Presentation on the topic "Economy of the Russian Federation". Presentation - features of the modern economy in Russia What awaits science and education

Features of the modern economy in

social studies lesson in 11th grade

TRANSITION ECONOMY- economy of countries that abandoned the state-planned model during the transition to a market economy TRANSITION ECONOMY- the economy of countries that abandoned the state-planned model during the transition to a market economy is CHARACTERISTIC FOR COUNTRIES of Eastern Europe, former republics of the USSR, Russia, China. CHARACTERISTIC FOR COUNTRIES OF Eastern Europe, former republics of the USSR, Russia, China. Characteristic features of a transition economy: the initiator of market reforms and changes in the political system is the state; Characteristic features of a transition economy: the initiator of market reforms and changes in the political system is the state; the beginning of market reforms is the saturation of the consumer market; rapid growth in production or import of consumer goods. A peculiar logic of economic reforms: first of all, market relations cover the sphere of consumer production and sales, starting with agriculture; then they are distributed into the sphere of production of means; large-scale liberalization of prices, which leads to a decline in the living standards of the population. A peculiar logic of economic reforms: first of all, market relations cover the sphere of consumer production and sales, starting with agriculture; then they are distributed into the sphere of production of means; large-scale liberalization of prices, which leads to a fall in the living standards of the population. The state pursues a policy of blocking inflation, significant price increases, and maintaining the national currency; Active formation of market infrastructure, including private entrepreneurship, borrowing foreign experience. The state's policy of blocking inflation, significant price increases, and maintaining the national currency; Active formation of market infrastructure, including private entrepreneurship, borrowing foreign experience. Characteristic features of the Russian economy:

Inconsistency of reforms, half-hearted decisions made
Significant increase in the degree of risk of business activity
High level of economic instability and shortage of investment funds, underdevelopment of the investment sphere
Stable, fairly high level of inflation

The USSR occupied 2-3 place in the world in terms of production volume, but in terms of GDP 25-30 place. The USSR occupied 2-3 place in the world in terms of production volume, but in terms of GDP 25-30 place GDP per capita (1990): USSR - 4, 9 thousand dollars, USA - 18.3 thousand dollars, Canada - 17.2 thousand, Japan - 14.7 thousand dollars The share of Russia in the production of the world product decreased from 8.31 to 5.2% (USA 22.47 %) Russia's wealth has decreased since 1990 from 17 to 5% (more than 3 times). In industry by 54%, in agriculture by 33%, in construction by 66%, in transport by 57%. Such a decline has never happened in any country in the world! Russia's share in the production of the world product decreased from 8.31 to 5.2% (USA 22.47%). Russia's wealth has decreased since 1990 from 17 to 5% (more than 3 times). In industry by 54%, in agriculture by 33%, in construction by 66%, in transport by 57%. Such a decline has never happened in any country in the world! Over the 10 years of reforms in Russia, the volume of industrial production in the country decreased by 53%. Russia actually lost these 10 years in the production of fixed assets. Over the past 200 years, no country that has embarked on the path of industrial development has allowed this to happen. Over the 10 years of reforms in Russia, the volume of industrial production in the country decreased by 53%. Russia actually lost these 10 years in the production of fixed assets. Over the past 200 years, no country that has embarked on the path of industrial development has allowed this to happen. Improving the investment climate, modernizing industry, integrating into the world community, reducing government interference in the affairs of economic entities - Improving the investment climate, modernizing industry, integrating into the world community, reducing interference state in the affairs of economic entities - The goal of the new economic policy Strategic development program until 2015: Strategic development program until 2015:

The state's withdrawal from direct regulation of the economy
Establishing equal rules of the game for all
Reducing the tax burden and social programs
Deficit-free budget
Development of the financial instruments market

Results so far: Results so far:

The economy is gradually recovering
Russia's financial position has strengthened, external debt has decreased significantly, and the volume of gold and foreign exchange reserves has increased significantly. Today the ruble is backed by them by 150%. No other currency in the world has such an indicator of reliability.
A modern tax regime has been created, the tax burden has been reduced
The legislative framework of the economy continues to improve.

