The word “balance sheet” has its roots in the Latin phrase “bis lanz”, which literally means “two scales”, that is, in essence, the balance sheet shows the state of the company’s financial balance.

The balance sheet is the main component of financial statements and it reflects the success of the enterprise’s economic activities for a specified period of time.

The balance sheet is one of the main forms of accounting reporting on the state of the financial activities of an enterprise, presented in the form of a table of data characterizing all the property and debts of the organization in monetary terms for a certain period of time.

Who needs a balance sheet?

The totality of the balance sheet values ​​literally reflects the financial appearance of the organization.

First of all, the balance sheet is necessary for the organization itself in order to have an accurate picture of the results of its core activities that were obtained for a certain period (year, quarter, month).

The balance sheet shows how steadily the company is developing, both in relation to personal activities and in relation to cooperation with other organizations, which is characterized by two total balance sheet indicators, Asset and Liability.

Moreover, the main sign that the balance sheet is drawn up correctly is the equality of the final results of the company’s Assets and Liabilities.

Also, a company's balance sheet is required for any legal entities that cooperate or intend to establish a business relationship with this company.

The balance sheet can be used to determine the financial position of the organization and whether it will be able to function properly in the near future.

The balance sheet of an enterprise is very important for banks, which will be able to assess, based on the indicators of this form, how creditworthy the future client is, and what is the maximum loan amount that can be provided to him.

Each company is forced to provide a balance sheet to shareholders, statistical authorities and tax authorities at a fixed frequency.

Balance Sheet Structure

As already mentioned, the structure of the balance sheet consists of 2 main tables, one reflects the organization’s Assets, the other – Liabilities.

The balance sheet is considered to be completed correctly if the numerical results of these tables match.

Let's take a closer look at what these tables characterize.

An asset is considered to be all the property of an enterprise (real estate, financial investments, vehicles, accounts receivable, equipment, etc.), expressed in monetary form.

A balance sheet asset is the totality of everything that belongs to the enterprise and that can be converted into monetary currency

The balance sheet asset is in turn divided into several sections.

1. Fixed assets. The content of the “Non-current assets” section is information about property that is used by the enterprise for a long time, or more precisely more than a year. Non-current assets include: equipment, long-term investments, buildings, etc.
2. Current Assets. The final indicator of this section is the sum of all the property of the enterprise, which is consumed and requires replenishment in a relatively short period of time, or rather less than a year. Current assets are materials, cash, short-term receivables, raw materials, etc.

The balance sheet is the main form of accounting reporting.

The balance sheet is a method of economic grouping of the composition and allocation of resources of an economic entity included in the asset balance sheet, and the legal sources of their formation in the form of borrowed and equity capital, reflected as liabilities (liabilities) of the balance sheet as of the reporting date.

Thus, the balance sheet as a reporting form characterizes the property and financial condition of an organization in monetary terms at a certain point in time. The elements of information about an organization's financial position reflected in the balance sheet are assets, liabilities and equity.

Assets are property to which an organization has ownership rights as a result of past events and from which it expects economic benefits.

Liabilities are the organization's debts to third parties existing at the reporting date, arising as a result of past events in relation to the organization's property; an outflow of economic benefits is expected as a result of the repayment of obligations.

Capital is the investments of the owners and the profit accumulated over the entire period of the organization’s activities.

Balance (French balance - literally scales) means equilibrium, balancing. The main property of the balance sheet is that the totals of assets and liabilities are equal. It is ensured by the fact that the total amount of property reflected in the assets of the balance sheet is always equal to the total amount of the sources of this property - capital and liabilities reflected in the liabilities of the balance sheet.

Regulatory documents on accounting establish the basic rules for drawing up a balance sheet.

The balance sheet as a reporting form is prepared as of the reporting date (the last day of the calendar month, quarter or year).

Property, liabilities and other facts of economic activity are subject to valuation in monetary terms for reflection in the balance sheet. The balance sheet includes numerical indicators in a net valuation, i.e. excluding regulatory values.

In the balance sheet, assets and liabilities should be presented with a division depending on their maturity (maturity) into short-term and long-term. Assets and liabilities are presented as short-term if their maturity is no more than 12 months after the reporting date or the duration of the operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months. All other assets and liabilities are presented as non-current.

