3.2. Reclamation of disturbed lands disturbed during the construction of a gas pipeline branch and gas distribution station to the village of Krasnye Baki.

This section of the project covers the issues of reclamation of lands disturbed during the construction of the gas pipeline branch and gas distribution station to the village of Krasnye Baki.

General information about reclamation

This section was inspired by:

· technical conditions for reclamation issued by the district department of agriculture;

· diagram of the arrangement of mechanisms within the construction zone;

· established norms for land allocation;

· gas pipeline route plan with land user boundaries;

· general plan;

· research materials.

This section of the project has been developed in accordance with:

· "Land Code of the RSFSR", 1991;

· "Forest Code of the RSFSR", 1997;

· Resolution of the Council of Ministers - Government of the Russian Federation No. 77 of January 28, 1993 “On approval of the Regulations on the procedure for compensation of losses to land owners, landowners, land users, tenants and losses of agricultural production”;

· Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1176 of November 27, 1995
year "On amendments to the resolution of the Council of Ministers
Government of the Russian Federation dated January 28, 1993 No. 77 “On
approval of the Regulations on the procedure for compensation of losses to land owners,
landowners, land users, tenants and losses
agricultural production";

· Instructions on the procedure for financing land reclamation work. Moscow: Ministry of Finance of the USSR, State Planning Committee of the USSR, State Bank of the USSR, 1976;

· Instructions on the procedure for compensating land users for losses caused by the seizure or temporary occupation of land, as well as losses of agricultural production associated with the seizure of land for non-agricultural needs. Moscow: Gosagroprom USSR, 1976;

· “Instructions on forestry and state control over the condition, use, reproduction, conservation and protection of forests”, State Forestry Committee, 1985;

· "Instructions for monitoring forest management works", State Forestry Committee, 1991;

· "Protection of the natural environment" - with SNiP 1.02.01-95;

VSN 004-44 "Construction of main pipelines. Technology and organization", Ministry of Oil and Gas Construction, 1989;

· VSN 014-89 "Construction of main and field pipelines. Environmental protection", Ministry of Oil and Gas Construction, 1990;

· GOST 27593-88 (ST SEV 5298-85) - Soils, terms and definitions;

· GOST 17.4.3.02-85. Protection of Nature. Soils. Requirements for the protection of fertile soil layer during excavation work;

· GOST 17.4.3.04-85. Protection of Nature. Soils. General requirements for control and

protection against pollution;

· GOST 17.5.1.01-83. Protection of Nature. Earth. Land reclamation. Terms and

definitions;

· GOST 17.5.1.02-85. Protection of Nature. Earth. Classification of disturbed lands

for reclamation;

· GOST 17.5.3.04-83. Protection of Nature. Earth. General requirements for reclamation

disturbed lands;

· GOST 17.5.3.05-84. Protection of Nature. Land reclamation. General requirements;

· GOST 17.5.3.06-85. Protection of Nature. Earth. Requirements for determining standards

removal of fertile soil layer during excavation work;

· "Standards for the reclamation of disturbed lands in the gas industry" -

VNIIGazdobycha Institute;

· "Collection of standards and costs for the reclamation of disturbed lands", GIRP

State Agricultural Industry of the USSR, 1987;

· "Collection of norms for land allocation for the construction of linear structures",

Stroyizdat, 1976;

· "Methodology for determining the economic efficiency of land reclamation",

NIIPiN and GIRZ, State Agricultural Industry of the USSR, 1986.

Work on the reclamation of disturbed lands during the construction process is carried out on agricultural lands.

On the lands of the State Forest Fund and “inconvenient” lands, it is planned to level the mineral soil along a temporary allotment strip, as well as compact it in a trench.

Technical reclamation aimed at preserving the fertile layer is carried out by the construction organization, biological reclamation aimed at restoring soil fertility (plowing, sowing grass, applying organic and mineral fertilizers) is carried out by the land user at the expense of funds provided for in the reclamation estimate included in the consolidated construction estimate .

The project provides for compensation to land users for losses in the manner specified in the “Instructions on the procedure for compensating land users for losses caused by the seizure or temporary occupation of land plots,” as well as losses of agricultural production associated with the seizure of land for non-agricultural needs.

According to the requirements of SNiP II1-42-80 “Main pipelines”, before the start of the main construction and installation work on laying communications on lands used in agricultural production, it is necessary to carry out, among other preparatory work, cutting the fertile layer, edging it into a dump for its subsequent use for restoration (reclamation) of disturbed agricultural land.

Scope of work on land restoration (reclamation)

Along the gas pipeline routes and off-site communications, the project provides for the removal, preservation and subsequent restoration of the fertile soil layer on a strip of width determined in accordance with VSN 004-88. The thickness of the reclaimed layer is 0.3 m. The width of the reclamation strip (for a given diameter of the gas pipeline is 3.5 m), its placement relative to the axis of the gas pipeline and the location of the fertile soil are shown in the diagram of the construction strip of the gas pipeline.

To avoid weathering of the fertile layer when it is buried before moving back to restore soil fertility, the surface of the dump should be sown with fast-growing grasses.

In accordance with the conditions established by land users and the instructions for land reclamation during the construction of pipelines VSN 004-88, as well as standards for the reclamation of disturbed lands in the gas industry (VNIPIgazdobycha) were adopted

scope of work given in the statement of scope of work for reclamation of disturbed lands Table. 1.

On lands allocated for permanent use for the construction of on-site buildings and structures, the removal of land is provided for throughout the entire territory allocated for construction, and its restoration only within the green zone. The accepted volumes of work for the reclamation of disturbed lands during the construction of site structures and access roads are given in Table. 1.1.

Table

volumes of work on reclamation of disturbed lands

Table 1

		Name of land users	Extended, reclamation. stripes m	Reclamation width stripes m	Thickness of the removed fertile layer, m		Volume of excavation m 3
1		2	3	4	5		6
1. Linear part of the gas pipeline
Nizhny Novgorod Region
Semenovsky district
1		k-z "Bokovsky"
		arable land	1320	3,5	0,3		1386
		pasture	129	-"-	-"-		135
			872				1521
Krasnobakovsky district
1		s-w "Rassvet"	7514	3,5	0,3		7890
		arable land	465	-"-	-"-		488
		pasture
		TOTAL:	7979				8378
2		s-w "Zubilikhinsky"
		arable land	5506	-"-	-"-		5781
		pasture	43	-"-	-"-		45
		TOTAL:	5549				5826
2		k-z "Red Banner"
		arable land	931	-"-	-"-		978
		TOTAL:	931				978
		TOTAL FOR KRASNOBAKOVS DISTRICT:
		arable land	13951	-"-	-"-		14649
		pasture	508	-"-	-"-		533
			14459				15182
		TOTAL FOR THE LINEAR PART OF THE GAS PIPELINE:
		arable land	15271	-"-	-"-		16034
		pasture	637	-"-	-"-		669
			15908				16703
II. Cable communication line
Nizhny Novgorod Region
Semenovsky district
1	k-z "Bokovsky"
	arable land		1440	3,5	0,3	1512
	pasture		129	-"-	-"-	135
	TOTAL IN SEMENOVSKY DISTRICT:		1569			1647
Krasnobakovsky district
1	s-w "Rassvet"		7514	3,5	0,3	7890
	arable land		465	-"-	-"-	488
	pasture
	TOTAL:		7979			8378
2	s-w "Zubilikhinsky"
	arable land		5506	-"-	-"-	5781
	pasture		43	-"-	-"-	45
	TOTAL:		5549			5826
2	k-z "Red Banner"
	arable land		1726	-"-	-"-	1812
	TOTAL:		1726			1812
	TOTAL FOR THE KR S NO BA TO THE ENTIRE DISTRICT:
	arable land		14746	-"-	-"-	15483
	pasture		508	-"-	-"-	533
			15254			16016
	TOTAL BY CABLE COMMUNICATION LINE:
	arable land		16186	-"-	-"-	16995
	pasture		637	-"-	-"-	669
			16823			17664
Krasnobakovsky district
III. Water supply
1	k-z "Red Banner"
	arable land		32	-"-	-"-	34
	pasture		58	-"-	-"-	61
	TOTAL FOR WATER SUPPLY:		90			95
IV. Low pressure gas pipeline
1	k-z "Red Banner"
	arable land		795	-"-	-"-	835
	TOTAL FOR LOW PRESSURE GAS PIPELINE:		795			835

V. GDS power supply cable line
1	k-z "Red Banner"
	arable land	95	-"-	-"-	100
	TOTAL:	95			100
VI. Cable power supply line for linear consumers
1	k-z "Red Banner"
	arable land	691	-"-	-"-	725
	TOTAL:	691			725
	TOTAL BY CABLE POWER SUPPLY LINE:
	arable land	786	-"-	-"-	825
		786			825

volumes of work on reclamation of disturbed lands for the territories of gas distribution stations, subsidiaries and roads

Table 1.1.

	Name of works			incl. by objects
p/p
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1	Cutting plant soil from		1673	380	438	767	88
	transportation
	- for the construction of lawns		168	66	102	-	-
2	Arrangement of lawns by sowing		1671	655	1016	-	-
	perennial herbs
3	Strengthening embankment slopes by sowing		981	-	-	905	76
	perennial herbs
4	Construction of a hedge from		167	-	167	-	-
	two-row shrub with application
	vegetable soil 0.2 m 3 for 1 bush
5	Planting trees with clod and application	PC.	16	-	16	-	-
	vegetable soil 0.2 m 3 for 1 tree

Methods for performing land reclamation work

When constructing pipelines, reclamation is included in the overall package of work performed in the following sequence:

Differentiated removal of the fertile soil layer, depending on its thickness, from the strip to be reclaimed and moving it to a temporary dump, within the boundaries of the right of way;

Digging trenches;

Construction of pipelines and networks with backfilling of trenches with mineral soil;

Compaction of mineral soil with a trailed roller in 2 passes;

Distribution of the mineral soil remaining after filling the trenches along the strip to be reclaimed in an even layer;

Moving the fertile soil layer from a temporary dump and evenly distributing it within the reclaimed strip, creating a flat surface after natural compaction.

