Gurye L.I. Design of pedagogical systems: Proc. allowance; Kazan. state technol. university

. –– Kazan, 2004. – 212 p.

Introduction

The dynamics of changes in the requirements of social production for a specialist dictates the need for him to develop a creative approach when using professional skills. Solving this problem requires shifting the emphasis in training from the assimilation of ready-made knowledge to the development of non-standard thinking, creative abilities and personality traits. The latter is possible during the transition from reproductive-informational learning, which is characterized by a disciplinary model of learning, to productive-creative learning with a design-creative model.

The technology of variable design, which is now becoming a universal component of modern engineering activities in various fields, requires effective creative self-expression, consisting in generating rational options for a design solution. The design process is only effective when the designer is characterized by an orientation toward novelty and the desire to go beyond known concepts. But for this, a specialist must have creative intelligence, the signs of which are: flexibility of mind, breadth of thinking, determination, independence and criticality. These characteristics are formed in the process of educating a creative personality.

Nurturing a creative personality requires the teacher to understand the methodological and psychological-pedagogical aspects of educational, research and work activities, the logic of educational actions to develop the productive abilities of the individual. A teacher needs to understand the essence and patterns of activity of the specialist he is preparing, as well as the essence and logic of his own professional and pedagogical activities in the preparation and education of such a specialist.

Thus, the teacher must have a methodological culture that allows him to navigate, understand and manage activities, transform them in order to more effectively implement the tasks facing him.

The teacher must be prepared for any changes. It is predicted that young teachers entering the world will have to accept and then abandon 2-3 educational paradigms during their professional careers. Therefore, such a quality of a teacher’s personality as openness to innovation is becoming increasingly important. He must be able to design the educational process in conditions of rapid change. This work, which is characterized by a high degree of uncertainty and novelty, requires analysis of previous activities, identifying problems, setting and specifying new goals, choosing effective ways to achieve them, as well as correct evaluation of results.

Beginning of the form

The ability to predict, plan, and design one’s activities are among the most important professionally significant skills of a teacher. They need to be purposefully formed and developed. Design, according to O.S. Gazman, is a complex activity with signs of autodidacticism. Design participants, as if automatically (without a specially proclaimed didactic task on the part of the organizers) master new concepts, new ideas about various spheres of life, about industrial, personal, socio-political relations between people, a new understanding of the meaning of the changes that life requires. Participation in design puts people's lives in the position of creator of new living conditions. This textbook is aimed at developing the project culture of a technical university teacher.

Chapter I. Design in technical and social systems

Introduced concepts

Brief introduction

Activities Planning Forecasting Foresight Programming Design Engineering design Types of design Design methods System engineering design Socio-technical design Social design Social technologies

This chapter examines design as a universal, purposeful human activity and as a professional activity, its main types - technical, system-technical, socio-technical, social. General and special design characteristics are revealed. Our goal: to reveal the essence of design as a universal activity, its types, content, methods so that you can: understand the meaning of design and the possibilities of its use in various types of activities.

1.1. Design as a type of purposeful human activity

1.1.1. Future Information Forms

There are various forms of information about the future. Can you differentiate between them? Which ones do you use?

Obtaining information about the future - foresight - is divided into scientific and non-scientific (intuitive, everyday, religious) (see Fig. 1.1).

Scientific foresight is based on knowledge of the laws of development of nature, society, thinking, intuitive - on human premonitions, religious - on faith. Foresight is expressed in two forms - predictions and pre-instructions.

Prediction involves describing possible or desirable prospects, the state of solutions to future problems.

Prediction is actually associated with solving these problems using information about the future for purposeful activities and society.

Prediction takes the forms of premonition, anticipation, foresight, forecasting.

Premonition(simple anticipation) contains information about the future at the level of intuition - subconscious. Prediction (complex anticipation) carries information about the future based on life experience, guesses about the future that are not based on scientific research.

Forecasting should mean a special scientific study, the subject of which is the prospects for the development of the phenomenon. Forecasting appears in the forms of goal setting, planning, programming, and design.

Goal setting- this is the establishment of an ideally assumed result of an activity.

Planning– projection into the future of human activity to achieve a predetermined goal under certain conditions, means, transformation of information about the future into directives for targeted activities.

Programming– establishment of basic provisions, which are then developed into planning, or a sequence of specific activities for the implementation of plans.

Design– creation of specific images of the future, specific details of developed programs.

Rice. 1.1.

1.1.2. Planning and design as a universal activity

The most universal goals of human activity are the creation of something and the restructuring of what has been done. They permeate all types of human activity. Universal activity is planning and design - any purposeful activity aimed at solving a specific (situational) problem.

To plan means to organize some actions to be performed in the future. The development of a plan is prompted by needs and aspirations or by the imperfections of existing systems that require change. In this sense, to construct means to form a plan or scheme of work, to imagine and organize, to reflect. To have a plan in mind is to have a goal, intention, system, or solution in mind that meets an important need.

Design is the creation of an ideal description of a future object, prior to its implementation. Design methodology has received great development in recent decades, having absorbed a set of procedures for setting a problem, generating options, selection, optimization, decision making and others. It is now generally accepted that almost any transformative and/or creative human activity can and should be based on design methodology or its individual procedures.

