The functioning of any organization or other legal entity of a commercial type is carried out for the sole purpose of obtaining maximum benefit and profit from the sale of goods or the provision of services. According to the law, enterprises are required to pay income tax, which can be calculated independently using a formula or using a special online calculator. Income tax is one of the main sources of generating revenue for the State Budget of the Russian Federation.

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Formula for calculating corporate income tax

To calculate the amount of corporate income tax, a standard formula is used:

INCOME TAX AMOUNT = tax rate * tax base

Income tax rate

Income tax rate under the current legislation of the Russian Federation is 20%, of which only 2% goes to the federal budget of the country, and the remaining 18% is transferred to the regional budget of the subject of the federation.

This tax rate also applies to residents of the Russian Federation.

For foreign organizations that do not have a permanent establishment in the country, the amount of income tax consists of 20% on all income and 10% on the delivery or use of vehicles for international transport.

How to calculate the tax base

Below are 3 formulas for calculating the tax base

Example of income tax calculation

Organization X took out a loan of 1,000,000 rubles, paying an initial payment of 400,000 rubles. For the first quarter of the year, the organization received revenue of 1,770,000 rubles, including VAT of 270,000 rubles. The cost of producing goods is 560,000 rubles, and employee wages are 350,000 rubles, insurance premiums are 91,000 rubles, depreciation is 60,000 rubles. Interest on a loan issued to another company is 25,000 rubles, last year’s tax loss is 120,000 rubles. Total expenses for the first quarter: 767,700 rubles. Profit for the first quarter: 612,300 rubles.

1,770,000 (revenue) – 270,000 (VAT) – 767,700 (expenses) – 120,000 (tax loss) = 612,300 rubles.

Amount of income tax: 122,460 rubles.

612,300 (profit) x 20% (tax rate) = 122,460 rubles.

The amount of tax that will go to the federal budget: 612,300 x 2% = 12,246 rubles.

The amount of tax that will go to the regional budget: 612,300 x 18% = 110,214 rubles.

Video: calculating corporate income tax

Taxable income

According to the law, the following types of income of legal entities are subject to income tax:

• Income received by an organization from the sale of goods, performance of work, and services. In this case, it does not matter whether these are purchased goods or products of our own production.
• Non-operating income.

Non-operating income includes:

• Positive amount differences.
• Profit for previous reporting periods, which was revealed in the current reporting year.
• Movable and immovable property received free of charge.
• Positive exchange rate differences.
• The cost of assets that were identified during inventories or received after the liquidation of the organization's fixed assets.
• Interest earned by a firm on loans.
• Penalties and fines for non-fulfillment or delay in fulfillment of obligations by counterparties.
• Written off accounts payable.
• Dividends.
• Interest on bills and commercial loans.

The list of income of a legal entity that is not subject to income tax is contained in Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, so the following are not subject to taxation:

• Targeted financing funds and grants.
• Prepayment made for goods when the accrual method is used.
• The value of property that was contributed as a contribution to the authorized capital of the company.
• Borrowed funds received.
• The cost of inseparable improvements to fixed assets that were provided to the company under a free use agreement.
• The value of property or financial resources received by the company in connection with the fulfillment of obligations under a mediation agreement, an exception to the general rule is the intermediary’s own remuneration.
• The cost of permanent improvements to the leased property made by the lessee.

Property that was received by a legal entity free of charge is also not subject to taxation:

• From another legal entity, if its share in the authorized capital of the organization is more than fifty percent.
• From an individual, if the share of such person in the authorized capital of the company is more than fifty percent.
• From another organization, if the share of the recipient legal entity in its authorized capital is more than fifty percent.

However, if the above property items were transferred into the possession or use of third parties during the year, then income tax should be paid in the general manner.

The following types of expenses are deducted from the tax base:

• To pay employees.
• Depreciation of fixed assets.
• Material costs.
• Other expenses associated with the sale and production of products.
• Non-operating expenses.

Employee costs include:

• Wage.
• Awards.
• Additional payments.
• Compensation.
• Expenses for remuneration of employees who carry out labor activities under civil contracts.
• Lump sums of money paid for length of service.
• Expenses for remuneration of employees during the period of temporary forced downtime of the company.
• Insurance payments under voluntary and compulsory insurance contracts.
• Funds that are reserved for the upcoming payment of benefits for length of service and vacation pay.
• Accruals for company reorganization or staff reductions.
• Employee costs for paying interest on loans, loans for the purchase and construction of housing.

Other expenses associated with the sale and production of products include:

• Services of third party legal entities.
• Rent.
• Advertising.
• Insurance.
• Personnel training.
• Compensation for the use of personal transport.
• Representative and travel expenses.
• Rights to use databases and computer programs.

Non-operating expenses are:

• Written off accounts receivable.
• Interest on loans and borrowings.
• Legal costs and arbitration fees.
• Negative exchange rate difference.
• Interest on securities.
• The funds that the company spent on creating a reserve for doubtful debts.
• Penalties, fines and penalties for violated terms of contracts.
• Losses due to force majeure.
• Losses for previous years that were identified in the current tax period.
• Shortages of material assets that were identified during the inventory, if there are no perpetrators.

