, under favorable conditions, as compensation for business risk; C) in the search for unconventional solutions to problems and the introduction of new progressive technologies; D) in conducting a detailed risk analysis, considering all possible options for decisions made. 2. Trade risks are: A) risks associated with losses from stopping production due to the influence of various factors or with the introduction of new equipment and technologies into production; B) risks associated with the likelihood of loss of property due to theft, sabotage, negligence, etc.; C) risks associated with loss due to delayed payments, refusal of payment; D) risks associated with the likelihood of loss of funds. 3. Exchange risks are: A) the danger of losses from exchange transactions; B) danger due to the wrong way of investing capital, the complete loss of the entrepreneur’s own capital, the inability to pay off obligations; C) the danger that the borrower will fail to pay the principal and interest due to the lender. 4. Social risks are: A) risks that arise from violation of the norms of international economic relations and other political reasons; B) risks, the main factors of which are deterioration in the living standards of the population, population decline, increase in morbidity and mortality, etc.; C) risks, the main factors of which are a decrease in GNP per capita, an increase in the inflation rate, a decrease in the country’s competitiveness, loss of national wealth, etc.; 5. Competition: A) is a positive factor; B) hinders the development of the company; B) encourages the entrepreneur to take risks. 6. The essence of risk assessment based on financial analysis is: A) studying the statistics of losses and profits, other performance indicators and using mathematical calculations to establish the probability of risk occurrence; B) in the use of subjective criteria that are based on assumptions obtained by processing the opinions of experienced entrepreneurs and specialists; B) in determining risk by combining several individual methods or their individual elements; D) in assessing financial stability using a system of various indicators. 7. The method of collective generation is: A) ideas put forward by experts, which are then not discussed; B) “brainstorming”; C) studying special literature and the experience of other entrepreneurs; D) ideas put forward by experts, followed by open or closed voting. 8. The method of reducing risk is: A) risk diversification; B) risk distribution; C) risk retention; D) risk avoidance. 9. Self-insurance is: A) a system of measures to create a trust fund through cash contributions, the funds of which compensate for the losses of business entities. B) creation by the enterprise of a special reserve fund, both in kind and in cash, in case of unforeseen circumstances; B) an event whose probability of occurrence can be predicted. 10. An event whose probability of occurrence can be predicted is: A) acceptable risk; B) insured risk; B) uninsurable risk. ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 13 1. The compensating function of business risk is expressed: A) in the search for methods and forms of protection against unwanted realization of risk; B) in providing additional income, compared to the planned one, under favorable conditions, as compensation for business risk; C) in the search for unconventional solutions to problems and the introduction of new progressive technologies; D) in conducting a detailed risk analysis, considering all possible options for decisions made. 2. Financial risks are: A) risks associated with losses from stopping production due to the influence of various factors or with the introduction of new equipment and technologies into production; B) risks associated with the likelihood of loss of property due to theft, sabotage, negligence, etc.; C) risks associated with loss due to delayed payments, refusal of payment; D) risks associated with the likelihood of loss of funds. 3. Interest rate risk is: A) the general risk of investing money in securities; B) the risk of buying or selling a security at the wrong time; C) the risk of loss if interest rates change; 4. Static risks mean: A) the possibility of obtaining a zero or negative result; B) the opportunity to bring both losses and additional profit. 5. The main factor in making a risky decision is the following individual personality traits: A) risk appetite; B) the current situation; B) competition; D) originality of thinking. 6. Probability, as a tool of the statistical method, means: A) the possibility of obtaining the same result in a certain interval; B) change (fluctuation) in the quantitative assessment of a characteristic when moving from one case to another; C) the weighted average of the squared deviations of the actual results from the average; D) spread, i.e. possible deviation of the expected value of the indicator under consideration from its average value. 7. The following can act as experts in the expert method of risk assessment: A) beginning entrepreneurs; B) young specialists; C) experienced entrepreneurs and specialists; D) scientists. 8. A means of resolving the risk of risks is: A) diversification; B) risk distribution; B) limiting; D) insurance. 9. Range of variability: A) characterizes the effectiveness of diversification; B) this is the difference between the maximum and minimum values ​​of a certain indicator; C) shows the level of change in prices for a particular product. 10. Coefficient of variation: A) an indicator of the consistency of expert assessments; B) a relative value characterizing the degree of change in a characteristic; C) the ratio of a firm's equity to total capital. ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 14 1. The innovative function of entrepreneurial risk is expressed: A) in the search for methods and forms of protection against unwanted realization of risk; B) in providing additional income, compared to the planned one, under favorable conditions, as compensation for business risk; C) in the search for unconventional solutions to problems and the introduction of new progressive technologies; D) in conducting a detailed risk analysis, considering all possible options for decisions made. 2. The risk of lost profits is: A) the risk of indirect financial damage as a result of failure to implement any activity; B) the risk of investing money in securities; C) the risk of direct financial damage as a result of failure to implement any activity; 3. Call risk is: A) the general risk of investing money in securities; B) the risk of incorrect selection of securities; C) the risk of buying or selling a security at the wrong time; D) the risk of loss if interest rates change; E) the risk of loss for the investor if the security is withdrawn due to the excess of the fixed level of interest rates on them above the current market interest rate. 4. The possibility of obtaining a zero or negative result is: A) speculative positive risk; B) speculative negative risk; B) static risk; D) dynamic. 5. Risk factors that are very difficult or partially amenable to influence by the subject of management in question and are called: A) controllable; B) unregulated; B) difficult to regulate. 6. Variation, as a tool of the statistical method, means: A) the possibility of obtaining the same result in a certain interval; B) change (fluctuation) in the quantitative assessment of a characteristic when moving from one case to another; C) the weighted average of the squared deviations of the actual results from the average; D) spread, i.e. possible deviation of the expected value of the indicator under consideration from its average value. 7. The current liquidity ratio shows: A) the creditworthiness of the enterprise; B) the enterprise’s dependence on borrowed funds; C) the ability to pay off debt using one’s own current assets. 8. The method of reducing risk is: A) limiting risk; B) risk distribution; C) risk retention; D) risk avoidance. 9. Insurance premium is: A) payment of a certain amount of money upon the occurrence of an insured event related to life insurance; B) the insurance fee that the policyholder must pay to the insurer in accordance with the terms of the contract; C) the rate of insurance premium per unit of sum insured or object of insurance. 10. Negative correlation: A) the average value of one characteristic changes in the same direction with other characteristics; B) indicator of consistency of expert assessments; C) the average value of the features changes in the opposite direction. ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 15 1. The constructive aspect of the regulatory function is that: A) the desire to eliminate or reduce the consequences of risk forces and stimulates the entrepreneur to study the sources and factors of risk; B) when implementing solutions with insufficiently studied risks, losses arise that can lead to a decrease in production efficiency or even bankruptcy; C) in the process of entrepreneurial activity, competition and justified risk make it possible to identify social groups that effectively use economic resources, and in the economy, industries and areas of activity in which risk is acceptable. 2. The risk of a securities portfolio is: A) the risk of indirect financial damage as a result of failure to implement any event; B) the risk of investing money in securities; C) the risk of direct financial damage as a result of failure to implement any activity; 3. Time risk is: A) the general risk of investing money in securities; B) the risk of incorrect selection of securities; C) the risk of buying or selling a security at the wrong time; D) the risk of loss if interest rates change; E) the risk of loss for the investor if the security is withdrawn due to the excess of the fixed level of interest rates on them above the current market interest rate. 4. An entrepreneur most often makes a decision on an upcoming risky transaction: A) having complete information about competitors; B) having information about the demand for the product; B) under conditions of uncertainty; D) takes into account the opinion of experts in this field. 5. The catastrophic risk zone occurs when: A) the entrepreneur does not incur any losses; B) losses are less than the estimated profit; C) losses are equal to the value of all property of the enterprise; D) losses exceed the amount of estimated profit and reach the limit of the amount of estimated revenue 6. Dispersion, as a tool of the statistical method, means: A) the possibility of obtaining the same result in a certain interval; B) change (fluctuation) in the quantitative assessment of a characteristic when moving from one case to another; C) the weighted average of the squared deviations of the actual results from the average; D) spread, i.e. possible deviation of the expected value of the indicator under consideration from its average value. 7. The quick liquidity ratio shows: A) the creditworthiness of the enterprise; B) the enterprise’s dependence on borrowed funds; C) the ability of an enterprise to quickly pay off its current obligations. 8. Diversification is: A) increasing the production of the same product; B) reduction in prices for goods; C) investing capital in various unrelated objects in order to reduce possible losses; D) reduction in the range of goods produced. 9. Insurance coverage is: A) payment of a certain amount of money upon the occurrence of an insured event related to life insurance; B) the insurance fee that the policyholder must pay to the insurer in accordance with the terms of the contract; C) the amount of money that is reimbursed to the policyholder due to the occurrence of an insured event. 10. Positive correlation: A) the average value of one characteristic changes in the same direction with other characteristics; B) indicator of consistency of expert assessments; C) the average value of the features changes in the opposite direction.