The balance sheet does not allow offsets between assets and liabilities, profits and losses, unless such offsets are provided for in the relevant accounting regulations.

The rules for assessing balance sheet indicators are set out in the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation and PBU. Below are the main possible rating options:

• - Fixed assets and intangible assets are reflected at their residual value, calculated as the difference between the original or replacement cost and the amount of accumulated depreciation.
• - Capital investments are reflected in the amount of actual costs.
• - Financial - in the amount of actual costs (minus the amount of the reserve for depreciation of financial investments).
• - Materials and finished products - according to actual production or standard (planned) cost.
• - Goods - at the cost of their acquisition or sales prices with separate consideration of markups (discounts).

When assessing inventories, you should take into account the amount of the reserve created for reducing the cost of material assets.

• - Work in progress - by direct costs or material costs.
• - Accounts receivable - in the amount of debt in accordance with the agreement (minus the reserve for doubtful debts).
• - Cash - at face value.

Each element of an asset and a liability is called a balance sheet item. A balance sheet item is an indicator characterizing a certain type of economic assets (active item) or their sources (passive item).

Balance sheet items are filled out based on data from the General Ledger, which shows the balance of the accounting accounts.

Balance sheet items are summarized into groups, and groups into sections. Balance sheet items are grouped into sections according to economic content.

When forming the balance sheet structure, asset items are arranged in order of increasing liquidity, and liability items - in order of increasing degree of demand for capital and urgency of repayment of liabilities.

The total amount of asset or liability items on the balance sheet is called the “balance sheet currency” or “balance sheet figure.”

The form of the balance sheet (form 0710001 according to OKUD), which must be used by all organizations, with the exception of budgetary, insurance and credit organizations, when preparing financial statements, was approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation “On the forms of financial statements of organizations” dated 07/02/2010. No. 66n. Organizations began using it with reporting for the 1st quarter of 2011. The new form has lost its previous abbreviated name - “Form No. 1” and has undergone significant structural changes.

The decision on detailing balance sheet items is made by the organization itself. More detailed disclosure of this information should be provided in the explanation. Explanations must have their own number, which is also indicated in the “Explanations” column opposite the corresponding balance sheet item to be deciphered.

The new balance sheet format has three columns: “As of the reporting date,” “As of December 31 of the previous year,” and “December 31 of the year preceding the previous year.” Thus, when drawing up a balance sheet based on the results of 2011, you will need data as of December 31, 2011, December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, respectively.

The organization's property is reflected in the balance sheet assets in two sections: non-current assets and current assets.

Section 1. “Non-current assets” consists of the following articles:

• - "Intangible assets". The article reflects the residual value of intangible assets owned by the organization, which include rights to intellectual property, patents, licenses, trademarks, service marks, other similar rights and assets, organizational expenses, and the organization’s business reputation. A full breakdown of the composition of the organization’s intangible assets is given in the Explanations to the balance sheet and profit and loss statement.
• - “Results of research and development.” Includes expenses for research, development and technological work.
• - “Fixed assets”. Data is reflected on all fixed assets of the organization at their residual value. Fixed assets include buildings, machinery, equipment, land plots and environmental management facilities, unfinished construction and others listed in clause 5 of PBU 6/01 “Accounting for fixed assets”. A breakdown of the availability and movement of fixed assets during the reporting year is given in the Explanations.
• - “Profitable investments in material assets.” This indicates the residual value of the property intended for rent or rental for the purpose of generating income.
• - "Financial investments". Reflects long-term financial investments. These include investments in subsidiaries, dependent companies and other organizations, loans provided to organizations for a period of more than 12 months, and other financial investments. A full breakdown of financial investments must be given in the Explanations.
• - "Deferred tax assets". This article indicates deferred tax assets, which represent positive differences between the real income tax and the conditional tax calculated on the balance sheet profit.
• - "Other noncurrent assets". Includes funds and investments that are not reflected in the above balance sheet items.