Expenses that are not tax deductible are contained in Article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation:

• Remunerations and payments for members of the board of directors.
• Contributions of founders to the authorized capital of the company.
• Deductions to the reserve, which are made in case of depreciation of investments in the purchase of securities. An exception to the general rule is deductions from professional participants in the securities market.
• Taxes and payments for a company exceeding limits on emissions of pollutants into the environment.
• Losses that the company incurred in the process of servicing production and economic activities. This list includes objects of communal housing and cultural and social spheres.
• Penalties and fines that are transferred to the state budget, as well as to extra-budgetary funds.
• Property and funds that were transferred under loans and loan agreements.
• Fee for notary registration if the payment amounts exceed the established tariffs.
• An advance payment that was made for the product using the accrual method.
• Partial or full repayment of loans provided to employees for housing.
• Voluntary membership fees transferred to the funds of public organizations.
• Amounts of revaluation of securities at their market value, if the difference is negative.
• The cost of property that was transferred free of charge (including the costs of transferring such property).
• Awards that were paid from special purpose funds or earmarked proceeds.
• Payment for employee travel from home to work and back, if such payment is not provided for by the clauses of the collective agreement or production specifics.
• One-time payments for retirement, pension supplements.
• Vacation and treatment vouchers for workers.
• Payment for vacations that are not provided for by current legislation, but are provided for by the collective agreement.
• Attendance at sporting and cultural events.
• Payment for personal goods and similar expenses made in favor of the employee.
• Subscription to literature that is not used for production purposes.
• Reduced or free meals that are not provided for by the provisions of the collective agreement or current legislation.

Income tax return

An organization submits an income tax return at the end of the year, and the tax itself can be paid either as a lump sum at the end of the tax period, or monthly throughout the year.

Reporting periods for income tax are:

• Half-year (inclusive of June).
• First quarter of the year.
• Nine months (including September).

Calculating income tax in 2019 is one of the most complex accounting operations. Using an example, we will show how to calculate income tax, we will provide the formula, the current rate and the calculation method.

How to calculate corporate income tax. Popular questions and step-by-step instructions

What is this tax and how much is it subject to?

Legal entities pay income tax on income reduced by the amount of expenses. Firms are required to pay a percentage of their profits to the budget. Unless they use special regimes: simplified tax system, UTII, unified agricultural tax. Or they don’t run a gambling business. Special taxation exempts legal entities from paying income tax. Let's figure out how to calculate income tax in 2019 (an example of calculation is for LLCs that apply the general tax regime).

Who pays income tax?

Payers are:

• Russian legal entities on the general taxation system;
• foreign companies that operate and earn money in the Russian Federation or work through a Russian representative office.

They don't pay:

• Individual entrepreneurs and organizations on special regimes.

What are the income tax rates?

Before you understand how income tax is calculated, you need to find out its size. The general rate is 20% of profit. Of these, in 2016, 2% received the federal budget, 18% received the regional budget. However, on December 28, 2016, the order of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation N ММВ-7-3/572@ October 19, 2016 came into force, which introduced a new declaration form and changed the procedure for distributing interest between budgets. In 2019, 3% will go to the federal treasury, 17% to the regional treasury. At the local level, authorities can lower the tax rate, but only in that part that goes to the local budget: 3% is added on top. The rate in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation cannot be lower than 13.5%. Together with payments going to the federal budget, the lower threshold is now 16.5% (13.5 + 3) - it has increased compared to 2016.

In Moscow, a rate of 13.5% is paid by certain categories of taxpayers who:

• use the labor of disabled people;
• produce cars;
• work in a special economic zone;
• are residents of technopolises and industrial parks.

In St. Petersburg, 13.5% of profits is paid only by residents of the special economic zone who operate on its territory.

In most regions, the rate has been reduced for at least some types of activities. how to calculate income tax

In addition to the main rate, there are special rates. Income tax at such rates is fully directed to the federal budget.

They are used for enterprises with a certain status or for special types of income:

• 20% is paid by foreign companies without Russian representation, hydrocarbon producers and controlled foreign companies;
• 10% - foreign companies without a representative office in the Russian Federation from income from leasing vehicles and in international transportation;
• 13% - local organizations from dividends of foreign and Russian companies, and from dividends from shares on depositary receipts;
• 15% - foreign organizations from dividends of Russian companies; and all owners with state income. and municipal securities (CB);
• 9% - from interest on municipal central banks and other income from paragraphs 2 p 4 Article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation;
• 0% rate for medical and educational institutions, residents of special economic zones (EZ), participants in regional investment projects, free EZ in Crimea and Sevastopol, residents of the territory of rapid socio-economic development.

Calculation of corporate income tax: sample formula with tables

Example. Your organization is on OSN and received income for the calendar year of 4,500,000 rubles. At the same time, she incurred expenses of 2,700,000 rubles.

Your profit: 4,500,000 - 2,700,000 = 1,800,000 rubles.

From the amount of 1,800,000 you need to pay. See further, How to calculate income tax using an example.

If the regional rate in your area is basic and equal to 18%, then at the end of the year you will pay:

• to the local budget:

• to the federal budget:

If a reduced rate of 13.5% is applied in the region, then the calculation is as follows:

• to the local budget:

• to federal:

The example shows that the amount for receipt of the federal budget does not change - 3% of income ends up there in any case.

Advance payments

Income tax is paid in advance payments every month or quarter, and then at the end of the year. Those companies whose sales revenues do not exceed 15 million rubles per quarter over the previous 4 quarters have the right to transfer advances quarterly in 2019. Other legal entities pay advances monthly. We described how to calculate advances for income tax in a separate article. Quarterly advances are calculated from actual income, and monthly advances are calculated from estimated income (based on data for the previous quarter).

Expenses and income

What is considered income?

Income is your revenue from your main activity (sales, provision of services or performance of work) and from additional sources (bank interest, rental of property). When calculating income tax, income is taken into account without VAT and excise taxes and is confirmed by: invoices, payment orders, entries in the book of income and expenses, and accounting registers.

What counts as an expense?

Expenses are confirmed and justified expenses of the company. They are associated with production activities:

• employee salaries;
• cost of raw materials and equipment;
• depreciation;
• etc.

But there are also those not related to production:

• legal costs;
• difference in exchange rates;
• interest on loans;
• etc.