In September 2003, Russia became one of the most attractive countries for foreign investment. In September 2003, Russia became one of the most attractive countries for foreign investment. In 2005, Russia was ahead of the G8 members (USA, Japan, Canada, France, England, Germany, Italy) in terms of GDP growth, industrial production, and inflation rate (10.9% - 1.6 to 3.5%) . In 2005, Russia was ahead of the G8 members (USA, Japan, Canada, France, England, Germany, Italy) in terms of GDP growth, industrial production, and inflation rate (10.9% - 1.6 to 3.5%) . Russia is the largest exporter of fuel and energy resources in the world. The country's credit rating is the highest in the entire history of the new Russia. For the first time in half a century, Russia is a grain exporter. High rates of development of information technologies. From 2000 to 2008, Russia lived with a budget surplus. Russia is the largest exporter of fuel and energy resources in the world. The country's credit rating is the highest in the entire history of the new Russia. For the first time in half a century, Russia is a grain exporter. High rates of development of information technologies. From 2000 to 2008, Russia lived with a budget surplus. The Stabilization Fund is a special fund formed by the state or in the international community with the aim of providing financial assistance to stabilize the state's economy. As of March 1, 2007, the Stabilization Fund amounted to 2 trillion 708.85 billion rubles. Stabilization fund is a special fund formed by the state or in the international community with the aim of providing financial assistance to stabilize the state's economy. As of March 1, 2007, the Stabilization Fund amounted to 2 trillion 708.85 billion rubles. STATISTICS STATISTICS During the first 4 years of V.V. Putin's rule, incomes of the population increased by 32%; The average pension amount is equal to the subsistence level; The number of poor people decreased from 33 to 29 million people. Recommendations for the future: reorientation of the economy from raw material to knowledge-intensive, develop the manufacturing sector of industry, create a favorable investment climate Recommendations for the future: reorientation of the economy from raw material to knowledge-intensive, develop the manufacturing sector of industry, create a favorable investment climate

General Lesson Objectives

1. Get acquainted with the main cycles of economic development, get an idea of the cyclical nature of economic development. 2. Find out what the contribution of the Russian scientist N.D. Kondratiev to economic theory is.

Slide 3

UE-1. Tasks

1. What is the Russian economy? 2. What is a sector of the economy? 3. Give examples of economic sectors. 4: What areas is the Russian economy divided into? 5. What are the differences between areas of production? 6. What is the structure of the economy? 7. Name the leading sector of the Russian economy? 8. Why did the share of people employed in industry and non-production increase during the twentieth century and decrease in agriculture? 9. Name the 3 stages of development of society and the economy. At what stage is the Russian economy?

Slide 4

UE-2. Independent work

Studying the theory of cycles by N.D. Kondratiev

Slide 5

Slide 6

1. Clarify and write down which industries determined the development of each way of life in the corresponding cycle. 2. What determines the cyclical nature of economic development? 3. What innovations will determine the production complex of the 5th cycle? 4. Which industries during which cycles were most developed in the USSR and which ones are clearly lacking in Russia at the present stage? 5. Having considered the circuit diagrams of N.D. Kondratiev and the waves of reforms and counter-reforms, characterize any cycle (of your choice) and those historical reforms and counter-reforms that are caused by the rise and fall of the waves. 6. Predict the time frame of the next big cycle (time of the start and end of the wave, its maximum). 7. Calculate at what age you will be during the next economic depression, what segment of your life will it be, what category of labor force will you be in? What should you do to mitigate the consequences for yourself?

Slide 7

UE-3. Self-esteem

Try to evaluate the acquired knowledge and skills as follows: 1. I understood everything, I can explain the material to another. 2. I understood the material, I can explain it to someone else, but with some help from the teacher. 3. I partially understood the material. 4. I didn’t understand anything.

Slide 8

UE-4. Homework

Sum up the self-assessment points awarded for UEs 1-3. Using the resulting number, determine your homework and write it down in your diary.