When removing, moving and storing the fertile soil layer, mixing it with underlying rocks, contamination with liquids or materials, erosion and blowing out is not allowed.

When carrying out reclamation, during the construction of pipelines, cutting and moving the fertile soil layer is carried out by a bulldozer in passages transverse to the longitudinal axis of the structure.

After completion of construction along the entire temporary right of way the following is carried out:

· removal of all temporary devices and structures from its boundaries;

· backfilling and layer-by-layer compaction or leveling of potholes and holes resulting from construction work;

· removal of construction waste;

· treatment of soil layers with biological products such as “Devoroil”, “Destroyl”, “Putidoil” in places of unexpected contamination with oil products;

· checking by an inspector for the use and storage of land, the condition of the soil in order to exclude the possibility of backfilling contaminated soil with a layer of soil;

· loading and transportation of the remaining fertile soil to unproductive lands in agreement with the land user, leveling and leveling on site.

Calendar deadlines for work completion
on technical reclamation

It is allowed to begin work if there are legally issued materials for land allocation for the construction period.

Before starting work, it is necessary to agree with land users on the timing and methods of work.

Technical reclamation is carried out during the warm period of the year.

At the same time, it is necessary to provide for the creation of a front of work for construction organizations for the winter period, having previously removed the fertile layer of soil in areas where work will be carried out in winter.

In exceptional cases, in agreement with organizations that monitor land use, it is allowed to remove the fertile soil layer in winter.

When carrying out work to remove the fertile soil layer in the winter season, the frozen fertile layer should be developed with bulldozers with preliminary loosening of the soil. Loosening should be carried out to a depth not exceeding the thickness of the fertile soil layer.

The above recommendations on the timing of land reclamation must be taken into account when the general contractor draws up work projects, combined work schedules and title lists for construction financing.

Putting reclaimed land into operation

Upon completion of reclamation, land plots allocated for temporary use are returned to their previous owners in a condition suitable for their intended economic use.

The transfer of land is carried out after the complete completion of construction and installation work simultaneously with the commissioning of the main facilities.

The transfer of land to land users is carried out by the customer with the participation of the contractor, land users, local authorities and is formalized by an act in the prescribed manner.

Technical and economic indicators of land reclamation

1. Area of ​​alienated land, hectares.................................................... ...... 89.17.

2. Area of ​​reclaimed land, hectares.................................... 35.73 ;

including:

Agricultural................................................................... ................. 12.08;

Forestry................................................................... ....................... 23.65.

3. Average annual area

reclaimed lands, hectares................................................... .......... 35.73.

4. Fertile removal area

soil layer, ha......................................................... .................................... 12.08.

5. Power of fertile stripping

soil layer, m................................................... ........................................0.3.

6. Thickness of the reclaimed layer

soil, m........................................................ ...................................................0 ,3.

7. Volume of excavation work, thousand m 3 excavation................................................... 36.12.

8. Volume of excavation work, thousand m 3 embankment....................................…..... 36.12.

Information about the work “Modern methods for solving environmental problems at an enterprise (using the example of Volgotransgaz LLC, a subsidiary of OJSC GAZPROM)”

Land allocation for highway construction is divided into permanent and temporary. Permanent allotment includes areas occupied by embankments and excavations of the roadbed, transport interchanges, complexes of road and motor transport services, etc. The dimensions of permanent allotment areas are determined in accordance with the land allotment standards for highways SN 462-74, taking into account specific design decisions.

Lands allocated for temporary use during the construction period include: lateral soil reserves, temporary production bases, concentrated soil reserves, quarries, earth-carrying and bypass roads, lands disturbed during the reconstruction of various communications and structures.

Technical stage:

All lands disturbed by construction, in which changes have occurred, expressed in the disturbance of soil cover, the formation of new forms of relief, changes in the hydrogeological regime of the territory (drying out, flooding), as well as adjacent lands on which productivity has decreased as a result of construction, are subject to reclamation.

Measures for the reclamation of temporarily occupied lands are prescribed in accordance with the technical conditions issued by land users and land management organizations. Reclamation of disturbed lands is carried out for the purpose of their subsequent use. In our case, in the agricultural direction, i.e. creation of agricultural land on disturbed lands;

The determination of rational types and directions of reclamation should be based on a cumulative consideration of the following factors: climate, topography, soil cover, vegetation, geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, economic and sanitary conditions, taking into account the prospects for the development of the area, technology and integrated mechanization of excavation and transport work, economic feasibility of reclamation work.

The system for the development and transportation of soil from under the base of embankments, temporary buildings and structures, in areas occupied by excavations, earth-carrying roads and construction sites, must ensure selective excavation, storage and storage of the fertile layer in the volumes provided for by the project for its use in the restoration of disturbed or to increase the fertility of unproductive lands. When removing, storing and storing the fertile soil layer, measures are taken to prevent deterioration of its quality, and during long-term storage, measures are taken to prevent erosion and blowing out of the stored fertile soil layer. The surfaces of the dumps are secured by sowing grass or other means.

The removal of the fertile soil layer is carried out in the warm and dry period of the year; in areas occupied by agricultural crops - after harvesting. Before removing the fertile soil, preparatory work is carried out to remove stumps, bushes, boulders, etc.

Land plots prepared for use in agriculture must be planned, covered with a fertile layer of soil, and convenient for carrying out agricultural work using modern mechanization tools.

Biological stage of reclamation:

Biological reclamation is the final stage of restoration of disturbed lands. The purpose of biological reclamation is to restore the fertility of reclaimed lands. The choice of biological reclamation methods is determined by the climatic zone, economic feasibility, soil distribution conditions, their properties and composition. The suitability of disturbed lands for use in agriculture is determined on the basis of: laboratory research, field and vegetation experiments, and observations of self-overgrowth.

The period of the biological stage of reclamation of disturbed lands is established taking into account: the thickness and quality of the applied fertile layer of soil and potentially fertile rocks, the biological characteristics of cultivated crops and the subsequent economic use of reclaimed lands, and moisture conditions.

The duration of the biological stage of reclamation is 4-6 years on lands with a fertile layer applied for haymaking;

Thus, on our site of 18 hectares, 1 hectare of land was disturbed by the temporary location of the rotation camp. After completion of construction, removal of equipment and structures, as well as the sand-gravel mixture, it is necessary to remove the remains of the sand-gravel mixture and the upper part of the fertile layer (in our case, 0.1 m out of 0.3 m), since the top layer of soil was compacted , and take it to the nearest quarry.

1 ha = 10000 m2. 10000m2 x 0.1m = 1000m3.

We also have 60 m2 of over-compacted soil, since a road was formed to access the rotational camp. Compacted soil reduces the rate of water penetration to the plant roots. Additionally, compacted soil reduces the space needed for roots to grow, causing their growth to stunt. And if poor drainage, excess water that can't be absorbed, and poor aeration aren't enough to convince you that compacted soil is harmful, then severe erosion will make you think otherwise. Water that falls on the surface of the soil flows to another place, since the hard, dense soil does not allow it to penetrate inside.

The compacted soil must be loosened and, if necessary, also covered with a fertile layer of soil.

Next comes the biological stage of reclamation. Fertility restoration is carried out by applying organic and mineral fertilizers, carrying out the necessary reclamation measures, sowing various crops, using special crop rotations and agricultural techniques.

A strip of terrain allocated for the location of a road on it, the construction of auxiliary structures and the planting of roadside green spaces is called right of way. It is transferred to the disposal of road organizations and is withdrawn from the control of those land users to whom it was assigned before the construction of the road. Due to the high national economic value of suburban lands for agricultural use and forestry, according to the norms for land allocation for highways, the width of the allocated strip of land is limited by the actual boundaries of the roadbed, increased on each side by 1 m.

When constructing roads on irrigated or drained lands, as well as lands occupied by gardens, it is not allowed to arrange lateral reserves and cavaliers. In cases where it is not possible to lay dirt quarries to the side of the road for filling the embankment, as an exception, a strip is allocated for temporary use for laying shallow reserves so that a fertile humus layer is preserved during road construction. After filling the embankment, the reserve must be leveled, covered with vegetable soil and brought into a condition suitable for use in agriculture. With modern methods of mechanized road construction, it is impossible to ensure the completion of work, limited by the width of the road strip itself. Places are needed to place removed plant soil, and the construction of temporary roads for transporting materials during road reconstruction. For this purpose, additional areas are temporarily allocated to builders, which upon completion of work must be returned to land users in a condition suitable for agricultural work.

Thus, the average width of the right of way, depending on the category of the road, ranges from 63 to 21 m on fertile agricultural land and from 74 to 33 m on land not suitable for agriculture.

Land reclamation

Land reclamation is a complex of works aimed at

restoration of productivity and national economic value

disturbed and contaminated lands, as well as to improve conditions

environment.

Land reclamation issues have relatively recently become mandatory elements of a road construction project. All reclamation work is carried out in two stages: technical and biological.

Technical reclamation is carried out directly during the excavation work or immediately after the release of temporarily occupied land. It includes the removal and storage of fertile soil, vertical leveling of disturbed lands, slopes, measures to prevent water and wind erosion, application of fertile soil, etc. All these works are not particularly specific and are therefore carried out by the organization building the road.

The biological stage includes agrochemical measures to restore the fertility of disturbed lands, as well as the direct return of lands to their original form. These works are highly specific and depend on the purpose of the reclaimed lands (arable land, forest plantations, pastures). Biological reclamation is carried out by land users at the expense of enterprises, organizations and institutions that carried out work on these lands related to soil disturbance.

Based on the general requirements for restoring land fertility, taking into account methods of soil cultivation and the growth process of agricultural crops and other plants, the following requirements for reclaimed areas have been established.

1. Transverse slopes of lands restored by reclamation should ensure the stability of the land against water erosion. For most soil varieties, the permissible reclamation slope iq can be taken as iq< 100‰ при ширине рекультивируемой полосы 10...30 м. При рекультивации под пастбища и сенокосы допускается уклон рекультивации до 20...40‰, при рекультивации под водоем допускается заложение откоса - 1:4.

