How to determine the main indicators of economic efficiency? What methods of calculating indicators can be used? Let's talk about this in the article.

You will learn:

• What is the essence of the economic efficiency of an enterprise, why does it need to be calculated.
• What indicators for assessing economic efficiency are known.
• What formulas can be used to calculate indicators of economic efficiency of commercial activities.
• What methods exist for calculating economic efficiency indicators.

What is the essence of calculating economic efficiency

The economic efficiency of an enterprise is its overall effectiveness commercial activities, which is expressed in the ratio of the product received and the resources expended. To obtain the economic efficiency ratio, it is necessary to correlate the profitability indicators of the enterprise and the total costs of the resources used. Business project will be effective if the first indicator exceeds the second component.

Indicators for calculating the economic efficiency of an enterprise

The system of indicators of overall economic efficiency includes estimated indicators and indicators by type of resources used. The key performance indicator of an organization is always profit. The following indicators also include the following indicators: profitability of products, profitability of production assets, relative savings of fixed and working capital.

These indicators are needed for the development and implementation of new equipment, solving production issues, including the use of interchangeable materials and products, as well as when designing construction and reconstruction, drawing up business plans, and choosing production organization schemes in technological and scientific activities.

How are benchmarks determined? To do this, the savings obtained from reducing production costs, and as costs - additional capital investments that led to these savings.

Comparative economic efficiency is determined by choosing one of two or more options for solving a certain commercial or economic problem. Thus, you get a description of the advantages of one option compared to others.

When comparing two options, it is possible that the ratio of required capital investments and the level of production costs. The option that requires less capital investment, while ensuring the lowest cost of production, is considered economically profitable.

When comparing options, you must use the reduced costs calculated for each of them. The given costs for each option represent the sum of capital investments and current costs (cost), reduced to a single dimension in accordance with the efficiency standard.

It is also important to understand that the selection of economic indicators is determined by the objectives of the functioning of the system under study. For example, when establishing indicators of the comparative economic efficiency of an enterprise in the field of livestock farming, one must focus on the growth of production volume, growth in labor productivity, payback on the feed used and other costs. Based on this, the following system of indicators can be established: gross and marketable output per animal, labor productivity, payment for feed and cost recovery.

Economic efficiency: calculation formula

The general formula for calculating efficiency is as follows:

E = R / Z, Where:

R– production results;

Z– the costs of obtaining this result.

It is quite difficult to apply such an efficiency formula in practice, since the numerator and denominator of the fraction in most cases are not quantifiable and cannot be calculated in common units. In most cases, the results of an enterprise’s commercial activities are diverse and it is impossible to combine them into a common result. In some cases, the result cannot be expressed in numerical form at all, and can only be qualitative.

Efficiency can be determined in 2 ways:

• As the ratio of the result of production to the costs of its implementation.
• As the ratio of the result of what was produced to what had to be abandoned when choosing an alternative option.

How to calculate economic efficiency indicators

You can consider the features of calculating the main indicators of economic efficiency of an enterprise. For example, these include profitability, cost intensity, financial health, and financial and resource management.

Profitability indicators show the ratio of profit to costs, investments, investment costs, that is, they characterize the share of profit per unit of invested costs:

• profitability of products (services) R pr i, i.e. ratio of product profit (P i) to cost (C i) of a manufactured unit of product, %:

This indicator is used to identify the most profitable products;

• economic profitability of the company's assets (R f), i.e. the ratio of the amount of annual profit (P year) to the assets of the enterprise (K act) or the amount of fixed capital (K main) and working capital (K turnover), %:

Level R f demonstrates the efficiency of the enterprise (use of assets), i.e. shows the share of profit per $1 of assets. P year includes balance sheet profit(P point) plus interest on the loan charged to cost.

• the company's return on equity (R ck), i.e. the ratio of the company's net annual profit (after tax) to the amount of equity capital at the end of the reporting period (Keb), %:

• return on capital employed (R ik, %) shows the efficiency of both equity and attracted capital (credits, borrowings, advances) of the company and is calculated using the formula:

The company’s balance sheet at the beginning and end of each reporting period reflects the cost data on fixed assets - the initial cost, the amount of depreciation ( depreciation), residual value.

Fixed assets move throughout the year, so their availability in accounting is shown monthly. The cost of fixed assets at the end of the period (K of.k) is determined according to the balance sheet scheme:

To official beginning - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the period;
To of.p - the cost of acquired fixed assets;
To of.v - the cost of retired fixed assets.

The cost of purchased equipment includes: purchase price, transportation costs, insurance, installation, installation, adjustment.

To assess the level of use of fixed assets, it is necessary to have information on the average annual cost of fixed assets (K average).

To the office beginning – the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year;
To the office k – value of fixed assets at the end of the year.