Currently, any research activity is associated with the implementation of various projects. Projects are being developed in almost all areas of activity. Any person faces the need to transform situations, create artificial objects and structures, develop action algorithms, and plan the stages of achieving certain goals! Essentially, we are designing whenever we develop ways to transform a given situation into another, more acceptable one.

"

Design is a very diverse and ambiguous field of activity, raising many questions for specialists in different fields. In this article we will look at design as a type of activity, taking into account copyrights.

In order not to return to what was written earlier, we note that design, as a type of activity, affects many participants in the process. You can read, analyze and even study some of our recommendations, which affect design from all sides, including from the point of view of the right aspect, in the Encyclopedia of Construction. In addition, the site has a special section “Design”, where all information materials are collected, from business customs in the field of design to the relationship between the parties to the contract, taking into account the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

Design as a type of activity is very important for builders, since the efficiency of the future construction project depends on the quality of the project. Construction can be capital when the creation, reconstruction or expansion of existing production, industrial, office, sports, retail, commercial and other buildings and structures occurs. Or maybe - non-capital, with smaller monetary investments, not involving various types of general construction work. As a rule, design, as a type of activity, includes a whole range of activities, as well as a package of technical and economic documentation. Therefore, the design of a particular capital or non-capital construction project is preceded by a feasibility study (feasibility study) and calculations.

Calculations are not only estimates, but also diagrams, drawings, graphic images that depict the future construction project, in accordance with the feasibility study. In addition, design as a type of activity requires documentary justification, that is, until all documents confirming the feasibility and effectiveness of the planned construction are collected, the project will not be approved.

In this connection, we will immediately consider design as a type of activity from a legal point of view. Three components are important in the design process:

• contractual relations arising between the customer and the designer, the result of which will be a material object (or material carrier) - that is, fully developed design documentation;
• copyright relationship between the customer and the author of the drawings, as a result of which an intellectual object protected by copyright appears (drawing, blueprint, model, etc.);
• ownership rights to the customer of project documentation are transferred at a certain time and to a certain extent of rights. For example, if exclusive rights to documentation are not transferred, the customer will not be the legal owner of the project and will not be able to take any actions with it.

Design as a type of activity requires competent services for architectural supervision. By contacting our company, you will receive accurate calculation, economic, technical, and operational indicators for the construction of capital and non-capital facilities. Let us immediately note that the most difficult design section is considered to be the design of an industrial enterprise. In such a project, in addition to all of the above, it is necessary to establish the range of products, calculate the production capacity of an industrial enterprise, inspect the construction site, determine production technology, carry out calculations of the raw material, fuel and energy base, analyze the technical equipment of the designed enterprise, taking into account economic indicators, conditions and deadlines operation of the industrial facility under construction.

You can learn about how industrial enterprises are designed on this website or from our specialists by calling 209-09-40! Call! We will find the optimal design solutions for each of your ideas!

In particular, jobs must be designed to match both the abilities of the people occupying the positions and their motivations. Therefore, industrial psychologists tend to choose one of two fundamentals. approaches to designing work activities. The first approach is motivational. Recently, in the field of motivation, great importance has been attached to changing jobs so that they allow workers to better control the results of their work, increase autonomy, improve feedback and provide the opportunity to become passionate about their work. Such a t.zr. lies at the heart of an area of ​​activity called job enrichment ( job enrichment).

The second approach focuses on individual abilities and comes down to designing work tasks in different types of professional activities so that they match as closely as possible the abilities of the people engaged in these types of activities. This field is called human engineering. factors, or ergonomics. The applied discipline called human factors has been heavily influenced by research. people's information processing abilities And capabilities of technical devices with t.zr. interactions between people and computers, as well as technical advances in the field of robotics.

see also Study of opinions and attitudes of personnel towards working conditions, Human factors, Professional analysis, Morale in organizations, Personnel assessment

D. R. Ilgen

Industrial Clinical Psychologist ( occupational clinical psychologist)

A specialist who deals with psychological problems. adapt. of people in the workplace is a psychologist who, acting as an external consultant or in-house professional, addresses the well-being of workers and the organization through programs and services provided at the expense of a sponsor such as an employer or union.

P.K.P., as a rule, has a doctoral degree obtained as a result of completing an accredited program, the necessary practical experience. working with a busy population under the guidance of an experienced specialist specializing in mental health problems. health facility and meets state licensing requirements. Qualified in the use of psychol. principles in working with mental problems. health of both workers and employers, this psychologist has been trained in diagnostic and assessment techniques; methods of counseling and psychotherapy, especially its short forms; crisis intervention; working with stress; management and organizational consulting; methods of strengthening labor discipline, as well as developed. and assessment accordingly. programs. Such professionals must have practical experience. Knowledge of federal, state, and municipal regulations, testing and privacy laws, and laws affecting the employment of women, ethnic minorities, and the elderly.

see also Industrial Consultants, Industrial Clinical Psychology

X. V. Schmitz

Propaganda ( propaganda)

P. is the promotion of a position or idea in a manner that reflects an attempt to impose rather than to provide a balanced overall view of it. P. can be contrasted with education, the purpose of which is the transfer of knowledge.

The first attempt at a systematic analysis of wartime history was made by G. D. Lasswell. He examined the success of each of the belligerents in achieving four goals: a) demoralizing the enemy; b) increasing hatred of the enemy; c) maintaining friendly relations with neutral states and d) the possibility of achieving cooperation with neutral states.