What expenses are deducted from income?

Accountants pay close attention to documents that confirm income tax expenses, since income can be reduced by expenses only if the following conditions are met:

• expenses must be justified - prove economic feasibility;
• Primary documents (book of income and expenses, tax registers) must be completed correctly.

At the same time, there is a list of costs that cannot be taken into account when reducing the base.

Subtracted from income:

• commercial, transport, production costs (raw materials; wages; depreciation; rent; services of third-party lawyers; representation expenses);
• interest on debts;
• expenses on advertising (with a limitation - only 1% of sales revenue is written off);
• insurance costs;
• spending on research (to improve products);
• expenses for education and training of personnel;
• expenses for the purchase of databases and computer programs.

What expenses cannot be deducted?

A list of expenses that do not reduce income is given in Article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. This:

• remuneration for members of the board of directors;
• contributions to the authorized capital;
• contributions to the securities reserve;
• payments for exceeding the level of emissions into the environment;
• losses associated with economic activities in the communal, housing and socio-cultural spheres;
• penalties and fines;
• money and property transferred to pay for loans and borrowings;
• fees for notary services above the tariff;
• prepayment for a product or service;
• repayment of loans for employee housing;
• voluntary membership contributions to public funds;
• the amount of revaluation of the Central Bank with a negative difference;
• the cost of property that was given free of charge, transfer costs;
• payment for employee travel to work and home, if it is not provided for by production features and contract;
• pension benefits;
• vouchers for treatment and rest of employees;
• payment for vacations that are not provided for by law, but are specified in the contract with the employee;
• payment for sports and cultural events;
• payments for personal consumption goods purchased for employees;
• the cost of subscriptions to newspapers, magazines and other literature not related to production;
• payment for food for employees, unless this is provided for by law or collective agreement.

Moment of recognition of income and expenses

The moment of recognition is the period of time in which income or expenses are reflected in income tax accounting. There are two such moments. They depend on the method of recognizing income and expenses:

• cash method;
• accrual method.

The company chooses one of the methods, and before December 31 (without waiting for the start of the next tax period) informs the territorial body of the Federal Tax Service of Russia about its choice.

When applying methods, firms take into account amounts at different points in time. Let's look into the nuances.

The cash method assumes that:

• income is taken into account at the time of receipt at the cash desk or in the company's current account, not earlier;
• expenses are taken into account at the time of debiting from the account or paying from the cash register, not earlier;
• When paying tax, amounts are taken into account according to the dates of receipt or write-off.

Accrual method:

• income is taken into account at the time of occurrence (under contracts or payment orders), and not upon direct payment;
• expenses are taken into account at the time of occurrence, and not when funds are written off from accounts;
• When paying tax, amounts are taken into account based on documented dates, even if payment actually occurred later.

Kolibri LLC issued an invoice for office rent in March, but payment was made only in June. Under the cash method, the accountant of Kolibri LLC reflects the expenses for renting an office in June - upon the transfer of money. In tax accounting, this expense is written off in the 2nd quarter. Under the accrual method, the accountant of Kolibri LLC takes into account rental expenses in March, when the company should have paid it. In tax accounting, this expense is reflected in the first quarter.

All enterprises can use the accrual method. But the use of the cash method is limited:

• Banks are prohibited from using it;
• Firms recognize income and expenses in fact only if revenue does not exceed 1 million rubles. for each of the last four quarters;
• If, when applying the method, the limit is exceeded, then the company is obliged to switch to the accrual method from the beginning of the current year.

What is the tax base if the company suffers a loss?

According to tax accounting rules, the profit of an organization cannot be negative. Even if there is a loss at the end of the year, the tax base is recognized as zero. The tax in this case is also zero. Tax accounting registers must confirm the correctness of the tax base calculation. It is mandatory to submit a declaration, even if the amount is zero.

Income tax calculation

Let's look at an example of calculating income tax for dummies to understand how the tax is calculated.

Kolibri LLC produces and sells soft toys. Let's calculate the income tax that the company will pay for 2019 if:

• The LLC received a bank loan for 500,000 rubles;
• sold toys for 1,200,000 rubles including VAT;
• used raw materials for production worth 350,000 rubles;
• paid wages to workers in the amount of 250,000 rubles;
• insurance premiums amounted to 40,000 rubles;
• carried out depreciation in the amount of 30,000 rubles;
• paid interest on the loan in the amount of 25,000 rubles;
• wants to take into account last year’s loss of 120,000 rubles.

Expenses of Kolibri LLC in 2019:

Since income is calculated without VAT, it will be 1,000,000 rubles at a VAT rate of 20%. And 200,000 rubles is the amount of VAT that the LLC will transfer to the state. Loan amounts are not subject to income tax; they are simply not included in the tax base according to paragraphs. 10 p. 1 Art. 251 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Therefore, a 500,000 ruble loan is not considered income.

Then the profit of Kolibri LLC in 2019:

This is income minus expenses and minus last year's loss.

Tax payable is calculated using the formula:

Of which:

go to the budget of the Russian Federation;

go to the regional budget.

You can also automatically calculate taxes in a convenient application; you do not need to monitor changes in rates, the service is updated automatically, taking into account the latest changes in legislation. The program will warn you about the deadlines for submitting reports and paying taxes, and will tell you what needs to be done and how.

Why do you need a calculator?

The calculator will help a novice businessman decide which taxation scheme is more profitable to use. Using an online calculator will relieve accountants and managers from difficulties when calculating the amount of money to be paid. Enter data into the lines and watch the result on the screen.

How to calculate income tax for organizations in 2019 using a calculator

To simplify calculations, you can use the website posted on the website.

First, select the income tax amount (as a percentage).