How to learn to manage expenses: a case

A manager needs to be able to manage the budget of his company. The editors of the “Commercial Director” magazine have compiled a detailed algorithm in order to learn how to competently manage expenses and extract maximum benefits at the lowest costs.

Methods for calculating economic efficiency indicators

After we have decided on the systems of main indicators of economic efficiency, we need to work out calculation methods.

Absolute criteria will help to analyze the main dynamics of various profit indicators for a certain number of years:

• economic;
• accounting;
• received from sales;
• calculated in its pure form.

Such indicators are more related to arithmetic calculations than to economic ones. The figures will be obtained in pure form without taking into account inflationary processes. At the same time, relative indicators will have certain advantages in terms of the fact that they are not subject to inflation.

The calculation of economic efficiency indicators is the volume of products produced, work performed or services provided. They are the basis for satisfying all needs and improving material condition.

Economic efficiency indicators include:

• Payback of basic costs is the ratio of the volume of gross output to the total cost of living and material labor, which is a general indicator.
• Profit is the realized part of income in its pure form. The concepts of costs incurred also imply various concepts of profit. In the field of economics, the term profit has a meaning that is different from the definition in accounting reports.
• Receiving net profit. Includes all net income and payroll. This is the main source of consumption and certain accumulation. In most enterprises, such indicators can only be determined by calculation. Therefore, the resulting “clean” products do not always reflect with maximum accuracy the actual level of efficiency and dynamics of production development.

Alexander Poddubny - Leading specialist of the corporate client department of Antegra consulting

The economic effect of introducing automation tools can only be indirect, since the implemented automation tools are not a direct source of income, but are either an auxiliary means of organizing profit-making or help to minimize costs.

You can evaluate the economic effect of using the program two ways: simple and complex(more labor-intensive method, but more accurate). A simple method is a slight simplification of a complex method, taking into account various “reservations”. For example, if material costs do not change after the implementation of the program, then they can be excluded from the calculation, thereby simplifying it. A full assessment using a complex algorithm is usually carried out by qualified specialists based on the results of a survey of the enterprise’s business processes. But if you need to quickly and approximately assess the effectiveness of implementing an automation tool, then you can substitute estimated cost values ​​into the presented formulas. Of course, when using cost estimates rather than their actual values, the economic effect will not be calculated accurately, but nevertheless will allow you to assess the profitability and need for automation.

The main economic effect from the introduction of automation tools is to improve the economic and business performance of the enterprise, primarily by increasing the efficiency of management and reducing labor costs for the implementation of the management process, that is, reducing management costs. For most enterprises, the economic effect comes in the form of savings in labor and financial resources obtained from:

• reducing the complexity of calculations;
• reducing labor costs for searching and preparing documents;
• savings on consumables (paper, floppy disks, cartridges);
• reduction of company employees.

Reducing labor costs at an enterprise is possible by automating work with documents and reducing the cost of searching for information.

The criterion for the effectiveness of creating and implementing new automation tools is the expected economic effect . It is determined by the formula:

E=E r -E n *K p,

where E r - annual savings;

E n - standard coefficient (E n =0.15);

K p - capital costs for design and implementation, including the initial cost of the program.

Annual ER savings consist of operating cost savings and savings due to increased user productivity. Thus we get:

E r =(P1-P2)+ΔP p, (1)

where P1 and P2 are, respectively, operating costs before and after the implementation of the developed program;

ΔР p - savings from increased productivity of additional users.

CALCULATION OF CAPITAL COSTS FOR DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

If we evaluate the economic effect taking into account all the details, then the capital costs for design and implementation are calculated taking into account the duration of work at this stage. So, let's take a closer look at the calculation of capital costs for the design and implementation of an automation system.

Design refers to the totality of work that must be performed to design a system, part of a system, or a given task. Implementation means a set of works to put the system into commercial operation with possible modifications.

To calculate costs at the design stage, it is necessary to determine the duration of each work, starting with the preparation of technical specifications and ending with the preparation of documents.

The duration of work is determined either according to standards (special tables are used), or they are calculated based on expert estimates using the formula:

T 0 =(3*T min +2*T max)/5 (2)

where T 0 is the expected duration of work;

T min and T max ~ respectively the shortest and longest duration of work according to the expert.

Calculation data for the expected duration of work is given in the table.

Table 1

Work duration table at the design stage (example)

Name of works	Duration of work, days
		maximum
Development of technical specifications
Analysis of technical specifications
Literature Study
Working in the library with sources
Introduction to the main stages of the thesis
Registration of technical specifications
Algorithm development
Program improvements
Debugging the program
Economic justification
Drawing up an explanatory note
Making posters

Capital costs at the design stage Kk are calculated using the formula:

K k =C + Z p +M p +H (3),

where C is the initial cost of the software product;

Z p - wages of specialists at all stages of design and implementation ;

M p - costs for using a computer at the design and implementation stage;

N - overhead costs at the design and implementation stage.