In other countries, the term "P." was used completely openly and without an accompanying negative evaluative connotation. Thus, the notorious J. Goebbels was the Reich Minister of Public Education and Public Education in Hitler's Germany. The United States usually called its agencies, which performed similar functions, “information” agencies and “communications” agencies. In the United States, the term P. has acquired a negative evaluative connotation since the 1930s, when it became associated with the efforts of Germany and Italy to achieve a favorable attitude towards the new political system of their states.

In military warfare, which aims to undermine the morale of the enemy, the target is a potentially wavering person who still continues to fight, but has already lost his fighting enthusiasm. It is unrealistic to expect such people to give up their weapons and surrender on the basis of P. alone, but they can be encouraged to allow themselves to be captured if appropriate. coincidence of circumstances.

One of the ways to study P. includes the analysis of appeals to fear in the process of persuasion. The dependent variables studied were such consequences as the intention to use seat belts and receive the corresponding. injections to prevent the disease. Despite the lack of complete consistency in the results, a general trend towards a positive relationship has been established between the intensity of the fear drive and the degree of change in attitude as a result of P.

It is possible that susceptibility to influence or persuasion by means of P. and other persuasive communications belongs to the class of general features, however, research. research on this topic has led to only modest progress in identifying its correlates. P. turns out to be most effective in working with people who are already favorably disposed towards the views she promotes. If they are not in a favorable mood, they may avoid its exposure (not listening to the program, not paying attention to the posters, etc.). If they are not in a favorable mood, but are still exposed to it, they may not perceive the message, not relating it to themselves or distorting its semantic structure. For this reason, propaganda efforts can begin with pre-preparing audiences to receive the message and react favorably to it. This process involves appeals to the importance of the issue at hand.

Marketing of goods or services, public relations and advertising activities are one of the forms of advertising, since they are often not interested in conveying the whole truth to consumers, but in selective dosing of information. in order to stimulate sales growth.

see also Attitudes, Communication Theory, Persuasive Communications, Social Influence

Ch. Vinik

Prosocial behavior ( prosocial behavior)

P.P. consists of reactions that do not entail obvious benefits for the respondent, but are beneficial to the recipient. Both internal and external mechanisms have been proposed as hypothetical determinants of P. p. As individuals mature and develop, they improve their understanding, better anticipate the consequences of their actions and actions, and learn to navigate and act on the basis of general moral principles. With an emphasis on external factors, researchers' attention was focused on the situational determinants of P. p. Two main. theoretical approaches to understanding P. p. emphasized the importance of the situation or environment: attempts to explain, based on reinforcement theory, why people sometimes help others, and cognitive analysis of the way perceptions and value judgments influence behavior. From view According to some representatives of learning theory, prosocial reactions arise because they were rewarded in the past. Along with past experiences, individuals are also influenced by their expectations regarding future rewards or punishments.

It was found that the factors influencing P. p. include such external determinants as the presence of random witnesses. The presence of more than one witness in an emergency situation tends to inhibit the reactions of each person present. Such suppression of the witness's reactions seems to be a consequence of the uncertainty of the attitude of those present to the situation itself. People react less when circumstances are uncertain, when they are in an unfamiliar environment, and when they are uncertain about behavioral norms in a particular environment.

Internal factors influencing P. p. include such variables as a person’s mood. The likelihood of helping behavior increases when individuals are in a good mood. P.P. TJ varies as a function of the relative balance of perceived costs and rewards.

see also Altruism, Bystander Intervention, Cooperation/Competition, Development of Human Social Behavior, Social Climate Research

C. G. Huber

Vocational analysis ( job analysis)

Developed research and psychology programs in organizations often require knowledge of various aspects of the work performed by people. The process by which this knowledge is acquired is called. P. a., while the report on the results of such an analysis is called. professionogram ( job description). Sometimes these terms are used interchangeably.

The work is analyzed primarily in order to answer two types of questions: a) what operations are performed during the work process; b) what resources are needed for this. Answers to the first question may describe work results or achievements, tasks or responsibilities, work methods and procedures, and other work-related activities that are typical for all people performing this work. A comprehensive study of the work can also provide information. about various deviations in the implementation of recommended procedures or about possible, but usually not taken into account or even undesirable consequences of k.-l. production actions. The answers to the second question can describe the physical. resources (e.g. tools, equipment or materials), social. or organizational resources (eg, relationships between managers or colleagues and personnel management) or the employee's personal resources (eg, skills, knowledge, abilities or other personal characteristics necessary to effectively perform the job).

Professionograms serve as the basis for many. types of research and planning practical programs. Examples of their use can be found in the design of work activities ( job design),developed vocational training programs, career counseling, employee performance assessment and determination of professional knowledge and skills or k.-l. more abstract constructs assessed during personnel selection.

There are many different methods of PA, but most of them can be classified into five categories.

Self-reports. Basic - often the only source of information. about the work I am a full-time performer; Some professiograms are nothing more than a report from the performer, basically. partly on an introspective look at what he has to do.

Direct observation. Certain types of work can be studied by observing how full-time employees perform their work. In this case, aids such as video cameras or stopwatches can be used, and the observations themselves can be carried out according to a predetermined time schedule. This method is informative for those types of work that consist of easily observable physical. operations and short work cycles, but it is not very suitable for work that has a premium. cognitive nature.