Section 2. “Current assets” includes the following articles:

• - “Reserves”. Reflects the cost of raw materials, supplies and other similar assets, costs of work in progress and distribution costs, the cost of finished products, goods for resale and shipped goods, as well as deferred expenses incurred by the organization in the reporting year, but subject to repayment in the following reporting periods
• - "VAT on purchased assets". This reflects the amount of value added tax that was not deducted from the budget.
• - "Accounts receivable". This article takes into account accounts receivable, which includes the debt of buyers and customers, bills receivable, debt of subsidiaries and affiliates, founders for contributions to the authorized capital and other debtors, as well as advances issued.
• - "Financial investments". This reflects the amount of short-term (with a maturity of less than 12 months) financial investments.
• - "Cash". Shows the balance of funds at the organization's cash desk, in settlement, currency, special accounts, and transfers in transit. The cost of foreign currency in foreign currency accounts and at the cash desk is recalculated into rubles at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as of the date of preparation of the financial statements.
• - "Other current assets". Reflects amounts that are not reflected in other items of section 2 of the balance sheet, for example, manufacturing defects.

Balance sheet asset currency = Total of section 1 + Total of section 2

The sources of formation of the organization's property are reflected in the liabilities side of the balance sheet in three sections: capital and reserves, long-term liabilities and short-term liabilities.

Section 3. “Capital and reserves” consists of the following articles:

• - "Authorized capital". Here is the amount of the authorized (joint) capital, authorized capital, contributions of partners under a simple partnership agreement (joint activity), corresponding to the data of the constituent documents.
• - “Own shares purchased from shareholders.” This article indicates in parentheses the organization's own shares purchased from shareholders, intended for their subsequent resale or cancellation.
• - “Revaluation of non-current assets”. This article reflects the results of the revaluation of fixed assets and intangible assets.
• - "Extra capital". Shows the amount of additional capital, share premium of the joint-stock company, as well as the amount of exchange rate differences when forming the authorized capital in foreign currency.
• - "Reserve capital". Reflects the amount of reserve capital created both in accordance with the law and in accordance with the constituent documents and accounting policies at the expense of retained earnings.
• - “Retained earnings (uncovered loss).” This indicates the balance of retained earnings (uncovered loss) for both previous and reporting periods. The amount of the uncovered loss is indicated in the balance sheet in parentheses, and when calculating the total amount of section 3 of the balance sheet, it is deducted.

A breakdown of the composition of the authorized, additional and reserve capital, as well as retained earnings, is provided in the Statement of Changes in Capital.

Section 4. “Long-term liabilities” contains the following articles:

• - "Borrowed funds". Here you can find data on long-term loans and loans with a repayment period of more than 12 months, and the interest accrued on them.
• - “Deferred tax liabilities”. Reflects deferred tax liabilities, which represent negative differences between real income taxes and imputed taxes calculated on book profits.
• - “Reserves formed for contingent liabilities.” This article reflects reserves formed for contingent liabilities in accordance with the requirements of PBU 8/2010 “Estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets”. Contingent liabilities or contingent assets are the consequences of contingent facts. A contingent fact of economic activity is a fact that occurs as of the reporting date, the consequences of which are uncertain. Conditional facts include:
• - legal proceedings that were not completed as of the reporting date, in which the organization is a plaintiff or defendant, and decisions on which may be made in subsequent reporting periods;
• - disagreements with tax authorities regarding payment of payments to the budget that were unresolved as of the reporting date;
• - discounted (discounted) bills, the maturity of which did not occur before the date of signing the financial statements;
• - warranty obligations of the organization for products sold, etc.
• - “Other obligations”. This takes into account amounts that are not reflected in other items in Section 4 of the balance sheet.

Section 5. “Short-term liabilities” includes the following articles:

• - "Borrowed funds". This article indicates the amount of loans and borrowings of the organization with a repayment period of 12 months, taking into account accrued interest. Debt that was considered long-term in previous reporting periods, but must be repaid this year, may also be reflected here.
• - "Accounts payable". The article reflects the amount of accounts payable to suppliers and contractors, to personnel for wages, debt for insurance contributions to extra-budgetary social funds, debt to the budget for accrued taxes and fees, debt to participants (founders) for payment of income, as well as the amount of advances received.
• - "Revenue of the future periods". This indicates the amount of income of the organization that relates to future reporting periods, and was received already in this period - rent accrued by the lessor several periods in advance, the amount of the difference between the market and residual value of the property in case of shortages, as well as the value of assets received free of charge.
• - “Reserves for future expenses.” This line reflects the balances of funds reserved by the enterprise for vacation pay, for payment of remuneration based on the results of work for the year, for length of service, for expensive repairs of fixed assets, for warranty repairs and warranty service, etc.
• - “Other obligations”. Here are the amounts of short-term liabilities that are not reflected in other articles of section 5 of the balance sheet.