© E.V. Broilo

Test tasks for the discipline

Risk management

A risk situation in an enterprise is called:

Alternative decision-making options for obtaining optimal profit levels

The ability to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the degree of probability of loss of profit

Ability to determine the likelihood of receiving additional profit

In the phenomenon of “risk” the following main elements can be distinguished, the interconnection of which constitutes its essence:

Controversy and uncertainty

The probability of receiving additional profit and the uncertainty of not receiving it

Subjectivity and objectivity of manifestation

Possibility of material, moral and other losses associated with the implementation of an alternative chosen under conditions of uncertainty

The situation of uncertainty is characterized by the fact that

The likelihood of events occurring can only be determined empirically

The probability of an event occurring is, in principle, undeterminable

The probability of an event occurring can be determined graphically based on the normal distribution graph of a random variable

The main causes of risk are:

Spontaneity of natural processes, randomness, the presence of opposing trends, probabilistic nature of scientific and technological progress

Limited financial resources, chance, development of scientific and technological progress, natural disasters

Spontaneity of natural phenomena, development of scientific and technological progress, lack of information about the object

The source of risk in an organization can be called:

Business planning of projects for the development of new types of products for the long term

The presence of opposing tendencies, a clash of conflicting interests

Changing the administrative team for managing the organization

The most important elements underlying the risk classification are:

Civil legal form of organization formation

Time of occurrence and nature of consequences

Objective and subjective nature of occurrence

Factors of direct action that determine the level of risk include:

Unforeseen changes in the economic situation in the country

Incompetent work of management and other services

Unforeseen actions of competitors

Method of organizing work

Indirect factors that determine the level of risk include:

Instability, contradictory legislation

Lack of business information in the company

Errors in decision making

Unforeseen changes in the business sector

Objective factors that determine the level of risk include:

Corruption and racketeering

Mistakes when implementing risk situations

Financial problems within the company

Unforeseen changes in the economic situation in the region

Subjective factors that determine the level of risk include:

Development, implementation of new technologies, method of organizing work, etc.

Lack of risk tolerance among staff

Elemental forces of nature and climate

Revolutionary leaps in scientific and technological progress

Depending on the risk event, the pure risk group includes:

Currency risk

Political risk

Innovation risk

Country risk

Depending on the risk event, the speculative group of risks includes:

Organizational risk

Financial risk

Tax risk

Risk of developing NTP

The principles that directly affect the level of political risk are:

Political situation

Tax system

Economic situation in the country for carrying out activities

The principles that indirectly affect the level of political risk are:

Unforeseen actions of state and local authorities

Legislation

International events

The maximum guaranteed profit can be obtained given the available data on various product releases (cautious course of action), based on:

Laplace criterion

Wald criterion

Savage criterion

Hurwitz criterion

Under various conditions for the release of products in demand, to avoid greater risk, the manager makes a decision based on

Laplace criterion

Wald criterion

Savage criterion

Hurwitz criterion

Select indicators on the basis of which you can diagnose the bankruptcy of an enterprise using E. Altman’s five-factor model:

Current assets

Depreciation of fixed assets

Balance currency

Gross profit

Sales revenue

Capital and reserves

Deferred income

Reserves for future expenses

Long-term liabilities

Current liabilities

Select indicators on the basis of which you can diagnose the bankruptcy of an enterprise using W. Beaver’s system of indicators:

Current assets

Depreciation of fixed assets

Balance currency

Net profit of the reporting period

Gross profit

Sales revenue

Capital and reserves

Deferred income

Reserves for future expenses

Long-term liabilities

Current liabilities

To determine the probability of loss of solvency of an enterprise in the modelR-account factor used

Share of accounts receivable in total current assets

Inventory turnover ratio

Current liquidity ratio

Share of net profit for each ruble of cost

The peculiarity of using the Depalyan model to determine the probability of loss of solvency is:

Determining the creditworthiness ratio

Determining the collateral ratio with own current assets

In using standard values ​​of coefficients for the industry under study

The wage fund to value added ratio factor is used to determine the probability of loss of solvency in the model:

W. Beaver

J. Depalyana

Golder

Altman

Not used in any of the above models

In the event of a stressful situation, the correlation of credit risks, as a rule,

Decreases

Increases

Remains unchanged

No clear relationship

The Bank pursues the goals of reducing liquidity risks; the most effective way to achieve this goal is:

Investments in liquid instruments

Diversification of liabilities

Formation of reserves

Starting from what level of equity capital in the overall structure of the enterprise’s liabilities can we talk about good opportunities to attract additional borrowed funds?

The increase in the share of accounts receivable in the balance sheet currency of the enterprise is:

A positive factor, since the growth of this item indicates a general increase in current assets - an increase in the volume of activity of the enterprise

A negative factor, since the growth of this item indicates the withdrawal of funds from the production process

A factor that does not allow making a significant judgment about changes in the state of the enterprise

For what purposes is it used?Z-Altman model is the most effective

Risk assessment of a commercial lending operation

Assessment of the borrower's creditworthiness

Assessing the quality of collateral with current assets

Risk assessment of a commercial loan portfolio

A measure of the sensitivity of the value of corporate shares to changes in the market index is

Beta coefficient

Alpha coefficient

Volatility

VaR risk assessment

Which of the following formulas can be used to determine the amount of risk per unit of expected result?

Which of the following formulas can be used to determine the degree of agreement among experts in the expert method of determining the degree of risk?

The main tool of the statistical method of risk calculation is

Concordance coefficient

Liquidity ratio

Coefficient of variation

Solvency recovery ratio

When deciding to invest in financial instruments and quantify systematic risk, they use

Provision ratio of own current assets

Sensitivity factor beta

Safety index by production volume

Beaver coefficient

Indicate with an arrow which formula is used to calculate the corresponding indicator

	Laplace exponent
	Concordance coefficient
	Sensitivity factor beta
	Dispersion
	Hurwitz exponent

Answer "YES" or "NO":

The advantage of an individual examination is its efficiency.

The disadvantage of group expert procedures is the high level of subjectivity.

The Delphi method gets its name from the ancient Greek philosopher.

The brainstorming method and the idea generation method are one and the same.

The concordance coefficient shows how uncoordinated the experts’ actions are.

Answer "YES" or "NO":

The Delphi method involves conducting an expert survey in several rounds.

When conducting expert surveys, questionnaires are first compiled and compiled, and then experts are selected.

Expert procedures refer to statistical assessment methods.

Methods of expert assessments can be individual or group.

The main methods for organizing expert responses are ranking, direct assessment, sequential and pairwise comparison.

If the consistency coefficient is greater than 0.5, then it can be stated that:

The indicator is negative and it is necessary to move to a comprehensive risk assessment through operational risk

The risk system has been correctly identified and a strategy can be developed to reduce them

It is necessary to reconsider the formation of the expert group and the preparation of questionnaires

What is the object of credit insurance:

Cash

Commercial or trade loan

Products or services

Solvency reserve is -

Additional reserves created by the insurer from insurance premiums

The difference in the balance sheet currency between the assets and liabilities of the insurer

Funds formed by the insurer from profits

Insurer's assets free from any liabilities

Highlight the risks that are not covered by the marine insurer

Risks associated with a fall in prices for transported cargo due to changes in market conditions

Risks generated by the possibility of an accident at sea

Risks associated with the consequences of incorrect marketing decisions

The insurer, having transferred part of the risk to reinsurance, is liable to the insured

Within own limits

In full

Within the limit of liability

To the extent determined by the reinsurance agreement

Answer "YES" or "NO":

Hedging is a system of measures that allows you to eliminate or limit the risks of financial transactions as a result of unfavorable changes in exchange rates, commodity prices, etc. in the future.

The object of liability insurance is liability for damage caused to third parties as a result of any actions.

The disadvantage of coinsurance is the need to conclude insurance contracts with different insurers at different rates and conditions.

Reinsurance is carried out only within a portion of the insured amount.

Reserve funds at the enterprise are created only from part of the working capital.

Answer "YES" or "NO":

Is it allowed under Russian legislation to create reserve funds at the expense of cost?

Diversification is one of the methods of protecting against risks.

Diversification is only possible if funds are invested in various assets.

Outsourcing is the assignment of one-time work to third parties.

The main risk management techniques are: risk avoidance, risk acceptance, risk reduction.

Answer "YES" or "NO":

Reducing risk is transferring some of it to someone else.

The maximum winning rule means the maximum income under any conditions.

Qualitative risk analysis involves identifying the likelihood of a given type of risk occurring.

The most optimal option for quantitative risk assessment is a combination of expert and statistical methods.

Only if the ratio of returns and possible losses is acceptable for the entrepreneur should a decision be made to implement a risky project.

I decided to break down the topic of risks in testing down to its simplest components, so that for myself and my colleagues this semi-mystical, semi-shamanic topic would become transparent and manageable.

So first of all: risks And problems often lumped together. Risk, by definition some existing or developing process factor, which has a potentially negative impact on the process and, as a consequence, on its result. You can, of course, extend any problem to the concept of risk, but why? On average, a typical risk management training consists of only 20-25% of materials about the risk management process itself and descriptions of typical risks, and in the remaining 75% of the time, trainers try to shove in under the guise of risks descriptions of process problems with the sauce “and you may also have be like this..." I repeat - why?