In the “Income” field, enter the amount earned during the year.

In the “Expenses” field, enter the amount of all expenses including VAT.

The calculator will show:

• total profit excluding VAT;
• total amount of loss excluding VAT;
• VAT payable;
• tax amount;
• profit remaining for business development.

Hello, dear readers! I always wished my cousin all the best, but her decision to become an accountant for a private company did not receive my approval.

And it wasn’t even about the enterprise itself. I just had to constantly explain basic things to her.

Now we will find out everything. I want to talk to you about something. Hopefully, after this you will have a great understanding of your cash flow. So, first things first. It's time to learn how to calculate income taxes.

When your own business is in its infancy, you have to save on almost everything. Beginning entrepreneurs have to save on everything in order to reach the level of payback and even profitability.

A young businessman is both a worker and a reaper, that is, he is both a leader and an employee, and he often has to be an accountant himself. But this is the most difficult thing.

No, anyone can calculate how much money is received and how much is spent, but they still have to pay taxes on it. And calculating how much you need to give to the state is no longer as pleasant as your own profits. However, these processes are interconnected, so you can learn.

Income tax rate

In the form of income tax, you are required to pay a fifth of the proceeds, that is, 20%. This is the total rate. It can be reduced, but not more than 13.5 percent.

Warning!

In addition, reduced rates are established for certain types of income (from 15 to 0%), but they are mainly related to securities and dividends from them. So if you make money from stocks and bonds, read Section 284 of the Internal Revenue Code.

If you are not associated with them, to determine the amount of tax, multiply the tax base by 0.2. Moreover, it is the base, not the revenue. What it is?

How is the tax base calculated?

Any business has income and expenses. So the difference between them is this very base. Further, to make it clear, we will use the fictitious company “Buy an Elephant” as an example.

So the company has:

1. main income (from the sale of elephants),
2. secondary (payment for children's rides, sale of manure for fertilizer).

She also has expenses:

• production (purchase of feed, waste removal),
• salary (you need to pay the trainer, the elephant sales manager, the cleaner, the system administrator who monitors the computers in the office),
• depreciation (the cells will not last forever, you need to deduct money to replace them over time),
• advertising (sale announcements, beautiful posters in places where you can ride an elephant, etc.).

So, 20% must be paid not from the amount received from the sale of elephants, ride tickets and manure, but from this amount minus all expenses.

So, let’s say in January 2013, 10 elephants were sold for 100 thousand rubles each, no one needed the manure in the middle of winter, and the kids went for a ride for 10 thousand. Gross income – 10x100+10=1010 thousand rubles.

The elephants ate hay and bananas worth 100 thousand rubles, they couldn’t sell the manure, so they had to pay 10 thousand rubles to the sanitation workers to remove it. The cleaning lady received 10 thousand rubles, the system administrator - 5, and the sales manager - 30. The trainer was on vacation, he was paid 15 thousand in vacation pay. Another 40 was spent on advertisements in newspapers.

There are 10 cages in the nursery for 24 thousand rubles each and they last approximately two years, that is, 24 months. Thus, the monthly depreciation costs for one are 24/24 = 1 thousand rubles, for ten - 10 thousand. Total expenses: 100+10+10+5+30+15+40+10=220 thousand.

Taxable base - income 1010 rubles - expenses 220 thousand, that is, 790 rubles. The amount of income tax is 158 thousand rubles.

When to pay income tax? Methods for recognizing income and expenses

Let's imagine this situation - 10 elephants were sold in January, the income was recorded. But the buyers, a traveling circus, asked for postpayment and held out until April. And this is another quarter, another reporting period. When to pay tax on money not received from a completed transaction?

Attention!

Most often - in the period when the transaction took place and the relevant papers were signed - a delivery note, a certificate of completion, etc. This is the most common method of recognizing income and expenses - the accrual method. All business transactions are carried out in accounting, that is, they are taken into account for further payment of tax in the period in which they occurred.

And even if the money was not actually received, you will have to pay tax on it. In this case, in January the enterprise incurs expenses of 220 thousand and 158 thousand in taxes, and it is not clear where to pay them. Is it possible to tearfully ask circus performers to pay off the debt in January for at least three and a half elephants out of 10. Or to pay suppliers of hay and bananas in April.

Not fair? There is also a cash method. At the same time, real amounts of money are recorded and all transactions are carried out on the dates when the money entered or left the account. That is, with the cash approach in the described situation, the tax base was 0, since income exceeded expenses, and nothing needs to be paid. But in April you will have to pay the entire tax.

Why doesn't everyone use the cash method? The amount of income should not exceed one million rubles for each quarter during the previous 12 months. That is, if the elephants go in great demand and the profit amounts to 1.1 million in 3 months, from the beginning of this year the organization is obliged to switch to the accrual method.

Payment transfer procedure

Income tax is paid in advance payments. They are usually made in two ways.

Quarterly– in the first quarter, half of the year, based on the results of nine months. This is the default method.

In the first quarter, tax is paid on the taxable base based on the results of January, February and March, in half a year - on the base based on the results of January-June inclusive, minus the advance payment of the first quarter, based on the results of 9 months - on the base from January-September minus the semi-annual payment. If there is an overpayment, it will be applied to future reporting periods.

From actual profit. Here the reporting period is not a quarter, but a month, two, three, and so on. The payment for January is equal to 0.2x the tax base for January, for February - 0.2x the tax base for January-February minus the payment for January, and so on.

An organization transfers itself into this mode voluntarily by writing an application to the tax office no later than December 31.

These are the basics of how income taxes are calculated. But there are other taxation regimes when it is not paid, but is replaced by a single tax on imputed income or a simplified tax.

Attention!