Currency of the liability balance = Total of section 3 + Total of section 4 + Total of section 5.

The totals of assets and liabilities of the balance sheet must be equal and reflect the amount of property owned by the organization.

The balance sheet serves as the main source of information about the financial position and final financial results of the organization for a wide range of users. It allows you to determine the composition and structure of its property, the mobility and turnover of working capital, the state and dynamics of receivables and payables.

On the basis of balance sheet data, operational financial planning is built and control is exercised over the proper fulfillment of tax, credit and other obligations,

In this regard, the main requirements for the balance sheet are its truthfulness (fidelity), reality, unity of accounting principles and estimates, continuity, clarity and accessibility.

The opposite of truthfulness of a balance sheet is its veiling and falsification. Balance sheet veiling is an unreliable reflection of the state of funds, a distortion of the results of an enterprise's work by embellishing the positive aspects of its activities. Falsification is considered to be reporting prepared with deviations from the established rules and biasedly reflecting the financial position of the organization.

Drawing up a balance sheet that is not derived from accounting records or is based on accounting entries based on incorrect or even false documents is a gross violation and is considered a criminal offense.

Accounting (financial) statements is information about financial position economic entity as of the reporting date, financial result its activities and movement funds for the reporting period, systematized in accordance with the requirements of the law (N402-FZ dated December 6, 2011 (as amended on May 23, 2016) “On Accounting”).

Financial statements- this is a set of accounting indicators reflected in the form of certain tables and characterizing the movement of property, liabilities and the financial position of the company for the reporting period. It is a system of data on the financial position of a company, the financial results of its activities and changes in its financial position and is compiled on the basis of accounting data.

There are four main type (form) of financial statements:

1. Form No. 1. Balance sheet – groups the company's assets and liabilities in monetary terms.

2. Form No. 2. Statement of financial results - contains data on income, expenses and financial results in cumulative total from the beginning of the year to the reporting date.

3. Form No. 3. Statement of changes in capital - discloses information on the movement of authorized capital, reserve capital, additional capital, as well as information on changes in the amount of retained earnings (uncovered loss) of the organization.

4. Form No. 4. Cash flow statement – ​​shows the difference between cash inflows and outflows for a specific reporting period.

5. Form No. 6 (No. 5 – no). Report on the intended use of funds (submitted by non-profit organizations).

In addition to financial reporting, the company prepares operational reporting based on operational accounting data (per shift, day, week, etc.). Based on it, the manager makes operational decisions without waiting for the end of the month.

When preparing financial statements, the following concepts are used:

Reporting period– the period for which the organization must prepare reports. Reporting period for annual accounting (financial) statements (reporting year) is a calendar year - from January 1 to December 31 inclusive. Reporting date – the date as of which the organization must prepare financial statements. The date on which the statements are prepared is last calendar day reporting period (except for cases of reorganization and liquidation of a legal entity).

For newly created organizations, the reporting period for the first year of operation is the period from the date of their registration to December 31 appropriate of the year. If the organization was created after September 30 - then from the date of registration to December 31 next of the year.

Accounting statements are open to interested users who can familiarize themselves with them and receive copies.

Composition of accounting (financial) statements:

1) balance sheet;

2) financial results report;

and appendices thereto: a) statement of changes in capital;

b) cash flow statement;

and other explanations to the balance sheet and financial results statement in tabular and (or) text form at the discretion of the organization.

Accounting statements are grouped according to the following signs:

1. According to the frequency of compilation reporting can be: interim, annual.

Intermediate(periodic): monthly; quarterly; six months; reporting for 9 months.

Annual financial statements must be approved in accordance with the Accounting Regulations (PBU).

2. According to the degree of generalization of reporting data reporting can be: primary; summary.

Primary constitutes and represents each legal entity independently.

