Urban and rural population. Urbanization as a worldwide process

Lesson Plan :

1. City. Functions of the city.

2. Urbanization. Characteristic features of modern urbanization.

3. Levels and rates of urbanization.

4. Forms of rural settlements.

"A city is a unity of dissimilarities" Aristotle
• There are no uniform criteria for identifying cities in the world. In the USA, cities include settlements that have reached 2.5 thousand inhabitants, in the Netherlands - 20 thousand, in Iceland - 200 people. In some countries, cities include all administrative centers, regardless of the size of the population living in them. In Russia, a city is considered a settlement with at least 12 thousand people.
• In general, cities can be classified as follows:

1 million Istra Reykjavik Novgorod Tirana Dublin Moscow FUNCTIONS OF THE CITY: scientific center, administrative center entertainment center financial transport industrial mining resort center center center center " width="640"

I . City. Functions of the city.

- this is a populated area, most of the inhabitants

which is employed in industry and services.

by population:

CITY

small average big large largest millionaires

thousand . 50 - 100 thousand 100 - 250 thousand . 250 - 500 thousand . 500 - 1 million . 1 million

Istra Reykjavik Novgorod Tirana Dublin Moscow

FUNCTIONS OF THE CITY:

administrative

entertainment center

financial transport industrial mining resort

center center center center center

Ancient Indian city - Machu Picchu

Resort town - Anapa

Capital of Australia - Canberra

City of entertainment - Las Vegas

City - State - San Marino

City - port - Arkhangelsk

Adelaide - port and administrative center

Industrial center - Norilsk (the largest center of the copper-nickel industry)

The functions of a city may change due to changes in the geopolitical position, its role and importance in the country’s economy. The "functional" history of the city can be studied by becoming familiar with its original and modern coats of arms.

Coat of arms of the city of Zvenigorod

Initially, the city was built as a fortress, which was reflected in its ancient coat of arms. Now it is one of the historical centers of Russia, part of the Moscow region. As a result, the symbol of Moscow appeared in the upper left corner of the coat of arms.

TYPES OF CITY

Cities are characterized by regional differences. It is customary to highlight Western European, Arabic, African, Latin American and North American city types . They were formed under the influence of various factors: historical, economic, geographical, religious, etc.

Western European city

Western European city: roots go back to the times of the Roman Empire. In the center there is a market square, a town hall, a cathedral. The narrow streets of the old city radiate away from the center.

Arab city

• Arab city: divided into new and old parts. The core of the old part is usually a fortification (citadel). It is surrounded in a tight ring by the quarters of the old city. The main decoration is the colorful bazaars.

African city

African city: developed under the influence of European colonization, the religion it brought - Christianity, and also later - Islam. European-style buildings are combined with oriental bazaars, mosques and poor neighborhoods

Latin American city

• Latin American city: created as a colonial city according to a single plan that Spain and Portugal developed for their possessions. The central part is similar to the center of a European city. On the outskirts, belts of poverty have formed, in which 30-50% of the city's population live.

North American city

• North American city: distinguished by specific features, primarily its youth. It is characterized by a clear rectangular layout with a Business Center (downtown); in other parts of the city there are low-rise individual buildings.

Diagram: “The role of cities in the modern world.”

Conclusion:

II . Urbanization - the process of growth of cities and urban population, the spread of urban lifestyle, increasing the economic role of the city.

Diagram: “Dynamics of the global urbanization process.”

Conclusion: in the 20th century there is an “urban boom” - a sharp jump in population

urban population.

Features of modern urbanization

1. Rapid growth of the urban population. What do you think in what

Are urban growth rates higher in EDC or RS countries?

2. Concentration of industry and population in large cities.

3. Sprawling of cities, expansion of their territory, growth up and down.

As a result of urban sprawl, urban agglomerations .

Gor. agglomeration -

territorial grouping of urban and

rural settlements.

Currently there are about 20 agglomerations.