Moreover, different systems can be applied to different types of enterprise activities. For example, our fictional organization generates too much income from the sale of elephants to be transferred to a simplified system.

But you can pay taxes on children’s rides just in a simplified way - all savings, not 20, but only 6%. Only then will it be necessary to keep records of income and expenses for different types of activities separately.

source: http://sb-advice.com/nalogi/283-kak-raschitat-nalog-na-pribyl.html

Calculation of income tax using an example of how to calculate income tax

Income tax calculation: just numbers

The income of Sapphire LLC, subject to income tax, for the reporting year amounted to RUB 4,200,000. Expenses that reduce taxable profit for the same period - RUB 3,000,000.

Profit before tax:

RUB 4,200,000 – 3,000,000 rub. = 1,200,000 rub.

In the region in which Sapphire LLC is registered, the tax rate to the regional budget is 18%. At the end of the year, the amount of tax due is:

• RUB 1,200,000 × 2% = 24,000 rub. you need to pay to the federal budget;
• RUB 1,200,000 × 18% = 216,000 rub. you need to pay to the regional budget;

In total you need to pay 1,200,000 rubles. × 20% = 240,000 rub.

Income tax and declaration

The difference between the final tax and the amount of advances paid must be transferred to the budget by March 28 inclusive. The declaration is also submitted within the same time frame. Interim declarations are also submitted on the 28th, but in the month following the reporting period. Or on the 28th of each month if the declaration is submitted monthly.

source: www.berator.ru/articles/raschet-naloga-na-pribyl/

How to calculate income tax

The main rule: you need to keep tax and accounting records separately. To do this, it is necessary to pre-register the accounting policy, respectively, for the NU and BU of the company. At the same time, you need to be prepared that the numbers in these two accounts will not coincide.

Warning!

For example, there are costs that will not be taken into account at all for calculating income tax, or will be included in current expenses according to special rules. This may be the norm: include within the norm, or in shares for a certain period.

Moreover, the amount of income and expenses taken into account in the current period depends on the method of calculating profit: accrual or cash method. Mostly companies use the first option, since there are a number of restrictions for using the second.

For tax purposes, the following will be significant:

• date of accrual of income/expenses – for the accrual method
• date of receipt/outflow of funds – for the cash method

It turns out that the amounts will be included in the accounting base (tax and accounting) at different times, although the formula for calculating income tax is the same: 20% of the tax base, equal to income - expenses.

The regulatory document for calculating income tax in NU is the tax code, and in BU it is PBU 18/02.

PBU for accounting calculation of income tax

Accounting for income tax calculations - the names of the accounting regulations adopted by the Russian Ministry of Finance. Date of approval of the PBU: November 19, 2002. To be able to read this form correctly, you should know how the main abbreviations stand for:

1. SHE/IT – deferred tax asset/liability
2. PNA appears when accounting Pr. > tax
3. PNO appears when accounting Pr.< налоговой

How to reduce debit and credit turnovers for profit in accounting in order to avoid annoying mistakes?

We keep accounting of profits according to the rules of PBU 18/02

Let's look at the basic accounting entries for profit in the following table.

PNA/PNO are not accumulated in accounting accounts, they are not and cannot be in the form of a balance sheet, because in essence these values ​​are components when a formula is needed for the current income tax.

Calculation of corporate income tax

For the income statement (income statement), net profit is calculated in a certain way.

PE (net profit on line 2400) is: Pr before taxation (line 2300) – Current tax (line 2410) – It/changes (line 2430) + IT/changes (line 2450)

The signs “+” and “-” are used depending on the characteristics of ONO and ONA (positive or negative value). In accounting on accounts it is revealed differently, because this is a new formula.

State of emergency through accounting entries (account balance 99):

PE (balance of account 99) = Pr in BU to NO (Dt90–9+Dt91–1 minus Kt99) – Tax (accounting) – PNO + PNA

With both calculation options, the result will be identical, according to PBU.

Features of tax write-offs for various accounting operations

The tax calculator allows you to quickly calculate what the amount of income tax will be and how to bring two accounting systems, accounting and tax, as close as possible, so that, on the one hand, there are fewer errors, and, on the other, everything complies with current legal norms.

Attention!

According to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the tax accounting option is an information system by which advance and current payments of income tax to the budget are calculated. All calculations are made on the basis of primary documentation. The basic rules are prescribed by Chapter 25 of the Code.

Companies using OSNO set the goal of tax accounting to calculate taxes. To do this, they operate with the rules enshrined in the tax code. Accounting is based on the provisions and law 402-FZ on accounting. This is the main regulatory document for the organization's settlement service.

If the purpose of tax accounting is calculated profit, then accounting serves to generate systematic data in the context of analytics, which helps the manager manage assets and ensure the appropriate level of control over their safety.

The main differences between BU and NU are as follows:

• Revenue recognition may vary
• Depreciation can be calculated differently
• Write-offs of deferred expenses may not coincide
• Some expenses are not taken into account for tax purposes at all.

Let's look at specific examples of how to calculate corporate income tax. Let's take a closer look at the following points:

1. Analytical classification by income in tax accounting is based on the code, and in accounting - according to PBU 9/99, because of this, differences arise.
2. Some income will not increase the profit base, and the list of such income enshrined in the code is wider than the same list in accounting in Russia.
3. Even the dates by which the income base is calculated may vary, because the accrual method is a priority in accounting, while the cash method of reflecting income is also applicable for tax purposes.

If everything is usually clear about income, then about expenses accountants usually have a lot of questions about when and what can be included.

Accounting for income tax calculations begins with determining the taxable base, the reduction of which is precisely where expenses go. They must be taken into account according to the rules of the code, and not according to the requirements of accounting regulation 10/99 of the Ministry of Finance.