This conclusion follows from paragraphs 2 and 4 of Order No. 66n of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 and is confirmed by letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 23, 2013 No. 03-02-07/2/18285.

Thus, the financial statements include the following documents:

• Balance sheet (see. );

• Income statement;

• Explanations to the Balance Sheet and the Statement of Financial Results (in text and (or) tabular forms);

• Statement of changes in equity;

• Cash flow statement (see);

• Report on the intended use of funds.

As part of the interim reporting, prepare a Balance Sheet and a Statement of Financial Results. The remaining forms need to be completed only at the end of the year. This procedure follows from Part 3 of Article 14 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ and paragraph 49 of PBU 4/99.

Accounting statements must provide a true and complete picture of the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and changes in its financial position. Therefore, the Explanations to the Balance Sheet and the Financial Results Statement disclose information related to the organization’s accounting policies, as well as Additional Information , which is not included in the Balance Sheet and the Statement of Financial Results, but is necessary for users of financial statements for a real assessment of the financial position of the organization (clause 6, 24 PBU 4/99, letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 9, 2013 No. 07-02-18 /01).

The organization determines the composition and content of explanations independently, taking into account the content of paragraphs 24–27 of PBU 4/99 and other accounting provisions.

A report on the targeted use of funds is submitted by all organizations that received targeted funds in the reporting year.

For more information on the composition of financial statements, see table.

Some organizations may conduct accounting and prepare annual financial statements in a simplified version. These include:

• organizations that have received the status of participants in the Skolkovo project;

• non-profit organizations.

At the same time, the simplified accounting and reporting procedure cannot be used, in particular, by microfinance, state and self-regulatory organizations, as well as non-profit organizations recognized as foreign agents.

Small businesses

Situation: what forms should be used to submit a Balance Sheet and a Statement of Financial Results for a small enterprise?

The balance sheet and financial performance statement of a small enterprise can be submitted using both generally established and special forms.

Similar conclusions follow from the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 3, 2012 No. 03-02-07/1-80 and information from the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 26, 2013.

There is a special situation with organizations that are subject to mandatory audit. In particular, these are joint-stock companies (including small enterprises) and LLCs with the amount of balance sheet assets at the end of the previous reporting year exceeding 60 million rubles. Such organizations cannot prepare financial statements using simplified forms.

The reason is that the reporting of any joint stock companies (both public and non-public) and LLCs with a balance sheet currency of over 60 million rubles. subject to mandatory audit. And those organizations that are required to conduct audits do not have the right to use simplified forms of accounting and reporting. These requirements are enshrined in paragraph 1 of part 5 of article 6 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ and paragraph 1 of part 1 of article 5 of the Law of December 30, 2008 No. 307-FZ.

Non-profit organizations

The minimum composition of the annual accounting (financial) statements of a non-profit organization is as follows: Balance sheet, Report on the intended use of funds and appendices thereto. This is stated in Part 2 of Article 14 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ.

Non-profit organizations must prepare an income statement if the following conditions are met:

• in the reporting year, the non-profit organization received income from entrepreneurial and (or) other income-generating activities;

• the income received by the non-profit organization is significant;

• disclosure of data on profits from business and (or) other income-generating activities in the Report on the intended use of funds is not enough to form a complete picture of the financial position of a non-profit organization, the financial results of its activities and changes in its financial position;

• Without knowledge of the indicator of income received by interested users, it is impossible to assess the financial position of a non-profit organization and the financial results of its activities.

This conclusion follows from the provisions of Part 1 of Article 13 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ, paragraphs 6 and 11 of PBU 4/99, information of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of December 4, 2012 No. PZ-10/2012.

At the same time, non-profit organizations may not submit a Cash Flow Statement (clause 85 of the Regulations approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n).

Non-profit organizations have the right to submit reports using special, simplified forms of Balance Sheet and Report on the Intended Use of Funds. This applies to non-profit organizations recognized as foreign agents.

In addition, exceptions include lawyer and notary associations, various types of cooperatives, mutual insurance societies, political parties, microfinance, government and self-regulatory organizations, as well as non-profit organizations recognized as foreign agents. Such organizations do not have the right to use simplified accounting methods and submit reports using simplified forms.