LARGEST URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS IN THE WORLD (million people):

1. Mexico City (28) 5. Bombay (20) 9. Seoul (16)

2. Tokyo (27) 6. Beijing (19) 10. Kolkata (15)

3. Sao Paulo (26) 7. Jakarta (18)

4. Shanghai (23) 8. New York (17)

Agglomeration- is a group of nearby cities united by connections: labor, cultural and social, industrial

Moscow agglomeration

Mexico City. City - agglomeration

(17.9 million people)

New York. City - agglomeration

(16.6 million people)

English and Rhine megalopolises

Megalopolises of the world

Megalopolis is an urbanized zone formed by fused agglomerations.

There are six megalopolises in the world:

USA - 3 (San-San, Chipits, Boswash), Japan (Tokaido), Europe (English, Rhineland)

US megacities

emergence of undeveloped slums. R URBANIZATION - the spread of urban forms of life in rural settlements, due to the migration of urban residents to them. UURBANIZATION is the process of growth and development of the suburban zone of large cities, while the rate of development of satellite cities is higher than the rate of development of the agglomeration core. "width="640"

L OZHNAYA URBANIZATION - rapid growth in numbers

ty of the urban population, not accompanied by an increase in the number

jobs = emergence of squalid slums.

R URBANIZATION - spread of urban life forms in

rural settlements, due to the migration of urban residents to them

lei.

WITH UBURBANIZATION - process of growth and development of suburban

zones of large cities, while the pace of development cities -

satellites higher than the rate of development agglomer cores-

tions .

50%), medium urbanized (from 20 to 50%) and slightly urbanized (" width="640"

Depending on the size of the urban population (urbanization level), countries are classified as highly urbanized (50% urbanization level), moderately urbanized (from 20 to 50%), and lightly urbanized (
51% WEAKLY URBANIZED map "width="640"

Proportion of urban population in different countries (%)

According to the level of urbanization, all countries are divided into three groups

MEDIUM URBANIZED

20 - 50%

HIGHLY URBANIZED

WEAKLY URBANIZED

map

Urbanization level

more than 50%

from 20 to 50%

less than 20%

In addition to the urban form of settlement, there are two more:

FORMS OF SETTLEMENT

RURAL

CITY

NOMADIC

Despite the rapid growth of cities, about 1/2 of the world's population still lives in rural areas, and the total number of rural settlements is 20 million.

The group form of settlement prevails in Russia, foreign Europe, China, and Japan. Farms are most common in the USA, Canada, and Australia.

In areas of nomadic cattle breeding, there are no permanent settlements at all; this is typical for Mongolia, as well as for the indigenous peoples of the north of Russia, Canada, and the USA.

GROUP

(VILLAGE)

DISTRIBUTED

(FARM, HUTOR)

Formulate a conclusion on the topic

lesson.

Topic 3 §4 (in the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky).

Complete the assignment for the lesson.

On contact draw a map:

1. Largest cities in the world

2. Megalopolises

3. Highly urbanized, medium urbanized, low urbanized countries

(5 examples each)\

Transitions from liquid to gaseous or solid phase and back. It's hard to say where the oil came from. The origin of oil is one of the most difficult problems in natural science. Penetration of water to great depths into the bowels of the Earth. A number of statements and theoretical schemes created at the dawn of development. Some statements are remembered now only as oddities. What is oil. D.I. Mendeleev, as he himself writes, was amazed by parallelism.

“Geography test” - Name the states. Select the capital of China from the following. Areas of new development. The totality of farms in all countries of the world. Select the capital of Poland from the following. Geography cut test. Geographic division of labor. Number of non-OPEC countries. Type of industry structure. Number of a non-G8 country.

“Problems of Third World Countries” - General characteristics of Third World countries. High and growing unemployment rate. The problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries. Low level of labor productivity. Heavy dependence on agricultural production and exports. Forecast for developing countries. Problems of socio-economic backwardness of developing countries. Developing countries in the global economy. High population growth rates.