2. Equality of the yield of the reduced reclaimed land and the main field. The main indicator of this requirement is the thickness of the fertile layer hn, which must be no less than the thickness of the fertile soil layer of the main field h0.

3. Maximum convenience of land cultivation for all types

agricultural crops with all types of agricultural machines.

4. Compliance with the water-thermal regime of the subgrade.

Based on the experience accumulated by road organizations, the list of works for the reclamation of disturbed lands includes the following:

preparing the surface for removing the plant layer (removing bushes, stumps, stones, etc.);

Removing the fertile soil layer;

Loading and transportation of fertile soil to the reclaimed surface;

Laying the reclaimed surface in such a way that it is possible to carry out biological reclamation;

Application of fertilizers, sowing of perennial grasses, shrubs, trees.

To carry out reclamation work, various types of earth-moving and transport machines can be used. The most favorable period for performing work is the spring-summer period.

In flat and slightly rugged terrain, reclamation of land occupied by lateral reserves is carried out along a parabolic arc and a tangent line of permissible slope, which is most easily accomplished during the construction of the roadbed with a bulldozer or motor grader (Fig. 9.6.1).

Rice. 9.6.1. Cross section of the reclaimed road side reserve

Reclamation of near-road side reserves with a depth of more than 1.0 m can be carried out according to one of the proposed schemes:

Backfilling with imported inert material followed by laying a fertile layer of soil on it (Fig. 9.6.2., a);

Position of the external slope of the reserve using soil from the territory adjacent to the reserve (Fig. 9.6.2, b).

Rice. 9.6.2. Schemes for reclamation of road side reserves: a - backfilling with imported material; b - position of the external slope

Technical reclamation of concentrated quarries and reserves is carried out according to schemes similar to the reclamation of near-route lateral reserves, i.e. by filling the mined-out space with materials from overburden dumps or by leveling the slopes of the excavation. In the agricultural direction of reclamation, it is better to lay the fertile soil layer not immediately after filling the quarry, but after using the planned area for hayfields or pastures for two to three years. In this case, before laying the fertile soil layer, the leveled surface must be loosened or plowed. The thickness of the fertile soil layer must be at least 20...50 cm if the reclaimed area will be used for arable land.

Filling the mined-out space of quarries can also be done with industrial and household waste, followed by backfilling waste fertile soil with a thickness of at least 10 cm. The creation of vegetation cover is carried out by sowing perennial grasses.

Protection of Nature.

When constructing a highway, it is necessary to take into account environmental protection requirements. The construction of the road makes big changes to the ecological balance of nature and households. life in the area where it is laid. Land seizure and violation of land boundaries can disrupt the existing crop rotation system and cause great damage to agriculture. By cutting through large forest areas with clearings, roads change the living conditions of the animals inhabiting them. Animals unexpectedly running onto the road can cause accidents. In some cases, roads in forested areas have to be fenced off with high fences, and passage places have to be built under embankments for animals. Ill-considered earthworks carried out during road construction can disturb the beauty of natural landscapes with dirt pits and reserves located in unfortunate places. If it is impossible to avoid these works, it is necessary to camouflage unsuccessful areas disfigured by construction with plantings of vegetation.

The road attracts a large number of people, therefore, when designing it, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of viewing the opening natural landscapes and places of interest.

Technology for the construction of structures that regulate the water-thermal regime of the subgrade, waterproof, drainage, capillary-interrupting layers and drainage structures, as well as deep drainages for intercepting and lowering the groundwater level.

Regulation of the water-thermal regime of the subgrade

Methods for regulating the water-thermal regime of the subgrade can be divided into four main groups. The first group includes measures to limit the wetting of the roadbed by surface and groundwater: protecting it during the construction process, draining water from the roadsides and strengthening them, draining the dividing strip and right-of-way, ensuring a minimum elevation of the bottom of the road pavement above the level of surface and groundwater by construction of embankments or lowering the groundwater level, installation of vapor and waterproofing layers, capillary-breaking layers, electrical and chemical methods, as well as soil compaction. The second group includes measures to replace and improve soils: constructing the upper part of the embankment from non-heaving or slightly heaving soils, frost-protective layers, improving the grain composition of soils and treating them with binders. The third group combines measures for draining water from the road pavement, including the installation of drainage layers and interlayers, shallow drainage. The fourth group includes measures that regulate the thermal regime of the roadbed by installing heat-insulating layers.

During the construction of roads, cohesive soils are exposed to weather influences, as a result of which drying and cracking may occur during the dry period, waterlogging, swelling and a decrease in the bearing capacity of the soil base during the rainy period. In the latter case, unevenness is formed on the surface of the roadbed during the construction of road pavement, which makes it difficult to drain water from the drainage layer during road operation. To protect the roadbed from waterlogging, during the construction process, surface water is drained and protective layers are laid: polymer films, bitumen, etc. The most common drainage measures include the installation of upland and drainage ditches, planning of reserves, excavations, road surfaces, etc. d. Of interest in this regard is the practice of water drainage adopted in France, where during the entire construction period the subgrade is planned with a slope of about 100 ppm.

In a number of countries (Germany, Japan, Portugal, etc.) protective layers are laid: polymer films, soil reinforced with lime or cement, bitumen films, etc. In the USA, Canada, Germany, France and a number of other countries they widely use strengthening roadsides and installing trays for collecting and draining water from the roadway in order to reduce the influx of precipitation into the roadbed during road operation. The transverse slope of the shoulders is made from 20 to 80 ppm based on the type of strengthening (outside the edge strip) of the shoulders, the presence of water flow from the roadway to the side and traffic safety conditions. The transverse slope of the soil part of the roadside at the edge of the roadbed reaches 120 ppm. Until relatively recently, there was practically no data on the impact of such measures on the water-thermal regime of the roadbed in the conditions of the USSR. Therefore, before the introduction of SNiP 5-72, the transverse slopes of roadsides were assigned equal to 25-40 ppm only taking into account the type of coating. It was not clear whether this or that type of strengthening improves or worsens the water-thermal regime of the subgrade.

technology of construction of structures, waterproof, drainage, capillary-interrupting layers

When the groundwater level is high, to increase the stability of the subgrade, waterproof or capillary-breaking layers are installed in the body of the embankment.

Waterproof layers are laid over the entire width of the roadbed or, in order to save materials, over the width of the roadway, exceeding it on each side by 0.5 m.

For embankments with a height of less than 1.0 m, a waterproof layer is installed at the level of the base of the embankment by strengthening the local soil with organic binding materials (liquid bitumen class MG, SG with a viscosity of 25/40, bitumen emulsions, etc.) (Fig. 2.3.1). On high embankments, a waterproof layer can be installed at a depth of 0.6...1.0 m from the edge of the subgrade. In addition to treating local soil, a waterproof layer can be made from bitumen paste or sludge with a thickness of 3.0...3.5 cm.

Rice. 2.3.1. Designs of waterproof layers:

a) with an embankment height of less than 1 m, using soil reinforced with organic binding material as a waterproof layer; b) with an embankment height of more than 1 m using synthetic film as a layer:

1 - coating; 2 - base; 3 - sandy soil; 4 - soil reinforced with organic binding material; 5 - synthetic film; 6 - groundwater level; 7 - reinforced shoulder

Currently, in road construction, the use of synthetic films made of polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and polyisobutylene as a waterproof layer has become widespread. The industry produces polymer films with a width from 2.4 to 12.0 m and a thickness from 0.1 to 2.0 mm. The wider the film, the lower the labor costs for welding or gluing the panels and the higher the quality. The thicker the film, the more reliable it is.

The technological process of strengthening the soil with organic binding material consists of loosening and crushing the soil of the base of the embankment to a depth of 5...10 cm, pouring the binder at the rate of 2...3 l/m2, mixing the soil with the binder, leveling and compacting with rollers on pneumatic tires.

Work operations for the construction of a waterproof layer using synthetic film include: leveling and compaction of the subgrade, distribution of synthetic film sheets, delivery of soil, sliding it onto the film, compaction of the soil and construction of subsequent layers of road pavement.

Capillary-interrupting layers are placed in embankments over their entire width at a depth of 1 m from the edge of the roadbed. The purpose of such layers is to create a barrier to the rise of capillary water (Fig. 2.3.2). Capillary-interrupting layers are made of crushed stone or gravel with a fraction of 5...10 mm and a thickness of 20...40 mm. At the top and bottom of the capillary-breaking layer there are anti-silting layers made of furnace slag, grain fractions from 0.1 to 5 mm, geotextiles with a thickness of 3.0...5.0 mm and other local materials that are not subject to rotting.

Rice. 2.3.2. Waterproof layer design:

1 - road clothing; 2 - subgrade soil; 3 - anti-silting layers; 4 - capillary-interrupting layer; 5 - groundwater level; 6 - capillary water zone; 7 - free water zone

The construction of capillary-breaking layers consists of the following technological processes: construction of the lower part of the roadbed with a transverse slope of at least 30‰ and a soil compaction coefficient of at least 0.98; construction of the lower anti-silting layer; distribution of capillary-breaking material; installation of an upper anti-silting layer; removal and pushing of soil for the upper part of the embankment with layer-by-layer compaction with rollers on pneumatic tires.

As a result of the construction of waterproof and capillary-breaking layers, soil preservation in the upper part of the subgrade with low humidity is achieved. This ensures the stability of the roadbed and protects the road pavement from premature destruction. By increasing the modulus of elasticity of the soil of the top layer, it is possible to reduce the thickness of the structural layers of the road pavement.

Installation of drainage structures

The most common artificial structures on highways are culverts, the cost of which often reaches 15% of the total cost of the road. Currently, prefabricated round reinforced concrete pipes are installed on roads from links 1.0 m long with an internal diameter of 0.75...2.0 m. Much less often, rectangular pipes made from links 1.0 m long with a hole of 1.0...4 are used. .0 m.

Depending on the flow rate of the watercourse, single- and multi-point pipes are installed. The use of prefabricated pipes reduces the duration, reduces the cost and improves the quality of construction. Monolithic pipes are allowed only in certain hard-to-reach construction areas.