Similar conclusions follow from Part 5 of Article 6 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ.

The composition is given in table.

Participants of the Skolkovo project

Participants in the Skolkovo project have the right to use special simplified forms of accounting reporting. Forms are provided for them:

• Balance sheet and Statement of financial results, given in Appendix No. 5 to Order No. 66n of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 (for commercial organizations);

• Balance sheet and Report on the intended use of funds, given in Appendix No. 6 to Order No. 66n of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 (for non-profit organizations).

Similar conclusions follow from paragraph 3 of part 4 of article 6 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ and the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of December 27, 2013 No. 07-01-06/57795 (brought to the attention of the tax inspectorates by the letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated 17 March 2014 No. GD-4-3/4788).

At the same time, the use of simplified forms is a right, not an obligation. Therefore, organizations participating in the Skolkovo project can prepare reports in the generally established manner. That is, submit as part of the reporting the Balance Sheet and the Statement of Financial Results in the main forms given in Appendix No. 1 to Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n.

Reporting Indicators

The financial reporting forms, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n, contain indicators reflecting the financial and property position of the organization. A number of indicators included in different forms are the same. The relationship between the indicators of standard forms of financial statements is presented in tables. Use them to check the accuracy of your reporting.

Standard forms of the Balance Sheet, Statement of Financial Results, Statement of Capital Flows and Statement of Cash Flows are formed by groups of items (for example, “Financial investments”, “Other income”). Organizations determine the detail of these items independently, based on the significance of a particular indicator (clause 3 of Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n). In this case, for each line, where necessary, substrings are entered. They indicate the numerical values ​​that are part of the aggregated indicators provided for in the standard form. You need to enter substrings for significant indicators. You don’t have to separate unimportant indicators into substrings. An indicator is significant if without information about it it is impossible to correctly assess the financial position of the organization.

If reporting is submitted to executive authorities (for example, to state statistics authorities, tax inspectorates), then assign a code to each indicator in accordance with Appendix 4 to Order No. 66n of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010. Enter the code in the appropriate box. At the same time, if the financial statements of certain categories of organizations (for example, small businesses) reflect aggregated indicators that include several indicators, the line code is indicated by the indicator that has the largest share in the aggregated indicator.

This procedure is established by paragraph 5 of Order No. 66n of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010.

The organization determines the materiality criterion independently and prescribes it in its accounting policies for accounting purposes.

Accounting policy

Situation: is it necessary to submit a copy of the order approving the accounting policy for accounting purposes to the tax office?

No no need.

The legislation does not contain such requirements. In addition, the essential elements and principles of accounting policies are disclosed in the Explanations to the Balance Sheet and the Statement of Financial Results, which the organization submits to the tax office (clauses 17, 18 of PBU 1/2008, subclause 5 of clause 1 of Article 23 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) .

At the same time, the accounting policy for accounting purposes may contain information necessary when conducting audits (for example, the organization’s working chart of accounts, an approved list of primary documents used by the organization, etc.). Therefore, as part of an on-site inspection, the inspection has the right to require this document. The form of the demand is given in Appendix 5 to the order of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated May 31, 2007 No. MM-3-06/338.

Within 10 working days after a written request is received from the inspection, the organization is obliged to submit a copy of the order approving the accounting policy. Such rules are established by paragraph 12 of Article 89 and paragraph 3 of Article 93 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

If an organization does not comply with a request received, it may be fined. The fine will be:

• for organizations 200 rub. (clause 1 of article 126 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);

• for officials (for example, the head of an organization) from 300 to 500 rubles. (Part 1 of Article 15.6 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation).

Information accompanying financial statements

The explanatory note is not included in the financial statements as of January 1, 2013. That is, starting from reporting for 2012, there is no need to submit an explanatory note. This follows from the provisions of Part 1 of Article 14 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ and is confirmed by letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 23, 2013 No. 03-02-07/2/18285, dated January 9, 2013 No. 07- 02-18/01, information of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 4, 2012 No. PZ-10/2012.

