The ongoing changes in the international situation necessitate the development of new approaches to a comparative assessment of the level of political, economic and military security of various countries of the world community.

The relevance of this is confirmed by a number of internal and external circumstances.

Firstly, There is a clear desire of some states, primarily the United States, to supplement their superiority with economic levers of pressure on other countries in order to achieve their political interests.

Secondly, The problem of maintaining a balance between the positive and negative sides of globalization from the point of view of the defense capability of the state is becoming more acute.

Thus, priority any state in the world is currently achievement such level economic security, which would guarantee internal stability, active participation in the international division of labor and at the same time national sovereignty.

The concept of economic security of the state

In the Law of the Russian Federation "On Security" the concept "<национальная>security" is defined as "the state of being protected vital interests individuals, society and state from internal and external threats." At the same time, "vital interests" are presented as " set of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably ensures the existence and opportunities for the progressive development of the individual, society and state."

Thus, economic security is an integral part of national security. Actually, economic security can be represented as state of security of the national economy from external and internal threats, which ensures the progressive development of society, its economic and socio-political stability, despite the presence of unfavorable external and internal factors.

The economic security of the state is a complex socio-economic concept that reflects a wide range of constantly changing conditions of material production, external and internal threats to the country’s economy.

In this regard, it should also be noted that for the state (as well as for society and for the individual) does not exist absolute economic security, that is, a state when there are no external or internal threats to the national economy.

It is obvious that the economic security of the state is determined, first of all, by the state of productive forces and socio-economic relations, the scale of use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the country's economy, and the structure of foreign economic relations. In this regard, it can be argued that material basis economic security of the state is made up of developed productive forces, capable of ensuring expanded reproduction and civilized life for citizens. The economic security of the state is closely related to the concepts of “development” and “sustainability” of the economy.

Development national economy is one of the components of economic security. If the economy does not develop, then the state’s ability to resist negative external and internal influences is sharply reduced.

Sustainability The national economy of a country as a single system means the strength and reliability of its elements, economic and organizational connections between them, and the ability to withstand internal and external loads.

For example, during periods of USSR/Russian history characterized by highest level economic security took place progressive economic development coinciding with stable the growth of its macroeconomic indicators (Fig. 1).

Obviously, the main factors of a country’s economic security also include: its geographical location; reserves of natural resources; industrial and agricultural potential; the degree of socio-demographic development and, finally, the quality of government leadership.

The USA, Russia, Japan, China, the countries of the European Union and a number of other countries of the world occupy a leading position in the world in terms of industrial potential, agricultural production, reserves of natural resources, and have an advantageous geographical location, which helps ensure their economic security.

At the same time, they sometimes differ sharply in industrial potential, mineral reserves, socio-demographic development, as well as the nature of state regulation of the economy, which largely determines the differences in the level of security of their national economy.

Structure of the economic security of the state

Composite structural elements The economic security of the state is: technological, technical and production, currency and credit, raw materials, energy, environmental, information and environmental components (Fig. 2).

Technological component economic security determines the state of the country’s scientific and technical potential, which guarantees the competitiveness of national goods and services in the markets of science-intensive (high-tech) products, and also ensures the independent development in the shortest possible time of the latest technological solutions that predetermine breakthroughs in the leading sectors of civil and defense production.

Fig.1. Dynamics of macroeconomic indicators of the USSR/Russia in the period from 1950 to 2005

Fig.2. Structural elements of the economic security of the state

World practice shows that ensuring the technological component of economic security is possible only if the national economy is on the path innovative development.

One of the effective ones is the innovation system USA. This system is characterized by: clearly formulated national-scale tasks for the innovative development of the national economy; Huge expenses on research and development (R&D) to create innovative technologies compared to other countries; public financing of a significant part of these costs; protection of intellectual property within the framework of state innovation policy (stimulating active patenting); close ties between innovative companies and universities; a large share of venture capital in total R&D funding. R&D funding in the United States is provided by industrial enterprises (over $100 billion per year), the federal administration (in 2004 - $89 billion) and other government agencies and private organizations.

Pays significant attention to the development of knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy China. Recently, the country has made significant progress in its quest to achieve technological parity with the leading countries of the world, as announced back in 1985. Thus, in 2004, the share of R&D expenditures amounted to 1.2% of GDP.

Chinese priorities in science and technology are large-scale integrated networks, software and information security systems, machine tool manufacturing, etc. At the same time, the main emphasis is on creating joint ventures and acquiring foreign companies, which allows the use of advanced
foreign technologies.

European states also play an active role in the process of formation of innovation systems at the national and regional levels. As part of the 2002 Barcelona Agreement, European heads of state and government agreed to increase R&D funding from 1.9 to 3% of GDP over 10 years, which would allow the country to reach the technological level of the United States and Japan by 2014.

Of great importance for ensuring the economic security of the state is its technical and production component. It refers to the ability of the country’s national economy, in the event of a disruption in foreign economic relations or internal socio-economic shocks, to quickly compensate for their negative consequences, sustainably carry out expanded reproduction, and satisfy public (including defense) needs. It is closely connected with both material and social factors of production.

Dependence on external supplies poses a particular danger to the national security of the state. In the event of an aggravation of the economic situation or the outbreak of direct military confrontation, such dependence can lead to significant economic difficulties and even loss of economic independence.

The most economically independent countries are Japan And USA. The percentage of product imports to GDP in them is 8 and 13%, respectively.

At the same time at Russia, Germany, France, Great Britain And Italy The range of values ​​for the ratio of import volume to GDP varies in the range of 20 - 30%. In this regard, it can be stated that Russia is on a par with the economically independent countries of Europe.

Countries whose national economies are in the orbit of someone else's influence have a ratio of import volume to GDP of 40 - 70%. In Europe, this group falls Austria (45 %), Belgium (73 %), Holland (56 %), Ireland (73 %), Portugal (40 %), Czech (62 %), Hungary (55 %), Slovakia(67%). Exceeding this range indicates the economy of a country that can no longer live independently. An example is Estonia, whose characteristic indicator is at the level of 80%.

Monetary and credit component can be defined as the ability of the state to receive, place and use domestic and foreign loans and investments, as well as pay for them within the limits that ensure the sustainable functioning of its monetary and financial system and the satisfaction of public needs in unfavorable external and internal economic conditions.

World experience shows that sustainable economic growth and economic security of the state are possible only with investment type of development national economy. Each country implements this type in its own way, however, optimal ratios are almost always observed that give the maximum effect for the state’s economy:

• the volume of investment should be 20 - 25% of GDP (capitalization level);
• at the same time, the share of foreign direct investment should be at least 15 - 17% of domestic investment;
• the degree of depreciation of fixed assets should not exceed 30 - 35%.

Thus, for example, for Russia doubling GDP is impossible without ensuring a sustainable influx of significant volumes of investment (at least 1.11 trillion dollars, including foreign direct investment - at least 170 billion dollars for 2004 - 2013).

In this regard, a problem arises investment attractiveness states. At the same time, two characteristics are usually considered as the main components of investment attractiveness: investment risk And investment potential.

In this regard, it should be noted that Russia has great investment potential, the implementation of which is still hampered by the existing investment risk.

Food And raw materials components assume the provision of the country's economy with food and raw materials in the amounts necessary for the effective functioning of the national economy.

Providing food to the country's population is the most important factor in the economic security of the state. For example, in USA, according to the Food Security Law ( FoodSecurityAct, 1985), the critical level of food supplies is determined by 40% of average annual consumption. Supporting the stability of sales on the domestic market of nationally produced food and implementing food assistance programs for the poor were named as the most important measures to provide the population with food.

The most important measure to ensure the food and raw materials component of the economic security of the USA, Canada and other post-industrial countries is also subsidies to agriculture from the state budget, support and lobbying for the export of agricultural products.

In the same time Russia has still not reached the Soviet level of providing citizens with food. At the same time, more than 70% of food products come to Russia from the European Union, the USA and Canada.

Providing the most important types of raw materials is also one of the main factors in the economic security of the state. At the same time, the problematic issue of ensuring food and raw material security is the dependence of the national economy on the import of food and raw materials.

Energy component The economic security of the state involves ensuring the stability of physical supplies of energy resources for domestic consumption and adapting the national economy to new world prices for them.

One of the main problematic issues here is the creation of a diversified structure for the import of energy carriers and energy resources, as well as the introduction of energy-saving technologies. Solving this problem at the state level makes it possible to prevent threats associated with energy shortages in the national economy.

An example of the formation of a diversified structure of imports of energy carriers and energy resources, as well as the introduction of energy-saving technologies are USA - leader in consumption and import of oil and petroleum products.

At the same time, the United States is continuously reducing the energy and oil intensity of its GDP. Particular attention is paid to the development of energy-saving technological processes and high technologies, supporting work aimed at increasing the share of renewable and non-traditional energy sources in the country's energy balance. As a result, for 1970 - 1980. The energy and oil intensity of US GDP decreased by 17 and 12%, respectively, and in 1980 - 1990. - by another 19.5 and 25.9%. In 2000, the energy intensity and oil intensity of GDP amounted to 0.417 and 0.171 tons of standard fuel per 1 thousand dollars, respectively.

In addition, according to the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, the US created strategic petroleum reserve (SPR) and a crude oil storage program was developed.

The objective of the program is to create crude oil storage facilities with a capacity of 750 million barrels (about 120 million tons) in large underground salt caverns in six locations on the Gulf Coast (in Louisiana - Bayou Choctaw, Sulfur Mines, Weeks Island And West Hackberry; in pcs. Texas - Bryand Mount And Big Hill) . In addition to national emergencies, when the president decides to withdraw oil from the SPR, this reserve is also used to solve local problems. Thus, in mid-2000, a decision was made twice to allocate 500 thousand barrels of oil from the SPR to two oil refineries in the state of Louisiana, the delivery of raw materials to which was blocked due to an accident in the shipping canal.

Increasing energy efficiency Russian economy is also one of the main priorities of the Energy Strategy of Russia until 2020, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation in August 2003. According to this strategy, almost ¾ of the required increase in energy consumption should be achieved through energy-saving measures.

By Resolution No. 796 of November 17, 2002, the Government approved the federal target program “Energy Efficient Economy” for 2002 - 2005. and for the future until 2010" is the most important tool for implementing the domestic energy strategy. The main goal of the program is the creation of a socially oriented energy sector, ensuring, through structural restructuring of energy-producing and energy-consuming industries, effective energy saving, reliable supply of energy to economic sectors, reducing the energy intensity of GDP by 13% by 2005, and by 26% by 2010 compared to 2000

The energy component of the economic security of the state also involves the definition, identification and systematization of events, the occurrence of which, directly or indirectly, can harm the development of the fuel and energy complex (FEC). In this regard, other problems that reduce the energy security of the state include: depreciation of fixed assets, the gap in domestic and world energy prices, the pace and scale of nationalization and privatization in the industry, and an increase in the accident rate at the country's fuel and energy complex enterprises.

In this regard, for example, the Russian Energy Strategy provides for the restructuring of a number of energy-extracting industries.

Ecological the component provides for such a state of the national economy in which contradictions between society and the environment are prevented or promptly resolved, and damage to the economic potential of the state is not allowed.