“Mechanical engineering and metalworking” - Mechanical engineering. Table. Foreign economic activity. Factors and features of the location of general engineering industries. Investments in fixed assets. Dynamics of the physical volume index of the mechanical engineering industry. Modern geography of general mechanical engineering. General mechanical engineering. Innovative and scientific-technical activities. Problems and prospects for the development of general mechanical engineering in the Russian Federation. The state of the mechanical engineering and metalworking industries.

“Architecture of Nizhny Novgorod” - A dozen Nizhny Novgorod residents. The building stood for more than 180 years. Wealth. City. There are more than 700 architectural monuments in Nizhny Novgorod. Preservation of architectural monuments in “Old Nizhny”. Preservation of the monument. Demolition of architectural monuments. Several trees. Nizhny Novgorod. Museum of Wooden Architecture. Historical core. Reconstruction of the Kremlin's Zachatievskaya tower. The attitude of the authorities towards the demolition of architectural monuments.

"World Economy" - Natural Resources. Scientific and technological revolution and its features. Signs of a post-industrial economy. MGRT and integration. Test. Composite scientific and technological revolutions. Territorial structure of countries. Stages of economic development of countries. Farm structure. Germany. MGRT is the specialization of countries in the production of goods and services. EGP. Scientific and technological revolution and the world economy. Stages of development of scientific and technological revolution. MX placement. Focus on highly qualified labor force. Environmental pollution.

The growth of cities, an increase in the share of the urban population, the spread of an urban lifestyle. urban growth, increasing proportion of urban population, spread of urban lifestyle. Urbanization year – 47.5% of the planet’s population are city dwellers

Rapid urban population growth. Urban population growth in % Leaders in urban population. China million people India million people USA million people Brazil million people

Population concentration in large cities. “Big cities are spiritual workshops where the best works of the Universe are created.” Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier's cities of millionaires. New York. Manhattan.

Urban sprawl. The transition from a “spot” city to an urban agglomeration – a territorial concentration of the urban population around a large city. The largest agglomerations in the world. 1 Tokyo – 27.9 million people. 2 Bombay – 18.1 million people. 3 Sao Paulo -17.8 million people 4 Shanghai – 17.2 million people. 5 New York – 16.6 million people. 6 Mexico City – 16.4 million people. 7 Beijing – 14.2 million people. 8 Jakarta – 14.1 million people. 9 Los Angeles – 13.1 million people. 10 Kolkata - 12.7 million people.

This is interesting The smallest city in the world - The smallest city in the world - HUM in Croatia. It was founded in 1102 and has 25 inhabitants. HUM in Croatia. It was founded in 1102 and has 25 inhabitants. One of the oldest cities in the world One of the oldest cities in the world JERICHO in Jordan. It was already ancient when the Egyptian pyramids were young.

And like a nightmare, a merciless vision, a merciless vision, a monster measuredly huge, measuredly huge, with a glass skull covering the globe, covering the globe, the future City-home appeared before me. appeared before me. I owe my life /machine of machines/ /machine of machines/ to wheels, blocks, rocker arms, I foresaw you, the last son of the Earth! Earth's last son! V.Bryusov V.Bryusov

The main factors that make it possible to distinguish an urban settlement from a rural one are the size of its population, which is predominantly employed outside agriculture. In addition, the city has a different character of residential development compared to rural areas and a higher population density.

"A city is a unity of dissimilarities"

Aristotle

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Italy Spain Portugal Belarus England Georgia Russia Australia Germany Greece Albania Macedonia China Israel Mongolia India Nepal Japan Name the countries where the Christian religion is spread

Orthodoxy

Catholicism

Protestantism

Islam

Shintoism

The main factors that make it possible to distinguish an urban settlement from a rural one are the size of its population, which is predominantly employed outside agriculture. In addition, the city has a different character of residential development compared to rural areas and a higher population density. “A city is a unity of dissimilarities” Aristotle There are no uniform criteria for identifying cities in the world. In the USA, cities include settlements that have reached 2.5 thousand inhabitants, in the Netherlands - 20 thousand, in Iceland - 200 people. In some countries, cities include all administrative centers, regardless of the size of the population living in them. In Russia, a city is considered a settlement with at least 12 thousand people. In general, cities can be classified as follows: cities Megacities (supercities formed by the merger of agglomerations) From 500 thousand to 1 million people From 100 to 500 thousand people From 1 to 10 million people agglomerations (large cities surrounded by satellite cities)