The production of elements of prefabricated reinforced concrete pipes consists of the following operations: preparation of reinforcing bars, production of meshes, assembly of reinforcement cages; production, assembly, lubrication, disassembly and cleaning of formwork; laying and compacting concrete mixture; finishing and steaming the mixture.

Pipe links are manufactured at factories or sites serving the construction of highways. From the landfill (plant) or the nearest railway station they are delivered to the pipe construction site by cars or tractors on trailers.

During the preparatory period, temporary roads are constructed, the construction site area is cleared and planned, the existing watercourse is diverted if necessary, and flood protection barriers are installed.

The construction site (Fig. 2.4.1) is arranged in accordance with the technological process for constructing the pipe. Particular attention is paid to the location of the installation crane, which must serve a possibly large area. A concrete mixer, power plant, bitumen mixing unit and other machines and equipment are delivered and installed at the site.

Rice. 2.4.1. Pipe construction site plan:

1 - storage of head blocks; 2 - warehouse of foundation blocks; 3 - warehouse of pattern blocks; 4 - path of movement of the crane; 5 - storage of pipe links; 6 - container with cement; 7 - concrete mixer; 8 - water tank; 9 - power plant; 10 - crushed stone warehouse; 11 - sand warehouse

When transported in car bodies or trailers, the links are laid horizontally (on their side) or installed vertically (standing up). Transporting round pipe links in a vertical position in rough terrain and on dirt roads is safer than in a horizontal position. When transporting in a horizontal position, the links must be securely secured to the vehicles by placing wooden supports under them, which must be nailed to the floor of the body for reliability. When transporting links in a horizontal position, loading and unloading operations are simplified and accelerated, while transportation in a vertical position requires the additional operation of turning the links over during unloading.

Pipe elements are unloaded using cranes. Dropping items from the vehicle is prohibited. In case of production necessity, rolling of round links is allowed, but only on a horizontal surface. In this case, workers must be behind the rolled link.

The pipe elements delivered to the construction site are laid along the pipe pit, leaving a berm at least 4.0 m wide for the crane to pass through. All elements are delivered to the site, as a rule, before the installation of the tube begins. The order of layout of elements is taken in accordance with the technological sequence of pipe installation.

The excavation of the pit begins immediately before the construction of the foundation. Digging a pit up to 3.0 m wide is carried out using excavators, and when the pit width is more than 3.0 m and there is no groundwater, using bulldozers.

When developing a pit longitudinally with a bulldozer, soil dumps are placed on the sides of the ravine, preventing the accumulation of water near the pit. The bottom of the pit is finally cleaned, leveled and, if necessary, compacted. A foundation without foundation pipes is installed under favorable geological conditions. In this case, a base of crushed stone and gravel is installed at the bottom of the pit, compacted with pneumatic or electric tampers. The top of the base is arranged taking into account the slope and construction rise of the pipe.

Foundations made of concrete blocks are installed under unfavorable geological conditions. The block foundation is mounted with a jib crane, the lifting capacity of which corresponds to the maximum mass of the block and the reach of the boom. First, the head foundations are assembled to the level of the base of the pipe section foundations. Then the slopes of the pit, located at the junction of the deeper pits of the heads with the bottom of the pit for the pipe sections, are filled with crushed stone filled with cement mortar or a sand-gravel mixture in layers of 10...15 cm with thorough compaction by tamping.

After this, they are assembled in the direction from the outlet head to the entrance block of the foundation under the pipe body. The blocks are laid on a layer of cement mortar 1...2 cm thick in level and with ligation of the seams. The difference in height between adjacent blocks should not exceed 10 mm.

After completing the assembly and acceptance of the foundation, the spaces between the walls of the pit and the foundation are filled with soil. Backfilling is carried out simultaneously on both sides of the foundation in horizontal layers 15...20 cm thick with layer-by-layer compaction.

Monolithic concrete foundations are used only in cases where it is possible to obtain a ready-made cement-concrete mixture near the object under construction.

The pipe heads are assembled using a crane according to the installation diagrams. The assembly of pipe heads is arranged in the following sequence: first, a sand-gravel (crushed stone) base is laid and foundation slabs are laid on it, then foundations are laid under the links of the heads and the slopes of the pits are filled with soil, and slope wings are arranged. After this, when assembling the heads of round pipes, pattern blocks and conical links are installed (Fig. 2.4.2, a), when assembling rectangular pipes, raised or normal rectangular links are installed (Fig. 2.4.2, b).

Rice. 2.4.2. Sequence (I...III) of assembling pipe heads:

a - round reinforced concrete; b - rectangular reinforced concrete:

1 - gravel-sand base; 2 - foundation slabs; 3 - portal wall; 4 - foundation; 5 - slope wings; 6 - backfilling of the pit; 7 - concrete tray; 8 - backfilling the slope of the pit; 9 - pattern block; 10 - conical link; 11 - reinforced concrete slabs; 12 - rectangular links

The head elements are installed in the design position on a layer of cement mortar. After completing the assembly of the head, the pit between the slope wings is covered with soil in layers and thoroughly compacted. The trays are made of a cement concrete mixture of at least class B, 12.5, 15...20 cm thick, on a crushed stone or gravel base, 30 cm thick.

The assembly of pipes begins from the side of the output head, sequentially laying all the elements in the direction of the input. In the case where the elements (blocks) of the prefabricated head have connections with the foundation blocks, the head must be mounted simultaneously with the foundation. After installing all the elements of the head, you can begin installing the pipe body according to the layout diagram included in the working drawings of the pipe for a specific object. The sequence of assembly of pipe sections with block and monolithic foundations is shown in Fig. 2.4.3. .

Rice. 2.4.3. Sequence (I...III) of assembling pipe sections:

a - with a block foundation; b - with a monolithic foundation;

1 - gravel-sand (crushed stone) preparation; 2 - foundation; 3 - pattern blocks; 4 - links; 5 - formwork; 6 - concrete foundation; 7 - wooden linings; 8 - cement-sand mortar

The position of the installed links in plan and profile is controlled by their inner surface. The gaps between the ends of the links should not exceed the design ones by more than ±5 mm.

When installing round links on a foundation without the use of prefabricated pattern blocks, the gap between the lower generatrix of the link and the flat surface of the foundation is provided with wooden spacers. The links are laid on a pre-laid layer of plastic concrete mixture, thereby ensuring that the links are tightly supported.

The seams between round and rectangular links must correspond to the design dimensions, and after assembly is completed, everything must be tightly filled, inside and out, with tow strands impregnated with bitumen or molded rubber strands. The tourniquets placed on the inside should be recessed into the seam by 2...3 cm.

After assembling the entire pipe, its outer surfaces in contact with the soil of the embankment are covered with waterproofing. Two-layer coating bitumen waterproofing is applied with brushes. The joints of the prefabricated elements are covered with strips of adhesive waterproofing made of parchment and waterproofing, and the seams between the elements are caulked with cement mortar or polymer sealants.

Culverts are covered with soil after their inspection and acceptance. Backfilling of pipes consists of the following operations: filling the cavities between the walls of the pit and the foundation with soil; installation of a compacted soil prism on the sides of the pipe; erection of the roadbed above the pipe to the design level.

Technology for constructing a drainage network to lower groundwater levels.

Drains for intercepting or lowering ground water.

The construction technology is as follows:

1. Removing the turf on the drainage strip.

2. The trench section begins from the point where the water is released

3. Laying the pillow

4. Pipe laying

5. Filling pipes with drainage materials.

6. Laying the clay layer and compacting it.

7. Laying turf or vegetation layer.

When constructing a subgrade in an area with nearby groundwater, drainage is installed to lower the water level. Drains are located under ditches. Construction of drainage is possible both before and after the construction of the subsurface, but this must be done in one construction season in order to avoid decompaction of the soil due to heaving in winter. It is often impossible to compact the soil in the upper part of the zone at a close ground level, then drainages must be built before the construction of the zone.

When constructing drainage: groundwater may cause the walls to collapse, so sometimes additional work is required, namely: before digging trenches, wellpoint filters are installed through which water is pumped out.

6. Land reclamation on the pipeline construction zone6.1. The width of the land allotment strip for the construction of inter-settlement and distribution gas pipelines is determined by the project in agreement with land users, and for high-pressure gas pipelines is established in accordance with SNI 452-73 and is also agreed upon with the land user.

6.2. Considering the great vulnerability of fertile soil in the Non-Chernozem Zone of the RSFSR, during land reclamation it is necessary to remove the humus layer of soil from the entire width of the working strip.

6.3. The width of the right of way on agricultural lands is assigned depending on the type of agricultural land and the technological scheme for reclamation. The proposed work schemes are aimed at reducing the area of ​​land allocated for the construction of pipelines ( rice. 8).

6.4. The first scheme involves storing fertile soil in the non-working zone of the strip behind the mineral soil dump, while both fertile soil and mineral soil are moved by a bulldozer.

In the second scheme, the width of the construction strip is narrowed by the value C 1 due to the convergence of the dumps of fertile and mineral soils, because backfilling of mineral soil is carried out with an excavator or other machine installed in the working area.

In the third scheme, mineral soil is laid on the working area and is planned for the passage of installation equipment, while the width of the construction strip is further narrowed.

The fourth scheme makes it possible to further narrow the construction zone by backfilling mineral soil with the longitudinal passage of an earth-moving machine along a soil dump (rotary trencher, grader, etc.).

The fifth scheme prescribes the laying of fertile soil as well as mineral soil in the working area, its layout for the passage of transport vehicles.

The sixth scheme involves removing fertile soil outside the construction zone, storing it in piles and returning it to the site after backfilling the pipeline.

The seventh scheme is designed for cramped conditions, when there is no space for laying a spoil dump, and the movement of construction machines is carried out along the axis of the pipeline under construction (welding pipes in a trench or dragging pipes along a trench, laying pipes with pipe-burying machines).

The eighth diagram reflects the organization of work in conditions when technical land reclamation is not required, i.e. The fertile soil layer is not removed.

Rice. 8 . Width of land allocation depending on work schemes

7. Trench development and backfilling

7.1. The method of excavation work during the construction of pipelines of gas supply systems (1.2 MPa) (inter-settlement, distribution, inputs) must be determined by the project and is carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.02.01-87 And SNiP 3.05.02-88 and the recommendations of this Manual, and during the construction of high-pressure gas pipelines in accordance with SNiP III-42-80 And
.