Documentation research. Police reports contain reports of incidents they recorded (accidents, accidents, etc.). Complaint logs may contain useful information. about the work of both law enforcement officials and representatives of other professions related to the provision of various types of services. Memos can report on some unusual but important events and achievements. Honey. reports may indicate sources of hazard to human health and life in the work environment or work practices. Previously compiled Professionograms may also exist.

Interview. Full-time performers, their supervisors, and other employees with related functions may be interviewed individually or in groups in order to identify broad categories of job characteristics and specific details within these categories. Interviews in the early stages of analysis may be open and unstructured; if the analysis covers several different types of work, standardized interview forms may be required.

J. Flanagan developer a special approach that has proven itself well in groups. interview. Workers or others may be asked to identify and describe critical incidents - examples of particularly effective or ineffective performance of work. This description includes the chain of events leading to the critical incident and its consequences. By analyzing a collection of critical incidents, much can be learned about the sources of hazards, the factors influencing people's judgment, or the personal characteristics associated with job performance. This technique is especially good for those types of work where many. important aspects of professional activity are hidden from outside observers.

Survey methods. When you need to analyze many types of work or when people having the same profession perform different versions of the basic. work, questionnaires or questionnaires can be used to collect information usually obtained through other methods. Developed the questionnaire may require observations or interviews; if it is intended for widespread and frequent use, it is often tested on a small sample and modified as necessary before conducting full-scale surveys.

see also Applied research, Industrial psychology, Employee performance assessment for wage setting

R. M. Guyon

Professional adaptation ( occupational adjustment)

P. a. - a complex and lengthy process that begins from the time of entry into work and continues throughout life. Appl. psychologists study employee motivation and needs in connection with job satisfaction and examine the influence of various individual and organizational characteristics on his work activity.

Theories of P. a. To explain the process of P. a. A number of theories have been put forward. The theorist in the field of professional development, D. Super, and his colleagues identify 3 stages in the process of P. a. (definition, maintenance and decline). Super described the developmental tasks that are solved by the individual at each stage. Basic the task of the initial phase, or career determination phase, is to realize professional preferences and recognize the need to achieve stability in a professional career. In the next phase, the individual either actually acquires a permanent job or is forced to accept more or less permanent instability. Finally, the individual becomes established and progresses in his chosen professional career. Dr. stages were proposed by Miller and Form (trial period, stable period, and retirement period) and R. Havighurst (establishment, maintenance and reflection [review]).

Problems or styles of adaptation to work were also studied. Neff identified 5 types of disorders, or pathologies of labor adaptation, including low work motivation, fear or anxiety in response to demands for work productivity, hostility and aggression, dependence and social. naivety. Finally, Holland and Shane showed how the interaction of individual traits and environmental characteristics cause P. a. and professional growth.

A thorough and empirically substantiated theory of P. a. was outlined by Lofquist and Davis in their work “Adaptation to Work” ( Adjustment to work). According to this theory, the professional environment develops a variety of reinforcement patterns that interact with the needs and abilities of the individual. Conformity, or harmony, between an individual and his work environment will lead to satisfaction and satisfaction and, as a consequence, to a certain level of permanence or job security. Satisfaction and satisfaction are complementary results of adaptation to work.

Thus, individual and environmental factors contribute to adaptation to work. In accordance with this theory, psychol. questionnaires to measure individual needs (Minnesota Importance Questionnaire, Minnesota Importance Questionnaire[MIQ]) and descriptions of patterns of professional reinforcing stimuli for various professions were compiled.

Warr and Wall talk about the existence of a close connection between the general mental. health and adaptation to work. These authors agree that meeting individual needs at work is essential for self-esteem and, therefore, for overall health. In general, the results of the study. confirm the existence of a connection between general and P. a. Crites points out that this relationship is complex and appears to depend on individual and organizational mediating variables.

Interventions to facilitate vocational adaptation. The industry used therapeutic and preventive programs to promote P. a. and mental employee health, including, but not limited to, improvements in selection and training procedures. In research It was found that balanced (positive and negative) information. about the upcoming job provided to the candidate led to more realistic expectations and reduced the number of layoffs.

Dr. The programs were designed to train managers to become more effective leaders in the development of workers' professional careers. In addition, the organization of consultation centers and employee assistance centers has become increasingly popular in business, industry and government. institutions. These and other similar programs increase the ability of the employee and the organization to cope with the problems of P. a.

see also Professional career development, Industrial psychology, Job satisfaction

A. R. Spokane

Vocational rehabilitation ( vocational rehabilitation)

According to Richard Burke, the first Ordinance on P. r. (State Act 236) in the United States was passed by Congress on June 2, 1920. This regulation placed special emphasis on the professions and defined rehabilitation as “efforts to render a disabled person capable of engaging in gainful occupation.”

Theoretically, the P. r. program should be addressed to people with limited legal capacity, giving them the opportunity to choose. It should be different from similar events, the purpose of which is primary training, such as career guidance, vocational training and advanced training. However, in practice, many people with disabilities choose from available resources to meet their personal needs, often without taking into account either such official definitions or specialist recommendations.