So, let's figure it out.

Risk is an existing or developing process factor that has a potentially negative impact on the process.

Simply put, to clearly distinguish between risk and problem: risk is what might happen and lead to negative consequences, and the problem is that already happened and interferes with work. Both the risk and the problem interfere or may interfere with work, but the ways of working with risks and problems are somewhat different: the first must be tried to understand, find and, if possible, minimize their consequences before they “shoot”, and problems must be dealt with after the fact - repaired or "simmer". By separating risks and issues, the field of risk management becomes much simpler and clearer.

A simple example that is not a risk associated with software testing, but often is, is the use of the same environment for testers and developers. An inconvenient situation that creates or can create a lot of problems, but this is the source of the problem, not the risk.

How to deal with risks

The algorithm for working with risks can be well represented in the form of a picture often used in trainings and literature:

Risk management activities are cyclical, like any other project activities, if you work in iterations. At the same time, if your iterations are long enough, there may be several cycles of work related to risk management; such internal cycles can be called “loops” for simplicity.

What usually causes difficulties at the initial stages of working with risks: actually starting (introducing these activities into work plans); understand that working with risks is not rocket science and that these activities, like any other, must be planned, provided with resources (performers), carried out, and the results must be analyzed (what worked, what didn’t, what we dealt with successfully and etc.).

Interesting point: sometimes we can’t do anything about the risk or our influences are not enough to remove the risk from the list, but it happens. Systemic risks are systemic and cannot be completely excluded, since they are often a feature of the process in which we work. Clearing mines is a risky process, but it takes work. In this case, we are trying to insure ourselves in case of a fire from its consequences and write down instructions in case of military action.

I won’t go into more detail, but the stage of analyzing the results obtained and drawing lessons is often ignored, which leads to the repetition of an unsuccessful result in the next iterations - which, in fact, is typical for any process: if we don’t analyze “where we hit”, we hit the next shot again “ somewhere there...", instead of getting "to where you need to be."

I also wouldn’t like to distract attention from the main topic of this article with ideas about correct goal setting, but if the risk management plan says “talk to the boss about the salary for the lead tester” instead of “resolve the issue of increasing the salary for the lead tester by 20%,” then the result will be Such a task in the plan will most likely not be “increased salary by 20%”, but “talked to the boss about a raise...”.

What I would like to note before we begin to consider the typical risks associated with software testing. In order to work correctly with risks and this work brings results, you need to clearly understand what level this or that risk belongs to - the level of your responsibility as a testing manager or the level of project risks, which you need to work on together with the project manager and lead developer. Systemic or business-level risks of the company you work for are usually outside the influence of the project team, but the project team can participate in the preparation of some decisions and analysis of the current situation to provide relevant and understandable information to decision makers.

Typical risks in software testing

What is a project? From a manager’s point of view, a project means time, money and the customer’s happiness. A testing project is the same project, with the difference that test managers rarely manage money directly, but their resources in the form of man-hours can be converted into this money or work with labor costs directly.

Incomplete estimate of project labor costs
Frederick Brooks, in his famous book "The Mythical Man-Month" noted that this risk is often the main reason for projects not completed on time or even failing.

In general, this risk, of course, relates to the level of project risks, or more precisely to the risks of project management. But, since estimating project effort includes estimating testing effort, and testing work is on the critical path of the iteration plan, the risk is often associated with incorrectly estimating testing effort, which we will consider as the next separate risk.

The risk is characterized by the fact that testers are not involved either in reviewing the labor costs on the project or in obtaining the estimates themselves. The situation in which assessments for testing are simply passed down by the project manager, customer or someone else is often clinical and contradicts the basic principles of project management: the assessment of the task is given by the performer, otherwise the performer may not undertake the task or is not responsible for its result.

I repeat - the risk is of a project level when it comes to estimating labor costs for a project, but it can be partially managed and minimized by the testing group or its manager by including testers in the process of obtaining estimates of labor costs and reviewing the received estimates and project plans.

Incomplete assessment of testing labor costs
A risk similar to the previous one, based mainly on a violation of the principle “the estimate of labor costs is given by the contractor,” but at the level of the testing project tasks.

In addition to the basic reason for the “shot” of this risk, omission of implicit requirements, incorrect determination of the types of tests and configurations in which testing will be carried out can also be significant risk factors - these tasks are the most influential on the amount of testing work and, as a consequence, errors made when performing these tasks lead to changes in the scope of testing work and significantly affect the test plan.

How to deal with: reviews and audits, formal and on the fly. In this place, one head is good, but two are better.

The situation can be caused or aggravated by combining the roles of test manager and test designer. When dividing these design roles among different test team members, the test designer must justify and defend his proposed test strategy and his estimate of effort. Such protection often works better than a formal review.

The test plan is not tied to the project plan
Strictly speaking, this is exactly process problem testing, which, meanwhile, is so common that I would recommend focusing on it as a serious risk.

Testing and development share the same project resource - time. If the plans of two directions are not strictly connected (best of all at the level of one general work plan for the project, literally links between tasks in MS Project or any other similar system) or are not synchronized on an ongoing basis, there is a possibility or risk, that the shift in development plans (which affects the delivery date of the version for testing) will not be taken into account in the testing work plan, which will lead to insufficient time for testing and, as a consequence, to incomplete testing stage.

Why should testing and development plans still be strictly linked at the level of a single project plan: the responsibility of the project manager, with a fixed iteration duration, among other things, includes managing the scope of the iteration, for which he needs to see the testing work. Roughly speaking, in a time-limited iteration, the PM’s task is to select the amount of functionality that the team will have time to both create and test.

If the project manager does not need estimates of labor costs for testing (see “clinic”), the test manager’s task is to add his work to the project plan and link them with the corresponding ones. development tasks. In such a scheme, it is extremely difficult to shift the testing deadlines - some part of the testing work will simply clearly go beyond the deadline in the plan or in the diagrams.

Test strategy is missing or not accepted by the development team or customer
Formally, it is not a risk, but a problem that creates the risk that the testing strategy will not be completed in that part of the tasks where it intersects with development tasks or will not be provided with resources (often just project time) and, as a result, is still not completed.