One of the main types of costs at the design stage is the salary of a specialist, which is calculated using the formula:

Z p= Z p *T p *(l+A s /100)*(l+A p /100) (4)

where Z p is the developer’s salary at the design stage;

Z d - daily salary of the developer at the design stage;

A c is the percentage of contributions to social insurance;

And n is the percentage of bonuses.

In general, machine time costs consist of processor time costs (when working with an object or absolute module) and display time costs. The formula for calculations is:

M=t d *C d + t p *C p (5)

where C p and C d are the cost of one hour of processor and display time, respectively;

t d and t p - respectively, processor and display time required to solve the problem (hour).

Since the program was developed on modern high-speed computers, there is no need for additional processor time, i.e. are taken as C p =0 and t p =0.

When calculating Mn, one should take into account the time for preparing the source codes of programs, debugging them and solving test cases.

Overhead costs according to formula (2) amount to 80-120% of the wages of personnel involved in operating the program.

If the design and implementation of the automation tool is carried out entirely by a third-party organization, then a simplified calculation scheme can be used, i.e. As capital costs for design and implementation, accept amounts paid to a third party, including the initial cost of the automation tool.

Operating costs include:

• content of information costs;
• maintenance of personnel for maintenance of a complex of technical equipment;
• costs of operating the program;
• building maintenance costs;
• other expenses.

STAFF COSTS

Costs for various types of workers are determined by the formula:

Z= n i z i *(1+ A c /100)*(1+A p /100)

where n i - number of personnel of the 1st type associated with the performance of work;

A с - percentage of contributions to social insurance

A p - average percentage of premiums for the year

COSTS OF PROGRAM OPERATION

The cost of operating the program consists of the cost of computer time and the cost of operating various accessories (paper, printer ink, etc.).

From formula (5) we will calculate the costs of operating the program:

M=t d *C d +t p *C p

In this case, you can estimate similar costs before implementing the program and compare the resulting values. When implementing the program, the time spent working on the same task decreases, which already results in savings.

CALCULATIONS FOR OVERHEAD COSTS

The costs of operating supplies are determined by simply calculating the costs of purchasing them at wholesale (or free) prices.

OTHER EXPENSES

Other expenses range from 1 to 3% of the total operating costs.

• before program implementation

P pr1 = (Z+M 1 +H)*0.03

• after program implementation

P pr2 = (Z+M 2 +H)*0.03

Thus the operating costs are:

• before program implementation

P 1 =Z+M 1 +H+P pr1

• after program implementation

P 2 =Z+M 2 +H+P pr2

If the user, when saving i-type using the program, saves T i, hours, then the increase in labor productivity P i (in%) is determined by the formula:

where F j is the time planned by the user to perform j-type work before implementing the program (hours).

table 2

User work table (example)

	Type of work	Before automation, min Fj	Time savings, min.	Increase in labor productivity Р i (in%)
	Entering information
	Carrying out calculations
	Preparing and printing reports
	Data analysis and sampling

The savings associated with increasing user productivity P will be determined by the formula:

where Z p is the average annual salary of the user.

EXAMPLE

To better understand the material, let us take as an example a small typical Russian organization engaged in the provision of services, in which an accounting department with one workplace is being automated. The software tool of the 1C company, 1C: Enterprise Accounting 2.0, was chosen as an automation tool. We assume that the software is implemented by a third party. The cost of “1C: Enterprise Accounting 2.0” is 10,800 rubles.

The cost of services from a third party for its implementation is 10,000 rubles.

As a result, capital costs for implementation will be:

K = 10800 + 10000 = 20800 rub.

Let's calculate the costs of maintaining personnel, based on the condition that the employee's salary is 50,000 rubles.

Z = 1 * 50000 * (1 + 34% / 100) = RUB 67,000.

In our example, for simplicity, we will consider overhead and other expenses before and after implementation of the program as unchanged, i.e. the implementation of the program did not result in savings in ink in printer cartridges, waste of paper, etc. Thus, the annual savings will be equal to the savings associated with increased user productivity.

Let's calculate savings due to increased employee productivity. In our example, accounting was carried out on a computer, but manually using various programs that allow you to store data in tables. For example, MS Excel. We will use the data given in Table 2 as initial data.

Savings associated with increased user productivity:

P = 67000 * 9 = RUB 603,000.

As a result, we obtain the following expected economic efficiency:

E = 603000 - 20800 * 0,15 = 599880 rub.

What do these numbers say? Even with an approximate calculation, the economic efficiency from the implementation of the software turned out to be significant. This was achieved by increasing employee productivity.

Accordingly, having spent only 20,800 rubles, we get savings for the year of 599,880 rubles!