Payments to suppliers, contributions to the authorized capital of subsidiaries and joint companies, advances and deposits, and repayment of principal on loans will never be expenses.

Other company costs can reduce revenue if 3 conditions are met:

1. Costs are well justified
2. Aimed at profitable activities
3. Confirmed by the "primary"

This is exactly what is written in paragraph 1 of Article 252 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

What do PBU norms dictate to us about expenses (10/99):

• The main thing is that the expense follows from the terms of the contract
• It is important that the amount of such expenditure can be reliably determined
• There must be certainty that benefits will be reduced

If any of the recognition criteria is not met, the income tax base will not be reduced by this amount. The procedure for calculating corporate income tax assumes the following possible deviations in accounting, accounting and tax:

1. Expenses that will never be taken into account in the NU, although they are carried out in the BU (for example, penalties and fines that the taxpayer paid to the budget at the request of the tax department or funds)
2. Cost rationing by the Tax Code leads to the fact that some of the expenses that are already in the accounting system will never end up in the NU (daily allowance is a clear example of such expenses or reserves for debts)
3. Accounting for income tax calculations involves fixing income/expenses at a certain point; in accounting and accounting records these may be different dates, and, consequently, the amount of tax will be different

There are also differences in the analysis of direct and indirect expenses; for taxes, expenses that are directly named in Article 318 of the Code are considered direct expenses.

Other expenses can also be taken into account, but according to the rules of Article 265 of the code. These will be so-called non-operating expenses. How to calculate income tax in accounting if there is no such division there?

Because of this, discrepancies arise:

• For depreciation due to different methods of calculating it
• Due to limitations, not everyone will get to NU
• Due to the non-recognition of a number of accounting expenses in NU

Tax calculation procedure

The main task of an accountant is to make a correct calculation of the tax base, primarily for the timely payment of taxes to the budget. At the same time, in accounting, based on the peculiarities of accounting regulations, the amount of current tax is also obtained.

They need to be brought together through the IT/SHE system, which is described above. As a result, the accountant must receive in the accounting accounts an amount equal to the amount of tax in the declaration, which he pays to the budget through advance payments.

Specific examples will help you understand the calculative options in specific situations.

The sale of the manager's car was registered, the residual value of which was for NU - 300 thousand rubles, for BU - 200 thousand. With a sales price of 400 thousand. It turns out that more expenses were recorded in accounting than for tax purposes. It is necessary to reflect SHE on the account. 09. The accumulated amounts of OTA are written off by posting to Dt 68 from Kta 09.

In the case where there is a difference in the depreciation of production machines (in the NU the amount is less than in the BU), at the time of accrual of the depreciation itself, no SHE/IT should arise. But when the products to which this depreciation relates are sold, it is necessary to accrue IT in accounting so that the tax in accounting and accounting records coincides.

Warning!

If depreciation of the fixed assets was not accrued by mistake in tax accounting, then this should lead to a posting to the debit of account 99 and the credit of account 68 for the amount of PNO, but when tax depreciation is actually additionally accrued after the error is identified, it is necessary to make a reverse entry in Dt account. 68 s Kta count. 99 per amount of accumulated PNO.

When it comes to bonus depreciation (tax accounting under the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), do not forget to accrue the differences in accounting, because such an expense is not provided for in accounting. On the other hand, this is nothing more than a one-time write-off of part of the operating system, which means there is an analogy with accounting depreciation. Consequently, IT will appear in the BU.

When paying in rubles for services the cost of which is linked to EURO, amount differences arise. In accounting there will be a recalculation to the dates: occurrence, reporting, repayment. There will be no recalculations in tax accounting. All this is a reason to determine and reflect on the accounting accounts IT or ONA.

All this is the current procedure for calculating tax at the moment.

source: https://raszp.ru/nalogi/raschet-naloga-na-pribyl.html

Income tax - how to calculate, rates, tax base

Formula for calculating income tax:

Tax = tax base * tax rate / 100%

From this formula we see that in order to calculate the income tax, it is necessary to determine its two components: the base and the rate.

Tax base for income tax

The tax base is the monetary value of the profit received by the organization during the reporting period.

In turn, profit is defined as the difference between income and expenses received during this period. That is, in order to determine the size of the tax base, it is necessary to calculate the income and expenses that the enterprise had in the reporting period and which are recognized as such in tax accounting.

That is why, to calculate the tax base, we cannot simply take the data from account 99 “Profits and losses”. When calculating income tax, it is necessary to rely on tax legislation and, above all, on the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, in which Chapter 25 is devoted to income tax.

Income

Income subject to income tax. All income of an organization, according to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, can be divided into the following types:

• received from sales;
• non-operating.

Article 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation is devoted to income received from sales. These incomes include revenue received from the sale of goods, products, works, services, etc.

Non-operating income is all other income not related to sales; their list is extensive and listed in detail in Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Attention!

In addition, there are a number of incomes that are not recognized in tax accounting for the purpose of calculating income tax. They are listed in Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. There are also quite a lot of them and it is better to familiarize yourself in detail with the list in the original source, that is, in the specified article of the tax code. As an example, we give the most common ones.

Income not recognized in tax accounting:

1. Income in the form of property, property rights, received in the form of an advance, deposit, pledge;
2. Income in the form of property received free of charge in a number of cases, in particular when receiving this income from:
   • An organization in which the recipient has a share in the authorized capital of more than 50%;
   • An organization that has a share in the authorized capital of the recipient of more than 50%;
   • An individual who has a share in the authorized capital of the recipient over 50%;
3. VAT imposed by an organization on buyers, that is, VAT payable to the budget.

Expenses

Just as in the case of income, expenses received by the organization are divided into sales expenses and non-operating expenses. In addition, there are a number of expenses that are not taken into account when calculating income tax.