Slide 9

Used sources

Kondratyev, Nikolai Dmitrievich: Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia: Version 38419171, saved at 16:24 UTC October 13, 2011 // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. - Electron. Dan. - San Francisco: Wikimedia Foundation, 2011. - Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/?oldid=38419171 Dronov V.P. Geography of Russia. Population and economy. 9th grade: textbook. for educational institutions / V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rum. – M. Bustard, 2001. – 384 p. Zhizhina E.A. Lesson developments in geography: Population and economy of Russia: 9th grade. – M.: “VAKO”, 2005, 288 p.

This presentation was developed for the lesson “Modern Russian Economy” during the testing of the new curriculum “Economics” for 10th grade students with a two-hour weekly planning, developed within the framework of the European Commission TEMPUS project “Development and introduction of sustainable structures for nurturing the entrepreneurial spirit in Russia.”

This presentation can be used by the teacher during the lesson.

Download:

Preview:

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Development of the Russian market economy Until 1991, Russia had a command-administrative economic system. From 1991 to 1998, there was an active transition stage on the way to a market economy, which was accompanied by: Change of forms of ownership The formation of modern legislation (Civil, Tax Code) Crisis phenomena (high inflation From 2000 to 2008. Stable growth and development of the Russian economy (on average 7% of GDP growth) After the crisis in 2008, a course was taken to modernize the Russian economy, and a long-term concept of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2020

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Characteristics of the Russian economy Large-scale economy, the whole range of minerals, huge territorial resources are represented. In the structure of economies, the intangible sphere occupies 56%, the material 44%, which allows us to classify the Russian economy as post-industrial. The most developed industries: - Defense-industrial complex (MIC) - Mechanical engineering - Agriculture - Heavy engineering - Oil refining industry - Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy - Energy 80% of all production occurs in the European part, since the main population of Russia is concentrated here, about 100 million 6th place in the world in terms of GDP (54 trillion rubles) GDP per capita $13,236 About 10 largest Russian companies account for 20% of GDP In the Russian budget for 2012, spending on social policy amounted to 3.898 trillion. rubles or 30.8% of the total budget.

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy On October 15, 2008, after the start of the IFC, the “Long-term concept of the socio-economic concept of development of the Russian Federation until 2020” was adopted. The main goal of which is the modernization of the domestic economy, the transition to innovative industries, the production economy, as well as the growth in the number and well-being of citizens. Russia joined the WTO Russia joined the WTO quite recently on August 22, 2012, becoming 157 members. The entry process is one of the longest - 18 years. What does this give: + First of all, advantages for consumers, domestic markets have become freer for foreign companies (reduction of customs barriers), this leads to competition, usually lower prices for goods, and improved quality of products. + For domestic firms, the fact is that since domestic markets have become more open to foreign companies, accordingly foreign markets have become more accessible to Russian firms, which creates additional sales areas for domestic products. - The biggest disadvantage is also associated with Russian firms and enterprises, namely fierce competition with foreign companies; if foreign products are cheaper and of higher quality (and this is the case), then Russian enterprises will incur losses, and as a result may lead to their ruin.

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Development challenges Long-term challenges: changing nature of globalization new technological wave increasing role of human capital in economic development depletion of sources of export-raw materials type of development Short- and medium-term challenges global financial crisis - it is necessary to take a set of short-term measures to increase the sustainability of the Russian economy financial system and the economy as a whole Orientation of policy towards strategic development goals Formation of long-term “rules of the game” necessary for decision-making by economic agents CDR-2020

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Implementation of the CDR “WHAT” Ideology, “image of the country”, goals and principles of policy “HOW” Specific directions, tasks, mechanisms, indicators Within the framework of the Concept, “ideology” and “technology” of long-term development are balanced. At the same time, the detail is not excessive: the measures are formulated more specifically in the Main Directions of Government Activities and the Action Plan

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Stages of implementation Stage 1 – consolidation of competitive advantages, 2009-2012 Realization of competitive advantages in “traditional” sectors Adaptation to crisis processes in the global economy. Creation of conditions and technological foundations that ensure the transition of the economy to the mode of innovative development. Advanced investments in human capital and infrastructure 2nd stage - innovative breakthrough, 2013-2020 A breakthrough in increasing competitiveness based on: transition to a new technological base improving the quality of human potential and the social environment; structural diversification of the economy and completion of the modernization of infrastructure sectors. Formation of a society of trust and social well-being, mitigation of social and regional differentiation.