7.2. The smallest width of the trench along the bottom should be assigned in accordance with table 6.

Table 6

Gas pipeline laying method	Minimum width of the trench along the bottom excluding fastenings, m
	with vertical walls	with slopes in soils located above the groundwater level
1. Strands or sections with outer diameter D, m:		D + 0.3 (regardless of pipe diameter)
up to 0.7	D + 0.3 not less than 0.7
more than 0.7	1.5D
2. Individual pipes with outer diameter D, m:
up to 0.5	D + 0.5	D + 0.5 (regardless of pipe diameter)
more than 0.5	D + 0.8

Note: The width of trenches for gas pipelines in soils located below the groundwater level and developed with an open drainage system must be taken into account the placement of drainage and drainage devices according to the design.

7.3. The smallest width of the trench along the bottom when excavating soil with cyclic earth-moving machines should correspond to the width of the cutting edge of the working part of the machine with the addition of 0.15 m in sandy soils and sandy loams, and 0.1 m in clays and loams.

The dimensions of the pits for installing pipelines in trenches should be no less than: length 1 m, width D + 1.2, depth 0.7 m.

7.4. The transverse profile of the trench is determined by the stability of the slopes and the method of work.

When ballasting pipelines with a diameter of more than 300 mm with reinforced concrete loads, the width of the trench must be such as to ensure a distance between the weight and the trench wall of at least 0.15 m.

7.5. The depth of the pipeline is determined to the top of the pipe or ballasting structure and must be at least 0.8 m, taking into account the conditions for preserving the pipeline from damage. In places where traffic is not expected, the depth of gas pipelines can be reduced to 0.6 m.

7.5. The trench profile must be made in such a way that the laid pipeline along the entire length of the lower generatrix is ​​in contact with the bottom, and in turning areas the pipeline route is located at the bottom of the trench along the bend line. To ensure this condition, the bottom of the trench must be leveled by dragging heavy devices along the bottom (for example, wedges, balls, etc.).

7.7. The laying of gas pipelines in soils containing construction waste and humus should be provided with a foundation for the gas pipeline made of soft or sandy soil with a thickness of at least 10 cm (above protruding unevenness of the foundation); backfilling of the gas pipeline should be provided with the same soil to the full depth of the trench.

7.8. Before starting to develop a trench with an excavator, the following types of work must be performed:

lay out and secure the gas pipeline route in place by installing markers;

use pits to open the intersections of the gas pipeline route with underground utilities;

install fences and warning signs at work sites.

7.9. In winter, before trenching begins, the route must be cleared of snow. The dimensions of the cleaned area are determined depending on the productivity of the machine complex and must correspond to the penetration of the machines in one or two shifts.

7.10. Along the marked route of the gas pipeline, every 40-50 m and at the fractures of the longitudinal profile at a distance of 0.5 m from the trench being developed, sightings should be installed with working marks of the depth of trench development by an excavator.

7.11. Opening of trenches should begin from the downstream side to ensure the possibility of removing ground and atmospheric waters to places with low elevations. The soil dump site should be located on the side from which the influx of rainwater is possible.

7.12. If there are instructions in the design documentation about the need to fasten the vertical walls of trenches, after the development of the trench, inventory type fastenings should be installed at a distance of 10 m from the excavator.

7.13. The bucket must be unloaded into a one-sided dump, while the soil from the upper layers must be placed in the most remote parts of the dump with the bucket unloading areas gradually approaching the edge of the trench as it deepens.

7.14. To dig trenches for pipelines with a diameter of over 219 mm, it is advisable to use mainly continuous rotary and chain trench excavators. Chain excavators are recommended to be used for digging trenches in light and medium soils with a homogeneous structure (without including large stones, hard layers, etc.). Rotary excavators can be used to develop almost all types of soils, including frozen ones.

Digging trenches for pipelines of smaller diameters is carried out using ditch plows.

7.15. When developing frozen soils, you can use rippers, disc milling machines, bucket wheel excavators, and drilling machines.

7.16. To develop frozen soils, slitting machines are used, complete with a single-bucket excavator, using the following technology: the slots are cut using a slitting machine, and the length of the section must be such that it can be developed by an excavator during one shift. When the freezing depth is less than the depth of the trench; Using a slot-cutting machine, several longitudinal slits should be cut to the depth of soil freezing so that the width of the inter-slot pillars of soil is no more than 0.8 of the width of the excavator bucket. Then, at the beginning of the section, when a face is formed, several transverse slits are cut with a length equal to the width of the trench, to the depth of soil freezing. The interslot pillars of frozen soil are broken open with an excavator bucket and removed from the trench, after which the unfrozen soil is removed by the excavator to the design mark of the trench bottom. The distance between the excavator and the beginning of the area where the slitting machine operates must be at least 20-30 m.

7.17. If the freezing depth is greater than the depth of the trench, longitudinal and transverse slots are cut to the design depth of the trench. The distance between the slots should be 0.8-0.9 the width of the excavator bucket. Then the interslot pillars of frozen soil should be broken open with an excavator and removed from the face.

7.18. Pits for technological overlaps, pipe fittings, or when installing a gas pipeline in a trench are developed simultaneously with digging the trench, if soil stability allows.

7.19. The development of trenches with a single-bucket excavator should be carried out with the removal of scallops at the bottom during the digging process, which is achieved by dragging the bucket along the bottom of the trench after completion of the development of the face.

7.20. In areas with high groundwater levels, trenching should begin at lower locations to ensure water flow and drainage of overlying areas.

7.21. For areas with a freezing depth of 0.4 m or more, the PPR must provide for measures to protect the soil from freezing (loosening the surface layer, snow roller, insulation with wood residues, etc.).

7.22. If ice and snow have formed in the trench, it must be removed with an excavator before laying the pipeline.

7.23. Before starting work on backfilling trenches, the gas pipeline must be completely installed, the welded joints must be checked by physical control methods and insulated, the correct position of the gas pipeline and its tight fit to the bottom of the trench must be checked, and the quality of the insulating coating must be checked.

7.24. Backfilling trenches with laid gas pipelines should be done in two steps:

first, the pits and sinuses are filled and tamped with soft soil simultaneously on both sides of the gas pipeline, and then the trench is filled with the specified soil 0.2 m above the upper forming pipe, ensuring the safety of pipes, joints and insulation, while the soil is poured in layers and compacted manually, mechanically or pneumatic rammers ( rice. 9).

7.25. The final backfilling of the trenches should be carried out after testing the gas pipelines for strength and checking the insulation with instruments. Backfilling should be done with soil without large inclusions.

Rice. 9. Scheme for compacting the sinuses and layer-by-layer backfilling of the pipeline:

1 - gas pipeline; 2 - padding of sinuses with compaction; 3 - powder with compaction; 4 - layer backfill.

7.26. For pipeline lining in frozen and rocky soils, instead of adding soft soil or wooden slats, it is recommended to use foamed polymer material based on urea resin. (The foam generator mounted on a three-axle off-road vehicle is manufactured by VNIIST according to orders from construction organizations).

In addition, mats made from rubber industry waste (conveyor belt waste, polymer wool from worn tires) can be used for this purpose. The design of such mats and the technology for their manufacture were developed by VNIIST.

7.27. Backfilling of trenches performed with a rotary excavator, when the volume of soil in the dump is not large, should be done by the longitudinal passage of a bulldozer with an obliquely installed knife or a rotary trench filler.

7.28. Backfilling of trenches developed with a single-bucket excavator is carried out mainly with bulldozers (rotor-type trench fillers). On soft soils, in some cases, backfilling is carried out using single-bucket excavators equipped with a backhoe.

7.29. If there are horizontal curves, first fill the curved section of the pipeline, and then the rest. In this case, backfilling begins from the middle of the curved section, moving towards its ends. In sections of the route with vertical curves of the gas pipeline, it is backfilled from top to bottom.

7.30. After backfilling a pipeline laid on reclaimed land, a roller is placed over the gas pipeline, the height of which should coincide with the expected settlement of the backfill soil. After backfilling the gas pipeline with mineral soil on reclaimed land in the summer, it is compacted with multiple passes of crawler tractors. The previously removed fertile layer is laid over the compacted soil and then leveled.

7.31. Backfilling of a gas pipeline laid in frozen soils is carried out as under normal conditions: filling the gas pipeline with thawed soft soil to a height of 20-25 cm above the pipe generatrix. Further backfilling of the gas pipeline is carried out with soil from the dump.

7.32. If, due to ground conditions, the operation of equipment is difficult in the area where the soil dump is located, backfilling must be carried out with a single-bucket excavator and placed on the side of the working strip.

7.33. When backfilling with frozen soil, a soil bead is made above the pipeline, taking into account its settlement after thawing.

7.34. The method of backfilling a pipeline laid in a trench developed in swampy soils, carried out in the summer, depends on the type and structure of the swamp.

In swamps with a bearing capacity of more than 0.01 MPa, backfilling of the pipeline is carried out using bulldozers on swamp tracks or single-bucket excavators with a backhoe on wide tracks, working from shifting sleds.

7.35. Backfilling of developed trenches in swamps that are frozen in winter and having sufficient bearing capacity is carried out in the same way as when backfilling trenches in ordinary frozen soils. If the freezing of the swamp is insufficient or the load-bearing capacity is low, bulldozers or single-bucket excavators on widened tracks, foam sleds or shields are used to fill the trenches.

Introduction

Most of the world's population already lives surrounded by technogenic landscapes, which are also actively used for the needs of recreation and mass short-term tourism - the so-called suburban areas. Their characteristic altered biotic systems and complex engineering and technical structures create a constant living environment for people. But most technogenic landscapes in their current state are clearly unfavorable and even dangerous for human health. In addition, all technogenic landscapes, due to low biological productivity and specific biophysical and biochemical properties, form peculiar gaps and barriers along the paths of planetary migration of substances and energy. They distort the normal course of such fundamental processes occurring in the biosphere as the biological cycle of nitrogen, the gas regime of the atmosphere, etc., and reduce their intensity (3).