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of calculating the economic efficiency of designing and implementing automation, it is immediately clear that it is profitable. Although the benefits are indirect, they are usually noticeable in the medium and long term. The introduction of automation tools can lead to adjustments to the business process itself, as tasks are completed faster. Employees can process large volumes of information during their working hours, which can be used either to reduce personnel costs or for rapid business development while maintaining the same number of employees engaged in information processing.

As practice shows, automation of business processes, especially such as calculating the cost of products, preparing regulated reporting on the results of activities, accounting for mutual settlements with counterparties, generating and accounting for printed documents, carries great potential for development and material benefits over time.

In the process of calculating economic efficiency, it is necessary to take into account one property of automation. It is as follows: the more money and time spent on automation, the higher the economic effect of implementation. This can be explained quite simply: if you carefully approach the selection of a software product, carefully work out all business processes at the design and implementation stage, describe and debug everything, then in the future you will spend much less money on operating the program.

It is important to note that if various departments and employees are automated with one software tool, the costs of organizing document flow between them are reduced. Both time and material costs are reduced.

The effect is an absolute value showing the result achieved when performing a procedure.

DEFINITION

Economic effect represents the result of human labor used, which is aimed at creating certain material benefits.

At the same time, it is important not only to ensure the result itself, but also by what forces it was achieved.

For this reason, the basis for calculating economic efficiency is the annual economic effect, including the costs of achieving it. In addition, in addition to the absolute magnitude of the effect, it is also necessary to determine the relative magnitude of the effect, calculated by dividing the total result obtained by the resource expenditure to obtain it.

The economic effect formula is considered the final economic result, which is obtained as a result of carrying out certain activities that cause an improvement in the corresponding performance indicators of the company. The result is an absolute indicator measured in monetary units.

Obtaining an effect as a whole is based on the initial implementation of certain costs, and subsequently obtaining additional profit from the implementation of measures. The economic effect itself can be represented in the form of this additional income that the enterprise receives through:

• additional profit,
• minimizing material costs,
• reduction of labor costs,
• increase in production volumes,
• increase in product quality, which is expressed in price.

Economic effect formula

There is no specific formula for economic impact. In this case, the following formulas are most often used in calculations:

• The total amount of economic effect;

Etotal=(Rnew – Rold) C

Here Rnew is a new result,

R old – old result of activity,

C – discounted cost amount (for the entire period of changes)

• Annual amount of economic effect

Egod = (Rnew - Rstar) - C*N

N is the standard annual return on investment.

This formula for economic effect compares the alternative possibility of investing the amount of money spent in an alternative source of income. Here N can be the refinancing rate, credit interest, deposit rate, bond yield percentage, etc. The choice of this value will depend on certain investment opportunities.

Economic efficiency formula

Economic efficiency is an indicator that is determined by the ratio of the economic effect to the costs of this effect. The economic efficiency formula is as follows:

E = EE/Z

Here EE is the value of the economic effect,

Z – costs for its implementation.

What does the economic effect show?

We can say that the effect determines the degree of efficiency, which in turn determines the degree of profitability. The effect indicator is relative, so it can be used when comparing with existing standards.

In general, the benefit from implementing the effect is characterized by three circumstances:

1) the costs of carrying out activities, which should be as low as possible;

2) the effect of implementation, which should be maximum;

3) the period during which the effect occurs.

Depending on the nature of the activities carried out to increase the effect, its calculation is carried out differently. There is no general formula for economic effect; it is determined as the source of this effect is determined.

If the calculation results in an annual effect from an event, then to obtain the total amount of the effect, it is necessary to multiply it by the number of years that this effect brings.

Examples of problem solving

EXAMPLE 1

Exercise	Calculate the economic effect of the event (improving equipment at the enterprise) in the production of footwear. The following indicators are given: Number of pairs of shoes (plan) – 2350 pcs., Standard time Before the introduction of new equipment - 26.5 hours, After – 11.1 hours.
Solution	Production costs 2350 pcs. products: Before equipment implementation – 2350*26.5=62275 hours. After the implementation of the equipment - 2350 * 11.1 = 26085 hours. Let's calculate the economic effect of introducing equipment: Eff=62275 - 26085/62275= 0.5811
Answer	We see that time has been used more than twice as efficiently. The economic effect was 58.11%

Calculating the economic efficiency of a company means understanding whether resources are being spent correctly and what are the prospects for the development of the enterprise. We tell you how to correctly calculate the indicator and draw the necessary conclusions from the result.

Concept of performance efficiency

First, let's look at the term “effective.” An effective result means an optimal outcome with minimal costs: investing the minimum at the input, the maximum possible is obtained at the output. Information on how justified the investment is and what the company's performance is is provided by efficiency calculations - an indicator characterizing the optimal use of resources.