CITY 1 million in population Entertainment center Administrative and scientific centers Financial center Transport center Industrial center Mining center Resort center CITY FUNCTIONS OF THE CITY is a populated area, the majority of whose residents are employed in industry and the service sector small medium large large largest millionaires FUNCTIONS OF THE CITY OF ISTRA REYKJAVIK NOVGOROD TIRANA DUBLIN MOSCOW

Ancient Indian city - Machu Picchu Capital of Australia - Canberra Resort city - Anapa City of entertainment - Las Vegas

City - state - San Marino City - port - Arkhangelsk Industrial center - Norilsk (the largest center of the copper-nickel industry) Adelaide - port and administrative center

The functions of the city may change due to changes in the geopolitical position, its role and significance in the country’s economy. The “functional” history of the city can be studied by becoming acquainted with its original and modern coats of arms. Coat of arms of the city of Zvenigorod Initially, the city was built as a fortress, which is reflected in its ancient coat of arms. Now it is one of the historical centers of Russia, part of the Moscow region. As a result, the symbol of Moscow appeared in the upper left corner of the coat of arms.

TYPES OF CITIES Cities are characterized by regional differences. It is customary to distinguish types of cities: Western European, Arab, African, Latin American, North American. They developed under the influence of various factors: historical, economic, geographical, religious, etc.

Western European city Western European city: roots go back to the times of the Roman Empire. In the center there is a market square, a town hall, a cathedral. The narrow streets of the old city radiate away from the center.

Arab city Arab city: divided into new and old parts. The core of the old part is usually a fortification (citadel). It is surrounded in a tight ring by the quarters of the old city. The main decoration is the colorful bazaars

African city African city: developed under the influence of European colonization, the religion it introduced - Christianity, and also later - Islam. European-style buildings are combined with oriental bazaars, mosques and poor neighborhoods

Latin American city Latin American city: created as a colonial city according to a single plan that Spain and Portugal developed for their possessions. The central part is similar to the center of a European city. On the outskirts, belts of poverty have formed, in which 30-50% of the city's population live.

North American city North American city: distinguished by specific features, primarily its youth. It is characterized by a clear rectangular layout with a Business Center (downtown); in other parts of the city there are low-rise individual buildings.

2 50 80 81 Land area Population GDP Air emissions 90 80 70 60 50 40 30% 0 Conclusion: City indicators Diagram: “The role of cities in the modern world”

The problems of cities in the 21st century have become global in nature, and they are dealt with by representatives of various scientific disciplines - economists, sociologists, ecologists. Geographers are primarily interested in the spatial aspects of urbanization - patterns of the location of cities and the functioning of urban space, settlement systems, as well as environmental problems of cities.

II. Urbanization is the process of growth of cities and urban populations, the spread of the urban lifestyle, and the increasing economic role of the city. Diagram: “Dynamics of the global urbanization process.” Conclusion: in the 20th century there is an “urban boom” - a sharp jump in the urban population.

URBANIZATION CITY GROWTH GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION FORMATION OF COMPLEX URBAN SYSTEMS

Urbanization is accompanied by an increased role of cities in the life of society, the spread of an urban lifestyle and the formation of settlement systems

FEATURES OF MODERN URBANIZATION Rapid growth rates of the urban population Concentration of industry and population in large cities “Sprawling” of cities, expansion of their territory As a result of the “sprawling” of cities, urban agglomerations appear Currently, there are about 20 agglomerations THE LARGEST URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS IN THE WORLD (million people) Mexico City (28) Tokyo (27) Sao Paulo (26) Shanghai (23) Bombay (20) Beijing (19) Jakarta (18) Seoul (16) Kolkata (15) New York (17)