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Russia 2020: image of the country Attractive for life Innovative high standard of living multiple increase in the share of the middle class availability of quality education and healthcare services comfortable living conditions new image of Russian regions developed democratic institutions 5-10% share in the markets of high-tech goods and intellectual services in 8-10 positions Leading positions in fundamental and applied scientific developments and related technologies

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Globally competitive Status of one of the world leaders Multiple increase in labor productivity Energy intensity – reduced by up to 1.7 times High competitiveness of markets Geographical and product diversification of exports Russia is a logistics hub in the global energy infrastructure the largest transit country Russia’s leadership in integration processes in the Eurasian space, stable connections with world economic centers, an active role in developing the economic world order, a key participant in developing the rules for the functioning of global energy markets, a high level of national security and defense capability Russia 2020: the image of the country

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Social development Involving youth in social practice, supporting scientific, creative and entrepreneurial activities Supporting talented youth and leadership Civic education and patriotic education Improving the social climate in society, reducing poverty and stratification Increasing the efficiency of state support Rehabilitation and integration of people with disabilities Social services for the elderly NPOs in the social sphere Support for people in difficult life situations Improving the social climate in society, reducing poverty and stratification Increasing the efficiency of state support Rehabilitation and integration of the disabled Social services for the elderly NPOs in the social sphere Support for people in difficult life situations Increasing labor market flexibility and reduction of illegal employment Development of labor market institutions, growth of employment and efficiency of labor use Creation of favorable working conditions Attraction of foreign labor Youth policy Social support Cultural policy Labor market

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Pension system Goal: Objectives: Indicators: increasing the level of pension provision for all categories of pensioners and ensuring long-term balance of the pension system; streamlining the taxation of employer contributions to non-state pension funds; introducing a limit on annual earnings on which insurance contributions are calculated; and the loss of which is subject to replacement of the labor pension; introduction of insurance contributions for compulsory pension insurance at a single rate; strengthening the funded element of the pension; increasing pensions for the older generation by increasing the monetary value (valorization) of pension rights; creating a system for assessing and monitoring long-term pension obligations; The average size of the old-age pension is at least 2.5 subsistence pensioner minimums, achieving an individual replacement rate of 40% by 2020

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Health GOAL: ensuring the availability of high-quality medical care, its compliance in terms of volume, type and quality of technologies with the level of morbidity and needs of the population Key directions: Development and mass implementation of clinical and medical standards Concretization of the state guarantee program, convergence of territorial programs Development of primary care health care, emphasis on clinical examination Protecting the rights of the patient and doctor Improving the supply of medicines Informatization of healthcare, development of science and new medical services. technologies Effective prevention system, promotion of a healthy lifestyle Formation and implementation of the State Health Care Development Program Indicators: Increase in government spending from 3.6% of GDP in 2008 to 5.2-5.5% Reduction in mortality from diseases of the circulatory system - 1.4 times, from external reasons – 2 times. Infant and maternal mortality – at the level of developed countries

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Demography Goal: Objectives: Indicators: reducing the rate of natural population decline, stabilizing the population and creating conditions for its growth, improving the quality of life and increasing life expectancy Reducing mortality Preserving and strengthening public health, increasing active life expectancy Increasing the birth rate Managing migration processes Providing protection from emergency situations Russia's population growth to 145 million people by 2025 mortality rate - no higher than 10.8-11 total fertility rate - 1.75-1.80

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy significant IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF HUMAN LIFE, the formation of a balanced environmentally oriented model of economic development and environmentally competitive production “Ecology of production” gradual reduction of levels of environmental impact from all anthropogenic sources “Human ecology” Creation of environmentally friendly safe and comfortable living environment for the population, places of work and recreation, other social activities “Ecology of the natural environment” conservation and protection of the natural environment “Ecological business” - creation of an effective environmental sector of the economy, a new system for rationing maximum permissible limits for the environment, etc. Reducing specific levels of environmental impact by 3-7 times, depending on the industry. establishing standards for the quality of water, air, soil, standards for permissible anthropogenic load, etc. Reduction by 2020: -5 rubles. the number of cities with high and very high levels of pollution - 4 rubles. number of residents living in unsatisfactory conditions. conditions Formation of environmental audit rules, requirements for technology development, etc. - Growth of the market for eco-development, goods and services by 5 times; new methods of territorial planning, land use and development - preservation of natural ecosystems, etc. Increasing bioproductivity. Restoration of species diversity Living conditions - ecology