How to deal with it: a formal review of the strategy or test plan usually does not help here. Formal approval at this point often means “I saw that you have a document called Strategy or Plan and you updated it in this iteration.” In fact, these are the words “well done, the main thing is that you study well,” which do not give you, as a test manager, the opportunity to gain the necessary understanding in the development team and the corresponding resources to implement this strategy and your plans.

Dismissal of employees
There is always a risk of dismissal of a key or not so key employee.

The problem is not that people leave, but that they leave when they need it, not the project, and it takes time to bring in a new employee, train him and bring him to “design capacity” - resp. plans go wrong, speed drops, everyone gets nervous.

What to do. Keeping a “bench” is not always possible for economic reasons. “Feeding better” does not always help, and sometimes (in the case of non-key comrades) it is also simply unprofitable. What can you do here? The most obvious thing I see is to “agree with neighbors” - simply talk with neighboring departments or projects (which also have this risk) and agree that in the event of such an event, they will be able to somehow (if the specifics of the product allow it) and current workload) to help you with people. Likewise, be prepared to help yourself. Yes, yes, saving drowning people is the work of the drowning people themselves.

Other problems
Changes in even fixed requirements or their priorities are often considered risks, as a factor that will affect the scope of iteration and, accordingly, will lead to a revision of plans and possibly a delay in delivery of the version. I would not call this part of the project work a risk - it is a reality that must be dealt with as a design limitation and try not to even reach the state of the problem. An effective way is to limit the scope of the iteration by timing, when any change in the requirements leads to pushing out some other piece of work (both development and testing) into the next iteration. No one has yet succeeded in “forcing” requirements not to change - business changes, requirements change, and if the Customer is willing to pay not only for natural changes in requirements, but also for his “fantasies” or “disorganization” - this must be accepted and be able to live with it. There are ways and they work.

There are actually very few difficulties in the work of a testing group specifically related to testing. I have encountered features of the software implementation of the Product described in the form of risks at the “lack of GUI” level. While not actually a risk, such a feature of a project or product can be a significant limitation in the testing strategy and impose strict requirements on the qualifications of personnel involved in testing. I repeat - this is not a risk, this is a feature of your product or project. You’re not complaining that the interface of your product is written in English, since it is intended for the Western market, although it might be easier to test in Russian.

In conclusion, I would like to focus on a fairly obvious, but ignored risk, which lies in the very idea of ​​ignoring risks.

The Risk of Ignoring Risks
One of the risks that extends to all levels of risk management.
Reluctance to take into account the fact that there are risks, that the process (even the most established, verified, formalized and controlled) can fail, usually leads to overly optimistic plans, conflicts if they are not implemented, and the need to reschedule in “fire mode” ( which usually leads to miscalculations and further disrupts the normal rhythm of work) and, as a result, to failures.

What to do: start working with risks (no matter how hackneyed and banal this conclusion may sound, there is no other recommendation here). There are few specific risks in testing. Most project-level risks can be resolved through the joint efforts of testing, development, and project management teams.

Now, I hope it will become easier.

1. The modern concept of “risk”...

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

A. External risk factors;

10.

A. Pure risks;

B. Speculative risks.

12.

A. Commercial risk;

B. Production risk;

B. Financial risk;

D. Insurance risk.

13.

14.

15.

A . Selective risk;

B. Exchange risk;

B. Business risk;

D. Credit risk.

16.

A. Business risks;

B. Organizational risks;

B. Legal risks;

D. Managerial risks.

17.

18.

19.

A . Known risks;

B. Foreseeable risks;

B. Unforeseen risks.

20.

A. Risk factor;

B. Risk indicator;

B. Type of risk.

21.

22.

23.

A . 10%;

24.

25.

26. .

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

A. Minimum level of risk;

B. Acceptable level of risk;

IN . High level of risk;

32.

A. A situation of certainty;

33.

A. Variance;

B. The scope of variation;

34.

35.

A. Variance;

B. Coefficient of variation;

B. Standard deviation.

36.

B. Limited application;

B. Complexity of calculations.

37.

38.

A. 2-3 people;

B. 5-12 people;

B. 15-20 people.

39.

A. Grouping method;

B. Ranking method;

IN . Delphi method.

40.

41. The decision-making criterion under conditions of uncertainty, based on the choice of the maximum average value, is called:

A. Laplace criterion;

B. Wald criteria;

IN . Hurwitz criterion;

D. Savage criterion.

42. The criterion aimed at minimizing losses from an incorrect decision is called:

A. Laplace criterion;

B. Wald criteria;

B. Hurwitz criterion;

D. Savage criterion.

43. The correction coefficient α used when choosing a solution according to the Hurwitz criterion is called:

A. Optimism coefficient;

B. Risk coefficient;

B. Preference coefficient.

44. The Wald criterion (criterion of greatest caution) when choosing risky decisions assumes:

A . Selecting the option with the maximum guaranteed result;

B. Selecting the option with the maximum average result;

B. Selecting an option taking into account the likelihood of optimal developments.

45. The purpose of risk management as part of financial management in an organization is:

A . Retaining all or part of your resources and obtaining the expected result (profit) at an acceptable level of risk;

B. Avoidance of all possible risks when the company carries out financial, production and other types of activities;

B. Reducing the impact of external risk factors on the activities of the enterprise.

46. Which task is not included in the organization's risk management system?

A. Establishment of a hierarchical system of rules (criteria) for choosing a risk solution for the implementation of a risk management strategy, taking into account the attitude of a business entity to the consequences of risk;

B. Development of a risk management program, organization of its implementation, including monitoring and analysis of the results obtained;

IN . Making management decisions on various types of activities of the organization in a risky business environment.

47. The managed risk management system includes:

A. Concept, strategy and criteria for risk management;

B. Risky capital investments and economic relations between business entities;

B. Subjects of risk management - financial manager, risk manager or insurance specialist.

48. The concept of acceptable risk involves...

A. The need to select management decisions in accordance with the manager’s subjective assessment of the level of risk;

B. The ability to take risks if their value is no more than 10%;

IN . Identification of the starting, assessed and final level of risk and the continuous implementation of risk management measures on this basis.