Their characteristic feature is the violation of the integrity and continuity of the “film of life” in the biosphere, up to the complete destruction of soil and plant covers as a result of human activity comparable in importance to geological processes. Among man-made landscapes, a special place in terms of their negative impact on natural complexes (and on human health) is occupied by the so-called industrial dumps. They are concentrated in the vicinity of most populated areas and all major cities (4).

The main task of research, experimental and production work on reclamation is to eliminate the harmful, polluting impact of these lands on adjacent territories, and restore their biological and socio-economic value.

Thus, land reclamation is understood as a set of works aimed at restoring the biological productivity and economic value of disturbed lands, as well as improving environmental conditions (3).

The purpose of this work is to describe the biological method of reclamation of disturbed lands.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set:

1. Reveal the essence of the land reclamation process and the requirements for it;

2. Consider the procedure for carrying out the biological stage of reclamation of lands disturbed during major and emergency repairs of oil pipelines;

3. Describe the technology of biological reclamation of disturbed lands in four combined zones: in the polar-tundra zone; in the forest-tundra northern and middle taiga zones; in the southern taiga forest and forest-steppe zones; in the steppe and dry steppe zones.

4. Compare known methods of reclamation and describe the Canadian method of biological reclamation of oil-contaminated lands.

Chapter 1 Reclamation of disturbed lands and requirements for it

1.1 The essence of the land reclamation process

Land reclamation is a set of works aimed at restoring the productivity and economic value of disturbed and contaminated lands, as well as improving environmental conditions (1).

Disturbed lands of all categories, as well as adjacent land plots that have completely or partially lost productivity as a result of the negative impact of disturbed lands, are subject to reclamation.

Land reclamation is an integral part of technological processes associated with land disturbance and should be carried out taking into account local soil and climatic conditions, the degree of damage and pollution, landscape and geochemical characteristics of disturbed lands, a specific site, and the requirements of the instructions.

Recultivated lands and the adjacent territory after completion of the entire complex of work should represent an optimally organized and ecologically balanced sustainable landscape (1).

In conducting research on the problem of biological reclamation, several stages are clearly distinguished. At the first stage (from 1959 to the end of the 1970s), methods for the biological reclamation of industrially disturbed lands were developed under economic contracts with industrial enterprises. The results of the research were recommendations that were used in the preparation of projects and the practical implementation of biological reclamation. As a rule, taking into account specific environmental conditions made it possible to significantly reduce the cost of design and practical work on the biological reclamation of the studied technogenic formations and even identify a group of areas that do not require biological reclamation. These are old dumps with good restoration of vegetation and soil cover (3).

When carrying out the biological stage of reclamation, the requirements for land reclamation in the areas of their use must be taken into account.

An important area of ​​research on industrially disturbed lands is the study of the dynamics of cenopopulations of cultivated species in phytocenoses created during biological reclamation, and the dominant species of plant communities that arose in the process of self-overgrowing.

The authors' research has shown that the formation of communities occurs according to the type of primary succession in an open, practically lifeless space, often in extreme edaphic (peculiar in chemical and physical properties) and microclimatic conditions. At the first stages of formation, strict ecotopic selection and intensive elimination of plants are carried out, especially in the phase of seedlings and shoots. Species that have advantages in any of the vital parameters have a higher potential for survival and the formation of a viable coenopopulation. Under these conditions, the process of niche differentiation plays a decisive role in the formation of plant communities (4).

1.2 Requirements for land reclamation for various uses

Requirements for land reclamation for agricultural purposes should include:

Formation of areas of disturbed land, convenient for use in terms of relief, size and shape, the surface layer of which should be composed of rocks suitable for biological reclamation;

Layout of disturbed land areas, ensuring the productive use of modern equipment for agricultural work and excluding the development of erosion processes and soil landslides;

Applying a fertile layer of soil to unsuitable rocks when preparing land for arable land;

The use of potentially fertile species with the implementation of special agrotechnical measures in the absence or insufficient fertile soil layer;

Carrying out repairs to reclaimed areas;

Carrying out intensive reclamation with the cultivation of annual, perennial cereals and legumes for the restoration and formation of the root layer and its enrichment with organic substances using special agrochemical, agrotechnical, agroforestry, engineering and anti-erosion measures;

Obtaining a conclusion from the agrochemical and sanitary-epidemiological services that there is no danger of plants carrying out substances toxic to humans and animals (1).

Requirements for land reclamation for forestry should include:

Creation of plantings for operational purposes, and, if necessary, forests for protective, water-regulating and recreational purposes;

Creation of a reclamation layer on the surface of slopes and dump berms from fine-earth non-toxic material favorable for forest growing;

Determination of the thickness and structure of the reclamation layer depending on the properties of rocks, the nature of the water regime and the type of forest plantations;

Layout of sites that does not allow the development of erosion processes and ensures the safe use of soil cultivating, forest planting and planting care machines;

Creation of forest plantations in unfavorable soil and ground conditions that perform reclamation functions;

Selection of tree and shrub plants in accordance with the classification of rocks, the nature of the hydrogeological regime and other environmental factors;

Organization of fire-fighting measures (1).

Requirements for land reclamation for water management should include:

Creation of reservoirs for various purposes in quarry excavations, trenches, deformed areas of mine fields;

Integrated use of reservoirs primarily for water supply, fish farming and recreational purposes, irrigation;

Construction of appropriate hydraulic structures necessary for flooding quarry excavations and maintaining the calculated water level in them;

Measures to prevent landslides and erosion of slopes of reservoirs;

Shielding of toxic rocks, beds and sides of reservoirs and layers prone to spontaneous combustion in the zone of variable level and above the water level;

Protection of the bottom and shores from possible filtration;

Measures to prevent acidic or alkaline groundwater from entering reservoirs and maintaining a favorable regime and composition of water in accordance with sanitary and hygienic standards;

Measures for landscaping and landscaping of slopes (1).

Requirements for land reclamation in the sanitary and hygienic direction should include:

The choice of means of conservation of disturbed lands depending on the condition, composition and properties of the constituent rocks, natural and climatic conditions, technical and economic indicators;

Coordination of all measures for technical and biological reclamation during conservation of disturbed lands with the sanitary and epidemiological service;

The use of binding materials to secure the surface of disturbed lands that do not have a negative impact on the environment and have sufficient water resistance and resistance to temperature fluctuations;

Application of a screening layer of soil from potentially fertile rocks on the surface of industrial dumps composed of substrate unsuitable for biological reclamation;

Carrying out reclamation works;

Conservation of sludge ponds, tailings ponds, ash dumps and other industrial dumps containing toxic substances in compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards;

Consolidation of industrial dumps by technical, biological or chemical methods (1).

Requirements for land reclamation for recreational purposes should include:

Vertical planning of the territory with a minimum amount of excavation work, preservation of existing or formed as a result of work, relief forms at the technical stage;

Ensuring soil stability during the construction of structures for recreation and sports;

The design, construction and operation of recreational areas of water bodies for organized mass recreation and swimming must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 17.1.5.02-80 and taking into account the requirements of standard (1).

Chapter 2 Biological reclamation of lands disturbed during major and emergency repairs of oil pipelines

2.1 Biological reclamation of lands disturbed during major repairs of oil pipelines

The general requirements for the reclamation of lands disturbed during major repairs of oil pipelines include the following:

During major repairs of oil pipelines, reclamation for agricultural, forestry and other purposes requiring restoration of soil fertility is carried out sequentially in two stages: technical and, if necessary, biological.

The technical stage includes planning, formation of slopes, removal and application of fertile soil layer, installation of hydraulic engineering and reclamation structures, as well as other work that creates the necessary conditions for the further use of reclaimed land for its intended purpose or for carrying out measures to restore soil fertility (biological stage) .

Norms for removing the fertile soil layer, potentially fertile layers and rocks (loess, loess-like and cover loams, etc.) are established during the design depending on the level of fertility of the disturbed soils, taking into account applications and corresponding guarantees from consumers for the use of potentially fertile layers and rocks. The removed top fertile soil layer is used for reclamation of disturbed lands or improvement of unproductive lands.

The biological stage includes a set of agrotechnical and phytomeliorative measures aimed at improving the agrophysical, agrochemical, biochemical and other properties of the soil. The biological stage is carried out after completion of the technical stage and consists of preparing the soil, applying fertilizers, selecting grasses and grass mixtures, sowing, and caring for crops.

The biological stage is aimed at fixing the surface layer of soil with the root system of plants, creating a closed grass stand and preventing the development of water and wind soil erosion on disturbed lands.

In order to specify reclamation methods, disturbance of soil and vegetation cover is grouped into five degrees:

1st - vegetation and soil cover are completely destroyed;

2nd - the vegetation cover is completely destroyed, and the soil layer is preserved on 50% of the area;

3rd - vegetation is destroyed on 50 - 80% of the area, the soil cover is preserved;

4th - vegetation is destroyed on 20 - 50% of the area, the soil cover is preserved;

5th - vegetation cover is destroyed on an area of ​​less than 20%, soil cover is preserved (2).

On reclaimed sections of routes, 3-4 types of disturbance are usually present simultaneously, and this circumstance must be taken into account when choosing methods for performing soil restoration work.

The types of grasses sown and their possible combinations must correspond to those recommended by the zonal agricultural system of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Herbs of local origin are more adapted to local soil and climatic conditions, and therefore are more resistant to adverse effects. The sown grasses must have the ability to quickly create a closed herbage and durable turf that is resistant to washout and grazing, and quickly grow back after mowing. Grass seeds intended for sowing must meet the requirements of the standard and be at least class II in terms of sowing qualities. Legume seeds should be scarified whenever possible. Before sowing, it is advisable to inoculate legume seeds and treat them with bacterial fertilizers (nitragin) (2).

Caked mineral fertilizers must be crushed and sifted through a sieve before being applied to the soil. In the case of pre-sowing application of fertilizers, they are mixed with seeds immediately before sowing. Ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate cannot be mixed, dispersed or incorporated into the soil at the same time as lime. It is advisable to apply superphosphate and potash fertilizers together with lime.