Individual practice distorts statistical trends and undermines the accuracy of the definition. However, there are certain reasons behind it. It reflects practice. considerations. Person may prefer one program over another due to the proximity of the place of study. Dr. cause m.b. feeling of shame associated with P. r. and incapacity that forced people. go through it. Olshansky suggests that a disabled person often suffers from a feeling of shame, not in any one form, but from many of its varieties associated with external physical factors. shortcomings, stereotypical ideas about people receiving social services. help, and even with attitudes regarding race, skin color or religious beliefs. While advances in medicine and science continue to contribute to an increase in life expectancy, the need for PR aimed at improving the quality of a longer life for people with disabilities will continue to grow.

S. Berent

Professional ethics ( professional ethics)

Ethics is a set of norms that regulate personal and professional behavior and development. in most cases, to protect consumers of services, specialists, organizations, research participants, professional groups and society as a whole.

You can organize ethical standards around people. or groups, in relation to which the responsibility of a specialist arises, or around broad classifications. principles. In any case, norms tend to be general guidelines for making decisions about ethical actions both before and after they occur, rather than a set of rules for all possible professional situations. When ethical standards are developed by professional organizations, then adherence to these standards becomes one of the conditions for belonging to these organizations. In such cases, norms become the basis for formal review of suspected unethical behavior.

Systems of ethical principles basic. on the goals, objectives and fundamental values ​​of specific professions. Not as powerful as civil or criminal law, they can still serve as a guideline for development. legislation or to determine in civil proceedings whether accepted standards of practice have been violated. Ethical principles are usually revised periodically to reflect developments in the profession, changes in community norms as a whole, or court decisions.

The first area, “responsibility,” emphasizes that psychologists must be extremely sensitive to the potential outcome of their professional actions.

The principle of “competence” emphasizes that psychologists should engage in professional activities only in those areas in which they undoubtedly have knowledge, skills, training and experience.

The principle of “moral and legal norms” requires psychologists to know the norms of behavior that exist in society and to use this information. when developed own systems of personal and professional values ​​and behavior.

The principle governing “self-presentation” determines the ways in which an organization or specialists provide information about their professional qualifications, participation in professional communities and their functions.

The principle of “confidentiality” is an integral part of effective psychol. practices. Information provided to a psychologist in the context of a professional relationship should in no way be passed on to other persons in any form without the consent of the person concerned, unless there is an obvious danger to anyone else.

In order to protect the rights of those who resort to psychol. services, developer principle relating to "consumer welfare".

The principle concerning “professional relationships” draws attention to the obligations of psychologists when interacting with other professionals. Psychologists are expected to take into account the needs and skills of other professionals and ensure that they provide the best possible service to clients.

The principle governing the use of “assessment techniques” requires psychologists to adhere to the standards relating to these techniques in order to ensure their reliability and prevent misuse.

The principle regarding “conducting research. with the participation of people,” which is so complex that it deserves a separate large publication. There may be an insurmountable ethical conflict related to the fact that the value of the research must be weighed on one side of the scale, and any potential risk to participants must be weighed on the other.

The final principle covers the “care and treatment of animals.” When using animals for research purposes. care must be taken to treat them humanely and to comply with applicable laws.

These ethical sections illustrate the types of problems that psychologists and other specialists face. Clearly, the focus is on protecting those with whom psychologists work. This also helps to protect psychologists themselves by providing a framework within which work is carried out and by providing support to other colleagues. In addition, such attention protects against interference by non-professionals.

In development There are several ethical standards and adherence to them. important problems. One of them is the strong difference in methods of working with clients, and many more. of them do not have clear standards for application. Further, the behavior of those who seek psychol. help is often in conflict with social services. expectations, and the psychologist is responsible for both sides. The third problem is the integration of the goals and values ​​of the profession with the goals and values ​​of the society as they are described in the legislation. Another problem is the work of psychologists in non-psychological environments (eg business) with different organizational standards. This is only a small part of the variety of problems associated with development. clear ethical guidelines.

There are certain groups of clients in whom it is especially difficult for psychologists to make judgments about the ethicality of practice. Persons suffering from mental disorders constitute one of these groups due to their inability to independently make effective decisions, which places an additional burden on the psychologist.

The second group that requires a special ethical approach is children due to their insufficient self-protection skills. Children's rights are particularly vulnerable to violence because these rights are limited by law.

In family therapy, unusual difficulties arise. Confidentiality is difficult to maintain when therapists communicate with other family members outside of therapy sessions, and this communication, even if beneficial, must remain confidential.

Special ethical problems arise in therapeutic groups because their members are bound only by their own moral standards and not by formal ethical or legal norms. As a result, group members may potentially harm other members or be unable to maintain confidentiality.

Another group of problems concerns ethical issues related to clients whose care is paid by insurance companies. If a psychologist accepts payment from an insurance company, he must provide it with certain information. about the client (e.g. diagnosis, rationale for the need for therapy, number of sessions). Therefore, such information will no longer be confidential.

It is obvious that these ethical principles do not solve all the problems that psychologists face. Exceptions to typical situations of ethical judgment occur as changes in psychology occur. theory and practice. Social integration and professional values ​​with legal. requirements is a continuous process.