49. A systematic approach to risk management involves...

A. Creation of a special structural unit, the functions of which include the creation of a risk management system for the entire organization and the targeted implementation of risk management activities;

B. Systemic parallel protection of all areas of the organization’s activities: social, economic, financial processes, environmental protection, design and technological structures from excessive (unacceptable) risks.

50. The basic rules of risk management include...

A . Maximum winnings, optimal fluctuation of results, optimal combination of winnings and risk;

B. Optimal combination of gain and amount of risk, taking into account the subjective characteristics of the manager when making risky decisions;

B. The greatest variability of the result, maximum winnings.

51. In a developed risk management system, risk management tactics are implemented based on...

A. Systems of organizational documentation - regulations, instructions, methodological and technological materials that ensure the effective implementation of the selected risk alternative;

B. Developed and approved risk management concept;

IN . A situational approach, in which risk assessment and implementation of risk measures occurs as a risk situation arises, taking into account specific factors and conditions.

52. The initial stage of implementing a risk management system in an organization is...

A . Determining the risk goal and the goals of risky capital investments;

B. The emergence of a risk problem associated with loss of profit;

B. Creation of a specialized position or structural unit for risk management of the organization.

53. Making a risky decision in management practice should...

A. Carry out only collegiately, because risky decisions are most often complex and ambiguous in nature and it is necessary to consider all sides and possible consequences of risky decisions;

B. Carried out by the financial manager (risk manager) alone, because the decision always involves responsibility for possible losses.

54. Reducing possible negative consequences of risk when implementing risk management at the planning stage is carried out using...

A. Using various decision-making criteria (Wald, Hurwitz criteria, etc.) to select the optimal solution, which allows you to make a risky decision under conditions of uncertainty;

B. Development of various activities to ensure the achievement of set goals;

B. Strict control over compliance with various regulations, instructions, operating modes.

55. Regulation in the risk management system implies:

A. Encouraging financial managers and other specialists to be interested in reducing the level of risks and possible losses;

B. Current impact on the control object to eliminate any deviations that have arisen;

B. Ensuring the consistency of relations between the management object, the subject of management, the management apparatus and the individual employee.

56. Heuristic decision rules are:

A. Rules for processing statistical information about the probabilistic business environment in order to make effective risk decisions;

B. Methods for developing forecasts for the development of risk situations;

B. A set of logical techniques and methodological rules for finding the truth, which allow you to make risky decisions in conditions of uncertainty and risk.

57. The heuristic rule “you can’t take more risks than your own capital allows” applies to:

A. Rules that take into account the capabilities of the entrepreneur;

B. Rules that take into account the decision-making situation;

IN . Rules taking into account the conditions for investing capital.

58. The heuristic rules that take into account the conditions for investing capital do not include the following rule:

A. It makes sense to invest if the return on investment exceeds the rate of inflation;

B. It makes sense to invest if the project’s profitability is the highest possible;

B. Investing (funds in production, in securities, etc.) makes sense only when you can actually get a net profit from it, greater than from keeping money in a bank.

59. Synergistic risk solutions are:

A. Solutions, the implementation of which provided greater profits than originally planned;

B. Solutions whose effectiveness is clearly disproportionately increasing;

B. Decisions in which the efficiency of resource expenditure per unit of effect obtained when managing risk corresponds to the norms and standards adopted for the industry or type of activity under consideration.

60. The main role in implementing management influences on risk in the organization’s risk management system belongs to:

A. External mechanisms for their neutralization, i.e. various types of insurance as methods of risk transfer;

B. Internal mechanisms for influencing risk, which are selected and implemented by the business entity itself within the framework of its activities.

61. Risk resolution methods are used in situations where:

A . An entrepreneur prefers to act for sure, refusing risky projects, transferring the risk to a third party or guarantors;

B. The situation is characterized by a high level of risk and high potential profitability, which forces the entrepreneur to take risks.

62. Methods of refusing risky projects, unreliable partners, risky financial transactions, and a large share of borrowed capital include:

A. Risk transfer methods;

B. Risk avoidance methods;

B. Risk distribution methods;

D. Methods of risk diversification.

63. Name the main disadvantage of using risk avoidance methods:

A. Inability to use internal reserves of insurance protection;

B. High level of costs for implementing risk avoidance measures;

IN . Refusal of additional opportunities and sources of income.

64. Risk transfer methods include:

A . Concluding agreements with third parties who have more opportunities to neutralize the negative consequences of the risk;

B. Risk differentiation by stages of project implementation;

B. Imposing quantitative restrictions on some characteristics of the control object.

65. Concluding special agreements (for example, factoring agreements), using sureties, and providing guarantees are among the methods:

A. Risk avoidance;

B. Transfer of risk;

B. Risk diversification;

D. Limitations.

66. Risk distribution (dissipation) methods are as follows:

A. Risk is distributed by type of activity, type of investment, type of securities in the portfolio;

B. Risk is distributed by concluding contracts, for example, an insurance contract;

IN . The risk is distributed between business partners.

67. Diversification of activities as a method of risk management involves:

A. Development of new markets, targeting different consumer groups, expanding the range of products;

B. Preference for several investment projects of small capital intensity over a large investment project that absorbs all the financial reserves of the enterprise;

B. Organization of business relationships with several partners.

68. The presence of internal company standards for certain indicators, the excess of which entails risks, and the establishment of limit values ​​for these indicators is called:

A. Dissipation;

B. Hedging;

IN . Limitation;

D. Concentration.

69. The creation of venture enterprises that ensure the implementation of high-risk projects is called:

A . Localization;

B. Limitation;

B. Hedging;

D. Concentration.

70. Which of the following methods is not a risk compensation method:

A. Creation of a reserve system;

B. Personnel training;

IN . Selecting several currencies for foreign economic transactions.