Before carrying out bioreclamation of disturbed lands on acidic soils, reclamation measures are first carried out, including soil liming. Doses of lime are established according to reference and regulatory documents in force in a specific soil and climatic zone. Depending on the dose of lime, the method of its incorporation into the soil is determined. When applying lime, it is necessary to distribute it evenly across the field; it is better to mix it with the entire arable layer of soil. This can be achieved by incorporating lime under cultivation. When applying lime superficially, the dose should be reduced to 1/2 - 1/5 of the full dose. Small doses of lime act on the process of normalizing soil acidity more effectively in the first year after application. For liming soils, it is recommended to use ground limestone (lime flour), calcareous tuff (key lime), and peat tuff.

In places where oil pipelines cross streams and ravines, the most appropriate method is to level the surface with a bulldozer after laying the oil pipeline or to level out the resulting unevenness. The leveling process should be combined with the formation of drainage earthen ridges and the creation of concrete drainage drains or ditches with a gradual slope and reinforcement with turf and other means, especially on slopes with a slope of more than 3 degrees. After leveling the area with a bulldozer, conditions are created that are quite sufficient for pre-sowing cultivation of the land, application of fertilizers and ameliorants.

On steep slopes and inaccessible areas, hydroseeding is most appropriate. If a hydraulic seeder is not available, it can be replaced by an all-terrain vehicle for fire extinguishing with water. In this case, the mixture of water and seeds must be stirred regularly (2).

Calculation of the required amount of seeds included in the grass mixture for reclamation is carried out using the formula:

X = Hx P / D (kg/ha), (1)

X - sowing rate of seeds included in the grass mixture, kg/ha;

H is the percentage of content of a given species in the mixture, %;

P - calculated sowing rate of conditioned seeds in their pure form, kg/ha;

D - economic suitability of seeds, % (2).

2.2 Reclamation of lands disturbed and contaminated during emergency repairs of oil pipelines

The process of reclamation of lands disturbed and contaminated during accidents on oil pipelines includes: removal of oil from the soil; land reclamation (technical and biological stage).

Reclamation of oil-contaminated lands is carried out in several stages, the timing of which must be indicated in the project. The timing and stages of reclamation are planned in accordance with the level of pollution, climatic conditions of a given natural zone and the state of the biogeocenosis (2).

There are two levels of pollution:

moderate pollution, which can be eliminated by activating self-purification processes using agricultural techniques (fertilization, surface treatment and deep loosening, etc.);

severe pollution, which can be eliminated by carrying out special measures that promote the creation of aerobic conditions and the activation of hydrocarbon-oxidizing processes.

In areas heavily contaminated with oil, to accelerate the process of oil biodegradation, biological preparations that have permission from government services for use can be introduced. The drugs should be used according to the instructions for their use and according to the technology agreed with the local authorities of the State Committee for Land Resources.

At the technical stage, oil weathering, evaporation and partial destruction of light fractions, photo-oxidation of oil components on the soil surface, restoration of microbiological communities, development of oil-oxidizing microorganisms, and partial restoration of the community of soil animals occur. Some of the components turn into solid products, which improves the water-air regime of the soil. Aeration and soil moisture significantly contribute to the intensification of these processes, reducing the concentration of oil and its more uniform dispersion (2).

The biological stage includes 2 stages - trial sowing of grasses and phytomeliorative with the application of mineral fertilizers and sowing of pollution-resistant perennial grasses. In case of moderate pollution, it is sufficient to carry out only the technical stage of reclamation with the expectation of self-cleaning of the soil. In the southern taiga forest and forest-steppe zones with heavy loamy soils, for which the danger of wind erosion is low, it is necessary to carry out loosening, mainly moldboard cultivation to a depth of 20 cm. These areas remain during the technical stage of reclamation in the form of fallow (arable land without sowing ). Where loosening may lead to erosion, in areas contaminated with oil, surface treatment is carried out to a depth of 8 - 10 cm, leaving untreated strips 2 - 3 m wide across the slopes or directions of the prevailing winds.

During the technical stage, it is necessary to periodically moisten contaminated areas. This, first of all, concerns natural zones - steppe and dry steppe. In winter, snow retention is necessary in these areas. The completion time of the technical stage depends on the degree of pollution and climatic conditions

At the biological stage of reclamation, a test sowing of grasses is first carried out. The purpose of this event is to assess the residual phytotoxicity of the soil, intensify the processes of oil biodegradation and improve the agrophysical properties of the soil, and clarify the timing of the transition to the final stage of reclamation. Before trial sowing of grasses, plowing (to the depth of contamination), loosening and disking are carried out. Legumes cultivated in this area (peas, lupine, sweet clover, seradella, etc.) are sown in the prepared soil. Sowing and caring for crops are carried out using technology adopted for a given soil and climatic zone.

At the second stage of the biological stage, 1.5 - 2.5 years after contamination, perennial grasses are sown. It begins if the trial sowing of grasses has sprouted on at least 75% of the area. Before sowing perennial grasses, harrowing, application of mineral fertilizers, and soil cultivation are carried out. Fertilizer application is carried out with the aim of intensifying the vital activity of microbial communities in the soil and increasing plant biomass, which, in turn, helps to enhance the processes of restoring land fertility.

On soils with high natural acidity (pH< 6) после завершения технического этапа рекультивации следует провести известкование. Необходимо учитывать, что органические вещества и микроэлементы, содержащиеся в составе нефти, при определенной трансформации и снижении концентрации до 300 мг нефти на 1 кг почвы могут быть стимуляторами роста растений и пищевыми компонентами для почвенного биогеноценоза.

Perennial grasses are sown in prepared areas. The choice of grass species is carried out based on local soil and climatic conditions and recommendations of the zonal farming system of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

To control the restoration of land and the quality of the grown biomass, the same crops are simultaneously sown using a similar technology on a control (uncontaminated) plot in the buffer zone between the contaminated zone and lands used for economic purposes. If the overgrowth on the contaminated site is at least 75% of the land area compared to the overgrowth on the control site, then the reclamation work is considered completed and the site should be transferred to the landowner. It is not recommended to use the green mass of cultivated grasses for feed purposes after completion of reclamation. It is left on the reclaimed area and used as green manure fertilizer (after processing with disc glazes, the green mass is plowed) (2).

Let's consider a description of the technology for biological reclamation of disturbed lands in four combined zones: in the polar-tundra zone; in the forest-tundra northern and middle taiga zones; in the southern taiga forest and forest-steppe zones; in the steppe and dry steppe zones.

2.3 Biological remediation technology in the polar-tundra zone

If the disturbance of the soil and vegetation cover corresponds to grade 1 or 2, the surface can be leveled using a bulldozer using the cutting method. To fill large thermokarst formations and other low areas of the route, imported fine soil is used. Then the area is prepared for the upcoming filling with fertile soil layer or peat chips. To do this, it is necessary to plow the area to a depth of 20 - 30 cm and roll it with rollers weighing 150 - 200 kg. A fertile layer of soil or a peat-sand mixture is applied to the area prepared in this way in a uniform layer of at least 10 cm. It is advisable to first compost the peat crumbs with lime, and then prepare the peat-sand mixture (2).

Plowing and further tillage of the soil are carried out using small-sized tractors, using tooth-disc harrows, cultivators and zig-zag tooth harrows. In the top layer of soil, it should be crushed to granules (lumps) no larger than a corn grain, which is achieved by cross-cultivation with light harrows and rolling with rollers weighing 75 - 100 kg.

In case of disturbances of the soil and vegetation cover of the 3rd degree, leveling by cutting cannot be carried out in order to avoid the destruction of the remaining soil layer. First, the site is prepared for applying a fertile layer of soil (peat-sand mixture) and the work recommended for the reclamation of sites with 1 and 2 degrees of disturbance is carried out.

When carrying out reclamation work in areas with 4 and 5 degrees of disturbance, leveling is carried out only by adding a fertile layer or a peat-sand mixture. Pre-sowing treatment in this case comes down to cutting up the newly introduced soil and rolling it with rollers (75 - 100 kg). After pre-sowing preparation, areas with varying degrees of disturbance are practically in the same conditions, and further work is carried out according to the same principle.

Sowing or overseeding is best done in the fall, in September (pre-snow). Recommended plants are listed in the Appendix. Before sowing, insufficiently moist soils should be moistened to a depth of 10 cm. Sowing should be carried out in calm weather using seeders or manually. On long routes and slopes, hydroseeding or sowing using aircraft can be recommended. When sowing with seeders, seeds smaller than 1 mm should be sown in a mixture with dry sand in a ratio of 1:1 by volume. The seeds are planted to a depth of 0.5 - 1.0 cm. After sowing, the soil is rolled with rollers weighing 75 - 100 kg. On soils that form a crust, rolling is not performed. The seed sowing rate is 50 - 60 kg/ha. In areas with types 4 and 5 disturbances, it is necessary to sow seeds with a seeding rate of 20 to 50% of the full rate. In case of thinning of vegetation in reclaimed areas, additional reseeding is carried out.

After the snow melts, it is necessary, as the sown soil dries out, to carry out regular watering to moisten the soil to a depth of 20 cm. On average, water consumption is 20 - 30 cubic meters per 1 hectare. On hot sunny days, watering is done in the morning (before 10 a.m.) or in the evening (after 7 p.m.). Watering is carried out using sprinklers (2).

2.4 Technology of biological reclamation in the forest-tundra northern and middle taiga zones

Before reclamation of disturbed lands in these zones, reclamation measures are carried out: drainage of surface water, surface leveling and, if necessary, liming (pH< 6).

The procedure for preparing a site for sowing is determined by its size, configuration and steepness of the slope. The leveling is done with a bulldozer. After leveling, conditions are created that are sufficient for pre-sowing soil preparation and sowing. In these cases, the most appropriate is hydroseeding, which involves the selection of such mandatory components as fertilizers, mulching and stabilizing substances, which allows you to obtain grass with high anti-erosion qualities during the sowing season without first applying a fertile layer. Sowing can also be carried out using seeders of various modifications for sowing grass. Sowing is done in early spring, summer or autumn before winter.

When sowing in reclaimed areas and especially on slopes, taking into account washout and unfavorable conditions for germination, the seed sowing rate should be increased by 20%.