The expenses incurred by the organization in the process of selling goods, products, services, work, etc. are discussed in detail in Article 253 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The list of non-operating expenses is given in Article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Expenses for which the tax base cannot be reduced are given in Article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. On this point, as a rule, a lot of questions arise from income tax payers.

Of course, any organization wants to reduce the amount of taxable profit in order to reduce the tax payable to the budget. Often, an organization tries to accept as expenses those of its expenses that are not recognized as such in tax accounting.

To reduce disputes between taxpayers and the tax authority, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation has Art. 252, according to which, the expenses that an organization can take into account when calculating tax should be:

• Justified (economically justified);
• Documented.

In addition, the organization's expenses are recognized as expenses provided that they were the result of activities aimed at generating income.

Thus, in order for an organization to recognize its costs as expenses and reduce taxable profit by their amount, the costs must meet the above requirements.

Advice!

In practice, organizations do not always correctly understand the meaning of these requirements, which is not surprising; the Tax Code does not provide any other explanations regarding the requirements.

Therefore, taxpayers independently determine whether these costs are justified and received in the process of generating income, which they do not always succeed in doing. In this regard, it is not uncommon for disputes to arise between organizations and the tax authority, which are resolved in court.

In any case, when reducing taxable profit for certain expenses, the organization must be ready to justify why it recognized these expenses as expenses and prove that they are indeed justified, documented and obtained as a result of activities aimed at generating income .

Income tax and VAT

Very often, taxpayers have questions about how VAT is taken into account when calculating income tax.

If the organization is a VAT payer. VAT is not taken into account in tax accounting when determining the amount of profit. That is, the organization does not recognize VAT imposed by suppliers as expenses, and the organization does not recognize VAT paid by the buyer as income.

There are some exceptions given in Article 170 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, on the basis of which VAT is applied to production and sales costs.

If the organization is legally exempt from VAT. In this case, VAT charged by suppliers is taken into account as an expense to calculate income tax.

Such organizations do not allocate or charge VAT to their customers, so initially there is no VAT on their income.

Tax rates

Warning!

Income tax rate 20%. The base rate that applies in cases where the rates below do not apply. The 20% rate has two components: 2% is paid to the federal budget, 18% is paid to the budget of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Income tax rate 0%. This rate is used:

1. for educational and medical institutions (clause 1.1 of article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
2. for agricultural and fisheries producers that meet the conditions of clause 2. Article 346.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation;
3. Dividends from an organization in the authorized capital of which the taxpayer has a share of more than 50% (clause 3.1 of Article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
4. Bonds before 1997 (Clause 4.3 of Article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Rate 9%. It is applied for:

• Dividends, with the exception of those taxed at a rate of 0% (clause 3.2 of Article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). From 2015, the dividend rate increases to 13%.
• Municipal securities before 2007 (Clause 4.2 of Article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Rate 15%.It is applied for:

1. Dividends from foreign organizations (clause 2 of Article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
2. Government securities after 2007 (Clause 4.1 of Article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

10% rate and 20% rate. Apply to foreign companies (clause 2 of article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Postings

The last thing I would like to point out in this article is the entries that reflect the calculation of income tax and its payment. For accounting, account 68 is used, on which a separate sub-account is opened, the accrual of tax is reflected as a credit, and its payment is reflected as a debit.

• Income tax accrued posting: D99 K68.
• Posting income tax paid: D68 K51.

To calculate corporate income tax, there is a standard formula:

1. UD – PNO + ONA – ONO = TNP;
2. UR – PNO + SHE – IT = TNU, where

UD— conditional income;

UR— conditional consumption;

PNO— permanent tax liability;

SHE— tax asset;

IT— deferred tax liability;

consumer goods- Current income tax;

TNU— current tax loss.

Taxable income

In accordance with the law, the following income of an organization is subject to income tax:

1. income received from the sale of goods, works, services. In this case, it does not matter whether these are purchased goods or goods of own production.
2. non-operating income, such as:
   • profit from previous reporting periods identified in the current reporting year;
   • positive amount differences;
   • positive exchange rate differences;
   • property received free of charge;
   • penalties and fines;
   • written off accounts payable;
   • interest on bills and commercial loans;
   • interest received on loans;
   • dividends;
   • the cost of valuables identified during inventories or received after the liquidation of fixed assets, etc.

Tax-free income

The list of income not subject to income tax is given in Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and is final.

Not subject to taxation:

• prepayment made for goods when the accrual method is used;
• borrowed funds received;
• the value of property contributed as a contribution to the authorized capital;
• the value of property or funds received by the organization in connection with the fulfillment of obligations under the agency agreement, with the exception of the intermediary’s own remuneration;
• grants and targeted funding;
• the cost of inseparable improvements to fixed assets provided under a free use agreement;
• the cost of inseparable improvements to the leased property made by the lessee.

Also, property received free of charge is not subject to taxation:

• from an individual, provided that the person’s share in the authorized capital of the organization is more than 50%;
• from a legal entity, provided that its share in the authorized capital of the recipient is more than 50%;
• from another organization, provided that the recipient’s share in its authorized capital is more than 50%.

If the listed property was transferred for use or ownership to third parties during the year, profit is required in accordance with the general procedure.