71. Risk hedging is:

A . Insurance of the price of a risk product by creating encountered currency, commercial, credit and other obligations and requirements;

B. Creation of a system of quantitative restrictions imposed on certain characteristics of operations;

B. Creation of special structural units with a separate balance sheet for the implementation of risky projects.

72. The formation of a system of safety stocks and reserves refers to the method:

A. Diversification;

B. Limitation;

IN . Compensation;

G. Insurance. In each task there is only one correct answer, indicated by the corresponding letter.

1. The modern concept of “risk”...

A . Used to indicate possible property damage;

B. Associated with both possible material damage and possible gain;

B. Identified only with the resulting material damage.

2. The classical theory of entrepreneurial risk ((J. Mill, N.U. Senior) identifies risk with...

A. Mathematical expectation of possible losses from business activity;

B. The probability of a risk event occurring;

B. Uncertainty of entrepreneurial activity.

3. The magnitude of possible profit fluctuations was first called a risk criterion by representatives...

A. Classical theory of entrepreneurial risk;

B. Neoclassical school of risk;

B. Keynesian scientific school.

4. The objective probability of a risk event occurring…

A. Based on the assumption of the possibility of obtaining a certain effect;

B. Based on the calculation of the frequency with which a process or phenomenon occurs.

5. Name the main reasons limiting the practical use of statistical data to determine the probabilities of events occurring

A. Insufficient volume of statistical data or their absence;

B. The influence of the subjective characteristics of the researcher;

B. The presence of uncertainty in the real conditions of business activity.

6. What causes the emergence of social uncertainty when making risky decisions?

A. With the influence of the personal characteristics of the leader and performers;

B. With the uncertainty of the external environment;

B. With the emergence of various social connections and communications during the implementation of decisions.

7. How do the concepts of “uncertainty” and the concept of “risk” relate?

A. In real business activities, these concepts are synonymous;

B. Risk characterizes a situation when the occurrence of certain events can be assessed quantitatively, and uncertainty implies the impossibility of assessing the probability of the occurrence of such events;

B. Uncertainty characterizes the conditions of the external environment, and risk characterizes the actions of the entrepreneur, so these concepts are not related.

8. What is the regulatory function of risk?

A. The need to identify, assess, and manage risk in all areas of the organization’s activities;

B. The need for costs to compensate for damage in the event of a risk event.

9. Business activity of the enterprise, marketing strategy, personnel management policy, production potential are

A. External risk factors;

B. Internal risk factors.

10. Speculative (dynamic, commercial) risks -

A. There are always losses for business activities;

B. Can incur both losses and additional profits;

B. Characterize additional opportunities for making a profit.

A. Pure risks;

B. Speculative risks.

12. The risk of losses associated with the ineffective use of fixed and working assets by the enterprise relates to:

A. Commercial risk;

B. Production risk;

B. Financial risk;

D. Insurance risk.

13. Risks associated with the purchasing power of money include:

A . Liquidity risks, currency, deflation, inflation risks;

B. Risk of decreased profitability, risk of direct financial losses, risk of lost profits;

B. Investment and financial risks.

14. Credit risk represents:

A. The danger of losses by commercial banks, credit institutions, investment institutions as a result of the excess of interest rates paid by them on borrowed funds over the rates on loans provided;

B. The risk of non-payment on commercial transactions and the risk of shortfall in commissions;

IN . The risk of the borrower failing to pay principal and interest.

15. The risk of incorrect choice of types of capital investment, type of securities for investment in comparison with other types of securities when forming an investment portfolio is:

A . Selective risk;

B. Exchange risk;

B. Business risk;

D. Credit risk.

16. Risks caused by mistakes of the company’s management (including when making decisions) and its employees; Problems of the internal control system and poorly developed work rules include:

A. Business risks;

B. Organizational risks;

B. Legal risks;

D. Managerial risks.

17. The risk problem that arises in business activity is:

A. Discrepancy between the planned profit and the real capabilities of the organization;

B. The influence of various risk factors on the achievement of the organization’s goals;

IN . There is an unacceptably large discrepancy between the need for security and the real level of risk in the process of business activity.

18. Risk identification is:

A. Analysis of existing types of business risk;

B. Assessing the consequences of risk events;

IN . Establishing types, sources of risks and knowledge of the nature of their origin, taking into account the specifics of the organization’s activities.

19. Risks, the consequences of which can be determined with a high degree of certainty and which can be identified when analyzing statistical or accounting statements, relate to:

A . Known risks;

B. Foreseeable risks;

B. Unforeseen risks.

20. A quantitative expression of the fact that as a result of the decision made, the expected income will not be received in full or business resources will be lost is:

A. Risk factor;

B. Risk indicator;

B. Type of risk.

21. Indirect losses of profit associated with exposure to risk factors are:

A. Losses from failure to complete an operation, failure to conclude a transaction, or failure to sell goods;

B. Costs of organizing and conducting risk management activities;

B. Possible losses arising during a business transaction.

22. Critical risk is characterized by:

A. Losses equal to the property status of the enterprise;

B. Losses equal to estimated revenue;

B. Loss of expected profit.

23. The maximum value of the acceptable risk when concluding transactions is:

A . 10%;

24. The risk curve is:

A. Distribution of the probability of losses when concluding a transaction;

B. Graphic representation of existing risks and the probabilities of their occurrence.

25. What risk assessment indicators can be used under conditions of certainty?

A. Probabilistic and statistical indicators;

B. Absolute, relative and average indicators;

B. Expert assessments of the level of risk.

26. .What information characterizes the condition of certainty when making risky decisions?

A. Statistical and financial indicators of the organization’s activities;

B. Information about the factors and conditions for making a risk decision;

B. Information about the expert assessment of the situation.

27. Absolute risk assessment indicators are based on:

A. Distribution of predicted values ​​of indicators;

B. Subjective assessments of the magnitude of risk;

IN . Actual indicators of financial documentation.