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy increasing the availability of QUALITY EDUCATION that meets the requirements of innovative economic development, the modern needs of society and every citizen Indicators: The share of teaching staff receiving salaries above the regional average will increase from 12% to 45% The share of citizens receiving continuing education services will grow from 15% to 50% Growth in total expenditures on education - from 4.8% of GDP to 7%, expenditures of the budget system - from 4.1% of GDP to 5.5-6% World-class scientific and educational complexes New generation educational standards Allocation of a part of the state budget to universities for scientific research, etc. Support for gifted children and talented youth Providing preschool education Development of primary and secondary vocational education, etc. Introduction of the “applied bachelor’s degree” system Creation of support systems for consumers of continuing education services and organizations providing these services, etc. Education

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy National competitiveness. Science and innovation Creation and dissemination of innovations in all sectors of the economy, including increasing the competitiveness of the research and development sector Indicators: share of enterprises carrying out technological innovations - 40-50% in 2020 (2007 -9.5%); the share of innovative products in the total volume of industrial products - up to 25-35% in 2020 (2007 - 5.5%); internal costs for research and development - 2.5-3.0% of GDP in 2020 stimulation of investments in technology, R&D, their commercialization, capitalization of IP transfer of part of the government order for R&D to small and medium-sized innovative businesses, innovative focus of government procurement Implementation of a technological system and research initiatives (projects) ensuring Russia’s breakthrough position in scientific and technological competition in world markets; introducing an institute for independent assessment of the activities of state scientific organizations; increasing the share of competitive financing; creating 5-7 national research centers (“national laboratories”), 20-30 research. universities radically increasing the efficiency of innovation infrastructure (SEZs, technology transfer centers, business incubators and technology parks, etc.) development of financial innovation infrastructures supporting the entry of Russian enterprises both in the high-tech sectors and in other sectors into business alliances, Russian participation in global technology projects, international programs

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Infrastructure GOALS OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT Removing obstacles to accelerating economic growth associated with its backwardness, ensuring the necessary volumes, quality and reliability of infrastructure services Energy transport communications Directions and main projects (example) Increasing the capacity of the core transport network implementation of PPP projects (including concessions), construction of roads (WHSD, Central Ring Road...); railway infrastructure in areas of promising industrial growth; modernization of the fleet of aircraft and river vessels, railway cars Realization of transit potential creation of large logistics centers on the border (dry ports); international transport corridors in the directions “East-West”, “North-South”, “Transpolar air routes”, “Northern Sea Route”; development of port SEZs; Ensuring regional development ensuring the integrated development and development of the territories of Siberia and the Far East and the development of new mineral deposits

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Industrial policy GOALS OF THE STATE INDUSTRIAL POLICY: Diversification of the economy Increasing the global competitiveness of industrial products Supporting the export of Russian industrial products Ensuring the technological security of the country

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Energy efficiency technical regulations and energy efficiency standards labeling products according to energy efficiency levels stimulating the use of renewable energy sources. (Growth in electricity production based on alternative renewable energy sources: 2007 - 0.5 billion kWh, 2020 - 10-20 billion kWh) support for the development of domestic models of new generation energy-saving technologies. stimulating the development of energy auditing within the framework of programs to support the development of small businesses on equipping consumers of the retail market with energy consumption meters; implementing special measures to increase the energy efficiency of housing and communal services. Energy saving potential in housing and communal services is more than 80 million t.e. Russia has the potential to reduce energy intensity by up to 4% per year. This will allow us to reach a level of energy efficiency comparable to Canada in 2020, reducing energy intensity by 40% compared to 2008.