Consequently, ethical principles are not a set set of rules, but rather guiding lines, following which, every psychologist must, however, continuously make decisions for the benefit of all interested parties.

see also Confidential Communications Protected by Witness Privilege, Professional Advice

T. S. Bennett

Professional counseling ( occupational counseling)

P.K. is best differentiated from other similar forms of assistance in the field of professions and careers (for example, career counseling, career counseling, career guidance) in terms of its goals and content. Counseling focuses on preparing clients for entry into a profession and subsequent career steps, along with the traditional emphasis on vocational choices found in other related forms of counseling. In addition, professional consultants work with clients at all levels of the occupational structure (eg skilled workers). Employment and subsequent support of the client are, therefore, important additional functions of a consultant in P.K.

P.K.'s task is to help people. formulate your professional goals, determine the area of ​​possible professions that are consistent with these goals, and implement your choice in the conditions of the actual market situation. Job search as a consulting task and the use of information. about the profession as a counseling tool distinguish P.K. from its more choice-oriented analogues.

P.K. has its roots in the socialist movement. reforms of the late 1800s. Frank Parsons is considered its formal founder. Parsons described a three-step process in which the client learns about himself and his professions and then combines both in the process of “making a balanced decision.”

Professional consultants work in a variety of structures and organizations, including schools, social services. rehabilitation of convicted criminals, counseling centers, career planning centers, the Department of Veterans Affairs ( Veterans Administration), state employment bureaus, public associations and, increasingly, in executive authorities, business and industrial production.

Related information.

The creation of new objects and new objects is determined by human needs. Design as a type of activity is used in all spheres of life: construction, business, production of clothing, interior items, etc. Consequently, each technological process involves the creation project. Designed products can have different shapes and must satisfy the fantasies and needs of the people who use them. Such products must meet their purpose, modern standards and requirements.

At enterprises, in order to create beautiful, useful and high-quality products, a large number of specialists take part in the development of the project - designers, constructors, technologists, doctors, economists and etc.

Rice. 126. Creative work of designers and constructors

Product design consists of the following stages:

• Determining the purpose of the future product.
• Determination of requirements for a future product.
• Analysis of possible product model options.
• Development of a sketch of the future product.
• Performing calculations, clarifying the shape and design of the product.
• Creation of working documentation.

Design (from lat. projectus -pre-conceived idea) - the process of creating a project for a future object and methods for its manufacture.

FOR PRACTICAL (SEMINARS)

CLASSES

Course 4

Discipline: DESIGN OF CHEMICAL-PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTION

Compiled by:

Murzagalieva E.T.

Almaty, 2017

Practical lesson No. 1.

Introduction to design.

Design of chemical and pharmaceutical production is the careful development of scientific, technical and economic solutions. The basis is a comprehensive analysis and forecast of the planned construction project.

Chemical production design is the process of forming a plan for a facility in a given industry, which begins with determining chemical technologies for processing target products or performing various studies, and ends with the commissioning of the constructed enterprise, i.e. the process of creating engineering, technical and technological design solutions that meet the requirements and rules of the GMP standard.

Design chemical and pharmaceutical production has its own specifics and requires the designer to understand the general laws and special knowledge in a specific chemical process. It is necessary to understand that with the variety of existing processing technologies in the chemical industry, they are based on the basic methods and stages of production. Traditionally, the main processes used in such enterprises are reaction, heat exchange, mixing and separation processes.

Creating a chemical production project consists of two interconnected stages:

· structural or technical;

· technological or functional.

Creating a chemical production plan is not an easy task and requires a lot of effort and resources.
At the project formation stage, a lot of issues can be resolved (technical, economic, environmental, etc.), when solving which modern developments and achievements of technology and science should be taken into account.

Chemical plant design tasks:

· preparation of documentation for a competitive enterprise based on advanced technologies;

· technical equipment of the enterprise with the ability to ensure the consumption of natural raw materials in the complex;

· development of efficient production cycles, with minimal emissions of air and other pollutants, recycling of factory waste and modern treatment facilities;

· for the purpose of rational exploitation of regional natural resources, design of chemical industry enterprises;

· provide with operational, cyclic technology. Initial extraction of raw materials - chemical processing (granulation, enrichment or other chemical processes) - production of finished assortment;

• development of production technology that takes into account options for initial raw materials and materials, stages of obtaining semi-products and finished products, taking into account risk analysis, as well as all requirements and restrictions;
• maintaining the flow of the process, aligning all stages and operations into a single sequential technological chain, eliminating the possibility of confusion or omission;
• meeting the requirements for clean rooms and protection zones of critical process operations, compliance with the required cleanliness classes and pressure drops;
• implementation of architectural and design solutions taking into account GMP requirements;
• identifying measures to prevent cross-contamination;
• creation of engineering systems and clean environment systems according to technological needs;
• rational arrangement of personnel workplaces.

Design stages:

· technical specifications from the customer for the design of a chemical and pharmaceutical plant;

· Feasibility study (technical and economic justification of the facility);

· promising business plan;

· selection of a region, district and site for the construction of an enterprise, taking into account natural resources;

· development of design documentation taking into account the basic principles, rules and regulations for the design of chemical industry facilities.

Scope of work

The scope of work is determined by the customer’s technical specifications: stage “P” and “P” or only the working stage. Design regulates the presence of special sections in the documentation:

· production management;

· labor protection, civil defense and emergency situations;

· protection measures and impact assessment on the spatial environment;

· standards and calculations of maximum permissible waste and emissions with subsequent disposal and disposal are mandatory.