If an entrepreneur strives not just to make ends meet, but to seriously build a business, then it is necessary to build a system for evaluating results. There is not always time to delve into calculations and mathematical formulas on your own. Glavbukh Assistant specialists will help you determine the break-even point and calculate the amount of costs for the period ahead.

This parameter demonstrates the competitiveness of a business, so a self-respecting entrepreneur must not only be familiar with the formulas, but also be able to draw conclusions from the calculations to adjust the business strategy and financial planning.

Without the desire to obtain maximum efficiency from available resources (material, human, managerial), the result will be uncompetitive. Funds must be distributed in such a way that the maximum possible profit is extracted, so we will analyze the economic efficiency using the calculation formula and with example options.

Efficiency mark

The basis for calculating the indicator is the ratio of the result of work and the costs of obtaining it. The parameter reflects how efficiently the company operates and how it is able to master the maximum volumes of production or resale of products using existing resources at the lowest cost.

Let's look at an example using specific data:

Entrepreneur Luchinkin decided to open his own business, but did not choose the type of activity. As a result, Luchinkin decides to test 2 diversified areas at once - a hairdressing salon and repair services for premises, distributing the investment equally, 200 thousand rubles each.

At the end of the year, Luchinkin calculated the revenue: revenue from repair services was 450 thousand rubles, from the hairdressing salon - 260 thousand rubles, which is almost 2 times lower.

As a result, it is clearly clear where the return on investment is greater. That is, the economic efficiency of providing repairs is higher than that of hairdressing services.

Thus, economic efficiency is determined from the ratio of the result to the funds spent. If the product in monetary terms does not require large expenses, then an economic effect in the form of profit is achieved, in the opposite case - a loss.

Economic efficiency indicators

To evaluate the success of a commercial project, a quantitative parameter is required. The general formula for calculating efficiency is as follows:

E = RD/Z, where

RD is the result of activity,

Z – costs.

A profitable project should not have an index less than 1. In our example, in both cases the result is greater than one and for repairs the value of E (2.25) is higher than for hairdressing (1.3).

However, performance is assessed primarily by profitability. This is a clear evaluation criterion: an unprofitable business does not make a profit. For the simplest analysis, the indicator “gross profit” is used and the formula for economic efficiency will be as follows:

VP = RD – Z, where

VP – gross profit,

RD – result of activity, income received,

Z – costs, cost.

Then in our example:

• VP from the hairdresser = 260,000 – 200,000 = 60,000 rubles;
• VP from repairs = 450000 – 200000 = 250000.
• Conclusion: activities from repair services are more effective than from hairdressing services, and can bring greater profits.

If accounting terms are confusing to you, the article "What is the Difference Between Profit and Revenue" explains the similarities and differences between these measures.

When comparing a business with competitors or with your own results over the past period, an absolute indicator is not enough. Such an analysis does not demonstrate the true situation, since a company with a smaller sales volume may be more efficient and financially stable. Therefore, a relative value is also required when assessing the achieved effect, that is, the profitability ratio. This parameter plays the role of efficiency and estimates the income in terms of each invested ruble.

The efficiency coefficient formula is as follows:

KE = VP / Z x 100%, where:

EC – efficiency (profitability) coefficient,

VP – gross profit,

Z – costs.

Let's go back to the example:

• for the hairdresser CE = 60,000 / 200,000 x 100% = 30%;
• for repair services CE = 250,000 / 200,000 x 100% = 125%.
• The method shows that the effect of investing in a repair service far exceeds similar costs in a hairdressing salon. It is logical that our Luchinkin will continue to develop the repair work business and will not be scattered on yet another type of activity.

Analysis of achieved efficiency

In any of the two commercial areas considered, by analyzing the calculation of the relative indicator, one can draw conclusions about activities to optimize activities based on mathematical logic. To achieve greater economic benefits from investments, you need to:

1. Increase profits without additional costs, for example:
2. 1. increase the competitiveness of products;
   2. find effective marketing techniques;
   3. motivate the workforce to increase labor productivity.
3. Reduce costs without reducing sales volumes, for example:
4. 1. modernization, automation of part of the operational process;
   2. searching for new suppliers with lower prices;
   3. reduction of ineffective employees.
5. Combine both options.

In addition to the main efficiency ratio, additional profitability indicators are used. In general, profitability shows how much product needs to be sold to cover costs and break even, and serves as an indicator of the company’s sustainability.

The efficiency threshold is determined differently for each company. It is generally accepted that costs are lower – profits are higher and the business is more successful. Judgment works to a certain extent, but strategic development requires long-term cost-benefit analysis.

A significant place in economics is occupied by optimization problems in which solution options are compared and the best (optimal) are found among them. The indicators by which solutions are compared and selected are called performance indicators. Each event is carried out for a certain purpose, so it is necessary to compare alternative solutions according to how close the expected result is to the goal

The result of the event is called a beneficial effect. The beneficial effect can be of several types:

• - economic, expressed through saving certain resources and obtaining additional profit,
• - social, leading to improved working conditions and living standards;
• - political, associated with increasing the degree of economic and defense independence of the country, scientific, expressed in expanding knowledge about the world around us.