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Global competitiveness GROWTH OF COMPETITIVENESS IN WORLD MARKETS BY 2020 Civil aviation is the third place in the production of civil products; achieving 10-15% of the global sales market level at the turn of 2020-2025. Rocket and space industry - the share of product presence in segments of the global space market will increase from 8 to 15 percent. Space launch market - maintaining leading positions; up to 30% of the commercial launch market. Shipbuilding industry - exports of civilian products will increase by more than 5 times, military products by 1.5-2 times (20% of the market). Nuclear energy industrial complex – exports at least 8-14 billion dollars per year. 2007 2020 Russia’s share in the world economy, % 3.2 4.3 Exports, billion dollars 354 > 900 Export of machinery and equipment, billion dollars 20 110-130 Contribution of domestic products to cover domestic demand, % 50 80 share Russian exports in the global volume of exports of high-tech goods,% 0.3 2

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Foreign economic policy Priority is integration in the Eurasian space. Transformation of the ruble into a regional reserve currency Focusing export support and joint projects on countries with fast-growing markets Diversification of exports and rationalization of imports Shifting the emphasis from foreign trade in goods to global production cooperation (joint projects, mutual exchange of assets, entering third-country markets, etc. .) Active role in the activities of international and regional economic organizations, especially influencing the formation of oil and gas markets

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Financial system Development of the banking system Development of the stock market Development of the insurance market increasing the capitalization of banks - improving prudential supervision optimizing mergers and acquisitions procedures; - introduction of irrevocable deposits; expansion of refinancing instruments facilitating the issuance of shares and bonds of banks improvement of regulation expansion of investment volumes in the financial market of Russian institutional investors development of organized trade infrastructure (central depository, clearing organization, clearing house, exchanges) development of the business environment and improvement of the investment climate development of endowment life insurance in t .h. through non-state pension funds, development of mechanisms for insuring the liability of business entities in case of harm, as well as in case of natural disasters

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Regional policy Innovative and social orientation of regional development Formation of territorial production clusters Development of scientific, technical and educational potential of large urban agglomerations Significant reduction of interregional and intraregional differentiation in the level and quality of the social environment and income of the population Development of large transport networks - logistics and production hubs Formation and development of tourist and recreational areas with a high level of service provision in territories with unique natural and climatic conditions Preservation of cultural diversity, traditional way of life and employment of indigenous peoples of the North

Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy The growth poles of the Northwestern Federal District are transport and business services - high-tech. import-substituting industries - traditional industries Resource-extracting regions - new technologies for the development and modernization of traditional industries ARCTIC - development of oil and gas fields - increasing knowledge of the Arctic continental shelf and determining its boundaries - extraction of marine biological resources and their processing - increasing the competitiveness of the Northern Sea Route - environmental protection - security national security, etc. Volga Federal District - modernization of industrial potential through the introduction of new technologies in the Central Federal District - expansion of the network of high-speed highways - new centers of advanced industry and service economy - development of Moscow. logistics hub - international. transport corridors Central-Chern. zone - advanced technologies in agriculture - modernization of enterprises focused on the Kursk magnetic anomaly of the Southern Federal District Primorsky and mountainous areas - tourism Regions with the potential of processing industries - new technologies in processing - development of high-performance industries of the Siberian Federal District - efficient use of natural resources (incl. depth of processing) based on new technologies South of Siberia - processing of agricultural raw materials - tourism of the Ural Federal District - extraction of mineral resources based on new technologies - modernization of industrial potential - development of business, innovative, educational services in large agglomerations of the Far Eastern Federal District - introduction of new technologies in mining hydrocarbon raw materials - gasification - development of transport and energy infrastructures - modernization of large cities - efficient use of marine biological resources - mechanical engineering - shipbuilding, aircraft construction - ship repair - aircraft construction

Classic economic functions of the state are stabilization of the economy; protection of property rights; regulation of money circulation; income redistribution; regulation of relationships between employers and employees; control over foreign economic activity; production of public goods.

New functions of the state They are associated with the formation of a post-industrial society: - support for fundamental science, - participation in solving global problems of humanity, - overcoming the environmental crisis and its consequences, - eliminating the economic gap.