The solution to the problem of environmental pollution is closely linked to the limitation of human economic activity and, above all, to the neutralization of anthropogenic impacts on natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere, the earth, its subsoil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, and fauna. , microorganisms, genetic fund and natural landscapes.

In this regard, the state is called upon to ensure the preservation of the natural potential of the country (region, world) while ensuring the possibility of its economic growth.

In this situation, Russia’s caution regarding ratification of the Kyoto Protocol is understandable: the price for fulfilling obligations to the world community may turn out to be too high for the state’s economy.

Information component assumes such a procedure for the mutual exchange of production, scientific, technical and other information within the economic complex of the state and with foreign partners, which will guarantee: reliable information exchange; increasing the share of intangible assets in national wealth; increasing the “share” of information in the final cost of the domestic product produced; as well as the secret of production technology.

It is an axiom that a country that has superiority in information support of the national economy, forces and means of information warfare, can count for leadership in the economic and military-political fields, to have a strategic and economic advantage.

In the 60s and 70s of the 20th century, the economy Japan and some other countries in East Asia was able to make a rapid breakthrough thanks to an increase in the level of work with information - the development of information management and the creation of business information networks. This leadership remains today.

USA in the 80s and 90s of the last century, they also achieved significant success in the economy based on electronic information technologies and the structural reorganization of the national economy using information networks. In recent years, the introduction of information technology has provided 1/3 of the country's GDP growth. The development of information technology in the United States is considered the main condition for the transition to a “new economy” - “an economy based on knowledge and ideas.”

In approved by the President Russia The Doctrine of Information Security of the Russian Federation considers the development of modern information technologies, the domestic industry of information technology, telecommunications and communications, providing the domestic market with its products and the entry of these products into the world market, as well as the accumulation, preservation and effective use of domestic information technologies as priority tasks for the development of the national economy. resources.

It is obvious that in modern conditions it is only on this basis that it is possible to solve the problems of creating high-tech technologies, technological re-equipment of industry, and increasing the achievements of domestic science and technology. In this regard, Russia today is implementing federal target programs “National Technological Base”, “Electronic Russia”, “Development of Electronic Technology in Russia” aimed at strengthening the information component of the economic security of our state.

Thus, consideration of the structure and components of the economic security of the state provides an opportunity to determine the factors influencing this type of national security in modern conditions.

In this regard, it also becomes obvious that ensuring economic security is the most important function of the state . How specific direction state economic policy, it covers a system of relations between economic entities to meet the economic needs of society and aims to find optimal ways to solve the entire complex of economic problems.

Comparative assessment of the level of economic securitystates

A comparative assessment of the level of economic security of a state can be based on determining the values standardized relative to the corresponding threshold levels private indicators economic security of the state.

The results of calculations of standardized partial indicators characterizing individual components of the security of the national economy of Russia, the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, South Korea and China in the period 1997 - 2006, made it possible to assess the levels of various aspects of the economic security of these countries of the world.

The results of calculations of the values ​​of general (integrating) normalized indicators of economic security in Russia, the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, South Korea and China with equal importance, the security components of the national economy in the period 1997 - 2006, are presented in table. 1. and in Fig. 3.

Table 1

Integral indicator of the level of economic security

Here single value e general (integral) indicator of the level of economic security of the state corresponds to a general (integral) conditional threshold, which, nevertheless, gives an idea of ​​​​a certain boundary between the state of security and the state of vulnerability of the national economy from external and internal threats.

Rice. 3. Dynamics of changes in the values ​​of the integral indicator of the level of economic security of developed countries of the world (1997-2006)

The obtained values ​​of the general standardized indicators of economic security of Russia, the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, South Korea and China in the period 1997 - 2006, in our opinion, quite adequately reflect the phenomena and processes that occurred and are occurring in the economies of these countries. states and in the world economy as a whole. In particular, changes in the levels of economic security indicate their “fall” during years of economic crises and growth during periods of favorable conditions for the development of the national economies of these countries and the growth of the global economic situation.

Analysis of the obtained values ​​suggests that the proposed approach to a comparative assessment of the level of economic security in Russia makes it possible On the one side, assess the dynamics of changes in the economic security of our state, and with another- compare the level of security of the domestic national economy with the levels of economic security of various foreign countries.

The proposed approach to a comparative assessment of the level of economic security of Russia does not pretend to be universal and comprehensively detailed coverage of all factors affecting the security of the national economy of our country. However, the simplicity of calculating specific and general indicators of economic security in various countries of the world seems to make it possible to evaluate dynamics of changes in levels And the prospect of providing their economic security, as well as compare the security levels of national economies of different countries.

Prospects for economic development and increasing the level of economic security of Russia

On behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade developed the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of our state for the period until 2020, the purpose of which was to identify ways to sustainably improve the well-being of Russian citizens, strengthen the economic security of the country and develop the Russian economy. At the same time, the main strategic economic guideline was named restoration of Russia's status as a world economic power .

The strategic goal was to transform our state into one of the global leaders of the world economy, bringing it to the level of socio-economic development of highly industrialized countries. By 2020, according to this Concept, Russia should: to come in in the top six leading countries in the world in terms of economic power - production of gross domestic product; provide the level of well-being of the population corresponds to the developed countries of the world; and reach scientific, technological and financial leadership, ensuring the country's specialization in the world economy.

A systematic solution to these problems consists in the transition of the Russian economy from export raw materials type of development to innovative type. This will dramatically expand its competitive potential by increasing its comparative advantages in science, education and high technology and, on this basis, tap into new sources of economic growth.

In the context of global competition, it is proposed to ensure advanced “breakthrough” development in those sectors of the Russian economy that determine its specialization in the world economy. This, in turn, necessitates the implementation of four economic development strategies:

• Firstly, use of Russia’s global competitive advantages in the fields of energy, transport and the agricultural sector;
• Secondly, the formation of a powerful scientific and technological complex that ensures Russia’s global specialization in high-tech markets;
• Thirdly, structural diversification of the national economy and,
• fourthly, development of market relations, democracy and ensuring the protection of rights and freedoms of entrepreneurship.

However, the implementation of these strategies will take place in conditions maintaining high growth rates of the world economy in the long term, the progressive development of globalization and strengthening its regional component.

World economic growth will be achieved mainly due to developing countries, primarily China and India, which will determine 45-50% of the growth of the world economy. The rapid growth of R&D costs in China and India will by 2020 lead to their becoming one of the leaders in scientific and technological development in the world.

Thus, trends in the development of the world economy in the long term create and new opportunities, but also new risks for the Russian Federation in terms of ensuring its economic security.

New opportunities for increasing the level of economic security of Russia will lie in the use of existing strategic resources, first of all, in the implementation of the energy, transit, environmental and high-tech potential of our country and its economy. At the same time, a new wave of high-tech developments based on nano- and biotechnologies are opening up opportunities for Russia to “rush” into world markets.

At the same time, the instability of global energy markets and the diversification of gas and oil supply channels to the European and Chinese markets, bypassing Russia, will inevitably influence the change in its position as one of the leading suppliers of these types of energy resources. At the same time, the globalization of financial markets may increase the risks of the Russian financial system losing its independence and turning it into a peripheral segment of the European and American financial markets.

Thus, the prospects for economic development and increasing the level of economic security of Russia will be determined as objective conditions and factors of development of the world economy, and subjective economic, social, but, most importantly, political processes taking place in various world regions and in our country.

An effective system for ensuring economic security is a matter of life for any state. This is all the more important for today’s Russia, which is striving to take its rightful place in the global geopolitical and economic space.

An analysis of trends in the development of world economic relations, scientific and technical transformations in the economy, global integration processes and the impact of these factors on the economic foundations of the national security of states in the world community makes it possible to outline the main directions for ensuring the economic security of the state. At the same time, it is obvious that assessing the effectiveness of ensuring the security of the country’s national economy is unthinkable without determining the retrospective, current and expected levels of economic security of the state.

Sources

See the Law of the Russian Federation “On Security” (as amended by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 24, 1993 No. 2288 and Federal Law of July 25, 2002 No. 116-FZ). // Law of the Russian Federation "On Security". Federal Law "On the Federal Security Service". - M.: "Os-89", 2004. - 48 p.

In relation to Russia, it would obviously be more correct to talk not about national security (since Russia is a multinational country), but about security of the Russian people. However, further in the article no such division is made.

In our opinion, vital interests- this is only part of a wide range of national security objects, subjectively identified and dynamically related to the policies being implemented, which, in turn, is largely the result of the influence of individual groups of people and parties. Definition and even formulation of vital national interest (for Russia - vital interest of the Russian people), of course, seems to be a separate scientific problem, approaches to solving which in the economic sphere the author will try to present in one of his next works.

Along with economic security, national security includes foreign policy And internal political security of the state, its military safety, informational safety, personal, social, spiritual, environmental and other types of security.

In the "Concept of Economic Security of the Russian Federation" and other domestic conceptual documents, the concept " economic security"defined as "the ability and readiness of the economy to provide decent living conditions and personal development, socio-economic and military-political stability of society and the state, to resist the influence of internal and external threats." See the Concept of economic security of the Russian Federation. Basic provisions. - M. : Scientific Council under the Security Council of the Russian Federation, 1994; “State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)”, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 608 of April 29, 1996.

Lack of a unified interpretation of the concept “ " certainly makes the term difficult to understand. The article provides, in our opinion, the most acceptable (but not the only possible) and balanced approach to defining this concept. At the same time, the concept economic security of the state" differs from the concepts " economic security of society" And " economic security of the individual" In this regard, for example, consideration of “ state security of the national economy» limited to consideration state general security all totality of farms of state residents from external and internal threats (dangers). Cm. Gordienko D.V. Fundamentals of economic security of the state. Monograph. - M.: VAGS, AVN, 2006.

On the innovative development of the economy, see, for example, Kuzyk B.N., Yakovets Yu.V. Russia 2050: strategy for innovative breakthrough. - M.: ZAO Publishing House “Economy”, 2004. Innovation and economic growth. / Rep. ed. K. Mikulsky. - M.: Nauka, 2002. Gordienko D.V. Economic growth and military production. //. Society and economics. No. 9, 2005. - P.187 - 207. Gordienko D.V., Baskakov V.V. Economic growth and military-industrial production. // “Finance. Economy. Safety". No. 12 (17), 2005. - P. 21 - 24, No. 1 (18), 2006. - P. 19 - 22.

For example, a Chinese machine tool company ShenyangMachineToolCo. Ltd. in 2004 bought a bankrupt German company SchiessA.G.(Aschersleben, East Germany). In the same year, American IBM sold its personal computer division, as well as its established brands, to the Chinese Lenovo.

At the same time the government Great Britain recognized the need to promote the technological development of the economy not only through funding scientific research, but also by combining the efforts of private companies and scientific organizations to develop new products and technological processes, creating the UK Technology Strategy Council ( UKTechnologyStrategyBoard), as well as determining priorities in the development of innovative technologies ( ResearchandTechnologyPriorities). Government France also outlined 5 main directions for the formation of innovation policy: development of an innovation plan; concentration and intensification of connections between the industrial base, scientific institutions and universities (creation of “competitiveness poles”); adoption of the Law on Scientific Research Orientation; the creation of the National Scientific Agency (ANVAR) and the National Agency for Industrial Innovation (API), designed to support scientists, respectively, in collaboration with the business sector and industrial corporations in their innovation activities. For more details see, e.g. Semenova E.A. The world market of science-intensive products and Russia’s position. // Analytical reviews of RISI. - No. 3 (8). - 26 s.