There is no clear boundary between different types of effects; they transform into one another. Of all types of effects, we can fundamentally measure only the economic one, therefore, in practice, it has developed in such a way that when justifying economic decisions, only the economic effect is considered. Due to the continuity of various types of effects, the assessment of the economic effect often serves a reliable way to justify the planned event.

The beneficial effect is always material. It can be measured by an increase in production volume, additional profit, improvement of working conditions, etc. The beneficial effect itself is not associated with any event or the timing of it. However, when compared with the purpose of the event, it turns into a measure of the functional effectiveness of the event. Since a goal is a result that must be achieved, and a beneficial effect is an expected or achieved result, they must be measured in the same units, and the magnitude of the beneficial effect serves as a measure of achievement of the goal.

Functional efficiency is abstracted from the resources spent to achieve a given level of beneficial effect; therefore, in conditions of limited resources, this characteristic is significantly incomplete. Therefore, to compare alternative economic solutions, a more capacious characteristic of economic efficiency is used.

Economic efficiency is understood as the degree to which the expected or achieved results of an event correspond to the set goal and the resources expended. In other words, a set of economic efficiency indicators characterizes how economically resources are spent to achieve the goal. Therefore, economic efficiency is defined as the ratio between the beneficial effect and the costs of achieving it. The costs of each differently used resource are measured by a monetary equivalent. The concept of “ratio” is intertwined with the concept of the criterion of economic efficiency.

The criterion of economic efficiency is understood as one of the indicators by the value of which the effectiveness of an event is judged, and the compliance of each alternative option with the goal. In the general case, it is impossible to compare simultaneously by two indicators, so one of the two indicators is fixed, i.e. accepted as the same for all alternative options, and then the second indicator automatically turns into a criterion of economic efficiency. In economic practice, options are compared based on the amount of costs for a given level of beneficial effect.

С>min; E>EZ;

where EZ is the required (specified) level of beneficial effect. Compliance with this principle ensures full comparability of results.

Costs by nature are divided into capital and current. Capital costs are one-time, one-time in nature and are aimed at the purchase and installation of equipment. Current costs are associated with the operation of labor tools and are incurred when the equipment is involved in production. It is clear that in order to achieve a beneficial effect, both types are needed: without acquiring the necessary equipment, it is difficult to create any product, that is, to obtain a beneficial effect. At the same time, without current costs for materials, energy, and wages, the effect is even more unattainable.

To bring different types of costs, the following values ​​are summed up:

Salary = C + En K (rub/year)

where C is current costs, K is capital costs, EN is the standard economic efficiency coefficient.

The value of the salary is called reduced costs, and the standard economic efficiency coefficient plays the role of the operator, leading to the same dimension - yearly current and capital costs."

Reduction of multi-time costs is carried out using the formula

where KPR is the cost of the spent amount K after t years, ENP is the standard reduction coefficient

The operation of bringing costs at different times is sometimes called discounting, and the standard reduction factor is called discount interest.

Despite the difference in the nature of the reasons for reducing costs, both the standard coefficient of economic efficiency of the ENP and the standard coefficient of reduction of the ENP are based on the principle of profitability that unites them. In other words, every ruble invested in production must bring net income in an amount that ensures expanded reproduction on a state scale, and the profit remaining at the enterprise’s disposal, ensuring at least simple reproduction in the enterprise.

What is their difference? The event comes down to the construction and commissioning of an enterprise: at the first stage, the enterprise is built and does not produce products; at the second stage, the enterprise produces and sells products, the price of which includes profit. This profit should be enough to pay interest on the loan K, and to cover the needs of the enterprise itself. Thus, the profit standard En K includes both parts, both the part that goes to pay off the loan and the part that remains at the disposal of the enterprise Standard coefficient of economic efficiency The EN reflects precisely this situation. At the early stage, while the enterprise is being built, there is no need to cover current costs - in fact, the enterprise does not yet exist. While the products are not being produced, there is no profit, so the debt for the loan is growing and it must be calculated using the compound interest formula, in which the standard for bringing the ENP is less than the ENP.

Thus En > Enp » and their difference is determined by the part at the disposal of the enterprise

EH K - Enp K + EO K,

where EO is the standard that determines the share of profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise

Currently, for capital investments Enp = 0.08, for new equipment Enp = 0.10. Accordingly, the values ​​En = 0.12 and 0.15 were set.

In the theory of economic efficiency, the payback period plays an important role, i.e. the period of time TN during which the capital investments made are repaid. This indicator is outwardly very similar to the depreciation period, i.e. the period during which the cost of the means of labor is transferred completely to the finished product and is restored in the form of money in the depreciation fund of the enterprise. Let's look at what their differences are.