Sowing with a seeder is carried out along the plot, starting from the edge or middle. The first pass to maintain the straightness of the rows should be carried out along the hanging line. Hydroseeding of grasses is carried out using a hydroseeder. Pulp and paper production waste can be used as a mulching and stabilizing material: waste and sludge mass (2).

2.5 Biological remediation technology in the southern taiga forest and forest-steppe zones

Reclamation measures in these zones come down to cultural and technical ones: removing debris, stones, eliminating subsidence cracks and closed depressions, smoothing out uneven areas, etc.

Liming or gypsuming of soils is carried out in small areas at pH< 6. Подготовка участка к посеву сводится к тщательной обработке почвы. При возможности обрабатывают ее по типу полупара, чтобы вызвать массовое прорастание сорняков с тем, чтобы уничтожить их при последующих обработках. После планировки нарушенных земель на участках проводят, по мере необходимости, боронование, дискование, культивацию, прикатывание и посев. Перед предпосевной обработкой вносят удобрения в следующих дозах: органических 20 - 30 т/га, минеральных 50 - 60 кг/га (азота, фосфора, калия).

The sowing rates of grass seeds on disturbed lands are increased by one and a half times compared to usual ones. In two-species mixtures, the components of the grass mixture are taken in equal proportions, and the seeding rate of each component is reduced by 20 - 25% compared to single-species ones. In three-species mixtures, legume components occupy 30 - 40% of the total weight, cereals - 70 - 60%. In the case of hydroseeding and sowing on slopes, the sowing rate of seeds with hydraulic mixture increases by another 1.5 times. The main method of sowing is sowing with grain-grass seeders in a row method. On steep slopes and inaccessible areas, hydroseeding should be used (2).

2.6 Biological reclamation technology in the steppe and dry-steppe zones

A distinctive feature of the steppe and dry steppe zones is the insufficient moisture content of the territory and highly fertile soils. Both zones are well provided with heat. In these zones, solonetzic soils are common, requiring gypsum (to neutralize alkalinity and excess sodium). Increased alkaline reaction of the soil solution and excess sodium cause the formation of soil crust and reduce soil productivity. Therefore, excess alkalinity must be neutralized by gypsuming, i.e. chemical reclamation, in which alkaline salts are removed from the soil. Doses of gypsum are determined according to reference and regulatory documentation in force in the given territory.

When preparing the soil for sowing grass, special attention should be paid to preserving moisture in the soil, giving the surface layer a fine cloddy structure, and leveling the surface. This is achieved by leveling, processing with disc implements, harrowing and rolling.

The effectiveness of organic and mineral fertilizers in these arid zones is reduced due to low soil moisture, and increased doses can even have a negative effect on soil productivity. Therefore, in these zones the following doses of organic 30 - 40 t/ha and mineral 40 - 60 kg/ha fertilizers are recommended.

The seed sowing rate is similar to the sowing rate in the forest-steppe zone. Sowing of perennial grasses in this region is mainly done with a grain-grass seeder. Only on steep slopes (more than 10 degrees) is it necessary to use hydroseeding (2).

· surface planning;

· care of crops;

· monitoring the progress of reclamation (2).

Chapter 3 Canadian method of biological remediation of oil-contaminated lands

The methods of technical and biological land reclamation used in Russia have disadvantages that make them either ineffective or expensive.

In practice, the following methods are most often used:

1. Technical reclamation with backfilling with soil and sowing of grass - this method gives a cosmetic effect, since the oil remains in the soil. In addition, a large amount of excavation work is required.

2. Technical reclamation with removal of oil-contaminated soil to waste sites. The method is practically unrealistic from an economic point of view, since large volumes of oil-contaminated soil and the high cost of transportation and disposal of waste can cover the company’s profits many times over.

3. Filling with sorbent (peat) with subsequent transportation to waste sites. The disadvantages are the same as in the previous method.

4. Use of imported oil extraction units. The productivity of these installations is 2-6 m3 per day, which, with an installation cost of $150,000 and a staff of 3 people, makes it extremely ineffective. Foreign companies no longer use such installations and are trying to sell them in Russia, passing them off as the latest word in science and technology.

5. Use of microbiological preparations such as “putidoil” and the like. The drugs are active only on the surface, since contact with air is necessary, and in a humid environment at a relatively high temperature. It has proven itself very well in the summer remediation of the sea coasts of Kuwait, polluted during military operations. It is popular in Siberia due to its ease and low cost of use. Very good for reporting when there is no on-site verification of the result (5).

The authors recommend a Canadian method of soil reclamation, which is not sensitive to temperature, does not require transportation of soil and waste landfills, and does not require investment in special equipment and permanent technical personnel. The method is very flexible and allows modification using various materials, microbiological preparations, and fertilizers (5).

The method was conventionally called “greenhouse ridge”, because the method is based on microbiological oxidation with a natural increase in temperature - like a manure heap “burns”. The structure of the ridge is shown in Fig. 1.

Perforated plastic pipes are laid in a snake pattern on a 3-meter-wide soil cushion, which are then covered with a layer of gravel, crushed stone or expanded clay, or a Dornit-type material. Alternating layers of oil-contaminated soil and fertilizers are laid on this porous cushion like a sandwich. Manure, peat, sawdust, straw and mineral fertilizers are used as the latter; microbiological preparations can be added. The ridge is covered with plastic film, and air is supplied to the pipes from a compressor of appropriate power. The compressor can run either on fuel or on electricity - if there is a connection. Air is atomized in the porous pad and promotes rapid oxidation. Pipes can be reused many times. The film prevents cooling; If you supply heated air and additionally insulate the ridge with peat or “dornit”, then the method will be effective in winter. The oil oxidizes almost completely in 2 weeks, the residue is non-toxic and plants grow well on it. Efficient, economical, productive (5).

Rice. 1. Scheme for reclamation of oil-contaminated lands

conclusions

Thus, land reclamation refers to a set of works aimed at restoring the biological productivity and economic value of disturbed lands, as well as improving the conditions of the natural environment.

Land plots during the period of biological reclamation for agricultural and forestry purposes must go through the stage of reclamation preparation, i.e. the biological stage must be carried out after the technical stage has been fully completed.

For the successful implementation of biological reclamation, it is important to study the floristic composition of emerging communities and the processes of restoration of phytodiversity on lands disturbed by industry, when soil and plant covers are catastrophically destroyed.

The biological stage of reclamation of oil-contaminated lands includes a complex of agrotechnical and phytomeliorative measures aimed at improving the agrophysical, agrochemical, biochemical and other properties of the soil. The biological stage consists of preparing the soil, applying fertilizers, selecting grasses and grass mixtures, sowing, and caring for crops. It is aimed at fixing the surface layer of soil with the root system of plants, creating a closed grass stand and preventing the development of water and wind soil erosion on disturbed lands.

Thus, the technological scheme (map) of work on the biological reclamation of disturbed and oil-contaminated lands includes:

· surface planning;

· application of chemical ameliorant, organic and mineral fertilizers, bacterial preparation;

· moldboard or non-moldboard plowing, flat-cut processing;

· peeling with a disk harrow or disk huller;

· mole, crevice with mole;

· burrowing, intermittent furrowing;

· snow retention and melt water retention;

· pre-sowing soil preparation;

· heaping of heavily contaminated soil with the installation of air vents;

· distribution of soil from mounds over the surface of the site;

· sowing seeds of phytomeliorative plants;

· care of crops;

· monitoring the progress of reclamation.

The Canadian method of soil reclamation is recommended, which is not sensitive to temperature, does not require transportation of soil and waste landfills, and does not require investment in special equipment and permanent technical personnel. The method is very flexible and allows modification using various materials, microbiological preparations, and fertilizers. The method was conventionally called “greenhouse ridge”, because the method is based on microbiological oxidation with a natural increase in temperature.

List of used literature

1.GOST 17.5.3.04-83. Protection of Nature. Earth. General requirements for land reclamation.

2. Instructions for the reclamation of lands disturbed and contaminated during emergency and major repairs of oil pipelines dated February 6, 1997 N RD 39-00147105-006-97.

3. Chibrik T.S. Fundamentals of biological reclamation: Textbook. allowance. Ekaterinburg: Ural Publishing House. Univ., 2002. 172 p.

4. Chibrik T.S., Lukina N.V., Glazyrina M.A. Characteristics of the flora of industrially disturbed lands of the Urals: Textbook. allowance. – Ekaterinburg: Ural Publishing House. Univ., 2004. 160 p.

5. Internet resource: www.oilnews.ru

1. Polar-tundra, forest-tundra, northern taiga, middle taiga zone:

Cereals: soddy pike, reddish northern lily, Fischer's dupontia, purple reed grass, ground reed grass, red fescue, alpine leaftail, viviparous bluegrass, Holm's reed grass.

Sedges: round sedge, angustifolia cotton grass, Scheichzer's cotton grass, reddish cotton grass, Arctic Siberian sedge, erect sedge.

Forbs: crowded groundsel, arctic sorrel, drooping saxifrage, Heperborean buttercup, confused horned grass, dark-headed three-fin grass, northern blueweed, creeping carnation, double-pinnate tansy, sea armeria, ceremonial chickweed, Laxman's knotweed, meadow geranium, faithful cat's foot.

2. Southern taiga forest and forest-steppe zone

Grass mixtures: meadow fescue, meadow timothy, red clover; meadow timothy, meadow fescue, awnless brome, red clover; hedgehog grass, meadow fescue, red clover; fibrous regneria, blue-hybrid alfalfa or white sweet clover; meadow timothy, meadow foxtail, blue hybrid alfalfa; awnless brome, blue wheatgrass, blue-hybrid alfalfa; awnless brome, rootless wheatgrass, sandy sainfoin.

3. Steppe and dry steppe zone

Forbs: wheatgrass, bromeless brome, yellow and yellow-hybrid alfalfa, sainfoin, rhizomatous wheatgrass, Siberian hair grass, sweet clover, regneria.

Grass mixtures: comb wheatgrass, sandy sainfoin; awnless brome, sandy sainfoin or yellow hybrid alfalfa.