Modern production is characterized by multi-stage production of target products, complexity of technological solutions, high energy and material intensity, large length and complexity of pipeline and cable communications, deep functional interdependence in material, energy and information flows of individual stages. To accommodate such complex production, communications and all services, there is a need to create specialized buildings, underground structures and overpasses.

The architectural and spatial organization of chemical enterprises is characterized by an abundance of open technological and pipeline equipment and a developed railway transport network.

The design of production facilities in the chemical and related industries is a complex, diverse and labor-intensive process that must be considered as a combination of a number of socio-organizational and engineering-technical stages.

Project documentation is intended for the so-called customer. The customer can be an industrial enterprise, a ministry or a private person, i.e. organizations and individuals interested in the production of products by future production.

Design documentation is developed by the designer. This is either an independent organization or a division of a design and construction association. The designer is considered to be an organization that has a license for design activities.

In addition to the design organization (general contractor), specialized enterprises take part in the development and implementation of the project: construction, installation, commissioning, etc., which are called subcontractors.

The project of an industrial enterprise consists of three main parts:

– production technology, as a system of equipment for the manufacture of products based on the latest achievements of science and technology in this and related fields of pharma. production;

– a space-planning solution that ensures an optimal technological process in its constant development, simplicity and versatility of an economical engineering and construction solution, creation of labor and living comfort for workers, ideologically artistic expressiveness of the image of the structure as a whole;

– rational building structures and engineering equipment that provide the best conditions for organizing the technological process and its development over time, meeting the conditions of mechanized construction production and being the organic basis for the space-planning construction of a structure or complex.

The project consists of a graphic part and an explanatory note. Instead of the graphic part, a layout of a workshop (site, apparatus, etc.) can be made. The graphic part and the explanatory note must be interconnected.

The explanatory note for the course project should include the following sections:

1. Title page.

2. Design assignment.

4. Introduction.

5. Analytical review.

6. Technological part.

7. Engineering calculations.

8. Conclusions on the project.

9. Application.

10. List of references.

The introduction formulates the main objectives of the industry and gives a general description of the designed facility in accordance with the assignment received. The analytical review contains an analysis of the state of the art and production technology of the industry related to the designed facility (both domestic and foreign data).

The technological part contains a detailed description and justification of the selected technological scheme with its drawing made on tracing paper or graph paper.

Engineering calculations include material and thermal calculations, calculations and selection of auxiliary equipment indicating its brands and main technical characteristics, technological and technical calculations, hydraulic, mechanical calculations, etc.

Project composition:

1. Master plan and transport– a brief description of the area and construction site is provided; decisions and indicators on the situational and master plan (taking into account zoning of the territory), on-site and external transport, choice of mode of transport, basic planning decisions, measures for landscaping the territory; solutions for the location of utility networks and communications; organization of enterprise security.

This section contains drawings:

situational plan for the location of an enterprise, building, structure, indicating on it existing and projected external communications, utility networks and ancillary areas, the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone, specially protected territory. For linear structures, a plan of routes (internal and external) is provided, and, if necessary, a longitudinal profile of the route;

cartogram of land masses;

a master plan on which existing and designed (recommended) and subject to demolition buildings and structures, environmental protection and improvement objects, landscaping of the territory, fundamental decisions on the location of on-site utility lines and transport communications, and planning marks of the territory are plotted. The objects, networks and transport communications included in the launch complexes are highlighted.

2. Technological solutions contain:

1) data on the production program;

2) characteristics and justification of decisions on production technology;

3) data on the labor intensity of manufacturing products, mechanization and automation of technological processes;

4) composition and justification of the equipment used (including imported);

5) solutions for the use of low-waste and non-waste technological processes and production, recycling of resources;

6) proposals for organizing product quality control;

7) decisions on the organization of repair facilities;

8) data on the quantity and composition of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and discharges into water sources for individual workshops, production facilities, and structures;

9) technical solutions to prevent (reduce) emissions and discharges of harmful substances into the environment; assessment of the possibility of emergency situations and solutions to prevent them;

10) type, composition and volume of production waste subject to disposal and disposal;

11) fuel, energy and material balances of technological processes;

12) the need for basic types of resources for technological needs.

Main drawings of this section:

basic technological schemes of production;

layout drawings (plans and sections) for buildings (workshops);

functional and schematic diagrams of automation of technological processes and power supply of technological equipment;

cargo flow diagrams.

3. Architectural and construction solutions– they provide information about the engineering-geological, hydrogeological conditions of the construction site. A brief description and justification of architectural and construction decisions for the main buildings and structures is given; justification of fundamental decisions to reduce production noise and vibration; household and sanitary services for workers. Electrical, explosion and fire safety measures are being developed; protection of building structures, networks and structures from corrosion.

Basic drawings: plans, sections and facades of the main buildings and structures with a schematic representation of the main load-bearing and enclosing structures.

4. Engineering equipment, networks and systems– the section contains solutions for water supply, sewerage, heat supply, gas supply, electricity supply, heating, ventilation and air conditioning. The engineering equipment of buildings and structures is given, including: electrical equipment, electric lighting, communications and alarms, radio and television, fire-fighting devices and lightning protection; dispatching and automation of management of engineering networks.