This document is information accompanying financial statements. As a rule, such information is not related to the numerical indicators of the Balance Sheet or the Statement of Financial Results (Report on the Intended Use of Funds). An organization may provide such information if it considers it useful to interested users in making economic decisions. The following indicators are disclosed as part of the information accompanying the financial statements:

• dynamics of the most important economic and financial indicators of the organization over a number of years;

• planned development of the organization;

• expected capital and long-term financial investments;

• activities in the field of research and development work;

• environmental protection measures;

• other information.

From the provision of information accompanying the financial statements, it should be clear that it is not included in these statements. To do this, you must follow the following rules:

• the financial statements should not contain references to such information;

• the name of the information provided should not imply that it is part of the financial statements;

• such information should be separated from the financial statements.

Accounting statements are the final stage of accounting, at which the information accumulated in the accounts for the reporting period is summarized, grouped and detailed. Most account balances at the reporting date are included in the reported balance sheet. Information accumulated in regulatory and operating accounts that do not have balances cannot be reflected in the balance sheet. It is reflected in the form of reports characterizing the turnover indicators on the accounts. To prepare financial statements, analytical information is also used to decipher the balances and turnover of synthetic accounts. Reporting forms also contain calculation indicators that are not on the accounts, but the basis for their calculation is mainly accounting information.

Thus, financial statements are a set of reports based on reliable data from current accounting, which are its continuation and result. As noted earlier, all accounting reports are closely related to the balance sheet; they develop and complement the system of balance sheet indicators. A number of reports provide detail and explanation of individual balance sheet items.

The minimum composition of financial statements is approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. Currently, in accordance with the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Statements of an Organization” (PBU 4/99), the components of an organization’s financial statements are considered to be:

Balance sheet;

Gains and losses report;

Explanations to the balance sheet and profit and loss statement provided for by the regulations of the accounting regulatory system;

An audit report confirming the reliability of the organization’s financial statements, if they are subject to mandatory audit in accordance with the law.

When determining the content of the components of financial statements, organizations are recommended to take into account the list of information that, according to current accounting regulations, is subject to disclosure in certain forms of financial statements.

So, balance sheet must contain data on the organization’s property (assets) and its sources (liabilities) at the beginning and end of the reporting period.

Assets include allocation non-current assets:

Intangible assets (rights to intellectual (industrial) property, patents, licenses, trademarks, service marks, organizational expenses, business reputation, etc.);

Fixed assets (land plots and environmental management facilities, buildings, structures, machinery, equipment, unfinished construction, etc.);

Profitable investments in material assets (property for leasing and rental agreement);

Long-term financial investments (investments in subsidiaries and affiliates, loans provided and other financial investments for a period of more than 12 months);

Expenses for research, development and technological work;

Deferred tax assets.

The assets of the balance sheet should be allocated to a separate section current assets:

Inventories (raw materials, supplies, costs in work in progress (distribution costs), finished products and goods, deferred expenses, etc.);

Accrued value added tax;

Accounts receivable (debt of buyers, customers, subsidiaries and affiliates, founders for contributions to the authorized capital, advances issued, bills receivable, etc. in the context of accounts receivable, payments for which are expected within 12 months after the reporting date, and accounts receivable debts for which payments are expected more than 12 months after the reporting date),

Short-term financial investments (loans provided and other financial investments for a period of less than 12 months);

Cash (cash in hand, in current accounts, foreign currency accounts, etc.).

The liabilities in the balance sheet should include: capital And reserves:

Authorized capital;

Extra capital;

Reserve capital (reserves formed in accordance with legislation and constituent documents);

Retained earnings (uncovered loss);

Own shares purchased from shareholders.

Long-term and short-term liabilities must be reflected in separate sections.

Included long-term liabilities it is necessary to highlight information about all loans and borrowings of the organization that are subject to repayment more than 12 months after the reporting date, as well as about deferred tax liabilities.

Short-term liabilities The balance sheet should be subdivided into:

For borrowed funds (credits and borrowings to be repaid within 12 months after the reporting date);

Accounts payable (debt to suppliers and contractors, subsidiaries and affiliates, organization personnel, budget and social funds, for advances received, etc.);

Revenue of the future periods;

reserves for future expenses and payments.

For reference, the balance sheet is intended to reflect information about the availability of valuables accounted for in off-balance sheet accounts (rented fixed assets, inventory items accepted for safekeeping, debts of insolvent debtors written off at a loss, etc.).