28. Liquidity risk represents:

A. The danger of losing the stability of the financial situation due to the low share of equity capital in the total amount of financial resources used;

B. The risk of temporary losses and loss of original value when converting assets into cash;

B. The risk of a firm's inability to cover its financial obligations with its assets.

29. The assessment of the risk of loss of solvency is based on:

A. Analysis and comparison of groups of assets and liabilities of the balance sheet, formed according to the degree of risk;

B. Assessment of the enterprise's own and borrowed funds;

B. Assessment of working capital and sources of their formation.

30. The risk coefficient, risk scales and standards systems relate to:

A. Absolute risk indicators;

B. Relative risk indicators;

B. Statistical risk indicators.

31. The value of the risk coefficient ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 characterizes:

A. Minimum level of risk;

B. Acceptable level of risk;

IN . High level of risk;

D. Unacceptable level of risk.

32. The situation when information about a risk event exists in the form of the frequency (probability) of its occurrence is called:

A. A situation of certainty;

B. A situation of risk (partial uncertainty);

B. A situation of uncertainty.

33. A statistical indicator of risk assessment that characterizes the deviation of extreme values ​​of a result from the average is called:

A. Variance;

B. The scope of variation;

B. Standard deviation.

34. Variance as a measure of the risk of an outcome is:

A. The ratio of the standard deviation to the average expected value, which characterizes the amount of risk per unit of return;

B. The weighted average of the square deviations of actual results from the expected average, which characterizes the spread of results relative to the average;

C. The weighted average of all possible outcome values ​​and the probability of their occurrence.

35. An indicator that expresses the amount of risk per unit of return and is a complex relative indicator that allows you to compare results expressed in different units of measurement is called:

A. Variance;

B. Coefficient of variation;

B. Standard deviation.

36. The disadvantage of statistical risk assessment indicators is:

A . Large volume of initial data and the need to take into account additional characteristics and decision-making criteria;

B. Limited application;

B. Complexity of calculations.

37. Expert methods for making risky decisions are:

A. Qualitative assessments of specialists, allowing to most fully describe the situation of making a risky decision and consider options that are difficult to formalize;

B. A set of logical and mathematical procedures aimed at obtaining information from expert specialists, analyzing and summarizing it in order to select rational decisions.

38. The optimal number of experts when conducting an examination, if it is not anonymous and the decision is developed jointly by experts, is:

A. 2-3 people;

B. 5-12 people;

B. 15-20 people.

39. Carrying out an examination in several rounds, determining the generalized opinion of experts (median) and substantiating the radical opinions of individual specialists characterizes:

A. Grouping method;

B. Ranking method;

IN . Delphi method.

40. The Delphi method is characterized by the following requirements for its implementation:

A. Only a qualitative assessment and discussion of the problem situation in order to develop a unified solution;

B. Only a quantitative assessment of the characteristics of the problem, using a scoring system;

B. Multi-level, anonymity, the ability to supplement information about the subject of the examination.

Tests on the topic “Financial Risk Management”

1. Enterprises in which industries face commercial risks:

1. Industry

2. Trade

3. Construction

4. All industries.

2. How do the concepts of commercial and financial risk relate:

1. financial risks include commercial

2. commercial risks include financial

3. these concepts are not comparable, because they belong to different classifications

4. these are synonyms

H. What does it mean to manage risk?

1. monitor the trend of its development

2. use various measures to predict the onset of a risk
events

3. take measures to reduce risk

4. it is impossible to manage risk, since this concept is studied by the theory of probability

4. What are the main risk groups when classifying them?

1. Inbox

3. Current

4. Speculative

5. Speculative risks include:

1. Property risk

2. Trading risk

3. Currency risk

4. Inflation risk

6. What causes the uncertainty of the economic situation?

1. Probability

2. By chance

3. Counteraction

4. Regularity

7. What methods are used to determine the probability of an event occurring?

1. Subjective

2. ABC method

3. Objective

4. All of the above

8. Reducing the degree of probable risk is achieved by the following methods:

1. hedging

2. transfer of risk

3. insurance

4. refusal of the transaction

5. avoiding possible risks

6. red line method

7. franchising

9. Risk, expressed in the probability of getting both positive and negative results:

1. financial;

2. environmental;

3. speculative;

4. clean.

10. What risks are included in investment risks:

2. currency;

3. credit;

4. reduction in profitability;

5. direct financial losses;

6. selective.

11. Factors causing uncertainty in the economic situation:

1. cyclicality;

2. lack of complete information;

3. opposition;

4. dynamism;

5. chance.

12. Methods for determining the probability of an event occurring:

1. deductive;

2. objective;

3. selective;

4. subjective.

13. Commercial risks form the following pure risks:

1. environmental;

2. financial;

3. property;

4. trading;

5. stock exchange;

6. production.

14. Types of risks identified at the state level:

1. clean;

2. at the macroeconomic level;

3. at the microeconomic level;

4. speculative.

15. Functions of entrepreneurial risk:

1. protective;

2. cost;

3. regulatory;

4. social;

5. political.

16. Possibility of unfavorable outcome- This

17. What risks are considered speculative?

1. related to the purchasing power of money

2. economic

3. investment

4. production

18. What type of risks does exchange risk belong to:

1. inflationary

2. risks of financial losses

3. risks of decreased profitability

19. How many main risk areas can be identified in the activities of any company:

21. What methods are used in quantitative risk analysis:

3. analogues

4. estimates of the probability of expected damage

5. expert assessments

22. What is the name of the risk reduction method, in which any risk-related activity is abandoned or measures are developed that completely eliminate them:

1. limiting risk concentration

2. hedging

3. avoiding possible risks

23. By concluding which contracts is risk transferred:

4. contracts for storage and transportation of goods

Tests on the topic “Managing current costs”

3. increasing lending volumes,

4. determining the impact of a decrease in sales volume on net profit.

4. receiving a larger amount of profit.

4. the difference between sales revenue and the profitability threshold.

19. Coverage contribution- This:

1. price minus variable costs;

2. production costs of all products;

3. costs of producing a unit of output;

5. gross margin.

20. Break-even production is when:

1. costs exceed income;

2. revenue equals costs plus profit;

3. revenue is equal to the costs of production and sales of products;

4. costs are equal to the sum of fixed and variable costs.

21. Gross margin- This:

1. revenue minus variable costs;

2. revenue minus fixed and variable costs;

3. profit plus fixed costs;

4. profit plus variable costs.

22. The strength of the operating leverage effect shows:

1. operating leverage effect;

2. change in profit due to changes in the cost structure and product sales volumes;

3. by what percentage will profit change if revenue changes by one percent.

23. Financial leverage is an indicator of the potential ability to change net profit or return on equity due to:

1. increase in sales volume;

2. increase in revenue;

3. due to changes in the ratio of borrowed and equity funds.