In fact, we are talking about the need to double the total volume of investment in fixed capital and quadruple the volume of foreign direct investment compared to the average annual rate of investment in 1995 - 2002.

Investment risk characterizes the probability of loss of investments and income from them. The integrated risk assessment consists of seven types of risk: legislative, political, economic, financial, social, criminal, environmental. Investment potential takes into account basic macroeconomic characteristics, such as saturation with production factors, consumer demand and other indicators. The total investment potential of the state consists of eight private potentials: labor, consumer, production, financial, institutional, innovation, infrastructure and natural resources.

Traditionally, the final assessment of the economies of various countries is given at the annual World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos (Switzerland) and published in the Global Competitiveness Report. One of the main indicators of the success of economies is their current and future competitiveness, which is reflected in the competitiveness ratings CCI (Current Competitiveness Index) and GCI (Growth Competitiveness Index). In 2006, Russia ranked 64th in the world according to the index of promising competitiveness (USA - 1st, Canada - 8th, UK - 11th, Japan - 13th, Germany - 14th, South Korea - 22- e, China - 33rd, Italy - 39th, India - 48th). Along with the ratings of the world's largest rating agencies such as Moody's, Standard &Poor'sCorporate, WEF ratings provide signals to investors about contributions to the economy of a particular country. For example, in 2003, an international agency Moody'sInvestorsService assigned our country an investment grade rating of Baa3 (for sovereign bonds). At the same time, the ratings of Russian Eurobonds, domestic foreign currency loan bonds and the rating of bank deposits in foreign currency were increased. The agency explained its decision by “Russia's strengthening commitment to prudent financial and debt management policies; significant improvement in the liquidity situation; the formation of a stabilization fund to compensate for a possible fall in prices on commodity markets, as well as a reduction in political risks in the country.” This has increased the status of the Russian Federation in international capital markets in terms of its investment attractiveness.

In the USA, 28 million people are supplied with food under a special program. adult population (15% of the total population) of the country, 24 million schoolchildren and children under 4 years of age. The total cost of food aid is more than $27 billion per year.

Providing our country's citizens with food is largely hampered not by the lack of food, but by the low purchasing power of Russians. If in 1989 meat consumption in Russia was at the level of 73 kg per person per year, with a medical norm of about 80 kg, then in 2006 it amounted to 55 kg. A similar situation has developed today with regard to the provision of Russian citizens with dairy and fish products. In 2006, consumption of dairy products amounted to 235 kg per capita, while the norm of 392 kg per year was almost met in the USSR. Fish consumption in 2006 was 12 kg per person per year, compared to 20 kg in 1989.

The share of imports of agricultural products into Russia in recent days has been at the level of 35 - 38%, which leads to the displacement of domestic food from the Russian market.

Of the 561 million tons of oil and petroleum products imported in 2002, 171.7 million tons came from Canada and Mexico (NAFTA partners), 119.2 million tons came from the countries of South and Central America, and 69 million tons from Africa. ,1, from Europe - 57.0, from the countries of the Asia-Pacific region - 12.8, from Russia and the CIS - 9.8 million tons and from the countries of the Middle East - 114.7 million tons. In addition, The United States has “reserve” oil and gas fields that are located in protected regions of Alaska. Thus, the United States has relatively protected itself in the event of a catastrophic development of events, say, in the Middle East.

For more details, see, for example, Voronin A.Yu. Energy strategy of Russia. - M.: Publishing house "Financial Control", 2004 - 264 p. Simonia N. Energy security of the West and the role of Russia. // Russia in global politics, 2004, volume 2, no. 2, p. 77 - 91. Baykov N., Alexandrova I. Production and consumption of fuel and energy resources in the 20th century. // ME and MO, 2001, No. 9, p. 27 - 33.

The storage facilities are planned to be linked to large private sector distribution systems and maintained in readiness to reach full pumping capacity within 15 days of receipt of the relevant order.

Over the past five years, real oil reserves in the People's Republic of China have been maintained at the level of 570 million barrels (about 90 million tons). However, if in 1998 they ensured the replacement of net imports of crude oil within 60 days, then in 2001 similar reserves were able to replace imports only within 53 days. The decline in this indicator is the result of increasing US demand for crude oil imports and a decrease in its domestic production.

See Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2020. - M., 2003. When implementing energy-saving policy, the Ministry of Industry and Energy and the Federal Energy Agency rely on the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Energy Saving” (1996) and a number of amendments based on it in the Civil, Criminal and Tax Codes.

In July 2003, changes were made to the law regarding the redistribution of powers between the Center and the constituent entities of the federation. In the future, it is planned to make amendments to the preparation of energy passports, fuel and energy balances and examinations of the energy part of investment projects, to the procedure for financing energy saving programs and responsibility for unproductive expenditure of energy resources, to the mechanism for using profits and establishing tariffs for heat and electricity that stimulate energy saving. This will make it possible to control the efficiency of energy use at all stages of production for various structures of economic entities.

The energy intensity of Russia's GDP in 2000 was 1.47 tons of standard fuel per 1 thousand dollars. Sources : International Energy 2001 / Wash., March 2001. Voronin A. Stimulus for the energy economy. // Financial control, 2004, No. 8 (33), p. 60 - 64.

In particular, it is planned to complete the liquidation of unprofitable enterprises in the coal industry by 2010. The main goal of restructuring the Russian coal industry is the liquidation of unprofitable and hazardous enterprises, as well as the creation of competitive coal companies and associations, different in ownership and operating on a self-financing basis with a consistent reduction in government subsidies. For more details see, for example, Eovtunov S., Titov K. UN Economic Commission for Europe and Russia. // ME and MO, 2004, No. 10, p. 64 - 70.

The most striking example of resolving such a contradiction is the signing and ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, which defines the obligations of industrialized countries and countries with economies in transition to reduce emissions in the period from 2008 to 2012. greenhouse gas emissions (primarily carbon dioxide - CO 2). According to a number of authoritative experts, the content of CO 2 in the atmosphere in the middle of the 19th century. was at 280 parts per million (ppm). At the end of the 20th century. Due to the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and changes in land use, the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere has increased to 370 ppm. If measures are not taken, by 2050 the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere will be 450 - 550 ppm, which can cause global warming on the planet and unpredictable consequences.

The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in Japan (Kyoto) in 1997, obligated industrialized countries to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases by 5.2% over 10 years compared to 1990 levels. For agreements to gain real political and economic force, they must be ratified by at least 55% of all developed countries (and the total emissions of these countries must be at least 55% of total global emissions). Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries that do not comply will be subject to heavy fines. The money received is planned to be used for “charitable” cleanup projects in poor countries that are not members of the agreement. Countries that are unable to reduce emissions to the level required by the protocol can, without facing sanctions, buy a “quota” for greenhouse gas emissions from “prosperous” countries. As a credit, developed countries can also carry out various environmental projects in developing countries.

According to experts, achieving the goals of the Kyoto Protocol could cost industrialized countries 0.1-2% of their GDP, with the largest costs borne by countries whose economies are most dependent on fossil fuels. Today, among the major “polluters”, the protocol has been ratified by the European Union, Japan and Canada. The USA (the absolute leader in CO 2 emissions into the atmosphere) and Australia refused to ratify the agreements for economic reasons. The main reason for refusing to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 was USA called that it creates obstacles to economic growth. According to the calculations of American experts, the fulfillment of accepted obligations will lead to a reduction in GDP by at least $106 billion, which approximately corresponds to 1% of the country’s GDP. At the same time, the United States leads in terms of the share of environmental expenditures in GDP. The dangers to the country’s economic growth if the agreements set out in the Kyoto Protocol are implemented have also been repeatedly stated Canada And Australia. For the same reasons, Russia is also refraining from ratifying the Kyoto Protocol.

At the same time, achieving the CO 2 emission standards established by the Kyoto Protocol is difficult to achieve even for economically strong countries. Estimated European Union, there is a high probability that none of its countries (with the exception of the UK and Sweden) will be able to fulfill their obligations on time. It should be noted that in Russia The situation with greenhouse gas emissions from a formal point of view looks good. According to Russian scientists, in the Russian Federation over the past 10 years, their emissions have decreased by 32%, not only due to the decline in industrial production, but also due to structural changes in the economy. At the same time, there is every reason to assume that in the next decade the dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions by Russian industry may change significantly: by 2014 the country may reach its pre-crisis (1990) level of CO 2 emissions, and by 2020 - exceed it by 14%.

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 9, 2000 No. 1895: On the doctrine of information security of the Russian Federation. // Russian newspaper, 2000, 28.9.

However, today about 80% of the Russian telecommunications equipment market has been conquered by French companies ( « Alcatel» ), Germany ( « Siemens» ), Sweden ( « Ericsson» ), Holland ( « Philips» ), USA ( « CiscoSystems» ) and Japan ( « Sony» , « NEC» , « Panasonic» ).

See, for example, Military economy in market conditions. // Military-Economic Bulletin. No. 11, 12, 2005. - P. 6 - 17.

According to the authors of the Textbook, ed. VC. Senchagova like this indicator indicators The economic security of the state can become: 1. The volume of gross domestic product (GDP); 2. Gross grain harvest, million tons; 3. Share of investment in fixed capital (in % of GDP); 4. Share of defense spending (as a percentage of GDP); 5. Share of costs for “civil” science (in % of GDP); 6. Share of innovative products in the total volume of industrial products (in%); 7. Share of mechanical engineering and metalworking in industrial production (in%); 8. The share of persons with cash incomes below the subsistence level in the entire population (in%); 9. Decile coefficient of differentiation of income of the population; 10. Unemployment rate (as a percentage of the economically active population); 11. Level of monetization (in % of GDP); 12. External debt (as a percentage of GDP); 13. Domestic debt (% of GDP); 14. Share of budget expenditures on servicing public debt (in % of total budget expenditures); 15. Federal budget deficit (central government budget) (as a percentage of GDP); 16. Inflation rate (in%); 17. Volume of gold and foreign exchange reserves (billions of dollars); 18. Ratio of payments on external debt to the volume of annual exports (in%); 19. Share of food imported in the total volume of food resources (in %).