During the depreciation period, due to depreciation charges for renovation, the original cost of the means of labor is completely restored, and by the time they are withdrawn from production, the enterprise is able to purchase a new means in return. It is important that depreciation charges come from the cost of production, and the owner of these funds is the enterprise. If these funds are withdrawn from the enterprise, then with the removal of worn-out equipment from production, production will stop.

The situation is different with the payback period. Investors (or the state) invested in the fixed assets of the enterprise, as if they “lent” them to it. Gradually, as production is produced, the enterprise reimburses investors from the profit for the cost of the advanced funds. The payback period ends when the company fully pays off the invested amount, and investors can again put this amount into circulation. Thus, the first feature of the payback period is that the funds come from profits and the owners of these funds are investors (or the state).

Will production stop after these seizures? No, since the purchase of new equipment to replace worn-out equipment comes from the depreciation fund. In other words, the depreciation period is a category of simple reproduction, and the payback period is extended. This is the second feature of the payback period.

If the useful life of the equipment is significantly shorter than the payback period, and it is taken out of production without having time to pay off, will this affect the production itself? No, since after the removal of worn-out equipment from depreciation funds, new equipment will be purchased, production will function, and contributions from profits will go to investors. Thus, the payback period refers to fixed assets in monetary terms, abstracted from their material carriers, and the depreciation period refers to specific means of labor - machines, devices, etc. This is the third feature of the payback period.

Currently, the payback period is calculated using the formula

which at EH = 0.12 will be 8.3 years. Since payment for a loan is not made one-time, but through periodic payments, in order to pay off both the debt and the interest on it, it is necessary to annually pay the amounts of SPL.G, determined by the formulas for calculating the annuity

where K is the loan amount, T is the payback period.

If we calculate the payback period according to the formula T = 1 / Enp > then with Enp = 0.08 it will be 12.5 years. Calculations show that at a constant interest rate (rate of return), an increase in the loan repayment period (payback period) leads to an increase in the total amount of payments for the loan

There are calculations of general (absolute) and relative economic efficiency. The need to use two types of economic efficiency calculations is associated with two types of tasks. To solve the question of what to produce, the overall economic efficiency is determined, and to solve the question of how to produce, comparative economic efficiency is determined.

The indicator of overall economic efficiency c-t is used in two versions

• - for large-scale economic systems - the national economy as a whole, industries;
• - for associations and enterprises.

For industries, absolute economic efficiency is defined as the ratio of the increase in profit P to the capital investment K that caused this increase

EOTR= R/K

Essentially, this indicator represents capital productivity, calculated as the ratio

EF = PE / (SSR + SOB)

where PE is standardly pure products.

For associations and enterprises, absolute economic efficiency is measured by the return on capital investment indicator, which was discussed in detail earlier.

When determining comparative economic efficiency, savings are defined as the difference in reduced costs when using old and new objects of labor or options for carrying out any production activities. The size of the annual economic effect is determined by the formula

EG = (C1 + ENK1) - (C2 + EnK2)

When comparing several (more than two) options, it is more convenient to use the reduced cost indicator, since it makes it possible to directly select the option with the lowest cost

ZP = C + EN E = min

Determining the comparative economic efficiency of new technology is carried out according to a general methodology, but at the same time it has some peculiarities.

First, choosing a base for comparison. According to existing industry methods, at the stage of development of new equipment, the best foreign or domestic equipment is taken as the basis for comparison dates, and at the operation stage, the equipment being replaced at a given enterprise is taken. Naturally, the older and more worn out the equipment being replaced is, the worse the expected effect should be. However, it is known that the initial capital-labor ratio greatly affects capital productivity:

dФО/ dФВ =(а-- 1) b / Фв2

where a is the increase (in %) in labor productivity for each percent increase in the capital-labor ratio; b - individual labor productivity

This means that the lower the capital-labor ratio the enterprise had before re-equipment, the greater the drop in capital productivity will be (proportional to the square of the capital-labor ratio), and in this case it is impossible to obtain the expected calculated effect from the new equipment.

Secondly, these are performance indicators. Two typical cases can be identified. When determining the effectiveness is released! products (final product) with the same consumer value, the most economically efficient will be the one for the production of which less social labor was spent (with a lower cost). The efficiency of fixed production assets is assessed primarily by the minimum payback period for capital investments.

Thirdly, this is the definition of productivity and labor growth. As a rule, an increase in labor productivity is< 1 , т.е. производительность труда растет значительно медленнее, чем фондовооруженность. Следовательно при перевооружении предприятия необходимо принять меры, не связанные с фондовооруженностью (по совершенствованию организации и управления производством, по улучшению коэффициентов использования оборудования), которые позволяют повысить производительность труда.