Moscow agglomeration AGGLOMERATION is a group of nearby cities united by connections: cultural, social, labor, industrial New York City agglomeration (16.6 million people) Mexico City agglomeration (17.9 million people)

MEGA COLISES OF THE WORLD A megalopolis is an urbanized zone formed by fused agglomerations. There are six megalopolises in the world: Europe – 2: English, Rhine; USA – 3: San-San, Chipits, Boswash; Japan – 2: Tokaido English and Rhine megalopolises USA megalopolises

FALSE URBANIZATION - the rapid growth of the urban population, not accompanied by an increase in the number of jobs => the emergence of undeveloped slums R URBANIZATION - the spread of urban forms of life in rural settlements, due to the migration of urban residents to them C UBURBANIZATION - the process of growth and development of the suburban area large cities, while the pace of development of satellite cities is higher than the rate of development of the agglomeration core

Depending on the size of the urban population (urbanization level), countries are classified as highly urbanized (urbanization level > 50%), moderately urbanized (from 20 to 50%), and lightly urbanized (

Countries with a high level of urbanization (the share of the urban population is over 50%) Moderately urbanized countries (the share of the urban population is from 20% to 50%) Slightly urbanized countries (the share of the urban population is below 20%) Depending on the size of the urban population (level of urbanization) countries vary

Countries with a high level of urbanization (share of urban population over 50%) UK – 89 ARGENTINA – 88 AUSTRALIA – 85 SWEDEN - 83 VENEZUELA – 93 BELGIUM -95 Countries with medium urbanization (share of urban population from 20% to 50%) MALAYSIA SENEGAL CONGO INDONESIA VIETNAM INDIA Slightly urbanized countries (the share of the urban population is below 20%) ETHIOPIA - 13 NEPAL - 14 MALAWI - 13 NIGER - 17 UGANDA - 12 RWANDA - 8 BURUNDI - 8 KUWAIT - 97 Depending on the number of urban population (urbanization level), countries differ

According to the level of urbanization, all countries are divided into three groups. Share of urban population in different countries (in %) HIGHLY URBANIZED > 51% MODERATELY URBANIZED 20 - 50% LOW URBANIZED

Urbanization level more than 50% from 20 to 50% less than 20%

In addition to the urban form of settlement, there are two more: FORMS OF SETTLEMENT URBAN NOMAD RURAL GROUP (VILLAGE) DISPERSED (FARM, HUTOR) Despite the rapid growth of cities, about 1/2 of the world's population still lives in rural areas, and the total number of rural settlements is 20 million The group form of settlement prevails in Russia, foreign Europe, China, and Japan. Farms are most common in the USA, Canada, and Australia. In areas of nomadic cattle breeding, there are no permanent settlements at all; this is typical for Mongolia, as well as for the indigenous peoples of the north of Russia, Canada, and the USA.

New York Moscow Singapore Mexico City Jakarta Bombay Paris Tokyo Bonn Sao Paulo Baku Los Angeles Minsk Kolkata Seoul Rome Shanghai Vancouver Beijing Oslo Name the largest agglomerations in the world with a population of more than 14 million people

THE ANSWER IS CORRECT!

Formulate a conclusion on the topic of the lesson Topic 3 §4 (in the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky) Complete the assignment for the lesson. Put on the contour map: The largest cities in the world Megalopolises Highly urbanized, medium-urbanized, low-urbanized countries (5 examples each) HOMEWORK

Diagram: “The role of cities in the modern world” Conclusion:

2 50 80 81 Land area Population GDP Air emissions 90 80 70 60 50 40 30% Diagram: “The role of cities in the modern world” 0 Conclusion: City indicators

Urbanization. Urbanization is
socio-economic
process expressed in
urban growth
settlements, concentrations
population there, especially
in big cities, in
dissemination
urban lifestyle
for the entire network of settlements.

The process of urbanization and its features.