Threshold levels determine such values ​​of the corresponding private indicators (indicators) of the economic security of the state, which conditionally give an idea of ​​​​the state of security of their national economy from external and internal threats. Determining the threshold levels of private indicators of the economic security of the state, of course, represents a separate scientific task. Various authors offer their own versions of these meanings. For example, the authors of the above-mentioned Textbook, ed. VC. Senchagov determine the following values ​​of these threshold levels of economic security of Russia: 1. for the volume of gross domestic product (GDP) - 6,000 billion rubles. (in 1998 prices); 2. for the gross grain harvest - 70 million tons (weight before processing); 3. for the share of investment in fixed assets - 25% of GDP; 4. for the share of defense spending - 3% of GDP; 5. for the share of costs for “civil” science - 1.5% of GDP); 6. for the share of innovative products in the total volume of industrial products - 15%; 7. for the share of mechanical engineering and metalworking in industrial production - 25%; 8. for the share of persons with monetary incomes below the subsistence level in the entire population - 7-10% of the entire population of the country; 9. for the decile coefficient of differentiation of income of the population - 8; 10. for the unemployment rate - 5-8% of the economically active population; 11. for the monetization level - 50% of GDP; 12, 13. for external and internal debt - 60% of GDP; 14. for the share of budget expenditures on servicing the public debt - 20% of the total volume of federal budget expenditures; 15. for the federal budget deficit - 3% of GDP; 16. for the inflation rate - 125%; 17. for the volume of gold and foreign exchange reserves - 15 billion dollars; 18. for the ratio of payments on external debt to the volume of annual exports - 30%; 19. for the share of food imported in the total volume of food resources - 30-35%.

For more details, see, for example, Economic Security of Russia: General Course: Textbook / Ed. VC. Senchagova. - M.: Publishing house "Delo", 2005. - 806 p. Gordienko D.V. A possible approach to assessing the economic security of a state. // State and law. 2007, No. 9.S. 110 - 112. Gordienko D.V. Problems of integral assessment of the economic security of the state / Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference “Mathematics, computer science, natural science in economics and society.” - M.: MFYuA, 2006. P. 136 - 142. Gordienko D.V. Integral assessment of the economic security of developed countries of the world / Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference “Mathematics, computer science, natural science in economics and society.” - M.: MFYuA, 2007. P. 129 - 133. Gordienko D.V., Baskakov V.V. Fundamentals of economic security of the state. Monograph. M.: Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 2nd edition, expanded, 2007. - 164 p.

Wherein single value e particular indicator of the level of economic security of the state corresponded to the values ​​of the threshold levels that were adopted for this indicator and the state.

When calculating standardized private indicators of economic security Russia, the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, South Korea and the People's Republic of China, in most cases, used the values ​​of the threshold levels given in the Textbook ed. VC. Senchagova. However, to determine a number of standardized private indicators of the economic security of foreign countries, the values ​​of threshold levels either accepted in these countries or established by the method of expert assessments were used. Of course, what exactly depends on the values threshold levels private indicators of the economic security of the state, as well as normalization rules ultimately depend on the values ​​of the corresponding standardized private indicators.

It is difficult to look for any physical meaning in the values ​​of general (integrated) indicators of the economic security of the state. Moreover, it is impossible to absolutize these values ​​and apply the rules of mathematical analysis to them.

However, the values ​​of general (integrated) indicators of the economic security of the state obtained in this way make it possible to judge how much the level of security of the country’s national economy has risen (or fallen) relative to the conventionally accepted threshold and, therefore, how close this level has come to the level of absolute security (or absolute insecurity) . For our case (i.e. the case components of national economic security of equal importance and the accepted rules for normalizing private indicators of economic security), the level of absolute economic security of the state is 10 38, and the level of absolute insecurity of the country’s national economy is 10 -38.

The Concept talks about the top five leading countries in the world, obviously without considering the EU economy as a single economy. However, if Russia's GDP production volume in 2020 should amount to 3.4% of world GDP (at purchasing power parity) - 139.5 trillion. rub. (according to the innovative version of economic development), then the following will be “ahead”: China (GDP production in 2020 - 23.5% of world GDP), the USA (15.5%), the European Union (10.4%), India ( 8.4%) and Japan (4.3%).

The level of well-being of the population of developed countries of the world corresponds to an average per capita GDP at purchasing power parity in the amount of 20 - 30 thousand US dollars.

Scientific and technological leadership in the Concept means Russia occupying a significant (with a share of at least 10%) place in the markets of high-tech goods and services in four or more positions. Financial leadership should be ensured by occupying leading positions in the markets of the CIS countries, EurAsEC, Central and Eastern Europe.

Innovation type the development of the state’s economy determines the diversification of the national economy, in the structure of which the leading role is transferred to “knowledge industries” and high-tech industries.

At the same time, the share of the high-tech sector in GDP, as world experience shows, should be at least 17 - 20% (in 2006, in Russia’s GDP it did not exceed 10.5%), the contribution of innovative factors to annual GDP growth should be at least 2, 5 - 3 percentage points (in 2006 in Russia - 1.3), the share of industrial enterprises carrying out technological innovations should be at the level of 40 - 50% (in 2006 in Russia - 9.5%), and the share of innovative products in industrial output - 25 - 35% (in 2006 in Russia - 2.7%). The concept of long-term socio-economic development of Russia for the period until 2020 provides for an increase in the share of the innovation sector in GDP in 2020 to 18.1% (in 2006 prices) with a decrease in the oil and gas sector from 19.7% (in 2006) to 12. 0%.

The innovative type of development also provides for the intensification of research and development (both fundamental and applied). Domestic expenditures on scientific research and development, in this case, should be at the level of 3.5 - 4.0% of GDP (in 2006 in Russia - 1.0% of GDP), and expenditures on education should be at least 5.0 - 6.0% of GDP (in 2006 in Russia - 3.9% of GDP). The concept ... provides for an increase in innovation activity and an increase in spending: on R&D (from all sources of financing) - up to 2.8% of GDP in 2015 and 4.0% of GDP in 2020; for education - up to 4.8% of GDP in 2015 and 5.2% of GDP in 2020.

The average annual growth rate of world GDP for 2007 - 2020 will be 4.4% compared to 4.2% in 2001 - 2006. and 3.4% in 1991 - 2000.

In total, these two economies provided more than 20% of world GDP in 2006, and by 2020 they should provide more than 1/3 of the world's output of goods and services. At the same time, developed countries will maintain their GDP growth rates within 1.5 - 3% per year. Under these conditions, in 2010 it is expected that the US GDP will be (at purchasing power parity) 18.1% (in 2006 - 19.7%) of the world GDP, China - 17.9% (in 2006 - 15.1%), European Union - 13.2% (in 2006 - 14.6%), India - 7.0% (in 2006 - 6.3%), Japan - 5.7% (in 2006 - 6.3%), Russia - 2.8% (in 2006 - 2.6%). In 2015, China's GDP could amount to 21.1% of world GDP, the USA - 16.7%, the European Union - 11.7%, India - 7.7%, Japan - 5.0%, Russia - 3.0% ).

Currently, Russia, with the exception of isolated cases, is practically absent from the world markets of high-tech products. Its share is estimated at 0.2% (6 - 8 billion US dollars). To expand its entire share in the global high-tech market, Russian exports of these products must grow by 15-20% per year and reach a level of at least 60-100 billion US dollars by the turn of 2020 (about 1% of the world market).

In the future, oil and gas production in Kazakhstan, Turkey and Uzbekistan will grow at a faster pace than Russia, which will increase the role of Central Asian and Caspian countries in the global energy market. This risk increases if Russia is isolated in the development and adoption of international norms for regulating the energy sector and related areas. However, at least in the next decade, there is no adequate replacement for Russian gas on the European and Chinese markets. This makes it possible, under favorable conditions, to begin forming a zone of joint economic development in the Eurasian economic space with the CIS and Asian states, as well as the European Union and China, including various forms of economic cooperation and integration. In the future, it is possible to form a “Eurasian Schengen” on the basis of the CSTO, EurAsEC, CIS and SCO. See, for example, Litovkin V. The CSTO is outgrowing its military-political framework. // Independent Military Review, 18 - 24.01.2008, No. 1 (552).

Gordienko D.V.

Topic 1. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the functioning of the financial security system and its place

in economic security

1.1 The concept of economic security.

1.2 Threats to economic security.

1.3 General characteristics of economic security and the place of the financial component in its system.

1.4 Factors influencing the level of economic security.

1.5 Resources used to ensure economic security.

The relevance of the problem of national security in general and economic security in particular became real during the era of the formation of capitalist relations and national states in the 17th – 18th centuries.

It was then that in the countries of European civilization the idea was formed and developed that the state has as its main goal the general welfare and security. Security in that period meant “a state, a situation of calm, manifested as a result of the absence of real danger, as well as the presence of a material organizational structure that contributes to the creation and maintenance of this situation.”

Active discussions about national economic security began only in 1930-1940, when the era of free competition ended and the “administrative revolution” unfolded (as the English economist John Hicks called the process of increasing influence of regulation on the market economy since the end of the 19th century). It was then that the idea began to dominate that in the interests of society, market self-regulation should be complemented by centralized regulation.

The term "national security" first appeared in the United States. The American approach is based on an understanding of national security through national stability - a state that provides sufficient economic and military power to withstand the dangers and threats to its existence, emanating both from other countries and from within one’s own country.

National economic security is generally considered an essential component of national security. It is interesting to note that the second, narrower concept, was born even somewhat earlier than the first, broader one.

The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation reflects that the national interests of Russia are a set of balanced interests of the individual, society and the state in the economic, domestic political, social, international, information, military, border, environmental and other spheres. They are long-term in nature and reflect the key goals, strategic and current tasks of Russia’s foreign and domestic policy. The national interests of Russia are ensured by institutions of state power that carry out their functions in interaction with public organizations operating on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Economic security- This is a kind of material basis for national security. It acts as a guarantee of sustainable development of the country and its independence. Such a fundamental role is confirmed, albeit indirectly, by the definition given to the concept in question in the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation. This document says: “The goal of the state strategy is to ensure such economic development that would create acceptable conditions for life and personal development, socio-economic and military-political stability of society and the preservation of the integrity of the state, successfully countering the influence of internal and external threats.” Consequently, not only the position of an individual citizen or region, but of the entire state, of all spheres of activity, which, at first glance, have nothing to do with this concept, depends on economic conditions.

The term " economic security“By historical standards, economic theory is relatively young. According to Robber's dictionary, the term "security" began to be used in 1190 and meant a calm state of mind of a person who considered himself protected from any danger. However, for several centuries it was practically not used. Only in the XVII - XVIII centuries. In almost all countries, the point of view has been established that the state has as its main goal the general welfare and security.

The most widespread interpretation of security is as a state, a situation of calm that appears as a result of the absence of real danger (both physical and moral), as well as material, economic, political conditions, relevant bodies and organizations that contribute to the creation of this situation. From this definition it is clear that “security” as a scientific category was at that time at the stage of its inception.

It is safe to say that the concept of “security” owes its approval as a scientific category to the 20th century. and this is due to numerous crisis situations in national and global economies. The term “economic security” was introduced into the lexicon by US President T. Roosevelt in 1934, creating the Federal Committee on Economic Security in connection with the awareness of the need for state regulation of the economy and the rejection of the classical practice of state non-interference in economic life at that time. Since then, the issue of economic security has not lost its relevance, and during the period of aggravation of the economic situation it sounded especially loud. So, in the early 1970s. in the United States, in a situation of uncontrollable inflation due to the Vietnam War and the Cold War, President R. Nixon created the Economic Policy Council. A further increase in threats in the field of economic security led to the creation, already under President B. Clinton, of the National Economic Council with the same rights in the economic field as the National Security Council in the political field.