The most general economic goals of the state: Ensuring economic growth (development!); creation of conditions for economic freedom (the right to choose the type, form and scope of economic activity, methods of its implementation and use of income from it); Ensuring economic security and economic efficiency;

Stabilization includes mainly fiscal (fiscal) and monetary (monetary) policies. The structural direction uses such methods of influencing the economy as state support for industries that are especially important for the development of the country’s entire economy, production of public goods, privatization, promoting competition and limiting monopolies, etc. If stabilization policy is aimed primarily at improving the economy, then structural policy is aimed at maintaining it balanced development, i.e. a healthy lifestyle.

What is an open economic policy of the state - Economic goals of the state. –Main directions of economic policy. Monetary stabilization policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Structural policy – Definition – How to understand it – Examples of structural policy – Pros and cons Questions

Monetary policy influences aggregate demand. The object of regulation is the money supply. Monetary policy is determined and implemented by the Central Bank. However, changes in the money supply occur not only as a result of the operations of the Central Bank, but also of commercial banks, as well as decisions of the non-banking sector (consumers and firms).

The second instrument of monetary policy is the regulation of the discount interest rate (refinancing rate). The discount rate is the interest rate at which the Central Bank provides loans to commercial banks. CBs resort to loans from the Central Bank if they unexpectedly face the need to urgently replenish reserves or to get out of a difficult financial situation.

The third instrument of monetary policy is open market operations. Open market operations represent the purchase and sale by the Central Bank of government securities in the secondary securities markets. The objects of open market transactions are primarily: 1) short-term government bonds and 2) treasury bills.

Types of monetary policy There are two types of monetary policy: – stimulating – contracting. Stimulating monetary policy is carried out during a recession in order to “cheer up” the economy, increase business activity in order to combat unemployment. Contractionary monetary policy is carried out during boom periods and is aimed at reducing business activity in order to combat inflation.

Advantages of monetary policy Absence of internal lag (the period of time between the moment of awareness of the economic situation in the country and the moment of taking measures to improve it). No crowding out effect. Expansionary monetary policy (increased money supply) causes a reduction in the interest rate, which leads not to crowding out, but to stimulation of investment. Multiplier effect.

Disadvantages of monetary policy Possibility of inflation. Expansionary monetary policy, i.e. An increase in the money supply leads to inflation even in the short term. The presence of an external lag due to the complexity and possible failures in the monetary transmission mechanism. The external lag represents the period of time from the moment the measures are taken until the result of their impact on the economy appears.

Fiscal policy is the government's actions to stabilize the economy by changing the amount of government budget revenues or expenditures. Fiscal policy is actions to regulate aggregate demand. The economy is regulated by influencing the amount of total expenditures. A number of fiscal policy instruments can be used to influence aggregate supply.

Fiscal policy goals: 1) stable economic growth; 2) full employment of resources (solving the problem of cyclical unemployment); 3) stable price level. Instruments of fiscal policy - expenditures and revenues of the state budget: 1) public procurement; 2) taxes; 3) transfers. Same as monetary policy

Types of fiscal policy Depending on the phase of the cycle, either stimulating or contractionary policies are applied. Expansionary fiscal policy is applied during a recession and is aimed at increasing aggregate demand. Its tools are: increasing government procurement, lowering taxes and increasing transfers. Contractionary fiscal policy is used during a boom and is aimed at reducing aggregate demand. Its tools are: reducing government purchases, increasing taxes and reducing transfers.

Impact of Fiscal Policy Instruments on Aggregate Demand Government procurement is a component of aggregate demand, so changes in it have a direct impact, while taxes and transfers have an indirect impact on aggregate demand. Increased government purchases increase aggregate demand. An increase in transfers also increases aggregate demand because household personal income increases. An increase in taxes leads to a reduction in aggregate demand.

Advantages of fiscal policy Multiplier effect (fiscal policy instruments have a multiplier effect on the value of aggregate output. Absence of external lag (external lag is the period of time between the adoption of a decision and the appearance of the first results. Availability of automatic stabilizers. Since these stabilizers are built-in, the government does not need take special measures to stabilize the economy.