Organizational expenses subject to deduction

Expenses that are not tax deductible

Expenses that are not subject to tax deduction are listed in Article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Such expenses include:

• founders' contributions in the authorized capital;
• taxes and payments for exceeding limits on emissions of pollutants into the environment;
• penalties and fines, transferred from the state budget, as well as state extra-budgetary funds;
• payments and rewards members of the board of directors;
• contributions to the reserve in case of devaluation of investments in securities. The exception is the contributions of professional participants in the securities market;
• losses, incurred in the process of servicing production and farming. This list includes objects of both socio-cultural and housing and communal services;
• prepayment paid for the goods, if the accrual method is used;
• property and funds transferred under loans and loan agreements;
• voluntary membership fees to public organizations;
• property value donated free of charge. This also includes the cost of transferring such property;
• notary fee when the amounts of such fees exceed the established tariffs;
• amounts of revaluation of securities at market value in case of a negative difference;
• awards, paid from earmarked proceeds or special purpose funds;
• partial or full repayment of loans provided to employees for housing;
• lump sum payments for retirement, as well as pension supplements;
• vacation pay not provided for by current legislation, but provided for by the collective agreement;
• holiday and treatment vouchers for staff;
• visiting cultural and sporting events;
• P subscription to literature not used for production purposes;
• fare payment from home to the place of work and back, if such payment is not provided for by the provisions of the collective agreement or technological features of production;
• reduced or free meals in cases where it is not provided for by the provisions of the collective agreement or current legislation;
• payment for goods personal consumption and similar expenses made for the benefit of the employee.

Profit tax amount

The tax rate for income tax for organizations under current legislation is 20%. Of this, 2% goes to the federal budget, and 18% goes to the regional budget.

This tax rate applies to residents of the Russian Federation.

For foreign organizations, if they do not have a permanent establishment in the Russian Federation, the amount of income tax is 20% on all income and 10% on the use or delivery of vehicles for international transport.

Example of calculation procedure

Manufacturing organization X took out a loan of 1 million rubles in the current reporting period, and made an initial payment of 400 thousand rubles.

Amounts on loans and advance contributions in this case are not subject to taxation.

In the first quarter of the year, the organization received revenue of 1,770 thousand rubles, including VAT of 270 thousand rubles.

Production costs amounted to 560 thousand rubles. Staff salaries are 350 thousand rubles.

Insurance contributions from wages - 91 thousand rubles. Depreciation of equipment - 60 thousand rubles.

Interest on a loan issued to another company and taken into account for tax purposes for the first quarter amounted to 25 thousand rubles. We also take into account last year’s tax loss, which amounted to 120 thousand rubles.

Total expenses for the first quarter of the year: 767,700 rubles.

Taxable profit for the first quarter of the year: 612,300 rubles.

1,770,000 (revenue) - 270,000 (VAT) - 767,700 (expenses) - 120,000 (tax loss for last year) = 612,300 rubles.

The amount of income tax will be: 122,460 rubles.

612,300 (profit) x 20% (tax rate) = 122,460 rubles.

the amount of tax going to the federal budget: 612,300 x 2% = 12,246 rubles.

the amount of tax going to the regional budget: 612,300 x 18% = 110,214 rubles.

Reporting periods

The income tax return is filed at the end of the year, and the tax itself can be paid either as a lump sum at the end of the tax period, or monthly throughout the year.

The reporting periods for the payment of income tax are: the first quarter of the year, half a year (up to June inclusive) and nine months (up to September inclusive).

How is income tax calculated?

First you need to calculate the tax base, which is calculated as the difference between the organization's total income, expressed in cash or in kind (OD), and its total expenses (OR). That is, the tax base is the total profit of the enterprise minus expenses for the reporting period.

Total income is the sum of income received as a result of the main and secondary activities of a given organization. Simply put, this is the total profit.

The total expense consists of advertising costs, labor costs, depreciation, production costs, as well as fines, etc.

Also, to calculate income tax, you need to know the tax rate (TS) as a percentage, which since 2015 has been 20%, with rare exceptions (but cannot be lower than 12.5%).

Algorithm for calculating income tax (IT):
NP= (OD-OR)*NS/100

The amount obtained as a result of these calculations will be the amount of tax that must be paid.

Base and object of taxation

The object of taxation is understood as activity (sale of goods and services), any property, profit, as well as other circumstances, the presence of which obliges taxpayers to pay taxes.

For example, if we consider income tax, then the object of taxation in this case is the profit of the organization. The tax base is the physical or monetary expression of the object of taxation.

A tax return when calculating income tax is a document filled out by the taxpayer, which reflects information about his main activity, namely:

• the organization's income and expenses;
• tax deductions () and benefits;
• total tax amount;
• information about objects subject to taxation;
• other data serving as the basis for calculating tax.

Submitted by each taxpayer for each tax separately. For each tax, the legislation sets its own deadlines for submitting the declaration.

When filling out a tax return, you must indicate the tax period code. The period can be one calendar month, quarter, year or other period of time.

• codes 01-12 correspond to twelve months (01 – for January, etc.);
• codes 21-24 - four quarters;
• code 51 indicates the first quarter upon liquidation of the enterprise; 54 – second quarter; 55 – third; 56 – fourth;
• codes 71-82 correspond to twelve months and are also indicated when liquidating an organization (71 for January, 72 for February, etc.).

Calculation methods

There are two methods for calculating income tax:

1. Basically, the accrual method is used. When maintaining tax accounting using this method, all income (expenses) are reflected in the reporting period when they were incurred, regardless of the actual date of receipt of funds. That is, revenue is recognized based on shipment and presentation of settlement documents.
2. In some cases, the use of the cash method is permitted, according to which income and expenses are recognized based on the actual accrual of funds.

Expense accounting

Expenses are documented costs that are justified. They are divided into two types:

1. Expenses that are associated with the production and sale of goods or services.
2. Expenses that are non-operating.

Expenses, like income, can be recognized using two methods: cash or accrual. The same method must be used to recognize expenses and income.

Checking account

An income tax current account is opened by a banking institution for a legal entity and is intended for storing deposited funds (revenue). It can also be used to carry out various settlement transactions at the request of its owner.