From the point of view of S. Murdoch, a threat to the economic security of the state arises when negative changes occur: in the volume and distribution of income and wealth; in employment levels, inflation, market access, supply of raw materials; in economic sovereignty, i.e. ability to control a wide range of policy instruments and resources.

In Russia, the question of economic security arose in connection with the transition from an administrative economic system to a market one. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. in the context of the transformation of political and economic systems, the exposure of the domestic economy not only to internal transformations and their consequences, but also to the influence of other states and the world economy as a whole, national, and in particular economic, security has acquired particular importance. In this regard, this topic is extremely relevant both in domestic economic science and in political practice.

The theory of economic security of the state has received wide coverage in domestic economic science. Active scientific research in this area is reflected in publications, monographs and collective works of scientists such as L.I. Abalkin, V.K. Senchagov, E.A. Oleynikov, G.M. Lonskoy, S.V. Stepashin, A.I. Illarionov, V.I. Lisov et al.

There are two fundamental points. One of them is common to most definitions and defines the essence of the concept of “economic security” as a factor in ensuring the protection of national interests, independence, stability, and development of the state. The second one reveals a fundamental discrepancy in the approaches of the authors. In the definition of one group of authors - L.I. Abalkina, A.I. Illarionov - economic security is defined as a set of conditions that ensure compliance with national, including economic, interests. However, upon closer examination of these definitions, it turns out that the factors ensuring economic security are the same set of conditions that determine the very essence of this concept. In addition, the totality of conditions itself does not immediately and unconditionally lead to a state of security. The economic security of the country today has become one of the problems that attracts the close attention of specialists of various profiles working in the field of economics, politics, and international relations. The problems of ensuring economic security are dealt with by government agencies in almost all countries of the world, since these problems are among the priorities due to their vital importance. The strategy for ensuring the economic security of Russia is built on the basis of regulations officially adopted in the country, the main ones of which are: the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation “On Security” of March 5, 1992. No. 2446-1, State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation, Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation.

Ensuring economic security for the Russian Federation presupposes a state of the economy that maintains a sufficient level of social, political and defense existence and innovative development, invulnerability and independence of its economic interests in relation to possible external and internal threats and influences.

The state strategy in the field of ensuring the security of individuals, society and the state from external and internal threats of a political, economic, social, military, man-made, environmental, informational and other nature is based on Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009 No. 537 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020." Issues of ensuring economic and financial security have always been relevant for the Russian economy. But they acquired particular importance during the period of economic reforms, since at that time serious changes were taking place in the economic life of the state, and not always balanced, both in the field of ensuring the rights of individuals and various social groups.

According to foreign scientists, the economic security of a state is determined, first of all, by the need to ensure its sovereignty in making decisions concerning both internal issues and the international situation; maintaining the economic independence of the country and maintaining, as well as further increasing the achieved standard of living of the population. These circumstances are taken into account in most definitions.

For example, N. Maull under economic security understands that there is no acute threat to the minimum acceptable level of core values ​​that the nation considers essential. In his opinion, this threat arises when external economic parameters change so much that conditions arise that can destroy the existing socio-political system.

As world experience shows, ensuring economic security is a guarantee of the country’s independence, a condition for stability and effective functioning of society, and achieving success. This is explained by the fact that the economy is one of the vital aspects of the activities of society, the state and the individual, and, therefore, the concept of national security will be an empty word without assessing the viability of the economy, its strength in the face of possible external and internal threats. Therefore, ensuring economic security is one of the most important national priorities.

Threats to economic security. These are processes and phenomena of an economic, social and legal nature, the action of which causes a disruption in the stability of production development, its established structure, increased territorial disunity and a general deterioration in the life of the population.

Threats can arise in the form of natural disasters, accidents, fires and explosions, various types of attacks on the national interests of the country, as well as through disruption of political, economic and social stability.

In addition, there are:

Real, already accomplished threats and potential ones that may occur as a result of any changes;

Threats in the form of targeted actions of one entity against another or spontaneous ones as a result of random phenomena;

Direct threats, which directly cause negative processes, and indirect threats, which arise when additional actions are taken;

Based on the time of manifestation of the threat, they are divided into current (sporadic and regular), which give rise to undesirable changes within a short time, and long-term, which can give rise to undesirable effects over a long period of time.

1st group. Increasing property differentiation of the population and increasing poverty levels, which leads to a violation of social peace and public harmony. The achieved relative balance may be disrupted as a result of the following factors:

The stratification of society into a narrow circle of rich people and a predominant mass of poor people who are not confident in their future;

An increase in the share of the poor in the city compared to the countryside, which creates a social and criminal orientation and the ground for the widespread spread of relatively new negative phenomena for Russia - drug addiction, organized crime, prostitution, etc.;

Wage delays, business shutdowns, etc.

2nd group. Deformation of the structure of the Russian economy. It is due to the following factors:

Strengthening the fuel and raw material orientation of the economy, the lag between exploration of mineral reserves and their extraction; low competitiveness of products of most domestic enterprises;

Curtailment of production in vital sectors of the manufacturing industry, primarily in mechanical engineering;

Decrease in productivity, destruction of technological unity of scientific research and development, disintegration of established scientific teams and undermining on this basis the scientific and technical potential of Russia;

Conquest by foreign firms of the Russian domestic market for many types of consumer goods;

Acquisition of Russian enterprises by foreign firms in order to displace domestic products from both foreign and domestic markets;

The growth of Russia's external debt and the associated increase in budget expenditures to repay it.

3rd group. Increasing unevenness of socio-economic development of regions. The most important factors in this group are:

Objectively existing differences in the level of socio-economic development of regions, the presence of depressed, crisis and economically backward regions against the background of structural changes in industrial production, accompanied by a sharp decrease in the share of manufacturing industries;

Violation of production and technological connections between enterprises of individual regions of Russia;

Increasing gap in the level of national income production per capita between individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

4th group. Criminalization of society and economic activity. It is characterized by factors including:

Increased unemployment, since a significant part of crimes is committed by persons who do not have a permanent source of income;

The merging of some government officials with organized crime, the possibility of criminal structures having access to the management of a certain part of production and their penetration into various power structures;

Weakening of the system of state control, which led to the expansion of the activities of criminal structures in the domestic financial market; in the field of privatization; export-import operations and trade.

A similar list of economic threats is contained in the National Security Concept. This document notes that “in the economic sphere, the threats are complex in nature and are caused, first of all, by a significant reduction in GDP, a decrease in investment, innovative activity of scientific and technical potential, stagnation of the agricultural sector, imbalance of the banking system, growth of external and internal public debt, the trend to the predominance of fuel, raw materials and energy components in export supplies, and food and consumer goods, including essential items, in import supplies.”

The Concept identifies key threats, outlines the social consequences that they can cause, and clearly shows a decrease in the level of economic security. In particular, it is noted that regional separatism and social polarization of the population lead to increased political instability and weakening of Russia’s single economic space; economic disintegration and social differentiation of society contribute to increased tension in relations between the regions and the center, posing a threat to the federal structure and socio-economic structure of the Russian Federation.

When studying economic security, assessing the level of threats and making decisions to stabilize the economy, it is important to clearly distinguish between internal and external threats. External and internal processes are interconnected and interdependent. External factors can have a positive and negative impact on internal economic processes, and vice versa - successes or failures in internal economic activity, respectively, strengthen or weaken the position of the state at the international level.

Insider threats are caused mainly by internal socio-economic processes and phenomena that lead to damage in the form of material losses or deterioration of the social, national, cultural and moral foundations of life. Internal threats have mainly resulted from economic and social changes. The results of modern reforms have turned out to be destructive for society and the state as a whole, and problems of security and survival have worsened to the limit.

In macroeconomics economic security- a state or level of development of the means of production in a country in which the process of sustainable economic development and the socio-economic stability of society is ensured, practically, regardless of the presence and action of external factors.

Generally economic security system state includes six blocks: the concept of national security; Russia's national interests in the economic sphere; threats to economic security; indicators of economic security and their threshold values; organizational structures for ensuring economic security; legal support of economic security.

Economic security of the state- a set of economic, political, military, scientific, technological and social aspects and factors that determine the state or level of national security of the state.

Economic security can be achieved if the degree of dependence on the dominant economy, as well as the degree of aggravation of the internal political, social and economic situation, does not exceed the limit that threatens the loss of national sovereignty, a significant weakening of military power, a significant decrease in the level and quality of life of the population, or failure to achieve the country's global strategic goals.

Levels of economic security states are determined by the following factors:

1. The geopolitical and economic-geographical position of the country and the related placement of productive forces on the territory of the country, as well as access to domestic and foreign resources.

2. The economic and military-political power of the country and its competitive position in the world economic system in strategically important areas of development.

3. The orientation of the country's institutional system to support sectors of the industrial economy, on which the level of national security depends.

4. The priorities of the state’s economic policy in relation to industries that provide a competitive advantage to enterprises of the national economy.

5. Parameters of the sectoral and regional structure of GDP, the strategic importance of sectors of the national economy and regions of the country for ensuring national security.

6. Availability of reserves of strategically important material goods of the first and highest order in volumes sufficient to ensure economic security in conditions of force majeure.

Aspects of activity that directly influence and are aimed at maintaining the most effective level of economic security of the state:

· Development, adoption and implementation of legislative acts that ensure the functioning of strategically important sectors of the economy;

· Monitoring budget execution and preventing misappropriation of funds;

· Fighting corruption at all levels;

· Investments in the development of the latest technologies and high-tech industries;

· Strengthening and optimizing the activities of special services and the army;

· Development and optimization of the political and economic system of government;

· In-depth, comprehensive analysis and creation of conditions for the prevention of emergency situations, including man-made disasters and the most effective elimination of possible consequences.

Economic security of the enterprise(EBP) is a state of the most efficient use of resources to prevent threats and ensure the stable functioning of the enterprise.

EBP- this is a state of stability in which a company can carry out financial and economic activities, maintaining balance and the general vector of its development in a dynamically changing external and internal environment, including under the active influence of destabilizing factors.

The main tasks of the SES of any commercial structure include:

Protection of the legal rights and interests of the enterprise and its employees;

Collection, analysis, assessment of data and forecasting of the development of the situation;

Studying partners, clients, competitors, candidates for work in the company;

Timely identification of possible aspirations for the enterprise and its employees from sources of external security threats;

Preventing the penetration of economic intelligence structures of competitors, organized crime and individuals with illegal intentions into the enterprise;

Countering technical penetration for criminal purposes;

Identification, prevention and suppression of possible illegal and other negative activities of enterprise employees to the detriment of its safety;

Protection of enterprise employees from violent attacks;

Ensuring the safety of material assets and information constituting a commercial secret of the enterprise;

Obtaining the necessary information to develop the most optimal management decisions on the strategy and tactics of the company’s economic activities;

Physical and technical security of buildings, structures, territory and vehicles;

Formation among the population and business partners of a favorable opinion about the enterprise, contributing to the implementation of economic activity plans and statutory goals;

Compensation for material and moral damage caused as a result of unlawful actions of organizations and individuals;

Monitoring the effectiveness of the security system, improving its elements.

Key organizational security parameters are: independence, stability, sustainability, ability to develop, renew and self-improvement, maintaining the required quality of functional components (financial, personnel, information, etc.).