The process of urbanization and its features.
The city did not immediately become the dominant form of settlement.
For many centuries, urban forms of life were more
exception rather than the rule due to the dominance of such
forms of production, the basis of which were
subsistence farming and individual labor.

Megapolis.

Megalopolis - hierarchical in complexity and scale
settlement system consisting of a large number
conurbations and agglomerations. Megalopolises appeared in
mid-20th century In UN terminology, a megalopolis
called an entity with a population of at least 5 million
residents.

Levels of urbanization rates.

General features of urbanization.

Common features of urbanization in the world are:
preservation of interclass social structures and population groups,
division of labor, fixing the population according to place of residence;
intensification of socio-spatial connections that determine
formation of complex settlement systems and their structures;
integration of rural areas (as the settlement sphere of the village) with
urban and narrowing of the functions of the village as a socio-economic
subsystems;
high concentration of activities such as science, culture,
information, management, and increasing their role in the country's economy;
increased regional polarization of economic urban planning
and, as a consequence, social development within countries.

Rate of urbanization.

Features of urbanization in developed countries.

Features of urbanization in developed countries are manifested in the following:
slowdown in growth rates and stabilization of the share of the total urban population
population of the country. A slowdown occurs when the share of the urban population
exceeds 75%, and stabilization - 80%. This level of urbanization is observed in
Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany;
stabilization and influx of population into certain regions of the countryside;
cessation of demographic growth of metropolitan agglomerations concentrating
population, capital, socio-cultural and management functions. Moreover, in
recent years in the metropolitan agglomerations of the USA, Great Britain, Australia,
France, Germany and Japan have outlined a process of deconcentration of production and
population, manifested in the outflow of population from the cores of agglomerations to their external
zones and even beyond agglomerations;
change in the ethnic composition of cities due to ongoing mythology
from developing countries. The high birth rate in migrant families is significantly
influences the decrease in the share of the “titular” population of cities;
placement of new jobs in the external zones of the agglomeration and even beyond them
outside.

Suburbanization.

Suburbanization (turbulent
suburban growth
around big cities)
the first signs of which
appeared before
World War II,
touched first
wealthy strata and
was a form of their escape
from social diseases
big city.

Economic development of countries.

Urbanization in Russia.

. In rural areas completely
there was no socio-cultural
maintenance, well-maintained roads. IN
ultimately between big cities,
concentrating almost all the potential
culture, and the countryside was
huge social and spatial
distance. In 1920 the number of literate
accounted for 44% of the country's population, including
among women 32%, among rural
of the population - 37 and 25%, respectively.
The settlement basis of the country by the beginning of 1926
there were 1925 urban settlements, in
of which 26 million people lived, or 18%
population of the country, and about 860 thousand.
rural settlements. Framework of centers
settlement and cultural development was
represented by only 30 cities, of which
of which Moscow and
Leningrad.
The process of urbanization in the USSR was associated with
rapid concentration of production in
large cities, the creation of new
numerous cities in the areas of the new.

Urbanized region.

An urbanized region that
formed by a network of megalopolises,
considered more complex
large-scale and territorial
extensive settlement system. To the number
emerging urbanized
regions include London-Paris-Ruhr,
Atlantic coast of North
America, etc.
The basis for identifying such
systems are cities with a population
over 100 thousand people or more. Special
“millionaire” cities occupy a place among them. In 1900 there were only
10, and now more than 400..

Agglomeration.

Agglomeration - accumulation
settlements united in
one whole intense
economic, labor and
socio-cultural connections.
Formed around large
cities, as well as in densely populated
industrial areas. In Russia in
beginning of the 21st century it turned out to be about 140
large city agglomerations. In them
2/3 of the country's population lives
concentrated 2/3 industrial and
90% of Russia's scientific potential.

Predominant urbanization.

Benefits of Urbanization
Urbanization process
helps to increase
labor productivity,
allows you to solve many
social problems
society.
1950 1970 1990
Urban population
Earth %
29
37
42
Urban population share
in Russia % 48