Disadvantages of fiscal policy Presence of an internal lag. (this is the period of time between the need to change a policy and the decision to change it). Displacement effect. (budget expenditures during a recession to total income, which is the demand for money and the interest rate on the money market. Rise in the cost of loans to private investment, i.e. to “crowding out” part of the investment expenses of firms.

Uncertainty. Uncertainty concerns: -identification of the economic situation, -scale of impact in any given economic situation. Budget deficit. Increased purchases and transfers, i.e. budget expenditures, and tax reduction, i.e. budget revenues, which leads to an increase in the budget deficit.

About the definition Industrial policy is not an alternative to the policy of building a market economy, but only a specific tool for solving structural problems. In the West, this term rather corresponds to the term “industrial” or “sectoral” policy (as government measures to support or develop specific sectors of the economy. Examples are post-war France, Sweden in the 80s, South Korea, India, Japan, US agricultural policy .

Features of the Russian understanding In the early 90s, the term industrial policy was adopted. There was a shift in emphasis, and industrial policy was interpreted as “state policy in the field of industry” or, in fact, as “state support for industry”. As a rule, high-tech and knowledge-intensive branches of the military-industrial complex (MIC) were meant.

Peculiarities of the Russian understanding Since industrial policy results in a change in the sectoral structure of production, in Russian practice the term “structural policy” is often used as an analogue or synonym for industrial policy. In the West, “structural policy” (or more often “structural reforms”) means institutional transformations, such as privatization, monopoly reform, land reform, support for small businesses, etc.

Features of the Russian understanding Industrial policy is a set of government actions aimed at purposefully changing the structure of the economy by creating more favorable conditions for the development of priority sectors and industries. Essentially equivalent is the definition of industrial policy as discrimination by the state of some sectors in comparison with others. In both cases, we are talking about creating unequal operating conditions.

Features of the Russian understanding Industrial policy presupposes the presence of clear government priorities. Industrial policy is always an attempt to change the “natural course of events”. Industrial policy means improving the situation of some sectors of the economy due to the relative deterioration of the operating conditions of other sectors. An industrial policy can be considered successful if the benefit to the country as a whole (including both direct and indirect benefits) from the development of priority sectors is higher than the damage from slowing down the development of all others.

Examples of industrial policy World experience provides examples of at least three types of industrial policy: 1.export-oriented (creating conditions for the growth of exports of certain types of products), 2.internally oriented (protecting the domestic market and ensuring economic self-sufficiency) 3.strategic industrial policy aimed to limit the use of its own natural and non-renewable resources (oil, forest, ecology, etc.).

Examples of industrial policy Export-oriented policy - South Korea in the 60s-80s and other “tigers” of Southeast Asia, China in the 80s and 90s, partly Japan, India in the 90s, Chile in the 70s and 80s -X. Internally oriented policy - India 60s - 80s, France 50s - 70s, Japan, China, USA (in terms of agricultural policy), USSR and to a certain extent Russia. Strategic industrial policy - actions of the USA, OPEC countries.

Industrial policy: pro et contra Liberal economic theory views industrial policy as unlawful government intervention in the economy, distorting the operation of market mechanisms and preventing the optimal allocation of resources. According to prevailing views, the state is unable to determine the true points of growth.

The main arguments in favor Market mechanisms effectively remove structural imbalances only with relatively small deviations from the optimum. Eliminating “global” imbalances requires non-market measures. The decision time horizons of market actors are “shorter” than might be necessary to make optimal decisions. The social and political costs of market self-regulation without the use of special measures may turn out to be higher than the strength of the socio-political system allows.

The main arguments against Industrial policy generates more significant imbalances than those that it is intended to level out. Industrial policy involves an “unequal playing field” and creates opportunities for lobbying and corruption. Industrial policy involves the state (official) choosing “champions”, which inevitably leads, even in the absence of corruption, to mistakes and large-scale costs.

What is the open economic policy of the state - Economic goals of the state. –Main directions of economic policy. Monetary stabilization policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Structural policy – Definition – How to understand it – Examples of structural policy – Pros and cons Basic concepts