Economic security- this is the state of any economic entity, characterized by the presence of a stable income and other resources that make it possible to maintain the standard of living at the current moment and in the foreseeable future.

The construction of an enterprise's ESS should be based on compliance with the principles:

Legality;

Rights and freedoms of citizens;

Centralized management;

Competencies;

Privacy;

Reasonable sufficiency, compliance with external and internal security threats;

Integrated use of forces and means;

Independence and responsibility for ensuring safety;

Advanced material and technical equipment;

Corporate ethics;

Coordination and interaction with authorities and management.

TO the main elements of the enterprise's electronic security system relate:

1) protection of trade secrets and confidential information;

2) computer security;

3) internal security;

4) safety of buildings and structures;

5) physical security;

6) technical safety;

7) communication security;

8) security of economic contractual activities;

9) safety of transportation of goods and persons;

11) fire safety;

12) environmental safety;

13) radiation and chemical safety;

14) competitive intelligence;

15) information and analytical work;

16) propaganda support, socio-psychological, preventive work among personnel and their training on issues of economic security;

17) expert verification of the security system mechanism.

Ensuring economic security for enterprises of the Russian Federation, it presupposes a state of the economy that maintains a sufficient level of social, political and defense existence and innovative development, invulnerability and independence of its economic interests in relation to possible external and internal threats and influences. In terms of financial security, it includes:

· maintaining solvency;

· planning future cash flows of an economic entity;

· employment security, ensuring the required level of income for employees and timely payments.

EBP is characterized by a set of qualitative and quantitative indicators, the most important among which is the level of economic security.

In order to achieve the highest level of economic security, an enterprise must ensure maximum safety of the main functional components of the electronic security system. Organization of production and enterprise management / edited by O.G. Turovets. M.: "INFRA-M", 2007 - P.138-139.

To ensure its economic security, an enterprise uses a set of corporate resources, i.e. business factors used by business owners and managers to achieve business objectives. Among them are:

- capital resource. The share capital of an enterprise, combined with borrowed financial resources, is the circulatory system of the enterprise and makes it possible to acquire and maintain other corporate resources that were initially absent from the creators of this enterprise;

- personnel resource. Enterprise managers, engineering staff, production workers and employees with their knowledge, experience and skills are the main conducting and connecting link that brings together all the factors of a given business, ensuring the implementation of the business ideology, as well as the achievement of business goals;

- information and technology resource. Information relating to all aspects of the enterprise's activities is currently the most valuable and expensive of the enterprise's resources. It is information about changes in the political, social, economic and environmental situation, the enterprise's markets, scientific, technical and technological information, know-how relating to any aspects of a given business, new things in methods of organizing and managing a business that allow the enterprise to adequately respond to any changes in the external business environment, effectively plan and carry out your business activities;

- resource of machinery and equipment. Based on existing financial, information technology and personnel capabilities, the enterprise acquires equipment that is necessary (in the opinion of enterprise managers) and available (based on available resources);

- rights resource. With the development of civilization, the depletion of natural resources and the increase in the value of intangible assets for business, the role of this resource has sharply increased. This resource includes rights to use patents, licenses and quotas for the use of natural resources, as well as export quotas, rights to use land (and the value of urban areas intended not for agriculture, but for administrative development, has now increased enormously). The use of this resource allows the enterprise to join advanced technological developments without conducting its own expensive scientific research, as well as gain access to non-public business development opportunities Vikhansky O.S., Naumov A.I. Management. M.: Economist, 2008 - P.107.

Functional economic security system includes directions.

1. Financial component

Among the functional components of economic security, the financial component is considered the leading and decisive one, since in market economic conditions finance is the “engine” of any economic system

Financial security within the framework of economic security, this is the state of finance and financial institutions, which ensures guaranteed protection of national economic interests, harmonious and socially oriented development of the national economy, the financial system and the entire set of financial relations and processes in the state, the readiness and ability of financial institutions to create mechanisms for the implementation and protecting the interests of the development of national finance, supporting the socio-political stability of society, as well as creating the necessary and sufficient economic potential and financial conditions to maintain the integrity and unity of the financial system even in the most unfavorable scenarios for the development of internal and external processes and successfully countering internal and external threats to the financial security.

The financial security system involves the creation of such conditions for the functioning of the financial system under which, firstly, the possibility of redirecting financial flows to areas of their use not established by legislative regulations is extremely small; secondly, the possibility of obvious abuse of financial resources is reduced to a minimum.

First, threats to economic security that are of a political and legal nature are assessed and include:

Internal negative actions;

External negative influences;

Force majeure and circumstances close to force majeure;

Financial reporting and performance of the enterprise;

Competitive state of the enterprise;

Enterprise securities market

An important prerequisite for protecting the financial component of economic security is the planning of a set of necessary measures and the prompt implementation of planned actions in the process of carrying out financial and economic activities by one or another business entity.

Well-being in the economic sphere is the main condition for the functioning of the state. The presence of a stable system in the Russian Federation will allow it to maintain a competitive position in the global market. Economic security plays a vital role in Russia’s national security system, so I propose to consider this issue in detail. Let's start with the basic concept.

The concept of economic security

National economic security means the protection of the country's economy from external and internal factors that adversely affect economic functioning and undermine the standard of living of the population. This is the main element of national security.

There are 3 main principles:

• independence: a level of economy is being formed that allows the least dependence on other states and the world market;
• stability: stability, exclusion of crises, social upheavals, crime;
• sustainable growth of the national economy: improving the system, creating conditions for citizens to work, reducing unemployment, developing unique products, developing industry.

Concept

The concept of economic security of Russia is a set of provisions aimed at maintaining stability and growth of economic indicators necessary to ensure the normal functioning of citizens and maintaining the reliable status of the state in the international market. Maintaining economic sustainability directly affects overall national security. That is why when political conflicts arise, the first blow always falls on the economy.

The Russian Economic Security Strategy until 2030 is a document that was ordered approved by Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2017. It contains the main goals and objectives of economic policy aimed at maintaining financial security. The implementation of the strategy should completely improve the situation in the country and on the world market, despite difficult international relations with some states.

Types of security

Economic security cannot be perceived as something abstract. Maintaining a safe level involves taking specific measures in certain areas. From here the main types of economic security of Russia are distinguished.

• Financial. A state when the state is able to guarantee the conditions for the functioning of the state. institutions, create favorable conditions for the development of a market economy, create prosperous conditions for citizens, and reduce unemployment. It is necessary to control budgets (state, consolidated), the level of public debt, financial markets, balance of payments and other structural elements.
• Energy. This refers to the state of the fuel and energy industries. It is necessary to ensure reliable energy supply for the successful development of all regions of the country.
• Defense. Reflects the Army's readiness to contain and counter external threats.
• Defense-industrial. Maintaining military security, preparedness for the most unfavorable outcome of international relations.
• Information. A set of measures aimed at maintaining information security and correct presentation of data. Any leak or false data leads to aggravation of the situation. Information security also implies resistance to fraudulent activities.

Basic indicators

There is a system of indicators that can clearly characterize security in the country. It is distinguished by its versatility and interconnection of elements. Indicators display one process from different sides. In total, you can count about 150 indicators, which are combined into 4 groups:

• production and economic(GDP, GDP deflator, net national product, income (net and used), economic growth;
• financial and economic(balance of payments, state budget, deficit, investment, monetary indicators);
• socio-economic(employment, unemployment, cost of living, poverty + its upper and lower thresholds, inflation, price index, etc.);
• political(legitimacy of power).

Russia's economic security indicators are not stable. The task of experienced analysts is to search for relationships, which helps to identify patterns and provide new ideas for implementation at the legislative level.

Main tasks

Problems of ensuring economic security of Russia are solved as follows:

• competent analytics and identifying weaknesses in the country’s economy, a multifaceted study of the issue based on the experience of past years (including in other countries);
• forecasting: involves an analysis of the risk of security threats, a detailed forecast of possible outcomes is given;
• development of long-term strategy and specific measures to reduce threats;
• creation of independent sources, including the scientific and technological sphere;
• normalization and support of favorable international relations;
• development and improvement of the legislative framework in the field of economics;
• formation of financial independence: reduction of debt to other countries, refusal of loans.

This is not a complete list of tasks, but the most necessary ones are presented here.

Threats to economic security

There are internal and external threats to Russia's economic security. These are phenomena and processes that have a negative impact on the economy of the state, limit the interests of society and the individual citizen, and destroy national values ​​and social foundations.

Domestic

Insider threats include:

• intensive stratification of society - the excess of the income level of highly wealthy citizens over the level of less wealthy ones;
• criminalization - the shadow economy as a threat to the economic security of Russia is becoming an increasingly dangerous problem, corruption among officials and various structures, mostly government, is also at a high level;
• destruction of potential in the field of science and technology - in other countries the costs in this area are much higher.

Corruption as a threat to Russia's economic security is the most serious internal problem. Due to corrupt representatives of government and some private structures, there is a huge budget leakage, which has an extremely negative impact on the economy of our country. Corruption affects almost all spheres of life, from healthcare to the defense industry.

External

Modern threats to Russia's economic security from the outside are as follows:

• drain of intellectual potential - scientists and highly qualified specialists are actively leaving abroad, where they have better development conditions than in Russia;
• capital flight - funds flow abroad illegally;
• import dependence - regarding food and consumer goods, Russia is highly dependent on Western countries, citizens are accustomed to using imported products, problems with import substitution are extremely relevant.

Foreign policy is a special factor, because it is extremely difficult to control, everything depends on the state’s colleagues, especially Western ones. The aggravation of the situation in Syria and Ukraine, the annexation of Crimea - all this caused a violent reaction in the world, the Russian Federation is subject to sanctions. Economic relations between countries are the first thing that comes under threat, so it is necessary to think about import substitution and taking new measures aimed at normalizing the foreign policy situation. The necessary measures to neutralize threats to Russia's economic security must be taken decisively and quickly, but the main thing is the development of economic strategies.

Prospects for development and increasing the level of safety

The Ministry of Economic Development developed a concept, one of the main guidelines of which was the restoration of the status of a world economic power. Russia must become one of the main states and reach the level of highly industrialized countries. In terms of GDP, it is necessary to enter the top six in the world, as well as significantly increase the level of well-being among the population. An integral part. This plan becomes dominant in the scientific, technological and financial spheres.

The current state of Russia's economic security leaves much to be desired, so the solution to the problem is the transition from export and raw materials development to innovation. Advantages in science, education and technology are becoming a decisive factor in promoting economic development. It is important to make a breakthrough in industries that are the main specialization of the Russian Federation on the world market. 4 main strategies:

1. competition in the energy, transport, and agricultural sectors;
2. formation of a powerful scientific and technological complex;
3. diversification of national farms;
4. development of the market, entrepreneurship, provision at the legislative level.

Development trends also create certain risks. Prospects depend on the objective conditions for the development of the world economy and subjective ones - processes occurring on the world stage and in individual regions of the Russian Federation. The economic security of Russia in 2018 still leaves much to be desired, so new partners are being sought and the economy is gradually developing. The 2030 Strategy should help solve many problems.