Gains and losses report is designed to characterize the financial results of the organization’s activities for the reporting period and the same period of the previous year, as well as the income and expenses that provided them for ordinary activities, etc.

This form of financial statements must contain data on revenue (net) from the sale and cost of goods, products, works and services sold.

Separate items in the profit and loss statement are intended to reflect commercial and administrative (with appropriate accounting organization) expenses.

Information about operating, non-operating income and expenses of the organization should also be highlighted. If necessary, extraordinary income and expenses may be presented as separate items.

It is recommended to present financial results in the income statement using such indicators as “Gross profit”, “Profit (loss) from sales”, “Profit (loss) before tax”, “Net profit (loss) of the reporting period”.

The profit tax accrued by the organization must be separately allocated.

Organizations that apply various rules for recognizing income and expenses, which are established in regulatory legal acts on accounting and the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees, must present data on permanent tax liabilities, deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in the income statement.

In the reporting form under consideration, joint stock companies must disclose information about the part of the profit (loss) of the reporting period due to shareholders - owners of ordinary shares (basic profit (loss) per share), as well as about a possible decrease in the level of basic profit (increase in loss) per share in the future reporting period (diluted earnings (loss) per share).

Explanations for the Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Statement should contain indicators that provide users of financial statements with additional information that is inappropriate to include in the balance sheet and profit and loss account, but which is necessary for users to more realistically assess the property and financial position of the organization, as well as the results of its activities.

Explanations to the balance sheet and profit and loss account are presented in the form of separate reporting forms. Such forms may be a statement of changes in capital, a statement of cash flows, an appendix to the balance sheet, a report on the intended use of funds received, an explanatory note and specialized forms.

Statement of changes in equity is intended to reflect data on the availability of the organization's capital at the beginning and end of the reporting and previous years in the context of its components (authorized capital, additional capital, reserve capital, retained earnings (uncovered loss)) with highlighting the reasons that led to the change in these components and the entire capital as a whole . It may also reflect information on the presence and movement of reserves in the reporting and previous years (reserves formed in accordance with legislation, reserves formed in accordance with constituent documents, estimated reserves, reserves for future expenses) with the allocation of each reserve created by the organization. For reference, in the reporting form under consideration, it is provided to provide data on the state of the organization’s net assets and the purpose of targeted financing.

Cash flow statement must disclose information on the availability and flow of funds for the reporting period and the same period of the previous year in the context of the directions of their movement and types of activity of the organization: current, investment and financial.

IN Appendix to the balance sheet indicators are provided that characterize the presence and movement of depreciable property (intangible assets, fixed assets, profitable investments in tangible assets), expenses for research, development and technological work, expenses for the development of natural resources, as well as indicators of the composition of financial investments, receivables and accounts payable, expenses for ordinary activities, collateral received and issued, government assistance.

Report on the intended use of funds received It is recommended to include non-profit organizations in the annual financial statements. Its content is determined by data on the availability of funds received and their movement in the context of sources of income and areas of use.

A specific part of the financial statements, in particular as part of the explanations to the balance sheet and profit and loss statement, is the explanatory note. It differs from other accounting reports in form.

Explanatory note is not a table, but arbitrary text. If necessary, the text of the explanatory note may include graphs, diagrams, and small tables. The content of the explanatory note should include a brief description of the organization, analytical conclusions about the results of the financial and economic activities of the organization with links to the methods used in the analysis, reflect specific aspects of the accounting policy and its changes for the next reporting period. The explanatory note is intended to reflect information about extraordinary facts of economic activity and their consequences, about events after the reporting date and conditional facts of economic activity, about affiliated persons, about discontinued activities, about environmental protection measures, etc.

Specialized forms are included in the financial statements in order to reflect the industry characteristics of the organization. Their structure and instructions on the procedure for filling out are approved by the relevant ministries and departments within their competence. However, they must not contradict the regulations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

Audit report must contain information such as the name of the form, information about the auditing firm (auditor), to whom it is addressed, the name of the economic entity, the object of the audit, an indication of the normative act to which the accounting statements must comply, the general results of checking the state of accounting and reporting, the opinion of the auditing firm (auditor) on the reliability of the financial statements of the economic entity, the date of preparation, etc.