The annual economic effect of using new equipment is determined by the difference in the reduced costs in the accounting year for the basic and new equipment

EP = (3P1 - ZP2) = [(C1 + EH K1) - (C2 + EH K2)] Q2,

where 3П1 and ЗП2 are the reduced costs per unit of production produced by old and new equipment, respectively; Q2 is the annual volume of products produced in the accounting year using new equipment; C1 and C2 - specific current costs when producing products using old and new equipment; K1 and K2 - specific capital costs for the acquisition of old and new equipment; EN - standard coefficient of economic efficiency.

When determining the annual economic effect, comparability of basic and new equipment must be ensured by types of products produced, by quality parameters, by special factors of production and use of products, etc. The time factor when calculating the annual economic effect is taken into account by bringing costs to the beginning of the accounting year by multiplying the costs of the corresponding year by the reduction factor

VPR = (1 + ENP)t,

where t is the time lag separating the costs and results of a given year from the beginning of the accounting year.

Before proceeding with the implementation of certain new technologies and equipment, it is necessary, in addition to appropriate calculations, to determine the technical and organizational level of existing production and its readiness to perceive the achievements of scientific and technological progress. Otherwise, the calculated level of economic efficiency cannot be expected.

When determining the overall economic effect in topographic and geodetic production, the specific features of the industry should be taken into account.

• 1. The effectiveness of topographic and geodetic work does not always decrease over time, i.e. The products produced by the industry also contain a potential effect that can be realized in subsequent years.
• 2. The economic effect of large-scale topographic surveys is declining faster than small-scale ones.
• 3 The economic effect of topographic materials may not appear constantly, but cyclically, as they are used by other sectors of the country
• 4. There may be cases when some topographic and geodetic material, which is a state fund, becomes obsolete over time without bringing an economic effect.

The economic efficiency of topographic and geodetic work also arises when its materials are used in other areas of the national economy, science and defense of the country.

The economic effect of reducing the time required to complete topographic and geodetic work, which arises in other industries due to the early commissioning of capital investments, is calculated using the formula

Ed = (Kt + Kd)En?t,

where Kt is the estimated cost (capital investments) of topographic and geodetic work completed ahead of schedule; Kd - capital investments completed ahead of schedule in industries; ?t - reduction in the period of completion of topographic and geodetic works.

New methods of performing geodetic work (space photography, surveying in a multispectrum, etc.) lead to the fact that topographic and geodetic materials act in other industries as new technology, creating almost the entire economic effect in the industries. At the same time, two types of beneficial effects are created in industries:

The economic effect of reducing the reduced costs in a particular industry on increasing the volume of reserves of useful resources, which is defined as follows:

E = (Qp2 - Qp1) ?Зп

where Qp1 and Qp2 are the volume of resource reserves in physical terms before and after the use of topographic and geodetic materials; ?Salary

• - reduction in the present costs of obtaining a unit of inventory in a given industry.
• - the economic effect of increasing resource reserves in monetary terms is determined by the formula

M = (Qp2 - Q1) C

where C is the price of a unit of resource reserves.

When calculating comparative economic efficiency in topographic and geodetic production, the specific features inherent in the industry should be taken into account.

• 1. Physico-geographical conditions in the area where the work is performed determine the receipt of different economic effects from the use of the same type of new equipment. Thus, in areas with a longer field season, the period of use of new equipment increases, which creates the prerequisites for obtaining a greater economic effect than in areas with a shorter field season. Even under conditions of equal length of the field season, the volume of field work performed by new equipment is influenced by such factors as relief, vegetation, hydrography, weather conditions, etc.
• 2. Efficiency is also influenced by economic factors prevailing in the area of ​​work:

different costs of materials and transport services in different regions;

• - zone coefficients for tariff rates and official salaries of engineering and technical workers;
• - additional payments for special work conditions (high mountains, lack of water, work performed during unfavorable periods of the year, etc.).
• 3. A complex set of auxiliary production processes performed by various tools under various conditions. Some types of new technology not only do not provide tangible savings when performing individual production processes, but can even increase the costs of their implementation. And the economic effect from their use is obtained when performing related operations or production processes. In some cases, the use of new equipment or technology does not reduce either labor or cost costs per unit of production, but significantly reduces the time required to complete the work, which ultimately leads to an economic effect.
• 4. Uniqueness of new equipment Many types of new equipment created and used in topographic and geodetic production are unique optical and radio-electronic devices, digital computer technologies, which have limited application and are therefore manufactured in small batches at specialized factories. In this regard, it is difficult to accurately establish the standard value of capital costs for their production and standardize the payback period for these costs. The rare repeatability of the manufacture of such devices causes certain difficulties in choosing a base for comparison.

In topographic and geodetic production, new instruments and technologies, while increasing labor productivity, as a rule, do not require significant associated capital investments and increased operating costs.