In accordance with the federal laws of December 28, 2010 No. 390-F3 “On Security” and of June 28, 2014 No. 172-FZ “On Strategic Planning in the Russian Federation” I decide:

1. Approve the attached Economic Security Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030.

2. To the Government of the Russian Federation:

a) develop within a 3-month period organizational, regulatory and methodological measures necessary for the implementation of the Economic Security Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030, and ensure their implementation;

b) ensure monitoring and assessment of the state of economic security of the Russian Federation;

c) monitor the implementation of the Economic Security Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030;

d) submit an annual report to the President of the Russian Federation on the state of economic security of the Russian Federation and measures to strengthen it.

3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated April 29, 1996 No. 608 “On the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1996, No. 18, Art. 2117) shall be declared invalid.

4. This Decree comes into force from the date of its signing.

President of Russian Federation

V. Putin

Moscow Kremlin

Strategy
economic security of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030

I. General provisions

1. This Strategy is a strategic planning document developed in order to implement the strategic national priorities of the Russian Federation, defined in the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2015 No. 683.

2. This Strategy defines the challenges and threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as economic security), as well as the goals, main directions and objectives of state policy in the field of ensuring economic security.

3. This Strategy is aimed at ensuring counteraction to challenges and threats to economic security, preventing crisis phenomena in the resource, raw materials, production, scientific, technological and financial spheres, as well as preventing a decline in the quality of life of the population.

4. The legal basis of this Strategy is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws of December 28, 2010 No. 390-F3 “On Security” and of June 28, 2014 No. 172-FZ “On Strategic Planning in the Russian Federation” , other federal laws, National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation.

5. This Strategy is the basis for the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of ensuring economic security at the federal, regional, municipal and industry levels.

6. This Strategy is intended to consolidate the efforts of federal government bodies, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as government bodies), local governments, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and civil society institutions to ensure economic security in order to protect national interests and implement strategic national priorities of the Russian Federation.

7. This Strategy uses the following basic concepts:

1) “economic security” - a state of security of the national economy from external and internal threats, which ensures the economic sovereignty of the country, the unity of its economic space, and the conditions for the implementation of the strategic national priorities of the Russian Federation;

2) “economic sovereignty of the Russian Federation” (hereinafter referred to as economic sovereignty) - the objectively existing independence of the state in conducting domestic and foreign economic policies, taking into account international obligations;

3) “national interests” of the Russian Federation in the economic sphere - objectively significant economic needs of the country, the satisfaction of which ensures the implementation of the strategic national priorities of the Russian Federation;

4) “threat to economic security” - a set of conditions and factors that create a direct or indirect possibility of causing damage to the national interests of the Russian Federation in the economic sphere;

5) “challenges to economic security” - a set of factors that, under certain conditions, can lead to a threat to economic security;

6) “risk in the field of economic security” - the possibility of causing damage to the national interests of the Russian Federation in the economic sphere in connection with the implementation of a threat to economic security;

7) “ensuring economic security” - the implementation by state authorities, local governments and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in interaction with civil society institutions of a complex of political, organizational, socio-economic, informational, legal and other measures aimed at countering the challenges and threats of economic security and protection of the national interests of the Russian Federation in the economic sphere.

II. Challenges and threats to economic security

8. At the present stage of world development, objective signs of the destruction of the unipolar world are clearly visible. At the same time, the process of transition to multipolarity is accompanied by an increase in geopolitical instability and instability in the development of the world economy, and a sharp intensification of global competition. There is a desire to redistribute influence in favor of new centers of economic growth and political attraction. Significant changes are taking place in the field of international law, military-political and economic fields.

9. International economic relations are increasingly influenced by factors that pose a threat to economic security. There has been an increasing tendency to spread challenges and threats of a military-political nature to the economic sphere, as well as to use economic methods to achieve political goals.

10. The state of economic security is beginning to be significantly influenced by factors associated with global climate change, which can cause shortages of food and fresh water, and intensify competition for access to renewable resources, including the resources of the Arctic and Antarctic zones, and the waters of the Arctic Ocean.

11. In the context of the intensification of existing and the emergence of new challenges and threats to economic security, the Russian Federation maintains a fairly high level of economic sovereignty and socio-economic stability.

12. The main challenges and threats to economic security include:

1) the desire of developed countries to use their advantages in the level of economic development, high technologies (including information) as a tool of global competition;

2) strengthening of structural imbalances in the global economy and financial system, growth of private and sovereign debt, widening of the gap between the valuation of real assets and derivative securities;

3) the use of discriminatory measures against key sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation, restricting access to foreign financial resources and modern technologies;

4) increasing the conflict potential in the zones of economic interests of the Russian Federation, as well as near its borders;

5) increased fluctuations in the world commodity and financial markets;

6) changes in the structure of global demand for energy resources and the structure of their consumption, the development of energy-saving technologies and a reduction in material intensity, the development of “green technologies”;

7) activities of interstate economic associations created without the participation of the Russian Federation in the field of regulation of trade, economic and financial and investment relations, which may harm the national interests of the Russian Federation;

8) exposure of the financial system of the Russian Federation to global risks (including as a result of the influence of speculative foreign capital), as well as the vulnerability of the information infrastructure of the financial and banking system;

9) exhaustion of the raw materials export model of economic development, a sharp decline in the role of traditional factors for ensuring economic growth associated with scientific and technological changes;

10) the absence of Russian non-resource companies among the global leaders of the world economy;

11) insufficient investment in the real sector of the economy, due to an unfavorable investment climate, high business costs, excessive administrative barriers, and ineffective protection of property rights;

12) weak innovative activity, a lag in the development and implementation of new and promising technologies (including digital economy technologies), insufficient level of qualifications and key competencies of domestic specialists;

13) depletion of the resource base of the fuel and raw materials industries as existing deposits are depleted;

14) the limited scale of Russian non-resource exports, associated with its low competitiveness, insufficiently developed market infrastructure and weak involvement in global value chains;

15) low rates of economic growth due to internal reasons, including limited access to long-term financial resources, insufficient development of transport and energy infrastructure;

16) imbalance of the national budget system;

17) insufficiently effective public administration;

18) high level of criminalization and corruption in the economic sphere;

19) maintaining a significant share of the shadow economy;

20) increasing differentiation of the population by income level;

21) a decrease in the quality and accessibility of education, medical care and, as a consequence, a decrease in the quality of human potential;

22) strengthening international competition for highly qualified personnel;

23) insufficient labor resources;

24) uneven spatial development of the Russian Federation, increasing differentiation of regions and municipalities in terms of the level and pace of socio-economic development;

25) establishing excessive requirements in the field of environmental safety, increasing costs to ensure environmental standards of production and consumption.

13. Challenges and threats to economic security are necessarily taken into account when developing strategic planning documents in the field of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation.

III. Goals, main directions and objectives of state policy in the field of ensuring economic security

14. The goals of state policy in the field of ensuring economic security are:

1) strengthening the economic sovereignty of the Russian Federation;

2) increasing the resilience of the economy to the impact of external and internal challenges and threats;

3) ensuring economic growth;

4) maintaining the scientific and technical potential of economic development at the global level and increasing its competitiveness;

5) maintaining the potential of the domestic defense-industrial complex at the level necessary to solve the problems of military-economic support for the country’s defense;

6) increasing the level and improving the quality of life of the population.

15. The main directions of state policy in the field of ensuring economic security are:

1) development of a system of public administration, forecasting and strategic planning in the economic sphere;

2) ensuring sustainable growth of the real sector of the economy;

3) creating economic conditions for the development and implementation of modern technologies, stimulating innovative development, as well as improving the regulatory framework in this area;

4) sustainable development of the national financial system;

5) balanced spatial and regional development of the Russian Federation, strengthening the unity of its economic space;

6) increasing the efficiency of foreign economic cooperation and realizing the competitive advantages of export-oriented sectors of the economy;

7) ensuring the safety of economic activity;

8) development of human potential.

16. The main tasks for the implementation of the direction concerning the development of the public administration system, forecasting and strategic planning in the economic sphere are:

1) improvement of the strategic planning system, consistent implementation of state policy in the field of ensuring economic security;

2) improving the investment climate, increasing the attractiveness of the Russian jurisdiction for business activities;

3) adoption of a set of additional measures aimed at deoffshorization of the national economy;

4) improving state control over the implementation of foreign investments in business entities that are of strategic importance for ensuring the country’s defense and state security;

5) improving the mechanism for taking retaliatory measures in the event of foreign states and international organizations applying sanctions and other discriminatory restrictions against Russian legal entities and (or) individuals and sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation;

6) optimization of the regulatory and tax burden on business entities, taking into account the need to ensure sustainable development of the country’s economy and modernization of its production and technological base;

7) improving the mechanisms of budget planning, exercising control in the field of procurement for state and municipal needs, preventing cartel agreements;

8) increasing the efficiency of budget expenditures;

9) increasing the efficiency of public management of state corporations, state-owned companies and joint-stock companies with state participation;

10) use of project activity mechanisms, including when solving problems of ensuring economic security;

11) improving the activities of control and supervisory authorities, including through the widespread introduction of a risk-based approach and the development of the practice of liability insurance for economic entities;

12) optimization of labor migration flows based on the needs of the national economy;

13) legal confirmation of the boundaries of the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation (including the Arctic continental shelf and sea areas), protection of the rights and interests of Russian business entities operating in this zone;

14) improvement of norms and standards for the use of innovative technologies (including digital economy technologies) and materials in production and economic activities;

15) combating misuse and theft of public funds, corruption, shadow and criminal economies.

17. The main tasks for implementing the direction related to ensuring sustainable growth of the real sector of the economy are:

1) comprehensive modernization of the production and technological base of industries in the real sector of the economy, taking into account the requirements of industrial and environmental safety;

2) ensuring a sufficient (safe) level of technological independence of the national economy, primarily of strategically important industries;

3) creation and sustainable development of promising high-tech sectors of the economy;

4) ensuring the sustainable development of strategically important organizations of the military-industrial complex;

5) support for high-tech small and medium-sized businesses;

6) increasing labor productivity, resource and energy efficiency of production processes;

7) the formation of production clusters, the development of territories in which preferential treatment has been established for the implementation of industrial, production and technical innovation activities;

8) comprehensive development of transport infrastructure, creation of modern transport and logistics complexes, development and implementation of modern vehicles;

9) comprehensive development of energy infrastructure, introduction of promising energy-efficient technologies, increasing the efficiency of processing energy resources and diversifying the directions of their export, taking into account global trends in the transition to a low-carbon economy;

10) creation of strategic reserves of state material reserves and capacities sufficient to guarantee the mobilization needs of the Russian Federation;

11) expanding the use of production, technological and innovative potential of organizations of the military-industrial complex for the development of production of civilian products.