Main section drawings:

plans and diagrams of heat supply, electricity supply, gas supply, water supply and sewerage, etc.;

plans and profiles of utility networks;

drawings of main structures;

plans and diagrams of in-shop heating and ventilation devices, power supply and electrical equipment, radio and alarm systems, automation of utility network management, etc.

1. Master plan and transport

To optimally select the area for construction of a new industrial facility, the following information is required:

1) estimated need for raw materials;

2) location of sources of raw materials;

3) placement of markets for the finished product;

4) energy demand (thermal and electrical);

5) quantity and quality of process water;

6) approximate dimensions of the construction site, taking into account the prospect of expanding the facility;

7) labor demand (by qualifications);

8) quantity and composition of waste to be disposed of, methods of its neutralization.

Situational and master plan– one of the most important parts of an industrial enterprise project, containing a comprehensive solution to the issues of planning and landscaping of the territory, placement of buildings and structures, utility networks, organization of economic and public service systems.

The situational plan of an industrial enterprise is the part of the project that includes a plan of a certain area of ​​a settlement or surrounding territory, which indicates the location of the designed enterprise and other objects that have direct technological, transport and engineering connections with it. The situational plan is developed on a scale of 1:5000, 1:10,000, 1:25,000.

To reduce the pollution of residential areas with emissions from industrial enterprises, they are located taking into account the prevailing wind direction, which is determined by the average summer wind rose based on long-term observations (50...100 years) of meteorological stations.

The wind rose is placed on the situational and general plans in the upper left corner of the drawing and built on the appropriate scale as follows; the circle is divided into 8 or 16 equal parts and as a result 8 or 16 points are obtained: N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW. From the center of the circle (origin of coordinates) the percentage repeatability of winds throughout the year (the result of long-term observations) is plotted on a selected scale at the corresponding points. The resulting points are connected. The most elongated side of the resulting figure shows the direction of the prevailing winds.

Within the production and sanitary protection zones of enterprises, it is not allowed to place residential buildings, hotels, dormitories, buildings of gardening and dacha partnerships, preschool and general education institutions, buildings of boarding educational institutions, medical and preventive institutions and recreation, sports facilities, other public buildings, not related to production maintenance.

Pharmaceutical industry enterprises with a sanitary protection zone of up to 100 m are not allowed to be located on the territory of industrial zones (districts) with enterprises of metallurgical, chemical, petrochemical and other industries with hazardous production, as well as within their sanitary protection zones.

Using a situation plan, a master plan of the designed enterprise is developed on a scale of 1:500, 1:1000, 1:200 or 1:5000.

The master plan of an industrial enterprise depicts:

Placement of all buildings and structures;

Location of workshops by groups;

The width of fire and sanitary gaps between buildings;

Driveways and entrances to workshops, roads and railways;

Network engineering;

Fencing the territory indicating the entrance and passageways to the plant territory;

Placement of fire hydrants, landscaping areas, wind rose.

When developing a master plan, first of all, zoning of the territory of the designed enterprise is carried out, i.e. dividing it into four zones :

I – pre-factory, where auxiliary buildings are located (administrative buildings, passenger transport parking);

II – production, where the main and auxiliary workshops are located;

III – utility room, intended for energy facilities and for laying utilities;

IV – warehouse with sorting stations and depot.

Regulatory framework for designing, equipping pharmaceutical production and project documentation: SPDS, ESKD, GOST, ISO, technical regulations, DIN, etc.

In the development of the territory of a pharmaceutical plant, a corridor is designed between the buildings. Buildings and structures should be oriented with their ends facing this corridor. The communication corridor contains technological material pipelines, heat supply networks, recycled water supply and some types of industrial sewerage, and power supply networks. The main method of laying communications should be above ground, with the exception of gravity pipelines or pipelines for sanitary sewerage and fire-fighting water supply.

In order to improve working conditions, industrial buildings and installations in open areas and shelves with equipment that emit industrial hazards should be located in relation to other production facilities and the administrative zone on the leeward side. The location of the enterprise territory must be such that conditions for direct solar radiation and natural ventilation are ensured.

Development of territories of chemical and petrochemical industry enterprises can be of four types:

With open equipment;

Semi-open and closed equipment;

Solid (pavilion);

Mixed.

The development of enterprises with open equipment consists of platforms and shelves on which various types of technological equipment (columns, reactors, heat exchangers, etc.) are placed.

Equipment and engineering structures fill almost the entire space of the plant, with the exception of a few service buildings. This type of enterprise has a developed network of overpasses and communications through which liquid and gaseous products are transferred.

Design as a type of engineering activity.

One of the main functions of an engineer is the design of objects for one purpose or another or technological processes for their manufacture. Design in its most general form can be defined as a process of directed action by a designer (a group of designers) necessary to develop technical solutions sufficient for the implementation of a created object that meets specified requirements. The final stage of design work is the release of a set of documentation reflecting the decisions made in the form necessary for the production of the object.

When implementing a project, the design engineer is required to make technological calculations of auxiliary equipment, all transport devices (belt and screw conveyors, pneumatic transport, etc.), as well as calculate the required productivity and select the appropriate types of feeders, dispensers, measuring devices, cyclones, etc.