18. The main tasks for implementing the direction related to creating economic conditions for the development and implementation of modern technologies, stimulating innovative development, as well as improving the regulatory framework in this area are:

1) overcoming the critical dependence on imports of scientific, experimental, testing and production equipment, instruments and microelectronic components, computer software and hardware, breeding and genetic materials;

2) integration of education, science and production activities in order to increase the competitiveness of the national economy;

3) expanding state support for scientific, technical and innovative activities, as well as creating favorable conditions for attracting private investment in this area, including using public-private partnership mechanisms;

4) ensuring access to foreign technological solutions in the interests of the national economy;

5) development of technologies (including digital economy technologies) that ensure the strengthening of the competitive position of the Russian Federation in global markets for products with high added value, including photonics, biotechnologies, additive technologies and new materials;

6) regulation of cross-border transfer of domestic technologies and results of scientific and technical activities, taking into account the national interests of the Russian Federation;

7) development of instruments for financing innovative projects, including venture financing;

8) encouraging the introduction of the results of intellectual activity into economic circulation;

9) improvement of legal and administrative mechanisms for the protection of intellectual property and the rights of Russian copyright holders to industrial property objects;

10) improvement of legal regulation and development of markets for new high-tech products created as part of the implementation of projects of the National Technology Initiative.

19. The main tasks for the implementation of the direction concerning the sustainable development of the national financial system are:

1) reducing the critical dependence of the national monetary system on fluctuations in the international financial and commodity markets;

2) reducing the use of foreign currency when carrying out business activities in Russian jurisdiction;

3) development of internal (national) sources of long-term financial resources, ensuring a rate of accumulation sufficient for the sustainable development of the national economy;

4) development of mechanisms and tools for investment-oriented state financial policy, including increasing the savings rate, as well as attracting savings for the implementation of investment projects;

5) improving specialized tools to support lending to strategic sectors of the economy, knowledge-intensive and high-tech industries;

6) development of the infrastructure of the national financial market, national payment system, national payment card system and financial message transmission system;

7) improving the regulation of the activities of financial organizations, developing a system of prudential supervision and stress testing methods;

8) countering the transfer of non-cash funds into the shadow circulation of cash and the legalization of proceeds of crime from predicate economic crimes;

9) ensuring the stability and balance of the budget system of the Russian Federation, including state extra-budgetary funds;

10) improving the management of state financial assets and debt obligations.

20. The main tasks for the implementation of the direction concerning the balanced spatial and regional development of the Russian Federation and strengthening the unity of its economic space are:

1) improving the territorial planning system taking into account challenges and threats to the national security of the Russian Federation;

2) improving the national settlement system, creating conditions for the development of urban agglomerations;

3) reducing the level of interregional differentiation in the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

4) expansion and strengthening of economic ties between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, creation of interregional production and infrastructure clusters;

5) priority development of the economic potential of Eastern Siberia, the Far North, the Far East, the North Caucasus, Crimea and the Kaliningrad region;

6) development of the Northern Sea Route, modernization of the Baikal-Amur and Trans-Siberian railways.

21. The main tasks for implementing the direction related to increasing the efficiency of foreign economic cooperation and realizing the competitive advantages of export-oriented sectors of the economy are:

1) building an international legal system of economic relations that meets the national interests of the Russian Federation, preventing its fragmentation, weakening or selective application;

2) expanding partnerships and integration ties within the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and other interstate organizations;

3) creation of regional and transregional integration associations in compliance with the national interests of the Russian Federation;

4) assistance to Russian organizations in the transfer and implementation of advanced technologies;

5) expanding the range and volume of exports of non-raw materials, the geography of foreign economic and investment relations that meet the national interests of the Russian Federation;

6) providing legal advisory support for the legitimate interests of Russian exporters abroad;

7) providing assistance to Russian organizations, including through concluding intergovernmental agreements, in expanding their participation in international economic cooperation;

8) promoting the development of Russian enterprises in the non-resource sector of the economy, their achievement of the level of global leaders in the world economy;

9) development of market infrastructure that allows for the provision of professional services to promote Russian products to foreign markets.

22. The main tasks for the implementation of the direction related to ensuring the security of economic activity are:

1) reducing the risks of doing business associated with the possibility of using formal reasons to stop it, as well as preventing selective law enforcement in relation to business entities;

2) prevention, prevention and prevention of raider takeovers, other criminal and illegal actions in the economic and financial sphere, carried out, inter alia, with the involvement of representatives of law enforcement, regulatory and supervisory authorities, state corporations and companies with a predominant participation of the Russian Federation;

3) creation of conditions that exclude the possibility of merging the interests of officials of business structures and representatives of government bodies, prevention and prevention of the formation of corruption schemes of their interaction, including with the participation in these schemes of business representatives of foreign countries;

4) prevention of deliberate bankruptcy and other illegal actions in relation to economic entities;

5) increasing the level of security and anti-terrorist protection of critical and potentially dangerous facilities;

6) countering the activities of special services and organizations of foreign states aimed at causing damage to strategically important sectors of the national economy of the Russian Federation, primarily the military-industrial, fuel and energy and transport complexes.

23. The main tasks for the implementation of the direction concerning the development of human potential are:

1) improvement of the system of general and vocational education based on modern scientific and technological achievements;

2) development of a system of lifelong education, including using public-private partnership mechanisms;

3) development of the national qualifications system, improvement of qualification requirements for employees, informing citizens about in-demand and new professions;

4) professional guidance of citizens;

5) reducing the level of poverty and property inequality of the population;

6) promoting effective employment of the population and mobility of labor resources;

7) improving mechanisms for ensuring environmental safety and preserving a favorable environment.

IV. Assessment of the state of economic security

24. In order to timely identify challenges and threats to economic security, promptly respond to them, and develop management decisions and recommendations, a risk management system is being formed.

25. The main objectives of the risk management system are:

1) identification and assessment of existing and potential challenges and threats to economic security;

2) assessment of resources necessary and sufficient to prevent challenges and threats to economic security;

3) planning measures to implement state policy in the field of ensuring economic security, determining the tasks of federal executive authorities, natural monopolies, state corporations, companies with a predominant participation of the Russian Federation and other interested organizations to implement these measures;

4) development, control over implementation and assessment of the effectiveness of measures to counter economic sanctions imposed against Russian legal entities and (or) individuals, sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation, as well as retaliatory measures against states that impose these sanctions.

26. The structure, procedure for the formation and functioning of the risk management system, as well as the regulations for its interaction with the system of distributed situational centers working with federal executive authorities and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, are determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

27. Indicators of the state of economic security are:

2) gross domestic product per capita (at purchasing power parity);

3) the share of Russian gross domestic product in global gross domestic product;

4) the share of investment in fixed capital in the gross domestic product;

5) the degree of depreciation of fixed assets;

9) inflation rate;

10) internal public debt of the Russian Federation, public debt of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipal debt;

11) external debt of the Russian Federation, including state external debt;

12) net import (export) of capital;

13) the level of economic integration of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

14) labor market tension coefficient;

15) energy intensity of gross domestic product;

16) the share of investments in machinery, equipment and vehicles in the total volume of investments in fixed capital;

17) the share of innovative goods, works, services in the total volume of shipped goods, works, services;

18) the share of high-tech and knowledge-intensive products in the gross domestic product;

19) the share of organizations carrying out technological innovations;

20) federal budget deficit, including non-oil and gas federal budget deficit;

21) the ratio of gold and foreign exchange reserves of the Russian Federation to the volume of imports of goods and services;

24) trade balance;

25) the share of machinery, equipment and vehicles in the total volume of non-resource exports;

26) the share of the working age population in the total population;

27) the proportion of citizens with monetary incomes below the subsistence level;

29) the share of the increase in mineral reserves (by strategic types of minerals) in the total volume of reserves extinguished in the subsoil;

30) balance of production and consumption of energy resources (per capita);

32) deficit of the consolidated budget of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

33) the share of machinery, equipment and vehicles in the total volume of imports;

34) the share of innovative goods, works, services in the total volume of exports of goods, works, services of industrial production enterprises;

35) the share of imports in the volume of commodity resources of food products;

36) retail trade turnover;

37) distribution of the number of people employed in the economy by level of education;

38) decile coefficient (ratio of income of 10 percent of the most affluent population and 10 percent of the least affluent population);

39) the share of workers with wages below the subsistence level of the working-age population;

40) level of crime in the economic sphere.

28. The list of indicators of the state of economic security can be updated based on the results of its monitoring.

29. Monitoring and assessment of the state of economic security is carried out on the basis of official statistical observation data, as well as other information provided by government bodies, other state bodies, local governments, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and other organizations in accordance with their competence, taking into account expert assessing challenges and threats to economic security.

30. The functions and powers for monitoring and assessing the state of economic security are assigned to the federal executive body, which carries out the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of analysis and forecasting of socio-economic development.

31. Information and analytical support for the implementation of this Strategy is carried out using the resources of the federal information system for strategic planning, the information and analytical system for monitoring indicators of the state of national security of the Russian Federation, information resources of state authorities and local governments.

V. Stages and main mechanisms for the implementation of this Strategy

32. The implementation of this Strategy is carried out in two stages:

1) Stage I (until 2019) - development and implementation of organizational, regulatory and methodological measures in order to ensure economic security, improve mechanisms for monitoring and assessing its condition;

2) Stage II (until 2030) - implementation of measures to neutralize challenges and threats to economic security.

33. This Strategy is being implemented in the process of implementing a set of political, organizational, socio-economic, legal, informational, diplomatic, military, special and other measures developed as part of strategic planning in the Russian Federation.

34. State authorities and local governments, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, state corporations, companies with a predominant participation of the Russian Federation and other organizations ensure the implementation of this Strategy in accordance with their competence. The interaction of federal executive authorities in the implementation of this Strategy is carried out in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

35. This Strategy is adjusted by decision of the President of the Russian Federation every six years on the basis of proposals prepared by the Government of the Russian Federation with the participation of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, taking into account the results of monitoring its implementation and changes that have a significant impact on the state of economic security.

36. The Government of the Russian Federation organizes and ensures the implementation of organizational, regulatory and methodological measures necessary for the implementation of this Strategy.

37. An annual report to the President of the Russian Federation on the state of economic security of the Russian Federation and measures to strengthen it is presented by the Government of the Russian Federation.

38. The result of the implementation of this Strategy should be ensuring the economic sovereignty of the Russian Federation and the stability of the national economy to external and internal challenges and threats, strengthening socio-political stability, dynamic socio-economic development, increasing the level and improving the quality of life of the population.

Document overview

A new Strategy for the Economic Security of Russia for the period until 2030 has been approved.

It identifies the main challenges and threats to economic security. This, in particular, is the desire of developed countries to use their advantages in the level of economic development and high technology as an instrument of global competition; strengthening structural imbalances in the global economy and financial system, growth in private and sovereign debt, widening the gap between the valuation of real assets and derivative securities; the use of discriminatory measures against key sectors of the Russian economy, etc.

The goals of state policy in the field of ensuring economic security have been established. These include strengthening Russia's economic sovereignty; increasing the resilience of the economy to the impact of external and internal challenges and threats; ensuring economic growth; maintaining the scientific and technical potential of economic development and increasing its competitiveness; maintaining the potential of the domestic defense industry at the required level, etc.

An assessment of the state of economic security is given. The stages and main mechanisms for implementing the Strategy have been identified.

The strategy is designed to consolidate the efforts of state authorities, local governments, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and civil society institutions to ensure economic security in order to protect national interests and implement Russia’s strategic national priorities.

The previous State Strategy for the Economic Security of Russia has been declared invalid.

The decree comes into force from the date of signing.